Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Azerbaijan
Jewish communal life, Zionist advocacy and Israeli state, security, arms and oil ties in the Republic of Azerbaijan
Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Azerbaijan cover the country's Jewish communities, the Zionist and pro-"Israel" bodies active there, and Azerbaijan's partnership with the Zionist entity. That partnership rests on Azerbaijani oil, Israeli weapons and a shared hostility to Iran. A 2009 US embassy cable called the relationship "discreet but close". It reported that President Ilham Aliyev had described it as "an iceberg; nine-tenths of it is below the surface".[1] The relationship has become more overt in recent years, and Azerbaijan opened an embassy in "Israel" in 2023.[2][3] SIPRI data make "Israel" its second-largest arms supplier since independence.[4]
Jewish community and religious life
Communities and numbers
The World Jewish Congress (WJC) estimates about 7,200 Jews in Azerbaijan: Mountain Jews, Ashkenazim, Georgian Jews and smaller groups. It also cites an estimate of 7,800–16,000 for 2009 by the demographer Sergio DellaPergola.[5] The US State Department cites a 2020 Stanford University and Hebrew University study that "estimated there were 7,200 to 20,000 Jews in the country". Community leaders give a higher figure of 15,000 to 20,000. At the end of 2023 eight Jewish communities and seven synagogues were registered with the State Committee for Work with Religious Associations. The government gave 350,000 manat each to the religious community of Mountain Jews and to the European (Ashkenazi) Jewish community.[6]
The WJC says that "Azerbaijan Jewry has no umbrella organization". It counts "10 to 15 Jewish bodies in Baku, including Zionist groups, youth associations, and an Azerbaijan-Israel Friendship Organization". It adds that "many cultural and Zionist organizations were reestablished in Baku and Sumqayit in 1987".[5]
Baku Religious Community of European Jews and the Jewish Community of Azerbaijan
The WJC names "the Baku Religious Community of European Jews" as its Azerbaijani affiliate. Elsewhere on the same page it says that "the Jewish Community of Azerbaijan was affiliated with the WJC" at its 13th Plenary Assembly in 2009, and that this body is also affiliated with the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress.[5] The ARIS rabbinical network lists Rabbi Shneor Segal as "Chief Rabbi of Azerbaijan Ashkenazi community".[7]
How far is it Zionist? The Ashkenazi community is the WJC's affiliate, and the WJC page itself counts Zionist groups among the Baku Jewish bodies.[5] At the opening of Azerbaijan's embassy in "Israel" in 2023, "members of the Azerbaijani Jewish community" attended. The Azerbaijani parliament's working group on relations with "Israel" is chaired by Anatoliy Rafailov.[8] The community's general meeting of 9 November 2023 decided to apply for membership of the World Zionist Organization, and the WZO lists it as the Zionist Federation of Azerbaijan (see Zionist movement Azerbaijan).[9][10] No source consulted shows that the community raises funds for Israeli causes. The two names the WJC gives for its affiliate could not be reconciled.
Mountain Jews and Qırmızı Qəsəbə
Mountain Jews are the largest Jewish group in the country. The WJC says this has been so since the mid-1990s, after "many Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from Azerbaijan in the post-1972 aliyah". Their religious centre is Qırmızı Qəsəbə (Krasnaya Sloboda, the "Red Village") near Quba, which the WJC calls the "Jerusalem of the Caucasus". It has two synagogues.[5] The religious community of Mountain Jews receives state funding (see above).[6]
How far is it Zionist? No source consulted documents a formal Zionist affiliation for the Mountain Jewish community. Its ties to "Israel" through emigration are covered under Migration and aliyah.
