Zionist movement Ukraine
The organised Zionist movement in Ukraine: its federation, national institutions, communal bodies, youth movements and schools, and links to "Israel"
The Zionist movement in Ukraine is organised through the Zionist Federation of Ukraine (ZFU; Ukrainian: Сіоністська Федерація України), which the World Zionist Organization (WZO) lists under the English name "Zionist Organization of Ukraine".[1][2] The WZO gives the telephone number +38044 2483670 and the email votezion@gmail.com, the address also used on the ZFU's own sites.[1][2] Ukraine had five mandates at the 39th World Zionist Congress in 2025, the same as in 2020,[3][4] and the WZO's delegates page lists seven people under Ukraine.[5] The World Jewish Congress (WJC) affiliates are the Jewish Confederation of Ukraine (Єврейська Конфедерація України) and the Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Ukraine (VAAD).[6] Sergio DellaPergola put Ukraine's core Jewish population at 33,000 at the start of 2023, the fourteenth largest in the world, after a fall from his 2022 estimate of 40,000 during the first year of Russia's full-scale invasion.[7] The WJC's own lead figure is 45,000 in 2023, which it calls the fourth-largest community in Europe and the eleventh-largest in the world; in the same page's demography section it cites a 2022 JPR estimate of about 40,000, ranked thirteenth.[6] For other countries see Zionist movement by country. For the wider political, diplomatic and commercial links between Ukraine and "Israel", including the Uman pilgrimage and the arms debate, see Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Ukraine.
History
Origins, the Soviet period and independence
The WJC says that "many of the most important Jewish thinkers and Zionists of the modern age were born in Ukraine". After the Soviet takeover in 1922, it says, religious and Zionist activity was forced underground. From the 1960s, Jewish dissidents who wanted to emigrate to "Israel" found common cause with Ukrainian dissidents. Mass emigration to "Israel" and the United States began in the late 1980s and grew after 1991.[6] DellaPergola records about 123,000 immigrants from Ukraine to "Israel" between 2000 and 2022, of whom 47,000 were Jews.[7] Those who settle there do so as settler colonists in occupied Palestine.
The WJC estimates that about 1.5 million Ukrainian Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, more than half of the pre-war population, including 33,771 people killed at Babi Yar, outside Kyiv, on 29–30 September 1941.[6]
Umbrella bodies, the federation and oligarch patronage
The VAAD was created on 14 January 1991 and registered with Ukraine's justice ministry. Its English-language description says 265 organisations from 94 cities come under it, and that it was a founder of the Jewish Confederation of Ukraine. Yosef (Josef) Zissels is named as executive co-president.[8] The WJC names him as VAAD chairman and a WJC vice-president.[6]
The ZFU says a WZO decision to establish the federation was adopted in December 2001, "based on the principles of the Jerusalem Program", but that it "only began its active work in the summer of 2015" and has operated as a non-governmental organisation in Ukraine since early 2017.[2][9] An article on the Ukrainian Jewish Encounter (UJE) site, reporting Hennadii Biloritsky, the ZFU's head, describes Zissels as having established the federation "in the late 1990s".[10] The WZO lists the federation's telephone number as +38044 2483670; the WJC lists the same number, written +38044 248-36-70, for the VAAD.[1][6] The two namings of the founding date have not been reconciled here.
The ZFU says that in the summer of 2015, "for the first time in the history of the Jewish community of independent Ukraine", seven delegates represented Ukraine at the 37th World Zionist Congress in "Jerusalem"; in 2020 Ukraine was represented by five delegates, matching the WZO mandate figure.[2][4]
The United Jewish Community of Ukraine (UJCU; Об'єднана єврейська община України), a separate lay umbrella, says it was founded in 1999 and comprises 143 Jewish communities and organisations.[11] Its own leaders page says Ihor Kolomoisky was elected president at the fifth congress in Kyiv in 2008 and is a patron of the Menorah Centre in Dnipro and of the "Jewish Memory and Holocaust in Ukraine" museum.[12] The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) reported in October 2014 that the 22-storey Menorah Centre, completed in 2012 and described as the largest Jewish community centre in Europe, was funded by Kolomoisky and Gennadiy Bogolyubov, "the president of the Jewish community of Dnepropetrovsk". In April 2014 Kolomoisky was appointed governor of the region; JTA wrote that he had "become something of a national hero since making sizable donations to the ill-equipped Ukrainian army".[13] Kolomoisky's later civil liability and the criminal proceedings against him are set out on his page and are not repeated here.
