Zionist movement Venezuela
The organised Zionist movement in Venezuela: its federation, national institutions, communal bodies, youth movements and schools, the disputed 2025 Congress election, and links to "Israel"
The Zionist movement in Venezuela is organised through the Federación Sionista de Venezuela (FSV, Zionist Federation of Venezuela), which the World Zionist Organization (WZO) lists as its territorial federation in the country, with the telephone number +58 212 551.48.52 and the email fedsive@gmail.com.[1] Venezuela had three mandates at the 39th World Zionist Congress in 2025, the same as in 2020,[2][3] and the WZO's delegates page lists three people under Venezuela.[4] The community's representative body, the Confederación de Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela (CAIV), is the World Jewish Congress (WJC) affiliate; the FSV is one of its member institutions and, in the WJC's words, represents "all the country's Zionist organizations".[5] Sergio DellaPergola put Venezuela's core Jewish population at 4,500 at the start of 2023, tied with India in 33rd place worldwide.[6] The WJC's figure is "about 6,000" (2020), and it cites DellaPergola's earlier estimate of around 7,300 for 2012.[5] BBC News Mundo cites an estimate of about 22,000 Jews in 1999, when Hugo Chávez came to power, and says the figure has since roughly halved.[7] For other countries see Zionist movement by country. For the wider political, diplomatic, arms and commercial links between Venezuela and "Israel", including the opposition's 2020 alliance with Likud, see Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Venezuela.
History
Immigration and communal organisation
The WJC says there were conversos in Caracas and Maracaibo in the mid-16th century, that Jews from Curaçao settled in Coro around 1827 and Moroccan Jews in Barcelona in 1844, and that North African and then Eastern and Central European Jews arrived after the First World War, establishing organised communal institutions. Jews came from Europe after the Holocaust despite immigration restrictions, the population kept growing, particularly after the fall of the dictator Pérez Jiménez in 1958, and Jews arrived from Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and "Israel" in the 1960s. During the 1967 war, according to the WJC, "some Venezuelan Jewish volunteers went to Israel to help fight".[5]
The CAIV says it was established in August 1966 to represent the Jewish community before national and international bodies. Among its aims it lists combating antisemitism and defending and promoting "los valores ancestrales del judaísmo y de Israel, país al que a todo judío le unen lazos ancestrales, religiosos, familiares e ideológicos" (the ancestral values of Judaism and of Israel, a country to which every Jew is bound by ancestral, religious, family and ideological ties). Its member institutions are the Sephardi Asociación Israelita de Venezuela (AIV, constituted in 1930), the Ashkenazi Unión Israelita de Caracas (UIC, dating from 1950), the FSV, which "mantiene estrechos lazos con Israel y promueven sus valores" (maintains close ties with Israel and promotes its values), the B'nai B'rith Hebrew Fraternity and the Venezuelan Federation of Jewish Women.[8] Abraham Levy Benshimol, CAIV president in 1999–2002 and 2007–10, wrote for the confederation's fiftieth anniversary that the FSV had brought to its founding "el componente ideológico del sionismo" (the ideological component of Zionism), making clear "la irrenunciable postura de la CAIV en defensa del Estado de Israel" (the CAIV's non-negotiable stance in defence of the State of Israel).[9] The AIV and UIC also co-operate through the Vaad Hakehilot on education, welfare, information and security.[5]
Chávez, the 2009 rupture and the 2026 thaw
Levy Benshimol described his presidencies as defending the community's position "contra el antisemitismo en todas sus manifestaciones y contra los intentos de deslegitimar al Estado de Israel" (against antisemitism in all its forms and against attempts to delegitimise the State of Israel) under the Bolivarian government, and recalled the second police raid on the Hebraica club and the attack on the AIV's Tiferet Israel synagogue during his 2007–10 term.[9] In January 2009 Chávez expelled the Israeli ambassador over the assault on Gaza, and on 27 April 2009 his foreign minister, Nicolás Maduro, established diplomatic relations with the Palestinian National Authority.[5]