Chabad
- Main article: Chabad Lubavitch of Azerbaijan
Chabad of Baku says it was "founded by Rabbi Shneor Segal and Mrs. Chavi Segal In the year 2002". It says it is "not funded by the global Chabad movement, but by donations of individuals and organizations". It gives its address as the Jewish Community of Baku, 171 Dilara Aliyeva Street, Baku 1014.[11] Lubavitch World Headquarters lists five emissary couples in Baku, including Maty Lewis, who runs the Ohr Avner Chabad Jewish Day School, and Pesach Mirov.[12] The Baku centres are also listed by the Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS.[13] In a confusingly worded passage, the WJC says that five of the eight registered Jewish religious communities are "led by Chabad representative R. David Mirov".[5]
The Ohr Avner school links Chabad to the Azerbaijani state. According to Azerbaijan's embassy in "Israel", the Heydar Aliyev Foundation and the "Or-Avner" International Foundation set up the "Chabad-Or-Avner" school in Baku. It now operates as public school No. 152 and "is being funded by the government of Azerbaijan".[14] In 2019 Segal, as the school's dean, said that "some of the students go on to study at yeshivahs in Moscow or Israel".[15] Five rabbis in Azerbaijan besides Segal are listed by the Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States (ARIS): Mendy Leichter (Sumqayit), Nachshon Yunaev, Lewis, Mirov and Shneor Elimelech. Segal sits on its executive board.[7]
Israeli and international Jewish agencies
The WJC lists several Israeli and Jewish agencies active in Baku:[5]
- The Jewish Agency for Israel opened an educational centre in Baku in October 2006.
- The Jewish Cultural Center of the Israeli embassy publishes the monthly Nash Izrail ("Our Israel").
- The Jewish Cultural Center of the Joint publishes Or Shelanu.
- Hillel publishes The Tower.
- The welfare centre Chesed-Gershon publishes a magazine of the same name.
- A Maccabi sports organisation has over 300 members.
How far is it Zionist? The Jewish Agency is a body of the Zionist movement, and the cultural centre that publishes Nash Izrail belongs to the Israeli embassy itself. These two are therefore directly Zionist or Israeli-state bodies. The Joint and Hillel are American Jewish organisations; no source consulted describes their Baku activity in Zionist terms. The WJC also mentions an "Azerbaijan-Israel Friendship Organization", but no further details of it were found.[5]
Zionist movement and advocacy
American Jewish organisations and lobbying
Azerbaijan has courted American Jewish organisations as a route to influence in Washington. In 2000 the Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported that Baku "tries to leverage Israeli and U.S. Jewish influence" against US curbs imposed during the war with Armenia. A Jewish Agency official told the agency: "They still believe we can open doors in Washington."[16]
In 2015 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty reported that "U.S.-based Jewish organizations are standing firm in their support of Baku", amid criticism of its human rights record. It quoted American Jewish Committee (AJC) executive director David Harris as saying that Azerbaijan is "a valued friend of Israel and the Jewish people". It also reported that FARA filings showed the Podesta Group, paid $60,000 a month by Azerbaijan, contacting the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs in the second half of 2014.[17]
World Jewish Congress
The local Ashkenazi community is the WJC's affiliate (see above). The WJC describes Azerbaijan as "one of only a handful of Muslim-majority countries that have diplomatic relations with the Jewish State".[5]
Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States
ARIS, founded and chaired by the Istanbul Chabad emissary Mendy Chitrik, lists six rabbis in Azerbaijan. Segal is on its executive board.[7] ARIS also lists Azerbaijan among the countries where it has communities.[18]
Israeli state and commercial ties
Diplomatic missions
Embassy of Israel, Baku. "Israel" recognised Azerbaijan's independence on 25 December 1991, and the two states established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1992. "Israel" opened its embassy in Baku in August 1993.[3] The embassy's website gives the address as Hyatt Tower 3, 1033 Izmir, Baku. Tel. +994 12 489 4500; email info@baku.mfa.gov.il.[19] The ambassador since 2025 has been Ronen Krausz. He was previously director of the ministry's Central Asia and Caucasus department (2023–25) and deputy chief of mission in Baku (2010–15), and before joining the ministry he "represented the Jewish Agency in Sydney, Australia (2006–2008)".[20] The deputy ambassador is Aviv Zell.[21] The embassy describes its remit as including "energy, defense and security".[21]
Embassy of Azerbaijan, Tel Aviv. Azerbaijan opened its embassy on 1 March 2023. Ambassador Mukhtar Mammadov presented his credentials to President Isaac Herzog on 26 March 2023.[3] The official opening on 29 March 2023 was attended by Foreign Ministers Jeyhun Bayramov and Eli Cohen, Israeli Intelligence Minister Gila Gamliel, Yuli Edelstein and Avigdor Lieberman.[8] The embassy is at Lincoln 20, Beit Rubinstein, Tel Aviv-Yafo.[22] Mammadov is a former deputy minister of science and education.[23] Azerbaijan's parliament has a working group on relations with "Israel", chaired by Rafailov, and the Knesset has a friendship group chaired by Vladimir Beliak.[3]
High-level contacts
Azerbaijan's embassy describes the relationship as "close partnership and strategic", with a Joint Commission, political consultations and a Strategic Dialogue. Visits it lists include the following:[3]
- Benjamin Netanyahu visited in 1997 and 2016.
