Zionist movement Spain
The organised Zionist movement in Spain: its federation, national institutions, communal and lobby bodies, youth movements, antisemitism apparatus, the 2020 and 2025 Congress elections, and links to "Israel"
The Zionist movement in Spain is organised through the Organización Sionista Española (OSE), which the World Zionist Organization (WZO) lists under that name with the email address osespanola@gmail.com and no telephone number or website.[1][2] The same body appears as the "Zionist Federation of Spain" and "Federación Sionista de España" in the Zionist court's papers and in the minutes of its own election committee, and its statutes, dated 1 February 2015, give its name as "Asociación Sionista Española" and its seat as Calle Orense 16, Madrid.[3][4] Spain had one mandate at the 39th World Zionist Congress in 2025, as in 2020.[5][6] The World Jewish Congress (WJC) affiliate is the Federación de Comunidades Judías de España (FCJE, Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain), whose president is David Obadía.[7] Keren Hayesod, KKL-JNF and WIZO each list a Spanish office or federation (see below). Israel.com records 101 immigrants from Spain to "Israel" in 2025.[8] The population figures conflict. Sergio DellaPergola put Spain's core Jewish population at 13,000 (the 23rd largest in the world), rising to 16,000 if people with a Jewish parent are counted, 19,000 in an "enlarged" definition and 22,000 for those eligible under the Law of Return.[9] The WJC says "an estimated 13,000 (affiliated) and 50,000 (resident) Jews live in Spain" and also cites an Institute for Jewish Policy Research estimate of 12,900 for 2024.[7] The FCJE says the Jewish population of Spain is "alrededor de 70.000 personas" (about 70,000 people).[10]
History
Statutes of the association
The 2015 statutes say the association's main purpose is "el afianzamiento del Sionismo" (the consolidation of Zionism) according to the Jerusalem Program, and list as aims fostering "la centralidad de Israel en la vida judía" (the centrality of Israel in Jewish life); gathering the Jewish people "en su Patria histórica -Eretz Israel- por medio de la Aliá desde todos los países" (in its historic homeland, Eretz Israel, by aliyah from all countries); consolidating "el Estado de Israel"; preserving Jewish identity through Jewish and Hebrew education; and protecting "los derechos del pueblo judío". Its activities "se sujetan a las directrices de la Organización Sionista Mundial" (are subject to the guidelines of the World Zionist Organization). Individual members must be over 18 and resident in Spain, although people who have made aliyah may keep their membership if they say so; institutional members are Jewish organisations, movements and groups that sign the membership form, which records adhesion to the Jerusalem Program, and whose aims do not contradict the association's. The governing bodies are a General Assembly and a Board.[3]
2015 election
Two decisions of the WZO's Central Elections Committee in 2015 concern Spain. On 8 July 2015 it said its initial assumption was that an Area Elections Committee had been duly established and told that committee to meet within seven days "with all bodies involved, including the bodies that represent Merkaz Olami and Artzenu" to elect the Spanish delegates to the Congress.[11] On 26 August 2015 it recorded the petitioners' argument that no "Zionist Federation" exists in Spain "but rather at most a 'Jewish Federation'", held that this need not be decided because the Area Elections Committee had been lawfully established under the election rules, and refused to postpone the elections or to intervene in the committee's decision.[12] The Keren Kayemeth delegation in Jerusalem that year described Silvia Spalter as "Presidenta de la Organización Sionista Mundial en España" (see below).[13]
2020 World Zionist Congress election
The WZO's results table for the 38th Congress records Spain's single seat as a Likud seat.[6] In its ruling in File 018/2020, handed down on 1 October 2020 by Miriam Naor (president), Steve Adler and Daniela Wexler, the Zionist Supreme Court's table of "deficiencies in the election process" records for Spain that an Area Elections Committee was established and an election method determined, but that there was no register of voters, no candidate list and no vote; the results were published and an election report submitted, and the WZO's attorney-general told the hearing on 24 September 2020 that the delegates should be confirmed.[14] The court noted that every federation before it had submitted a "100% agreement" rather than holding a poll and warned that such an agreement may not replace a vote unless the preconditions in the election rules are met; it disqualified only the delegates of Greece, Guatemala and Sweden, and Spain's delegate was not removed.[14]
Merkaz Spain and the Zionist Supreme Court
