Zionist movement Germany
The organised Zionist movement in Germany: its federation, national institutions, communal and lobby bodies, youth movements, antisemitism apparatus, the 2025 Congress election, and links to "Israel"
The Zionist movement in Germany is organised through the Zionistische Organisation in Deutschland (ZOD), which the World Zionist Organization (WZO) lists as the "Zionistische Federation in Deutschland (ZOD)", with the telephone number +599-22-170-3349, the email ft@z-o-d.info and the website zod-info.de; +599 is the international dialling code for Curaçao rather than Germany's +49, so the number appears to be a typo or error in the WZO listing.[1] Germany had two mandates at the 39th World Zionist Congress in 2025, as in 2020,[2][3] and the WZO's delegates page lists five people under Germany.[4] The World Jewish Congress (WJC) affiliate is the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Central Council of Jews in Germany); the WJC names the WZO, B'nai B'rith and WIZO among the country's other major Jewish organisations.[5] Sergio DellaPergola put Germany's core Jewish population at 125,000 at the start of 2023, "the world's eighth largest Jewish community"; membership of the organised communities fell from a peak of 107,794 in 2007 to 90,885 in 2023.[6] For other countries see Zionist movement by country. For Germany's reparations, arms supplies, "Staatsräson" doctrine and wider state relationship with "Israel", see Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Germany.
History
Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland
The Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland (ZVfD, Zionist Federation for Germany) was set up in Frankfurt am Main on 31 October 1897, two months after the first Zionist Congress in Basel, when German Zionists renamed the "National-Jüdische Vereinigung", founded in 1894 by David Wolffsohn of Cologne and others. Article 1 of its statutes read: "Die Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland hat den Zweck, die zionistische Idee im Sinne des Baseler Programms unter den in Deutschland lebenden Juden zu verbreiten" (The purpose of the Zionist Federation for Germany is to spread the Zionist idea in the sense of the Basel Programme among the Jews living in Germany). The Jewish Museum Frankfurt notes that the liberal, non-Zionist majority of German Jews was represented by the Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens, founded four years earlier, and that Nahum Goldmann, later president of the WJC and "zentralen Führungsfigur der zionistischen Bewegung" (central leading figure of the Zionist movement), went to school in Frankfurt.[7]
Haavara Agreement
According to Yad Vashem, in the summer of 1933 "the Jewish Agency for Palestine, the German Zionist Federation, and the German Economics Ministry drafted a plan meant to allow German Jews emigrating to Palestine to retain some of the value of their property in Germany by purchasing German goods for the Yishuv". The scheme, known as the Transfer Agreement or Haavara, cut across the Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany; Yad Vashem's article examines it as a "Prewar Jewish Dilemma".[8] The WJC says 503,000 Jews lived in Germany when the Nazis took power in 1933.[5]
Post-war federation and the state relationship
After the war, Konrad Adenauer, Goldmann and the Israeli foreign minister Moshe Sharett signed the Luxembourg reparations agreements in 1952, and West Germany established diplomatic relations with "Israel" in 1965. The WJC says that since reunification in 1990 Germany "has been a close ally of Israel".[5] The present ZOD was registered as an association (e.V.) in 1951, "mit dem klaren Ziel, Israels Standpunkte zu vertreten und diese der deutschen Bevölkerung nahe zu bringen" (with the clear aim of representing Israel's positions and bringing them closer to the German population). After the death of its president, Robert Guttmann, a new board led by Gady Gronich and René Pollak was elected in 2009, promising to oppose "Antisemitismus/Antizionismus als zwei Seiten der gleichen Medaille" (antisemitism/anti-Zionism as two sides of the same coin).[9] A later report, which refers to plans for the 110th anniversary of Herzl's death (2014), says Lilly Jockels of Düsseldorf, head of the Düsseldorf branch (snif) and a board member since 1986, was elected president, with Michael Naor as vice-president and the outgoing president, Michael Zawodchikow of Berlin, as treasurer.[10]
2025 World Zionist Congress election