- President Shimon Peres visited in 2009.
- Isaac Herzog visited on 30–31 May 2023.
- Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman visited in 2010, 2012 and 2014.
- Heydar Aliyev met Ehud Barak in 1999.
- Ilham Aliyev met Netanyahu or Peres at Davos in several years.
The Israeli embassy's own timeline includes Liberman's visit as defence minister in September 2018.[24] Foreign Minister Gideon Saar met Aliyev and Bayramov in Baku on 26 January 2026, with Israeli business leaders in his delegation.[2]
Military and intelligence
The 2009 US cable said that both countries "rank Iran as an existential security threat". It said open sources had identified "an extensive relationship between the countries' intelligence services", which "both sides naturally seek to downplay". It reported that the authorities "assiduously protect Israeli interests in Baku": during the Gaza war of January 2009, police rounded up protesters before they reached the Israeli embassy.[1] In 2023 the Associated Press reported that "Iran has accused Azerbaijan of hosting a base for Israeli intelligence operations against it — a claim that Azerbaijan and Israel deny". It quoted Arkady Mil-Man, a former Israeli ambassador to Baku: "We have a strategic partnership to contain Iran." Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant visited Baku in July 2023 and praised the two countries' joint "fight against terrorism".[25] In 2026 the Jamestown Foundation reported that "Tehran has repeatedly accused Baku of allowing the United States and Israel to use its territory" for operations against Iran, and that Baku rejected the claims.[2]
Arms deals
The SIPRI register records 38 deals with "Israel" as supplier to Azerbaijan, with deliveries from 2006 to 2025. Together they are worth 1,022 million SIPRI trend-indicator values (TIV). That is about 21% of all major arms deliveries to Azerbaijan recorded since independence (4,912 million TIV), second only to Russia (about 45%). The share is a library calculation from the two SIPRI registers.[4] The deals include:[4]
- Drones and loitering munitions: Aerostar, Hermes-450, Hermes-900, Heron and Searcher drones; 100 Harop (ordered 2014); 100 Orbiter-1K, "incl assembly/production in Azerbaijan as Zerba" (2016); 250 SkyStriker (2016) and 100 more (2024); 25 Hero-120 (2024).
- Air defence: a Barak-MX system with Barak-ER and Barak-LRAD missiles, "part of $1.6 b deal" (ordered 2011, delivered 2016); EL/M-2288 AD-STAR radars.
- Missiles and artillery: 50 LORA missiles (2017); Lynx and PULS rocket launchers; EXTRA rockets; Spike missiles of several versions; ATMOS-2000 guns; CARDOM and SandCat SPEAR mortars; 25 Predator Hawk missiles and 350 AccuLAR guided rockets (2024); an Ice Breaker coastal defence system (2024).