Merkaz Spain, the Spanish branch of the Conservative Zionist movement, and its world body, "World Merkaz" (Mercaz Olami), took the federation, its chair and the WZO's organisation department and its head to the Zionist Supreme Court (Case 002/2025). The court's judgment records that on 31 October 2023, in Judgment 004/2023, it had ruled that "there is no reason not to accept the Merkaz Spain as a member of the Spanish Federation", given the parties two more months to arrange this and expected the WZO's organisation department to help. On 14 January 2025 the plaintiffs, represented by Wanda Teplitsky and Gastón Roife, asked for a declaratory judgment that Merkaz Spain is a member "for all purposes" of the federation. At a hearing on 23 February 2025 the parties agreed, and the court gave their agreement the force of a judgment, that Merkaz Spain is a full member "from today onwards"; that the federation would reconvene the Area Election Committee within two weeks, with decisions made by the committee to date "null and void"; and that Merkaz members on the committee would have advisory status under Regulation 2b of the election regulations. The panel was Ronit Rosenfeld, Steve Adler and Deborah Berliner.[15]
The plaintiffs later asked the court to enforce the agreement. In a decision of 1 April 2025 the court recorded that it had ordered the federation and Silvia Spalter, its chair, to respond by 25 March 2025, that no response had been received, and, "in accordance with the authority of the Court given in Article 50 of the Court's Regulations", disqualified Spalter as chair of the federation with effect from 10 April 2025, "unless Ms. Spalter respects the judgment and treats the Merkaz Spain Movement as a full member", including membership of the Area Election Committee as an observer and participation in all meetings.[16] The dates conflict: the judgment is dated 23 February 2025, but the 1 April decision calls it "the judgment dated 24.2.2025".[15][16] The court's papers do not say whether the disqualification took effect.
2025 World Zionist Congress election
The WZO's Spain page for the 39th Congress lists an "Election Method" document, an "Election Agreement", and the federation's constitution.[2] The method document is a letter dated Madrid, 26 January 2025, signed by Silvia Spalter as president, which says the federation's election committee has set a "voto único transferible" (single transferable vote) system, that the list with most votes would be guaranteed the delegate position, and that all Jewish people over 18 who have paid the "Shekel Tzioni" and accept the Jerusalem Program may vote.[17] The court's agreement of 23 February 2025 had declared the committee's earlier decisions void. On 3 June 2025 Atid, a Jewish community that says it was born in Barcelona in 1992, urged people to join the OSE "para poder votar por MERCAZ" (in order to vote for MERCAZ) in the Congress elections, and an online membership form that speaks of making "nuestra voz masortí" (our Masorti voice) heard asks for a copy of the applicant's ID and payment of the 5 euro "tzioni shekel".[18][19]
The election agreement document is the minutes of the federation's zonal election committee (Comité Electoral Zonal) of 13 June 2025. It records that the registration of voters ("Mifkad Hajaverut") closed on 10 June 2025; that a single list, "Unidos por Israel", was received on 12 June 2025; and that, under the election rules on uncontested elections, no vote would be held. It describes the list as a single community list "con el respaldo de las principales organizaciones que conforman la OSE" (backed by the main organisations that make up the OSE), and approved it as the Spanish Zionist community's representation. The minutes name six elected: Raymond Forado Benchimol (delegate), Víctor Melul, Sandra Noemí Moreira Vargas, Livnat Meirovich Sampo, Aaron Israel and Noa Rosenzberg.[4]
Other bodies took their complaints to the WZO's Central Elections Committee. On 29 April 2025 it declined to hear a petition (032-2025) by the World Herut Movement and Herut Spain to order the federation to admit Herut Spain as a member, because under the WZO constitution a refusal of membership can be appealed to the Zionist Supreme Court.[20] On 4 May 2025 it issued a final decision in two further petitions: 023-2025 by Arzenu Spain and 019-2025 by the "Liberal Zionist Centre Movement – Zionist Youth", both against the federation and its Area Elections Committee. The committee said it had been receiving "repeated" approaches "for several months" about Spalter's "ignoring" of requests by Arzenu Spain, the Liberal Zionist Centre Movement in Spain and Zionist Youth – CIB to be joined to the Area Elections Committee. It quoted her email of 13 January 2025 saying the factions "will be informed to participate as listeners" when the committee met; the petitioners had not been invited, and the committee's 1 April hearing on the petitions had been held without the Area Elections Committee because its chair did not reply. The petitioners were considering a joint petition to the Zionist Supreme Court. It reminded her of Regulation 3 of the election regulations, under which the Central Elections Committee can appoint an area committee or a representative with its powers if one is not lawfully established, and said the situation that "apparently" existed in Spain might justify using that power. The panel was Prof. Oded Modrik (chair), Mira Amsalem Beit On and Hagai Siton.[21] Enfoque Judío later wrote that the unified list was possible after "una demanda" before the central Zionist bodies "a principios de año" (early in the year) that "obligó a la filial española a reabrir listas y celebrar elecciones libres" (forced the Spanish branch to reopen lists and hold free elections).[22]