After a US military operation captured Maduro on 3 January 2026, the interim government of his former vice-president, Delcy Rodríguez, began to abandon Chávez's anti-US rhetoric. After the earthquake of 24 June 2026, "Israel" sent rescue brigades and experts to assess collapsed and damaged buildings. On 11 August 2026 the two governments announced a mechanism for consular services; the Israeli foreign minister, Gideon Sa'ar, spoke of "la reanudación de las relaciones consulares" (the resumption of consular relations), while the Venezuelan statement did not, and the BBC said the move did not for the moment restore diplomatic relations. Before the announcement, the AIV's chief rabbi, Isaac Cohen, had handed the foreign minister, Félix Plasencia, a letter calling for diplomatic and consular relations to be restored.[7] The CAIV welcomed the announcement "con entusiasmo y beneplácito" (with enthusiasm and approval), calling it "un logro muy significativo para ambos países" (a very significant achievement for both countries).[10] Two days later its national co-ordinator, Miguel Truzman, told Unión Radio: "Esperemos que en muy corto plazo podamos tener unas relaciones amplias, bilaterales completas, diplomáticas" (Let us hope that very soon we can have broad, complete bilateral, diplomatic relations).[11]
2020 agreement and the disputed 2025 Congress election
For the 38th Congress in 2020 the FSV announced, in a communiqué dated 7 July 2020, a consensus agreement among the factions active in Venezuela: the three seats went to Mizraji, Méretz and Confederatzia, while "El LIKUD cedió su mandato en esta ocasión, y será quien participe de primero para el 39° Congreso Sionista" (Likud ceded its mandate on this occasion, and will be the first to take part in the 39th Zionist Congress). The signatories were Alberto Bierman for Confederatzia, as FSV president; Isaac Cherem for Likud; Elías Farache for Mizraji; and Alejandro Auberbach for Méretz.[12] The WZO's 2020 results table matches, with one seat each for the Confederation, Mizrachi and Meretz.[3]
No such agreement held in 2025. A petition by Meretz Venezuela against the Venezuelan zonal election committee came before the WZO's Central Elections Committee, chaired by Judge (emeritus) Oded Mudrik. Its decision of 9 July 2025 records that the committee had ordered the zonal committee and the federation president to say by 15 June 2025 whether and when they would hold an election; that no reply came; that the lists behind the petition, Meretz and Brit Etz, asked for time to negotiate with the federation; and that the talks apparently failed. On 30 June 2025 the committee received a letter from Roberto Mishkin and Isaac Benjamín, president and vice-president of the Vaad Hakehilot, saying that, to continue the "consenso entre las instituciones fundadoras de la comunidad organizada" (consensus among the founding institutions of the organised community) and given "la situación política interna del país" (the country's internal political situation), the acting presidents of the UIC, the AIV and the FSV had been designated as Venezuela's three representatives. The committee ruled that such an arrangement, "que representaría la elección de una persona u organismo a sí mismo" (which would amount to a person or body electing itself), could not replace an election required by the WZO constitution, and gave a committee of the competing lists full authority to act as the zonal election committee and hold the election.[13] The WZO's 39th Congress page for Venezuela lists an area elections committee but publishes no results.[14]
The final results table gives Venezuela's three seats to Brit Etz (Avoda–Etz), Meretz and the Confederation, with none for Likud.[2] The WZO lists these people under Venezuela:[4]
| Name | World union or faction (WZO listing) |
|---|---|
| Alberto Bierman Levy | Kol Israel (including the Confederation and the Joint List–Venezuela) |
| Estrellita Chocron | Brit Etz (including Labour, Hatikvah, Israel Shelanu and SAFOLI) |
| Eduardo Cudisevich Echerman | World Union of Meretz (including Hatikvah and the Joint List–Venezuela) |
The WZO's Hebrew labels for both the Kol Israel and Meretz slates include a "Joint List–Venezuela" (הרשימה המשותפת-ונצואלה).[4] The same Meretz label is used for the Meretz delegate listed under Germany. Whether a ballot was eventually held after the July 2025 ruling, and with what vote shares, is not stated on any page opened here.