- Naval: six OPV-62 and six Shaldag boats (2013), the Shaldags "assembled or produced in Azerbaijan".
- Space: two OptSat-500 surveillance satellites (ordered 2023, not yet delivered).
The 2009 US cable described a September 2008 agreement with the Israeli Defence Ministry, worth "hundreds of millions of dollars". Under it Soltam was to supply mortars and ammunition, Tadiran Communications radios and Israel Military Industries rockets. The cable also described a UAV joint venture with 51% Azerbaijani state ownership.[1]
The AP cited experts' estimates that "Israel supplied Azerbaijan with nearly 70% of its arsenal between 2016 and 2020". SIPRI's Pieter Wezeman said that "Israeli arms have played a very significant role in allowing the Azerbaijani army to reach its objectives". The AP also reported that, weeks before the September 2023 offensive that ended Armenian rule in Nagorno-Karabakh, "Azerbaijani military cargo planes repeatedly flew between a southern Israeli airbase and an airfield near Nagorno-Karabakh". It said more than 100,000 people fled the enclave. Israel Aerospace Industries, developer of the Barak-8, declined to comment.[25] In October 2020 Amnesty International identified "Israeli-made M095 DPICM cluster munitions that appear to have been fired by Azerbaijani forces" in residential areas of Stepanakert.[26]
Surveillance
Citizen Lab states that "the Azerbaijani government is a customer of NSO Group's Pegasus surveillance tool". It says state agents have used Pegasus against civil society members inside and outside the country.[27] In 2023 it identified "two suspected Pegasus operators in Azerbaijan". One of them, BOZBASH, "appears to monitor targets both in Azerbaijan and several countries abroad, including Armenia". Citizen Lab did not conclusively attribute the Armenian infections to any government.[28] See NSO Group.
Oil, gas and trade
Oil is the core of the relationship. In 2023 the AP reported that Azerbaijan "still supplies at least 40% of Israel's oil needs", through the pipeline to the Turkish port of Ceyhan.[25] In November 2025 Oil Change International reported that Azerbaijani crude made up nearly 40% of the oil "Israel" imported between November 2023 and October 2025, from 61 shipments through the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. It said these shipments were recorded with "Turkey being listed as the country of origin instead". The report cited a legal opinion that states supplying the oil may risk complicity in genocide.[29] Jamestown gives a range of 40–60% for recent years.[2]
Azerbaijan's embassy gives the country's exports to "Israel" as $437m in 2020, $928m in 2021, $1.7bn in 2022 and $1.4bn in 2023, and $626m in the first quarter of 2024. It also lists agreements on investment protection and double taxation, and a Joint Commission set up in 2017 that met in 2018, 2021 and 2023.[30] "Israel"'s Central Bureau of Statistics records much smaller imports from Azerbaijan: $3.2m (2022), $3.8m (2023), $7.3m (2024) and $15.4m (2025). It records exports to Azerbaijan of $159.1m, $179.0m, $239.2m and $345.3m in the same years.[31] UN Comtrade data reported by "Israel" put its 2025 exports to Azerbaijan under HS chapter 88 (aircraft and spacecraft, which includes drones) at $225.3m.[32]
In October 2023 "Israel"'s Energy Ministry awarded offshore gas exploration licences to a consortium of SOCAR (State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic), BP and NewMed Energy, with SOCAR as operator. NewMed Energy is a unit of the Delek Group, controlled by Yitzhak Tshuva. Energy Minister Israel Katz said the awards would strengthen "Israel's international ties".[33] On 7 February 2026 the two states signed a memorandum of understanding on artificial intelligence.[2] Tourism is also growing. There were 29,093 Israeli visitors to Azerbaijan in 2023, and Azerbaijan has a tourism office in "Israel".[30][24]
Education, interfaith and normalisation ventures
A 2009 agreement on education, culture and science governs this area. Azerbaijan's embassy lists the following:[14]
- Hebrew degrees at Baku State University since 1993.