In 2020 Germany's two seats went, according to the WZO's results table, to the list Ma'avar LaKeshet (מעבר לקשת) and to Beiteinu Olami.[3] In 2025 the ZOD held an election. Its election website asked voters to register by 4 July 2025 for a vote on 13 and 14 July among "6 Listen" (six lists); voters had to be Jews aged over 18 living in Germany who accepted the Jerusalem Programme. It described the ZOD as working with Keren Hayesod, the KKL, the Jewish Agency and the WZO, under the slogan "Lasst uns gemeinsam Israel und das jüdische Volk verteidigen" (Let us defend Israel and the Jewish people together).[11]
haGalil reported that registered ZOD members had voted on their representation "zum ersten Mal seit Jahrzehnten" (for the first time in decades), and that the two German seats, "jahrzehntelang ... fest in der Hand orthodoxer und russischsprachiger Vertreter" (for decades firmly in the hands of Orthodox and Russian-speaking representatives), had gone to liberal lists. It said 1,400 people registered and 694 votes were cast by the close of voting on 22 July 2025, a share of 49.6 per cent of those registered, and also reported a turnout of 77.45 per cent, a seeming contradiction between the two figures; the first mandate went to Meretz (Rabbi Akiva Weingarten of the Jüdische Kultusgemeinde Dresden) and the second to Israel Shelanu (Galit Gur, chair of the Zionistische Jugend in Deutschland – Habonim Dror Deutschland, Frankfurt).[12] The WZO's results table gives Germany one seat each for Brit Etz (Avoda–Etz) and Meretz.[2] Arzenu Germany, the Reform Zionist association, says it formed a coalition with Meretz and the Union of Progressive Zionists (UPZ) which allowed it to take part, and that "unsere Koalition die Wahlen gewinnen konnte" (our coalition was able to win the elections); its delegate's costs were met "über Meretz aus Israel" (via Meretz from Israel).[13]
The WZO lists these people under Germany. Two correspond to the elected seats; the other three appear under world bodies with their own Congress allocations:[4]
| Name | World union or faction (WZO listing) |
|---|---|
| Akiva Weingarten | World Union of Meretz (including Hatikvah and the Joint List–Venezuela) |
| Galit Gur | Brit Etz (including Labour, Hatikvah, Israel Shelanu and SAFOLI) |
| Rabbi Gesa Ederberg | Masorti Olami |
| Liliana Sarah Claire Jendroska | World Union for Progressive Judaism |
| Sima Purits | Student delegation (including WUJS, Yavneh, Tagar, Marom, Tamar and PZC Hagshama) |
On 26 May 2026 the Jüdische Allgemeine reported that the Amtsgericht Dresden (Dresden local court) had, the previous week, given a 41-year-old rabbi, identified only as "A. W.", a two-year suspended sentence for money laundering in 44 cases and commercial fraud in 469 cases; the paper stated that the verdict was not yet final ("noch nicht rechtskräftig"). According to the report, he had been accused of moving six-figure sums obtained by a computer-support scam abroad through a company registered in his name in Berlin, and had admitted the money-laundering charges after a computer-sabotage charge was dropped; his lawyer said he had gained nothing from the frauds and had only made the company available to process payments.[14] The paper named him only as "A. W.", but the biography it gave (eldest of eleven children in the Satmar Hasidic community of Monsey, New York; smicha at 17; moved to "Israel" at 18; left the ultra-Orthodox community and moved to Germany in 2014; for some years a community rabbi in Dresden; founder in 2024 of a "Landesverband Jüdischer Gemeinden und Einrichtungen in Sachsen" rivalling the official state association) matches the Jüdische Kultusgemeinde Dresden's biography of Akiva Weingarten, which says he was born in New York in 1984, grew up with ten siblings in a Hasidic community, received his first smicha at 17 and went to "Israel" at 18 before moving to Germany.[14][15] The same report quoted the official Landesverband Sachsen der Jüdischen Gemeinden as saying that "A. W." had assumed the title of "Landesrabbiner" (state rabbi) without the knowledge or consent of the recognised Jewish representation in Saxony, and that the Landesrabbiner of Saxony is Zsolt Balla.[14]
After the Congress, the Jüdische Allgemeine reported a power-sharing deal under which Yaakov Hagoel of the centre-right camp would chair the WZO for the first two and a half years of the five-year term, with the centre-left taking over for the second half, and the reverse arrangement at the KKL.[16]
National institutions
| National institution | German affiliate or presence |
|---|---|