National institutions
| National institution | Venezuelan affiliate or presence |
|---|---|
| World Zionist Organization | Federación Sionista de Venezuela (FSV), telephone +58 212 551.48.52, email fedsive@gmail.com.[1] The FSV opened a new office in the UIC's headquarters in Caracas on 22 March 2023, when its president, Alberto Bierman, called the mezuzah "una declaración pública de identidad judía" (a public declaration of Jewish identity).[15] In April 2018 the FSV marked the seventieth anniversary of "Israel" at its headquarters in co-operation with the Jewish Agency for Israel, screening a video made by FSV staff with the sponsorship of Rodrigo Wiener, director of the WZO's Department for Diaspora Activities.[16] |
| Jewish Agency for Israel | A Jewish Agency representative, Eliana Cohén, took part in the FSV's April 2018 commemoration.[16] The agency co-sponsored the Hebraica youth department's Manhigut leadership seminar in June 2017 with the WZO, and supported the youth movements' Yom Hazikaron ceremony in April 2018, when Jesica Scheimberg was quoted as the agency's community emissary (shlijá comunitaria).[17][18] Israel.com says the agency handles aliyah from Venezuela "through its regional office and the Israeli consulate".[19] A current resident emissary in Caracas was not found. |
| Keren Hayesod | Keren Hayesod's affiliate list has no separate Venezuelan entry; it lists a regional "Latin America" affiliate.[20] |
| Jewish National Fund | Keren Kayemet LeIsrael de Venezuela (KKL Venezuela), directed by Raquel Bitchatchi.[21] After the June 2026 earthquakes, KKL-JNF's chairman, Eyal Ostrinsky, consulted Roberto Mishkin and Bitchatchi (whom it calls "CEO of KKL-JNF Venezuela") and ordered an emergency aid package "worth hundreds of thousands of shekels" for the community and about 500 evacuated families sheltered at the community school and community centre.[22] Bitchatchi represented KKL Venezuela at the organisation's 125th-anniversary leaders' congress in the Galilee in October 2026.[21] In May 2026 KKL Venezuela and the Colegio Moral y Luces Herzl-Bialik organised the school's annual tree planting, co-ordinated by Bitchatchi with the agronomist Eduardo Cudisevich.[23] |
| Women's International Zionist Organization | WIZO Venezuela. World WIZO says it was created in 1942 and WIZO Kadima in 1987; it works "to fulfill the needs of the less fortunate sectors of Israeli society", and supports the Herzl-Bialik school and the Hebraica club. Its presidents are Ruth Wahnon and Linda Tryzmel.[24] |
Major Zionist and Jewish communal organisations
- Federación Sionista de Venezuela (FSV): the WZO's territorial federation and a CAIV member; Alberto Bierman was named as its president in 2018, 2020 and 2023.[1][8][16][12][15] No later officer list was found.
- Confederación de Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela (CAIV): the WJC affiliate. The WJC names Saul Levine as its international co-ordinating director and a WJC vice-president, and says it publishes the weekly Nuevo Mundo Israelita.[5] Miguel Truzman was described as CAIV president in January 2026 and as its national co-ordinator in August 2026.[25][11]
- Vaad Hakehilot: the joint body of the AIV and the UIC. Roberto Mishkin, UIC president, chaired it from the second half of 2024 to mid-2025; on 8 July 2025 Isaac Benjamín Fhima, AIV president, took over for 2025–26.[26] At the April 2026 Yom Haatzmaut celebration Benjamín said: "Israel es la prueba viva de que la esperanza puede vencer al miedo" (Israel is living proof that hope can overcome fear).[27]
- Centro Social, Cultural y Deportivo Hebraica: the community's social, cultural and sports centre in eastern Caracas.[5] Its president, David Mishkin, said at the community's 2026 Yom Haatzmaut celebration, marking 78 years of "Israel": "Israel no es solo un país. Es una presencia viva, un lugar que, incluso en los momentos más difíciles, sigue siendo refugio, protección y conexión para todo el pueblo judío" (Israel is not just a country. It is a living presence, a place that, even in the hardest moments, remains a refuge, protection and connection for the whole Jewish people).[27]
- B'nai B'rith Hebrew Fraternity of Venezuela and the Venezuelan Federation of Jewish Women: CAIV member institutions.[8]
Youth, education and aliyah
The WJC says the CAIV's youth programmes train leaders in "Zionist and other Jewish-related endeavors", and names Noar Le Noar among them.[5] Nuevo Mundo Israelita names Noar Le Noar and Hashomer Hatzair as the community's youth movements, co-ordinated by Hebraica's youth and education department with the Jewish Agency. In April 2018 they held a Yom Hazikaron ceremony honouring "los soldados venezolanos que cayeron en guerras de Israel" (the Venezuelan soldiers who fell in Israel's wars) and remembered the orphaned (ietumim) soldiers "adopted" by the community.[18] Hashomer Hatzair's Venezuelan branch, Ken Najshón, was founded in Caracas by Tamar Campo; in 2017, former members who had settled in "Israel" met there and the paper spoke of 63 years of continuous activity in the country.[28] In August and September 2026 a Venezuelan delegation took part in the Latin American seminar of the Progressive Zionist Union (UPZ) in Atibaia, Brazil: Eduardo Cudisevich ("delegado Méretz"), Joanna Frewas of the Beit Tarbut cultural centre and Isaac Cudisevich of Hashomer Hatzair Ken Najshón. The report says Venezuela has attended without interruption since 2022 and that the delegates reported on the opening of consular relations and their alliances with KKL Venezuela and the FSV.[29]
Israel.com's compilation of aliyah data gives 920 immigrants from Venezuela between 2015 and 2025, falling from 171 in 2018 to 33 in 2025. By year: 113 (2015), 82 (2016), 145 (2017), 171 (2018), 124 (2019), 65 (2020), 75 (2021), 52 (2022), 31 (2023), 29 (2024) and 33 (2025).[30] It says 134 of the 920 registered in "Jerusalem", ahead of "Ashdod", "Nahariya" and "Be'er Sheva".[19] DellaPergola's table of new immigrants gives 64 from Venezuela in 2021 and 55 in 2022.[6] Those who settle there do so as settler colonists in occupied Palestine.