2014 and the 2022 full-scale invasion: aliyah and appeals to "Israel"
The WJC says that the outbreak of violence in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution "saw many Ukrainian Jews leave for Israel", and that the community's economic situation has been "a decisive factor in the aliya of Ukrainian Jews".[6] Israel.com's compilation of official aliyah files gives 7,241 immigrants from Ukraine in 2015, falling to 3,155 in 2021, then 15,107 in 2022, 2,179 in 2023, 1,028 in 2024 and 928 in 2025.[14] DellaPergola gives 14,656 new immigrants from Ukraine in 2022, of whom 5,813 were Jews (a companion table in the same study gives 14,577).[7]
On 26 February 2022, two days after the full-scale invasion, the Jewish Agency for Israel said it would open six aliyah processing stations at Ukrainian border crossings with Poland, Moldova, Romania and Hungary, "operated in conjunction with Nativ and Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs", and that it had already been operating from a central station in Lviv; that day a first group of immigrants crossed into Poland.[15] In an update dated 26 August 2022 the Agency said 12,633 immigrants from Ukraine had arrived in "Israel" to that date, with about another 10 per cent using its centres in eastern Europe but remaining in Europe.[16]
On 20 March 2022 President Volodymyr Zelensky, who is Jewish, addressed the Knesset by video link and asked for defensive weapons, including the Iron Dome system. The Jerusalem Post reported that he criticised Prime Minister Naftali Bennett, who had been mediating between him and Vladimir Putin, saying mediation "can be between two sides but not between good and evil". Sources close to Bennett and foreign minister Yair Lapid said mediation would continue and that "Israel" would not provide weapons to Ukraine.[17]
The ZFU says that after 24 February 2022 it aligned its work with "full support for Ukraine in its struggle against aggression", the unity of the Jewish community, volunteer initiatives, and the teaching of Eastern European Jewish history.[2] Its 2023 programmes report records an appeal, signed by the federation's leadership, "in support of the State of Israel in the war with the terrorist organization Hamas".[9]
2025 World Zionist Congress election
Ukraine kept its five mandates in 2025.[3][18] UJE, reporting Biloritsky, says the elections were held in the last days of July 2025 by electronic vote, "despite the ongoing war", after the WZO had checked the system's "technical reliability, security, and transparency". Of 1,676 voters registered with the ZFU, 1,357 (81 per cent) voted: 916 inside Ukraine and 441 from Romania, Hungary, Germany, "Israel" and Poland, "Jewish citizens of Ukraine who temporarily left the country due to Russian aggression". The five territorial seats were won by Nachman Steinberg (Shas Olami; votes from Uman, Dnipro and "the Hasidic movement Chabad"), Shimon Cohen (Eretz HaKodesh; Odesa), Hennadii Biloritsky (World Mizrachi; Kyiv, Kharkiv, Khmelnytskyi and Budapest), Lev Kleiman (Mercaz Olami; Chernivtsi and Odesa) and Mykola Feingold (Ahdut—Beiteinu, "representing the party 'Our Home Israel' of Avigdor Lieberman"). UJE says World Likud came sixth and did not receive a delegate.[10] Five Ukrainian representatives submitted a resolution to the Congress condemning Russian aggression and expressing support for Ukraine's Jewish community; Biloritsky is quoted as the source of that account.[10]
The WZO lists these people under Ukraine:[5]
| Name | World union or faction (WZO listing) |
|---|---|
| Shimon Cohen | Eretz HaKodesh |
| Mykola Faiengold | Beitenu Olami (including Israel Beitenu and the American Forum for Israel) |
| Gennadii Biloritskyi | World Mizrachi |
| Igor Shchupak | Organisation of Orthodox synagogues |
| Oleksii Krais | Masorti Olami |
| Lev Kleyman | Mercaz Olami |
| Nachman Steinberg | Shas Olami |
Seven names are listed for five territorial mandates. As in other countries, some of the additional names are associated with world unions (here Masorti Olami and the Orthodox synagogue organisation). The WZO's spelling of the names (Faiengold, Kleyman, Biloritskyi) differs slightly from UJE's (Feingold, Kleiman, Biloritsky); the two listings have not been independently reconciled here.