The WZO's results table gives Spain one mandate, held by "Zionist Youth", while its delegates list names three people under Spain:[5][23]
| Name | World union or faction (WZO listing) |
|---|---|
| Raymond Forado | Zionist Youth |
| Wanda Teplitsky | Masorti Olami (World Masorti) |
| Yoav Stofenmachar | Masorti Olami (World Masorti) |
The accounts of Forado's affiliation differ: Enfoque Judío says he is the president of the Comunidad Judía de Barcelona (formerly the CIB) and the only Spanish delegate with a vote on behalf of the Spanish association, and that he attended "dentro del partido Merkaz, de corte liberal" (within the liberal Merkaz party). It describes Teplitsky as president of Masorti Europe and Stofenmachar as representing the Masorti youth movement Noam, and quotes an unnamed speaker, who refers to Forado in the third person, saying that a second group of voting delegates "no es elegido en elecciones" (is not elected in elections) but represents organisations such as Hadassah, WIZO, Maccabi and Masorti.[22]
National institutions
| National institution | Spanish affiliate or presence |
|---|---|
| World Zionist Organization | Asociación Sionista Española (OSE); see above.[1][3] |
| Jewish Agency for Israel | Israel.com says the agency runs aliyah from Spain "through its regional office and the Israeli consulate".[24] |
| Keren Hayesod | Keren Hayesod – United Israel Appeal lists its Spanish affiliate as "Fundación Privada En Defensa de los Derechos Keren Hayesod", Madrid; see Keren Hayesod Spain.[25] |
| Jewish National Fund | KKL-JNF Spain, Madrid, telephone +34 91 417 23 66, email info@kklspain.org.[26] Its president in 2015 was Dito Beniflah; see the Jerusalem mission under the aliyah heading.[13] |
| Women's International Zionist Organization | WIZO Spain, founded in 1923, "soon paralyzed by the Spanish Civil War" and re-emerged in 1954; its chairpersons are listed as Eva Benbunan and Alexandra Guenun, and its work is described as sponsorship of children, meals, conferences, bazaars and Purim sweet sales.[27] |
Major Zionist and Jewish communal organisations
- Federación de Comunidades Judías de España (FCJE): says it groups "la inmensa mayoría" (the vast majority) of Jewish communities and organisations in Spain and has been the official representative of Jewish communities before the state since the 1992 cooperation agreement, as a confession of "notorio arraigo" (well-established).[10] It says it was created on 16 July 1982 as the Federación de Comunidades Israelitas de España by the communities of Barcelona, Ceuta, Madrid and Melilla and took its present name in 2004, and is a member of the European Jewish Congress and the WJC.[10] The WJC, by contrast, says the FCJE affiliated to the WJC in 1964.[7] Its president is David Obadía.[7][28] The WJC says the FCJE unites Orthodox communities and that there are also independent Conservative and Chabad communities.[7]
- Comunidad Judía de Barcelona (CJB, formerly the Comunidad Israelita de Barcelona, CIB): its president, Raymond Forado, was the Spanish delegate elected in 2025.[22] It provides the Stern estate at Valldoreix and its school for Maccabi Barcelona, whose sports commission it set up (see below).[29]
- Centro Sefarad-Israel: based in the Palacio de Cañete in Madrid, it says it is "dedicada de manera exclusiva a estrechar la relación entre España y el pueblo judío", promotes Sephardi heritage and Holocaust memory, and works closely with the FCJE. Its director general, José Thovar Lozano, has been coordinator of Spain's national plan to implement the European strategy against antisemitism since 2023. It says it celebrates its 20th anniversary in December 2026.[30]
- Acción y Comunicación sobre Oriente Medio (ACOM): registered on the CNMC's lobby register at Paseo de la Castellana 93, 9º, Madrid, with Ángel Guillermo Mas Murcia as president. Its registered aims include promoting "el estrechamiento de la amistad entre España e Israel" (closer friendship between Spain and Israel), teaching "la contribución que hace Israel a la ciudadanía global" (Israel's contribution to global citizenship) and supporting a Middle East "basado en sociedades pluralistas y democráticas".[31]
Youth, education and aliyah
- Noam: the youth department of the Masorti community Bet-El in Madrid, part of the global Noam Olami movement "presente en más de 20 países" (present in more than 20 countries), for children aged 4 to 20, with a madrichim school, winter and summer camps.[32] Stofenmachar sat at the 2025 Congress for the movement (see above).