Antisemitism organisations
- Among its primary aims the CAIV lists combating "por todos los medios" (by all means) racial, religious or other discrimination, "con énfasis especial en la lucha contra el antisemitismo" (with special emphasis on the fight against antisemitism).[8] The fiftieth-anniversary survey of the CAIV in Nuevo Mundo Israelita said its work had recently taken on special importance in the face of "las campañas mediáticas contra el Judaísmo y el sionismo" (the media campaigns against Judaism and Zionism) in the country.[9]
- The National Council of B'nai B'rith of Venezuela, a CAIV founder, is described in the same survey as having "una vasta experiencia en la lucha contra el antisemitismo" (vast experience in the fight against antisemitism).[9]
- No separate national monitoring body was found in this pass.
Israeli state presence
- There has been no Israeli embassy in Caracas since the January 2009 expulsion of the ambassador. The consular mechanism announced on 11 August 2026 did not restore diplomatic relations, and no resident consul had been named on any page opened here.[5][7]
- In June 2026 "Israel" sent a humanitarian and medical mission after the earthquakes, with IsraAID and KKL also preparing aid.[31][7]
- In July 2020 Likud, represented by its director of foreign affairs, Eli Vered Hazan, and Vente Venezuela, represented by its national co-ordinator, María Corina Machado, signed an "Inter-Party Agreement" to "forge an alliance between our two parties" on political, ideological and social matters and on "strategy, geopolitics and security", creating "an operational partnership".[32] The connections page covers this in detail.
Religious Zionism and Chabad
World Mizrachi held one of Venezuela's three seats in 2020 (Elías Farache signed the 2020 agreement for Mizraji) but none in 2025.[12][3][2] The WJC says Jewish religious life in Venezuela is generally traditionalist and that all of the roughly 16 synagogues are Orthodox.[5]
Chabad Lubavitch of Venezuela
- Main article: Chabad Lubavitch of Venezuela
The existing Chabad page covers Hogar Jabad Lubavitch in Caracas, its Ohr Chabad day school and its yeshiva, and is not repeated here.
Synagogue movements and schools
The country's two largest synagogues are in Caracas, with others in Maracaibo, Porlamar, Valencia, Maracay and Puerto La Cruz.[5] The AIV lists its affiliated synagogues, headed by the Gran Sinagoga Tiferet Israel in Maripérez and the Sinagoga Tiferet Israel del Este.[33] The UIC's rabbi, Eitan Weisman, and the AIV's rabbi, Samuel Garzón, took part in the 2018 Yom Hazikaron ceremony for the soldiers who fell "en las guerras de Israel" (in Israel's wars).[18]
- Colegio Moral y Luces Herzl-Bialik, Los Chorros, Caracas: the community school overseen by the CAIV, according to the WJC, which notes falling enrolment.[5] Its secondary school offers a Bar-Ilan University baccalaureate programme by subject.[34] Its pupils fly the Israeli flag at half mast on Yom Hazikaron and celebrate "la creación del Estado de Israel" (the creation of the State of Israel) on Yom Haatzmaut.[35] WIZO Venezuela and KKL Venezuela both support or work with the school.[24][23]
- Colegio Sinai, Maor Hatorá and Or Jabad: schools for the more observant population, according to the WJC.[5]
Leaders
| Name | Position | Source date |
|---|---|---|
| Alberto Bierman | President, Federación Sionista de Venezuela (2018, 2020, 2023); signed the 2020 Congress agreement for Confederatzia; listed as a 39th Congress delegate (as Alberto Bierman Levy) under Kol Israel[16][12][15][4] | May 2018 / July 2020 / March 2023 / 2025 |
| Estrellita Chocron | 39th Congress delegate, Brit Etz[4] | 2025 |
| Eduardo Cudisevich | 39th Congress delegate, World Union of Meretz; agronomist working with KKL Venezuela[4][29][23] | 2025 / September 2026 |
| Miguel Truzman | President (January 2026) and national co-ordinator (August 2026), CAIV[25][11] | January / August 2026 |
| Saul Levine | International co-ordinating director, CAIV; WJC vice-president[5] | November 2026 |
| Isaac Benjamín Fhima | President, AIV; president, Vaad Hakehilot, 2025–26[26][27] | July 2025 / April 2026 |
| Roberto Mishkin | President, UIC; president, Vaad Hakehilot, mid-2024 to mid-2025; called "President of the Jewish Communities of Venezuela" by KKL-JNF in June 2026[26][13][22] | July 2025 / June 2026 |
| David Mishkin | President, Hebraica[27] | April 2026 |
| Raquel Bitchatchi | Director (CEO), KKL Venezuela[21][22] | June / October 2026 |
| Ruth Wahnon and Linda Tryzmel | Presidents, WIZO Venezuela[24] | November 2026 |
| Isaac Cohen | Chief rabbi, AIV[7] | August 2026 |
See also
- Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Venezuela
- Chabad Lubavitch of Venezuela
- Zionist Movement Argentina
- Zionist movement Brazil
- Zionist movement Chile
- Zionist movement Mexico
- Zionist movement Uruguay
- Zionist movement by country