| World Zionist Organization | Zionistische Organisation in Deutschland (ZOD); the WZO gives its telephone number as +599-22-170-3349 (a Curaçao country code, apparently in error; see above), its email as ft@z-o-d.info and its website as zod-info.de.[1][17] Its 2025 election site gave its registered address as c/o Friedrich Thul in Düsseldorf, and its registration as VR 5262 at the Frankfurt local court.[11] |
| Jewish Agency for Israel | The Jewish Agency runs a German-language site for "Deutschland und Österreich" (Germany and Austria).[18] A separate site, which calls itself "die inoffizielle Seite der Jewish Agency for Israel in Deutschland" (the unofficial site of the Jewish Agency for Israel in Germany), gives a Berlin telephone number.[19] Israel.com says the agency runs aliyah from Germany "through its regional office and the Israeli consulate".[20] |
| Keren Hayesod | Keren Hayesod – Vereinigte Israel Aktion, with offices in Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich and Stuttgart.[21] Its German site carries the slogan "Seit über 100 Jahren an der Seite Israels" (At Israel's side for over 100 years).[22] |
| Jewish National Fund | Jüdischer Nationalfonds e.V. – Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael (JNF-KKL), a registered charity in Düsseldorf whose president is Jaffa Flohr; its motto is "Natürlich für Israel" (Naturally for Israel).[23][24] KKL-JNF says the main projects supported by its German friends are the "German States Forests" in the south, the Sarona reservoir in the north and the Aminadav Forest near "Jerusalem".[25] |
| Women's International Zionist Organization | WIZO Germany, founded in 1929 and re-founded in 1960 "with only 17 Jewish women". World WIZO says it founded the Beth Heuss family therapy centre in "Israel" in 1964, has over 10,000 members in eight cities and is responsible for 16 projects. Its president is Nicole Faktor.[26] |
Major Zionist and Jewish communal organisations
- Zionistische Organisation in Deutschland (ZOD): the WZO federation; see above.
- Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland: founded in 1950 and the WJC affiliate, with 23 regional associations and 105 local communities. Its president, Josef Schuster, is also a WJC vice-president, and its chief executive is Daniel Botmann.[5] In March 2026, after Die Linke in Lower Saxony passed a resolution against "den heute real existierenden Zionismus" (the Zionism that really exists today), Schuster said that rejecting "des einzigen jüdischen Staates ist ein Angriff auf das Selbstbestimmungsrecht des jüdischen Volkes" (the only Jewish state is an attack on the Jewish people's right to self-determination) and that "der linke 'Antizionismus' ist schlecht kaschierter Antisemitismus" (left-wing 'anti-Zionism' is thinly disguised antisemitism).[27] Brandenburg's antisemitism commissioner, Andreas Büttner, left Die Linke over its positions on "Israel".[28]
- Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle der Juden in Deutschland (ZWST, Central Welfare Office of Jews in Germany): the second national body named by the WJC.[5] It ran the Lehava programme with Bnei Akiva (see below).[29]
- Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft (DIG, German-Israeli Society): founded in 1966, it says it has passed 10,000 members and has 60 local groups. Its president since 2022, the former Green MP Volker Beck, called the temporary German halt to arms exports in August 2025 "grundfalsch und unsolidarisch gegenüber Israel" (fundamentally wrong and lacking solidarity with Israel). In October 2026 he would not say whether he would stand again at the DIG general meeting in Nuremberg on 14 and 15 November 2026, at which the presidium is due to be re-elected.[30][31]
- Arzenu – Bund progressiver Zionisten in Deutschland: the Reform Zionist association. Its delegation met in Tel Aviv on 26 October 2025 to learn about the work of the Union of Progressive Zionists "und damit von Hashomer Hatzair/Meretz Olami" (and thus of Hashomer Hatzair/Meretz Olami), whose coalition it had joined.[32] Its first chair is Yuval Adam.[13]
Youth, education and aliyah
- Zionistische Jugend in Deutschland (ZJD, Habonim Dror Germany): about 300 members and counsellors aged 10–20 in Frankfurt, Berlin and Munich. Its stated values are "Zionism, Judaism and Socialism", with the main emphasis on "bringing the right education about zionism and the state of Israel to the people of Germany".[33] The Frankfurt Jewish community lists its local group as "Zionistische Jugend in Deutschland (Ichud Habonim)".[34] Its chair, Galit Gur, won one of Germany's two Congress seats in 2025.[12] See Habonim Dror.