- HaNoar HaTzioni: Maccabi Barcelona's vice-president, Matías Wainsztein, says the CJB is affiliated to the youth movement HaNoar HaTzioni, and that Maccabi Barcelona "no funcionará como una tnuat noar" (will not function as a youth movement).[29]
- Maccabi Barcelona: inaugurated at the Stern estate, as reported on 5 February 2026, with about 250 people. Wainsztein says it has a formal agreement with Maccabi España and the Maccabi World Union, that previously "solo existía Maccabi España en Madrid", and that the aim is a national committee with branches in Barcelona, Valencia and elsewhere. He says its focus is "el deporte, el sionismo y la vida comunitaria" (sport, Zionism and community life) and that its first aim is about 100 children. He says that since 7 October 2023 "la gente en Barcelona tiene muchas ganas de hacer cosas, pero desgraciadamente estamos divididos entre muchas comunidades y tendencias" (people in Barcelona are keen to do things but, unfortunately, are divided among many communities and tendencies).[29]
Israel.com's compilation of aliyah data gives 988 immigrants from Spain between 2015 and 2025: 96 (2015), 90 (2016), 100 (2017), 68 (2018), 105 (2019), 58 (2020), 94 (2021), 98 (2022), 84 (2023), 94 (2024) and 101 (2025).[8] It says 227 of them registered in "Jerusalem", ahead of "Tel Aviv-Yafo", "Ra'anana" and "Netanya", and that the ministry's records do not show where they live now or whether "Jerusalem" means East Jerusalem or the settlements around it.[24] DellaPergola's table gives 87 in 2021 and 89 in 2022, against 94 and 98 for those years in Israel.com's data.[9] Those who settle there do so as settler colonists in occupied Palestine.
In May 2015 a 27-member delegation of KKL-JNF Spain, which a KKL executive called the largest Spanish delegation to come to "Israel" with Keren Kayemeth and one of 35 national delegations on that year's international solidarity mission, marked "Yom Yerushalaim" in "Jerusalem". It visited Yad Vashem, the Herzl museum on Mount Herzl (joined to Yad Vashem by a Keren Kayemeth forest path) and the Knesset. Itón Gadol headlined the visit as moving "desde la angustia de la Shoá a la alegría de la reunificación de Jerusalén" (from the anguish of the Shoah to the joy of the reunification of Jerusalem). Yom Yerushalaim marks the 1967 capture of East Jerusalem by "Israel", and East Jerusalem is occupied territory; the article does not mention this. Silvia Spalter, quoted as president of the WZO in Spain, said "Debemos disfrutar del Estado de Israel y seguir apoyando su crecimiento" (we must enjoy the State of Israel and keep supporting its growth); Beniflah said the visit went "de la muerte a la vida" (from death to life).[13]
Antisemitism organisations
- Observatorio de Antisemitismo: the platform run jointly by the FCJE and the Movimiento contra la Intolerancia (MCI) recorded 221 antisemitic incidents in Spain in 2025 against 193 in 2024, a rise of 14.51%, with most in October, September and July. Its categories include verbal aggression, threats, harassment, vandalism, boycotts and hate crimes, and it says the true figure may be higher because of under-reporting.[33] The incidents counted include the cancellation of academic projects and a lecture involving Israeli institutions, among them a talk at the University of Salamanca in September, and boycotts and exclusion campaigns against Israeli cyclists and basketball players; the report says "Israel" has been "instrumentalizado" (instrumentalised) as "centro de la hostilidad y el odio".[33] Obadía said that Jewish children "son los únicos que van a sus colegios con presencia policial" (are the only ones who go to school with a police presence) and that the stance of the "ultraizquierda" (ultra-left) makes the situation worse; Ibarra, president of the MCI, said antisemitism "no es una opinión ni una discrepancia política".[28]
- Centro Sefarad-Israel: its director general is the coordinator of the national plan against antisemitism and Spain's representative in international forums on it (see above).[30]
Israeli state presence
- Embassy of Israel in Madrid, Calle Velázquez 150-7.[7] "Israel" and Spain established diplomatic relations in 1986, according to the embassy and the WJC.[34][7] The embassy's page lists Dana Erlich as "Embajadora en Funciones" (acting ambassador).[34] In March 2026 she told ABC that "España tendrá que escoger quiénes son sus aliados: Irán u Occidente" (Spain will have to choose its allies: Iran or the West) and that diplomatic relations "no han cambiado" (have not changed).[35]