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 World Zionist Organization, "Zionist Federations", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 World Zionist Organization, summary of election results and agreements for the 39th Congress (Hebrew), as submitted to the Zionist Court on 9 October 2025, accessed 10 November 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 World Zionist Organization, summary of election results and agreements for the 38th Congress, 2020 (Hebrew), accessed 25 October 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 World Zionist Organization, "Delegates", 39th Zionist Congress, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 World Jewish Congress, "Community in Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sergio DellaPergola, "World Jewish Population, 2023", American Jewish Year Book 2023, Berman Jewish DataBank, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Venezuela e Israel acuerdan restablecer servicios consulares tras una ruptura diplomática de 17 años" (Venezuela and Israel agree to restore consular services after a 17-year diplomatic rupture), BBC News Mundo, 11 August 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Confederación de Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela, "Nosotros" (About us), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "50 años, nuevos desafíos" (Fifty years, new challenges), Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 16 June 2017, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Confederación de Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela, "Comunicado de la CAIV sobre los vínculos entre Venezuela e Israel", dated 11 August 2026, Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 12 August 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Esperan que Venezuela e Israel amplíen sus relaciones bilaterales y diplomáticas en corto plazo", Mundo UR (Unión Radio), 13 August 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Federación Sionista de Venezuela, "Comunicado de la FSV", dated 7 July 2020, Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 31 August 2020, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 World Zionist Organization, Central Elections Committee, Petition 47/25, Meretz Venezuela v. Zonal Election Committee Venezuela: decision on establishing an election committee or commissioner with the authority of the zonal election committee (Spanish), 9 July 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, "Venezuela", 39th Zionist Congress, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Colocada mezuzá en la nueva oficina de la Federación Sionista de Venezuela", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 24 March 2023, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 "FSV conmemoró 70 años de una nación y sus muchos logros", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 4 May 2018, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Juventud y Educación de Hebraica realizaron seminario Manhigut", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 16 June 2017, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Yom Hazicarón: 'Recordar es vivir'", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 25 April 2018, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Israel.com, "Aliyah from Venezuela: Numbers and Process", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Keren Hayesod, "Our Affiliates" (affiliate list), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Keren Kayemet LeIsrael celebró su 125º aniversario con un congreso de líderes", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 28 October 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 KKL-JNF, "KKL-JNF Prepares Immediate Emergency Aid Worth Hundreds of Thousands of Shekels for Venezuela's Jewish Community Following Devastating Earthquakes", 25 June 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "En el Liceo se siembra café", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 13 May 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Women's International Zionist Organization, "Venezuela", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Última hora con Miguel Truzman, presidente de la Confederación de Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela", Radio Sefarad, 5 January 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Tomó posesión nueva Junta Directiva del Vaad Hakehilot", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 17 July 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Hebraica vivió días de memoria, identidad y celebración en honor a Israel", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 11 May 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Javerim del Ken Najshón venezolano se reunieron en Israel", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 11 October 2017, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Delegación venezolana participó en seminario latinoamericano de la Unión Progresista Sionista", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 3 September 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Israel.com, "Aliyah Statistics 2025: Who Moves to Israel, and Where They Settle" and "aliyah-by-country.csv", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Israel prepara misión de ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 25 June 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Likud and Vente Venezuela, "Inter-Party Agreement", 21 July 2020, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Asociación Israelita de Venezuela, "Sinagogas", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Colegio Moral y Luces 'Herzl-Bialik': 70 años de historia", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 24 June 2016, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Colegio conmemoró día del recuerdo y creación del Estado de Israel", Nuevo Mundo Israelita, 21 May 2016, accessed 13 November 2026.