- Bnei Akiva Germany: formally established in 2014 as a branch of World Bnei Akiva. Before that, Bnei Akiva worked for 14 years through Lehava, a programme run with the ZWST, under which over 70 single emissaries (shlichim) and families served in Germany. It says it works in Orthodox communities "where most members are Russian immigrants", with emissaries in places including Dortmund, Duisburg and Offenbach.[29]
- Jüdische Studierendenunion Deutschland (JSUD, Jewish Students' Union Germany): its president since 2025, Ron Dekel, a student in Munich, led a human chain at the Halle synagogue on the anniversary of the 2019 attack in October 2026, refusing entry to an AfD deputy speaker of the state parliament.[35] Dekel has complained that Jewish students are expected to act "als eine Art Botschafter Israels" (as a kind of ambassador for Israel).[36]
Israel.com's compilation of aliyah data gives 1,924 immigrants from Germany between 2015 and 2025: 169 (2015), 167 (2016), 164 (2017), 186 (2018), 179 (2019), 104 (2020), 165 (2021), 213 (2022), 169 (2023), 184 (2024) and 224 (2025).[37] It says 410 of them registered in "Tel Aviv-Yafo", ahead of "Jerusalem", "Haifa" and "Netanya".[20] DellaPergola's table of new immigrants gives 148 from Germany in 2021 and 193 in 2022, and notes that German Jewish communities absorbed 1,693 new immigrants of their own in 2022.[6] Those who settle there do so as settler colonists in occupied Palestine.
Antisemitism organisations
- Federal Government Commissioner for Jewish Life in Germany and the Fight against Antisemitism: Felix Klein left the post at the end of August 2026 after eight years to become an ambassador to the OSCE. On leaving he called Israeli settlement policy "völkerrechtswidrig" (contrary to international law) and said: "Kritik an israelischer Politik wird dann antisemitisch, wenn das Existenzrecht Israels infrage gestellt wird" (Criticism of Israeli policy becomes antisemitic when Israel's right to exist is questioned).[38] Katharina von Schnurbein, the European Commission's co-ordinator on combating antisemitism since 2015, took office on 28 October 2026; Schuster welcomed the appointment.[39][40]
- Bundesverband RIAS (Federal Association of Research and Information Centres on Antisemitism): it recorded 8,725 antisemitic incidents in 2025, classing two-thirds (68 per cent) as "israelbezogener Antisemitismus" (Israel-related antisemitism), and 178 attacks, 257 threats and 807 far-right incidents.[41]
- The Zentralrat and the 2009 ZOD board both treat anti-Zionism as a form of antisemitism.[27][9]
Israeli state presence
- Embassy of "Israel" in Berlin, Auguste-Viktoria-Straße 74.[5] Ambassador Ron Prosor has held the post since 22 August 2022.[42] In August 2025 the Israeli government approved a second one-year extension of his term on the proposal of the foreign minister, Gideon Sa'ar.[43] He was still in post in October 2026.[44]
- Consulate-General in Munich, covering Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland; Consul-General Talya Lador-Fresher since September 2023.[44]
- Germany's ambassador to "Israel", Steffen Seibert, retired at the end of June 2026;[45] the Foreign Office now lists Alexander Graf Lambsdorff as ambassador.[46]
Religious Zionism and Chabad
Bnei Akiva Germany (see above) is the main religious-Zionist youth movement, working in Orthodox, largely Russian-speaking communities.[29] haGalil described Germany's Congress seats before 2025 as held by Orthodox and Russian-speaking representatives.[12] At the 39th Congress the Masorti rabbi Gesa Ederberg was listed under Masorti Olami.[4]
Chabad Lubavitch of Germany
- Main article: Chabad Lubavitch of Germany
The existing Chabad page covers the Berlin mission of Yehuda and Leah Teichtal, the Pears Jewish Campus and its public funding, and disputes with Jewish communities, and is not repeated here.