- An exchange agreement between ADA University and Tel Aviv University.
- Dual degrees with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Holon Institute of Technology.
- Teacher training at the ORT Israel network.
- An Israel–Azerbaijan Education Center at the State Oil and Industry University.
- An agreement with the Technion that set up the Azerbaijan Cybersecurity Center, which is taught in Baku by Technion professors.
The Chabad school was built under the state's "Azerbaijan - the place of Tolerance" project, and the state also funds the Jewish communities.[14][6] Aliyev has called the Jewish community "an integral part of our society and an equal member".[6]
Regional structures and the Abraham Accords
Azerbaijan is not a party to the Abraham Accords. Jamestown reports that commentators and political figures in Azerbaijan, the US and "Israel" have promoted its accession, "as part of an effort to extend the accord's security and diplomatic reach beyond the Middle East".[2] In December 2025 Bayramov said that "Azerbaijan and Israel have multifaceted relations with a long history. That is why this issue seems somewhat surprising to us."[34] On 6 October 2026 Bayramov received Aryeh Lightstone, senior adviser to the US Special Envoy for Peace Missions. The ministry's account of the meeting mentions Azerbaijan–US relations, the TRIPP transit route and normalisation with Armenia, but it does not mention "Israel" or the accords.[35]
Migration and aliyah
The WJC records "the post-1972 aliyah" of many Ashkenazi Jews.[5] Azerbaijan's ambassador says that "the Jewish community in Azerbaijan and those who made Aliyah to Israel have always acted as a bridge between our countries".[36] At the 2023 embassy opening Bayramov "emphasized the important role of the Azerbaijani community in Israel in relations between the two countries".[8] No figures for this community were found in the sources consulted.
Political interference
Azerbaijan has used pro-"Israel" networks in the US to press its own interests. These efforts include the lobbying described above,[16][17] and the support of some Knesset members against Section 907 of the US Freedom Support Act, which restricts US aid to Baku.[2] Azerbaijan has also publicly rebuked "Israel". On 29 June 2026 its foreign ministry said that an Israeli government decision on the "so-called 'Armenian genocide'" was "a matter of serious concern" and "unacceptable".[37] The 2009 US cable noted that "Israel" recognised Azerbaijan's "political need to hew publicly and in international forums to the OIC's general line".[1]
Jeffrey Epstein
- In 2005 Jeffrey Epstein submitted an itinerary to the State Department for a journey on 7 April from Istanbul to Kabul by way of Baku. The records do not show whether he made the trip.[38]
- On 30 August 2011 Epstein asked Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem of DP World: "is your azerbijan friend coming to paris, or should we go to baku this weekend." Bin Sulayem replied that his friend was busy preparing his son's wedding and that he would go on 9 September.[39] JAMnews links this to the wedding in Baku that month of a son of the emergency situations minister, Kamaladdin Heydarov, and found no record that Epstein went.[40]
- In September 2011 Baku was on a list of airports Epstein's staff compiled for a possible trip.[41]
- In May 2014 Epstein's brother Mark forwarded him an email about a trip to Azerbaijan for members of the US Congress. After lawmakers dropped out, the "Azeri sponsors" asked for them to be replaced with people prominent in media, finance and education, and travel was to be first class.[40]
- On 19 September 2015, after sending photographs from Baku, bin Sulayem wrote to Epstein: "If you ever want to visit I will join you we will meet the President is a very good friend of mine he is very intelligent he reminds me of Shaikh Mohammed".[42] JAMnews found no evidence that Epstein visited Azerbaijan.[40]
Ehud Barak's leaked emails
The following items come from Barak's two leaked mailboxes (ehbarak1@gmail.com and ehud.barak@hyperion-eb.com, 2007–2016). They were hacked and leaked by Handala, a group that Distributed Denial of Secrets describes as "believed to have ties to Iranian intelligence", and were published by Distributed Denial of Secrets in August 2025. The emails carry no cryptographic signatures, and Distributed Denial of Secrets warns that material from such hack-and-leak operations may have been altered.[43]
- Clinton Global Initiative. In July 2013 Nili Priell Barak reminded Bill Clinton's aide Justin Cooper that Ehud Barak had recommended to Clinton by phone that Ilham Aliyev be invited to the September 2013 Clinton Global Initiative, and that Clinton had agreed.[44]