National institutions
| National institution | Ukrainian affiliate or presence |
|---|---|
| World Zionist Organization | Zionist Federation of Ukraine (listed by the WZO as the Zionist Organization of Ukraine). The WZO gives the telephone number +38044 2483670 and the email votezion@gmail.com.[1][2] |
| Jewish Agency for Israel | The WJC records an office of the Agency, "Sochnut-Ukraine", in Kyiv, together with an Israel Cultural Center, among institutions "devoted to foster Israeli-Ukrainian relations".[6] In February 2022 the Agency opened emergency aliyah stations on Ukraine's borders, operated with Nativ and the Israeli foreign ministry, and ran a central station in Lviv.[15] |
| Nativ | Named by the Jewish Agency as a partner in the 2022 border processing stations.[15] Nativ's wider work in the former Soviet Union is covered on its page. |
| Jewish National Fund | A Ukrainian charity, the Jewish National Fund—Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael (JNF-KKL) in Ukraine (ЄНФ-ККЛ в Україні; jnf-kkl.org.ua), is listed by JNF-KKL Eurasia as an affiliated company. That page gives the registration date 9 September 2021, a Kyiv office opened on 6 October 2021 at 36-D Yevhen Konovaltsia Street, office 45-I, Kyiv 01133, Leonid Kagan as chair of the board of trustees, Roman Beleenko as executive director, and Igal Yasinov as a board member; the sole founder is given as Jewish National Fund – Keren Kayemeth Le-Israel Eurasia Ltd.[19] Jewish News of Ukraine reported on 1 November 2026 that educator courses had begun in Ukraine in cooperation with JNF-KKL in Ukraine; Yasinov, described there as CEO of JNF-KKL Eurasia, addressed the opening.[20] |
No current Keren Hayesod or WIZO federation page for Ukraine was found. Hillel CASE lists KKL-JNF among its partners.[21]
Major Zionist and Jewish communal organisations
- Zionist Federation of Ukraine (ZFU): the WZO-recognised territorial federation. A 2023 programmes report names Gershon Bilorytskyi as chairman of the board and Olena Zaslavska as executive director.[9] UJE, in 2025, calls Hennadii (Gennadii) Biloritsky, a lawyer from Kyiv, "the head of the Zionist Federation of Ukraine" and a Mizrachi delegate to the 39th Congress.[10] The ZFU's own site, in an article dated 17 June 2026, says Ukraine was represented at a WZO federations conference in Budapest that month by Zaslavska, described as executive and programme director, and by Gershon Biloritsky as chairman of the board (голова правління).[22] The 2023 report, the 2025 UJE article and the 2026 ZFU article use different given-name forms; they are set out here as the sources give them. No successor to Biloritsky was named in the sources opened here.
- Jewish Confederation of Ukraine: a WJC affiliate. Its management page names Boris Lozhkin, a former head of the presidential administration after 2014, as president from 2018 and a WJC vice-president, and Inna Ioffe as director from 2010. The presidium includes Rabbi Yaakov Dov Bleich, described there as chief rabbi of Kyiv and Ukraine; the supervisory board includes Oleksandr Feldman.[23][6]
- VAAD of Ukraine: the other WJC affiliate, founded in 1991, with Zissels as chairman (WJC) or executive co-president (its own page).[6][8]
- United Jewish Community of Ukraine: founded in 1999; president Ihor Kolomoisky from 2008; executive director Vitalii Kamozin. The organisation's history and Kolomoisky's legal position are covered on its page.[11][12]
- Ukrainian Jewish Committee: established on 6 March 2008 in Kyiv as, in JTA's words, a group "to lobby on behalf of Jews in Ukraine and Israel". Eduard Dolinsky, the director general, said it would "deepen the ties between Ukrainian and Israeli Jews"; the president was the parliamentarian Aleksandr (Oleksandr) Feldman.[24]
- The WJC also mentions "various Zionist organizations" and the offices of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the Claims Conference and Hillel.[6]
Youth, education and aliyah
The WJC says that since the 1990s international organisations have dominated Jewish youth work in Ukraine, and that the Jewish Agency was "a pioneer in the engagement of young adults", particularly through Masa programmes in "Israel" from 2004. It describes Hillel, present since 1995, as "the most influential Jewish organization in reaching out and educating unaffiliated Jewish youth".[6] Hillel CASE, the regional organisation covering Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia and Azerbaijan, lists centres in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Odesa and Lviv (Simferopol appears in its city list only to 2021), and names Hillel International, the JDC and KKL-JNF among its partners.[21] A Hillel International article dated 16 February 2026 describes Hillel CASE in Ukraine as "a refuge" for Jewish students and young adults in the war.[25]
The WJC lists 37 Jewish day schools, some 60 Sunday schools, eleven kindergartens, eight yeshivot and 70 ulpanim, "attended by an estimated 10,000 children and adults in total", as well as a Conservative day school in Chernivtsi and a VAAD education centre. Higher-education programmes include the International Solomon University in Kyiv, which it says has an agreement with the Chais Centre at the Hebrew University of "Jerusalem".[6]
Israel.com's compilation gives 928 immigrants from Ukraine in 2025, after the much larger wartime movement of 2022 (see above).[14]