Synagogue movements and schools
The WJC says the Reform/Liberal movement was founded in Germany in the early 19th century by Rabbi Abraham Geiger and others, and that Modern Orthodoxy also has German roots. In 2006 the Abraham Geiger College in Berlin, part of the Liberal movement, ordained rabbis in Dresden's New Synagogue, and in 2009 two Orthodox rabbis trained at Berlin's Hildesheimer Seminary were ordained in Munich, "for the first time in Germany in 70 years".[5]
- Ronald S. Lauder Foundation: kindergartens in Berlin and Leipzig, primary schools in Berlin and Cologne, youth centres in Berlin, Osnabrück, Leipzig and Würzburg, and a rabbinical seminary in Berlin.[5] See Ronald S. Lauder.
- College of Jewish Studies, Heidelberg, founded in 1979, with academic links to universities abroad, "especially in Israel and the United States".[5]
Leaders
| Name | Position | Source date |
|---|---|---|
| Lilly Jockels | President, ZOD (elected around 2014; no later officer list found)[10] | c. 2014 |
| Friedrich Thul | Contact address, ZOD 2025 election website[11] | July 2025 |
| Akiva Weingarten | 39th Congress delegate, World Union of Meretz; rabbi of the Jüdische Kultusgemeinde Dresden[12][4] | August 2025 |
| Galit Gur | 39th Congress delegate (Israel Shelanu list per haGalil; Brit Etz per WZO); chair, ZJD – Habonim Dror Deutschland[12][4] | August 2025 |
| Gesa Ederberg | 39th Congress delegate, Masorti Olami[4] | 2025 |
| Liliana Sarah Claire Jendroska | 39th Congress delegate, World Union for Progressive Judaism[4] | 2025 |
| Sima Purits | 39th Congress delegate, student delegation[4] | 2025 |
| Yuval Adam | First chair, Arzenu Germany[13] | May 2026 |
| Josef Schuster | President, Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland; WJC vice-president[5][27] | March / November 2026 |
| Daniel Botmann | Chief executive, Zentralrat[5] | November 2026 |
| Volker Beck | President, Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft[30] | October 2026 |
| Jaffa Flohr | President, Jüdischer Nationalfonds e.V.[23] | November 2026 |
| Nicole Faktor | President, WIZO Germany[26] | November 2026 |
| Ron Dekel | President, JSUD[35] | October 2026 |
| Katharina von Schnurbein | Federal antisemitism commissioner[40] | October 2026 |
| Ron Prosor | Israeli ambassador to Germany[42][44] | October 2026 |
| Talya Lador-Fresher | Israeli consul-general, Munich[44] | October 2026 |
See also
- Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Germany
- Chabad Lubavitch of Germany
- Zionist movement France
- Zionist movement Hungary
- Zionist movement UK
- Zionist movement by country
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 World Zionist Organization, "Zionist Federations", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 World Zionist Organization, summary of election results and agreements for the 39th Congress (Hebrew), as submitted to the Zionist Court on 9 October 2025, accessed 10 November 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 World Zionist Organization, summary of election results and agreements for the 38th Congress, 2020 (Hebrew), accessed 25 October 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 World Zionist Organization, "Delegates", 39th Zionist Congress, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 World Jewish Congress, "Community in Germany", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sergio DellaPergola, "World Jewish Population, 2023", American Jewish Year Book 2023, Berman Jewish DataBank, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Jüdisches Museum Frankfurt, "Heute vor 125 Jahren: Gründung der Zionistischen Vereinigung für Deutschland" (125 years since the founding of the Zionist Federation for Germany), blog, 31 October 2022, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Yad Vashem, "Transfer Agreement and Boycott Movement: A Prewar Jewish Dilemma", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Neuer Vorstand der ZOD" (New ZOD board), haGalil, February 2009, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Noch engere Zusammenarbeit" (Even closer co-operation), Jüdisches Europa, undated, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Zionistische Organisation in Deutschland, election website, archived 8 July 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "Historischer Wandel in der deutschen zionistischen Vertretung" (Historic change in German Zionist representation), haGalil, 7 August 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Yuval Adam, "Bericht