- On 28 May 2024 the Spanish Council of Ministers approved the recognition of the State of Palestine, which the foreign minister, José Manuel Albares, called a "historic milestone".[36] Al Jazeera reported that "Israel" withdrew its ambassador that year, and that on 8 October 2025 the Spanish parliament voted 178 to 169 to enshrine in law a total arms embargo on "Israel", a law whose preamble describes "Israel's response" to the attacks of 7 October 2023 as "an indiscriminate attack against the Palestinian population that the majority of experts have called genocide".[37]
Religious Zionism and Chabad
Chabad Lubavitch of Spain
- Main article: Chabad Lubavitch of Spain
Chabad-Lubavitch's world headquarters lists Chabad centres in Barcelona (two institutions), Costa Adeje, Girona, Ibiza Town, Madrid, Marbella, Sant Cugat del Vallès and Valencia.[38] Chabadinfo.com, in an undated article written 40 years after the event, says the Lubavitcher Rebbe sent his first permanent emissaries, Rabbi Yitzchok Goldstein and his family, to Spain in 1977.[39] The Boletín Oficial del Estado records that the Fundación Jabad-Lubavitch España was set up in Madrid on 20 March 2001 by Yitzchok Goldstein, Isaac Sigmundo Shocron Croitoru and David Alejandro Benarroch Assor, and entered in the register of foundations as a state-wide foundation by an order of 5 November 2001.[40]
Synagogue movements and schools
The WJC says the FCJE unites Orthodox communities, that independent Conservative and Chabad communities exist, and that the arrival of families from Latin America has brought Reform and Progressive Judaism, with the Baruch Spinoza Foundation opening in Barcelona; it says Leo Baeck College ordained the first Spain-born Progressive rabbi in July 2017.[7] It says there are Jewish day schools in Barcelona, Madrid and Málaga.[7] The FCJE says there are more than 30 synagogues in the country and schools for nursery, primary and secondary pupils in Madrid, Barcelona and Melilla.[10]
- Bet-El (Madrid), whose youth department is Noam, and Atid, which urged its members to join the OSE to vote for Merkaz in 2025 (see above).[32][18]
Leaders
| Name | Position | Source date |
|---|---|---|
| Silvia Spalter | President of the federation (OSE); disqualified by the Zionist Supreme Court subject to compliance, 1 April 2025[17][16] | April 2025 |
| Raymond Forado Benchimol | Delegate elected on the "Unidos por Israel" list; president, Comunidad Judía de Barcelona[4][22] | June / October 2025 |
| Wanda Teplitsky | Merkaz Spain plaintiff; 39th Congress delegate (Masorti Olami); president of Masorti Europe (per Enfoque Judío)[15][23][22] | February–October 2025 |
| Gastón Roife | Merkaz Spain plaintiff[15] | February 2025 |
| Yoav Stofenmachar | 39th Congress delegate (Masorti Olami); represents Noam[23][22] | October 2025 |
| David Obadía | President, FCJE[7][28] | 2026 |
| José Thovar Lozano | Director, Centro Sefarad-Israel[30] | November 2026 |
| Ángel Guillermo Mas Murcia | President, ACOM[31] | November 2026 |
| Eva Benbunan and Alexandra Guenun | Chairpersons, WIZO Spain[27] | November 2026 |
| Matías Wainsztein | Vice-president, Maccabi Barcelona[29] | February 2026 |
| Dito Beniflah | President, KKL-JNF Spain[13] | May 2015 |
| Dana Erlich | Israeli acting ambassador to Spain[34][35] | March–May 2026 |
See also
- Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Spain
- Chabad Lubavitch of Spain
- Friends of Israel Initiative
- Christian Friends of Israel Spain
- Zionist movement Germany
- Zionist movement Switzerland
- Zionist movement by country
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 World Zionist Organization, "Zionist Federations", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 World Zionist Organization, "Spain", 39th Zionist Congress, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 World Zionist Organization, "Estatutos de la Asociación Sionista Española" (Spanish), dated Madrid, 1 February 2015, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 World Zionist Organization, "Minutes of the Comité Electoral Zonal, Federación Sionista de España (OSE), 13 June 2025" (Spanish), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 World Zionist Organization, "Summary of election results and agreements for the 39th Congress" (Hebrew), as submitted to the Zionist Court on 9 October 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 World Zionist Organization, "Summary of election results and agreements for the 38th Congress, 2020" (Hebrew), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 World Jewish Congress, "Community in Spain", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Israel.com, "aliyah-by-country.csv", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sergio