- Baku lecture fee. In February 2014 Nili Priell Barak told the Harry Walker speakers' agency, "we got $170 K as payment for the lecture" in Baku. The "Azerbaijan debt" to the agency was split between them.[45]
- Leviathan and SOCAR. In January and February 2014 Barak pressed SOCAR's vice-president, Elshad Nassirov, to meet Yitzhak Tshuva, the main shareholder in the Leviathan gas consortium. He proposed cooperation that "might include certain access for him into TAP/TANAP, certain understandings re the Turkish market".[46] In the same thread Barak told Nassirov that the Leviathan partners had "Just concluded an agreement re 3-4BCM/pa for Jordan" and were "dealing with Egypt". He also urged SOCAR to complete "the remaining transfers" owed to him.[47]
- Paz Oil. In March 2015 Doron Cohen forwarded to Barak, asking him to "confirm acceptance", a proposal from Michael Michaely for a roughly $440 million purchase of offered shares in the Israeli fuel company Paz. Azerbaijani businessmen led by Anar Mammedov of Garant Holding would take 90% and Israelis 10%.[48]
See also
- Chabad Lubavitch of Azerbaijan
- Chabad-Lubavitch in West Asia
- Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States
- Abraham Accords
- NSO Group
- Zionist movement
- Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Turkey
- Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to the United Arab Emirates
- Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Bahrain
External links
- Embassy of Israel in Azerbaijan (official site)
- Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the State of Israel (official site)
- World Jewish Congress: Community in Azerbaijan
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 US Embassy Baku, Azerbaijan's Discreet Symbiosis with Israel WikiLeaks (cable 09BAKU20), 13 January 2009.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Alyssa Dowling, Azerbaijan–Israel Relations Represent Middle Power Consolidation Jamestown Foundation, 26 March 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the State of Israel, Political relations telaviv.mfa.gov.az, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, trade registers, Israel as supplier and Azerbaijan as recipient, 1950–2025, generated 20 October 2026 (library copy).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 World Jewish Congress, Community in Azerbaijan World Jewish Congress, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 US Department of State, 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Azerbaijan US Department of State, 2024.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States, The Rabbis rabbisalliance.org, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan, No:173/23, Press release on the opening ceremony of the Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the State of Israel mfa.gov.az, 30 March 2023.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, "Azerbaijan- General Assembly" (extract from the minutes of the general meeting of the Baku Religious Community of European Jews, 9 November 2023, English), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, "Zionist Federations", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Chabad of Baku, About and Contact chabadbaku.com, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Chabad Lubavitch World Headquarters, Jewish Community of Baku lubavitch.com, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS, Baku fjc-fsu.org, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the State of Israel, Cultural and humanitarian cooperation telaviv.mfa.gov.az, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Chabad Lubavitch World Headquarters, Chabad School in Azerbaijan Ranked Among Top Twenty In The Country lubavitch.com, 17 July 2019.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Azerbaijan Courts Jews, Israel to Try and Win Favor with the U.S. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 2 February 2000.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Carl Schreck, U.S. Jewish Groups Back Azerbaijan Despite Rights Concerns Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 13 February 2015.
- ↑ Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States, Communities rabbisalliance.org, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Contact us Embassy of Israel in Azerbaijan, accessed 20 October 2026; the gov.il list "Israel's Diplomatic Missions" gives "Izmir St. 10/33, Hyatt Park, Tower #3" (library copy).
- ↑ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The ambassador Embassy of Israel in Azerbaijan, last updated 25 November 2025.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, About the embassy Embassy of Israel in Azerbaijan, last updated 26 November 2025.