des Vorstandes für 2025" (Board report for 2025), Arzenu – Bund progressiver Zionisten in Deutschland, dated 16 May 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Wegen Betrugs und Geldwäsche: Bewährungsstrafe für Rabbiner" (Suspended sentence for rabbi for fraud and money laundering), Jüdische Allgemeine, 26 May 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Jüdische Kultusgemeinde Dresden, "Landesrabbiner Akiva Weingarten", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Zionistischer Weltkongress einigt sich" (World Zionist Congress reaches agreement), Jüdische Allgemeine, November 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ World Zionist Organization, "Germany", 39th Zionist Congress, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ The Jewish Agency for Israel, German-language site, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "The Jewish Agency for Israel in Germany", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Israel.com, "Aliyah from Germany: Numbers and Process", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Keren Hayesod – United Israel Appeal, "Germany", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Keren Hayesod – Vereinigte Israel Aktion, home page, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Jüdischer Nationalfonds e.V., "Impressum", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Jüdischer Nationalfonds e.V., home page, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ KKL-JNF, "KKL-JNF Offices Worldwide", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Women's International Zionist Organization, "Germany", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland, "Zentralratspräsident Dr. Schuster zum Antrag der Linkspartei in Niedersachsen", 17 March 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Zentralrat kritisiert Antizionismus-Beschluss der Linken in Hannover", tagesschau.de, 18 March 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 World Bnei Akiva, "Germany", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Volker Beck: 'Die DIG muss jünger und weiblicher werden'", Bilateral Briefing, 16 October 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Volker Beck: »Die DIG muss jünger und weiblicher werden«", Jüdische Allgemeine, 16 October 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Arzenu – Bund progressiver Zionisten in Deutschland, "Vorbereitung des 39sten Zionistenkongresses" (Preparing for the 39th Zionist Congress), accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "ZJD", betterplace.org, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Jüdische Gemeinde Frankfurt am Main, "Zionistische Jugend e.V. – Ortsgruppe Frankfurt am Main", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Jüdische Studierendenunion über Halle: 'Wir lassen unser Gedenken nicht kapern'", taz, 9 October 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Deutsches Studierendenwerk, "Ron Dekel: 'Dieses Gefühl allgegenwärtiger Bedrohung'", 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Israel.com, "Aliyah Statistics 2025: Who Moves to Israel, and Where They Settle" and "aliyah-by-country.csv", accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Antisemitismusbeauftragter Klein kritisiert Israels Siedlungspolitik", tagesschau.de, 23 August 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Bundeskabinett: Katharina von Schnurbein wird Antisemitismusbeauftragte der Regierung", Deutschlandfunk, 14 October 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Vor Amtsantritt: Neue Bundesbeauftragte: 'Antisemiten fürchten keine Konsequenzen mehr'", Deutschlandfunk, 28 October 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Bundesverband RIAS, "Keine Trendwende bei antisemitischen Vorfällen – RIAS dokumentiert 24 Fälle pro Tag", press release, 17 June 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Embassy of Israel in Germany, "The ambassador", last updated 13 May 2024, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Itamar Eichner, "Government approves extension of Israel's ambassador to Germany's term", Ynet, 4 August 2025, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Landtag von Baden-Württemberg, "Landtagspräsident Strobl begrüßt Botschafter Israels", October 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ "Steffen Seibert verabschiedet sich als Botschafter aus Israel", t-online, 30 June 2026, accessed 13 November 2026.
- ↑ Auswärtiges Amt, "Botschafter Alexander Graf Lambsdorff", accessed 13 November 2026.