DellaPergola, "World Jewish Population, 2023", American Jewish Year Book 2023, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Federación de Comunidades Judías de España, "¿Qué es la Federación de Comunidades Judías de España?", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, Central Elections Committee, "Decisions of the meeting of 8 July 2015", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, Central Elections Committee, "Decisions of 26 August 2015", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Itón Gadol, "KKL Israel. El Keren Kayemet de España celebra Yom Yerushalaim en Jerusalén", 29 May 2015, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Zionist Supreme Court, "Ruling in File 018/2020" on the federations' elections to the 38th Congress, 1 October 2020, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Zionist Supreme Court, "Judgment in Case 002/2025", 23 February 2025 (English translation; Spanish version here), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Zionist Supreme Court, "Decision in Case 002/2025", 1 April 2025 (English translation; Hebrew original here), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Federación Sionista Española, "Spain – método electoral enero 25" (Spanish), 26 January 2025, published by the World Zionist Organization, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Comunitat Atid, "Afiliación Organización Sionista Española – Elecciones", 3 June 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Organización Sionista Española, "Afiliación sionista española" (online membership form, as linked from the Atid announcement), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, Central Elections Committee, "Decision in petition 032-2025", 29 April 2025 (Hebrew), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, Central Elections Committee, "Final decision in petitions 023-2025 and 019-2025", 4 May 2025 (Hebrew), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Enfoque Judío, "El Congreso Sionista más grande de la historia: 2.500 delegados definen en Jerusalén el futuro del pueblo judío", 28 October 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 World Zionist Organization, "Delegates", 39th Zionist Congress, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Israel.com, "Aliyah from Spain: Numbers and Process", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Keren Hayesod – United Israel Appeal, "Spain", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ KKL-JNF, "Contact your local office", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Women's International Zionist Organization, "Spain", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Federación de Comunidades Judías de España, "Presentación el Informe de Antisemitismo 2025 en España", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Enfoque Judío, "Maccabi apunta a reunir a todas las identidades judías de Barcelona bajo un proyecto deportivo comunitario", 5 February 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Centro Sefarad-Israel, "Nosotros", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia, "Asociación Acción y Comunicación sobre Oriente Medio ACOM", interest-group register, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Bet-El, "Noam – El movimiento juvenil masortí", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Europa Press, "Un informe registra 221 incidentes antisemitas en España en 2025, un 14,5% más que el año anterior", 2 September 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Embassy of Israel in Spain, "Sobre la Embajada", last updated 18 May 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 ABC, "La embajadora en funciones de Israel: «España tiene que elegir a sus aliados: Irán u Occidente»", 3 March 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ La Moncloa, "Government of Spain approves recognition of the State of Palestine", 28 May 2024, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Al Jazeera, "Spain's parliament formally approves Israel arms embargo", 8 October 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Chabad Lubavitch World Headquarters, "Spain – Centers", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Chabadinfo.com, "Spain: Additional Shluchim to Madrid", undated, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Boletín Oficial del Estado, "Orden de 5 de noviembre de 2001 por la que se inscribe en el Registro de Fundaciones la denominada «Fundación Jabad-Labavitch España», de Madrid", no. 285, 28 November 2001, accessed 13 November 2026.