- ↑ Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the State of Israel, Contacts telaviv.mfa.gov.az, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the State of Israel, Biography telaviv.mfa.gov.az, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bilateral relations Embassy of Israel in Azerbaijan, last updated 26 November 2025.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Isabel DeBre, Israeli arms helped Azerbaijan retake Nagorno-Karabakh, to the dismay of Armenians Los Angeles Times (Associated Press), 6 October 2023.
- ↑ Amnesty International, Armenia/Azerbaijan: Civilians must be protected from use of banned cluster bombs Amnesty International, 5 October 2020.
- ↑ Citizen Lab, Azerbaijan The Citizen Lab, 11 December 2024.
- ↑ Citizen Lab, Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Pegasus Infections – Technical Brief The Citizen Lab, 25 May 2023.
- ↑ Yousef Bardouka, Azerbaijan supplied Israel with 40% of its oil during Gaza war, report finds OC Media, 20 November 2025.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the State of Israel, Trade and economic cooperation telaviv.mfa.gov.az, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel), Foreign Trade Statistics Monthly, Table D1: Trade Countries – Imports and Exports CBS, December 2025 issue (library copy).
- ↑ UN Comtrade, Israel–Azerbaijan trade by HS chapter, 2025 UN Comtrade public API, accessed 20 October 2026 (library copy).
- ↑ Globes, BP, Eni, SOCAR among Israel gas exploration license winners Globes, 30 October 2023.
- ↑ APA, Foreign minister comments on Azerbaijan's possible participation in the Abraham Accords APA, 26 December 2025.
- ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan, No:380/26, Press Release on the Meeting of Minister Jeyhun Bayramov with Aryeh Lightstone mfa.gov.az, October 2026.
- ↑ Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the State of Israel, Message from the Ambassador telaviv.mfa.gov.az, accessed 20 October 2026.
- ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan, No:296/26, Commentary on the Israeli Government's decision concerning the so-called "Armenian genocide" mfa.gov.az, 29 June 2026.
- ↑ James Hill and Thomas Volscho, Records show Jeffrey Epstein's requests for multiple passports, travels to Africa and Middle East ABC News, 15 January 2024.
- ↑ Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Sultan bin Sulayem, 30 August 2011, US Department of Justice Epstein files release, Data Set 9, EFTA00687884 (mirror), accessed 21 October 2026.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 JAMnews, Epstein files: did convicted sex offender and trafficker visit Baku? JAMnews, 5 February 2026.
- ↑ Email exchange with Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: airports", 26 September 2011, US Department of Justice Epstein files release, Data Set 10, EFTA01774124 (mirror), accessed 21 October 2026.
- ↑ Email from Sultan bin Sulayem to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Baku", 19 September 2015, US Department of Justice Epstein files release, Data Set 11, EFTA02488052 (mirror), accessed 21 October 2026.
- ↑ Distributed Denial of Secrets, Ehud Barak emails, 27 August 2025, with download at data.ddosecrets.org, accessed 21 October 2026.
- ↑ Email from Nili Priell Barak to Ehud Barak, "Fwd: GCI", 21 July 2013, file
ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!45/1 (55).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026. - ↑ Email exchange between Nili Priell Barak, Don Walker (Harry Walker Agency) and Ehud Barak, "Re: Azerbaijan debt", 8 February 2014, file
ehbarak1@gmail.com/Sent!12/1 (217).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026. - ↑ Email from Ehud Barak to Elshad Nassirov (SOCAR), "Leviathan cooperation", 22 January 2014, file
ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!39/1 (240).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026. - ↑ Email thread between Ehud Barak and Elshad Nassirov (SOCAR), "Leviathan +", 4–23 February 2014, file
ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!38/1 (191).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026. - ↑ Email from Doron Cohen to Ehud Barak, "FW: Meeting in Israel", 17 March 2015, file
ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!20/1 (297).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.