Antisemitism organisations
- The UJCU lists "combat antisemitism and protect the rights of Jews" among its tasks, including tracking incidents and working with the authorities.[11] Its leaders page says Kamozin "is the author of the idea" of Ukraine's law "On Preventing and Combating Antisemitism in Ukraine" (the wording is the organisation's own).[12]
- The ZFU says that over the past ten years it has emphasised work "to counter antisemitism and xenophobia", including educational projects.[2]
- The Ukrainian Jewish Committee was founded in 2008 in part to combat antisemitism and to help the government, universities and the media respond to it.[24] In August 2018 JTA reported a public dispute in which Dolinsky accused VAAD of downplaying antisemitism and of being "politically manipulated"; Zissels called the allegations "lies and slander". More than 40 communal leaders, including Dolinsky's group and Hillel, signed a statement saying that Zissels and VAAD "do not represent the Jews of Ukraine" and "do not express the position of the Jewish community of Ukraine". The same report said the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress, a regional WJC affiliate, had "ended its relationship with Vaad, a former affiliate". VAAD's own English page still lists the "European and Eurasian Jewish Congresses" among the bodies it is part of.[26][8]
Israeli state presence
- Embassy of Israel in Kyiv, at Lesi Ukrainky Boulevard 34, Kyiv 01133.[27] The embassy says diplomatic relations were established on 26 December 1991 and that the embassy opened in 1993.[28] The WJC also records a visa-free travel agreement.[6] Roey Rosenblit (also spelled Roi) presented copies of his credentials to Ukraine's deputy foreign minister, Oleksandr Mishchenko, on 21 August 2026, replacing Michael Brodsky, who had been ambassador from 2021, according to an interview published by Glavcom on 7 October 2026.[29] The JNF-KKL in Ukraine site also names Rosenblit as ambassador in its coverage of a commemoration at Babyn Yar.[30] The embassy's ambassador biography, last updated on 12 July 2026, before that presentation of copies of credentials, still listed Brodsky as ambassador "August 2021 – current time" when the page was fetched on 11 November 2026. Before the posting he was acting director of the first Eurasia department, and from 2015 to 2018 ambassador to Kazakhstan.[31]
- The WJC records an Israel Cultural Center in Kyiv, alongside the Jewish Agency office.[6]
Religious Zionism and Chabad
World Mizrachi holds one Ukrainian name on the WZO delegate list, Gennadii Biloritskyi, who UJE also identifies as head of the ZFU.[5][10] Mercaz Olami holds Lev Kleyman.[5]
Chabad Lubavitch of Ukraine
- Main articles: Chabad Lubavitch of Ukraine, Chabad and Ukraine and Federation of Jewish Communities of Ukraine
The WJC says Chabad Lubavitch is the largest Orthodox umbrella in Ukraine, with 123 registered communities, alongside the Association of Judaic Religious Organizations of Ukraine (84 communities) and the All-Ukrainian Congress of Judaic Religious Communities (13).[6] The Menorah Centre in Dnipro, funded by Kolomoisky and Bogolyubov, is described by the WJC as the largest Jewish community centre in Europe.[6][13] The Chabad-led Federation of Jewish Communities of Ukraine and the long-running dispute over the title of chief rabbi, including the 2005 election of Moshe Reuven Azman by the UJCU, are covered on those pages and are not repeated here.
Synagogue movements and schools
The WJC says all streams of Judaism in Ukraine have formed religious unions. Besides the three Orthodox umbrellas above, it records a Religious Association of Progressive (Reform) Judaism.[6] Masorti Olami has a name on the WZO delegate list (Oleksii Krais).[5]
- The day-school, Sunday-school, kindergarten, yeshiva and ulpan figures given by the WJC are set out under Youth, education and aliyah. A Conservative day school in Chernivtsi and the International Solomon University's link with the Hebrew University of "Jerusalem" are recorded there from the same source.[6]
- No own-site statement of a Zionist or "Israel" stance has been traced for individual day schools, so they are recorded only as the WJC lists them.
Leaders
| Name | Position | Source date |
|---|---|---|
| Hennadii (Gennadii, Gershon) Biloritsky / Bilorytskyi | Chairman of the board, Zionist Federation of Ukraine, as of June 2026; described as head of the ZFU by UJE in 2025; Mizrachi delegate, 39th Congress[22][10][9][5] | June 2026 |
| Olena Zaslavska | Executive and programme director, ZFU, as of June 2026[9][22] | June 2026 |
| Boris Lozhkin | President, Jewish Confederation of Ukraine, and WJC vice-president (elected 2018)[23][6] | November 2026 (JCU page) |
| Inna Ioffe | Director, Jewish Confederation of Ukraine, from 2010[23] | November 2026 |
| Yosef (Josef) Zissels | Chairman / executive co-president, VAAD of Ukraine, and WJC vice-president[6][8] | November 2026 |
| Ihor Kolomoisky | President, United Jewish Community of Ukraine, from 2008[12] | November 2026 (UJCU page) |
| Vitalii Kamozin | Executive director, UJCU[12] | November 2026 |
| Yaakov Dov Bleich | Named on the JCU management page as chief rabbi of Kyiv and Ukraine, and a member of the JCU presidium[23] | November 2026 |
| Oleksandr Feldman | Member of the JCU supervisory board;[23] president of the Ukrainian Jewish Committee at its founding in 2008[24] | 2008 / 2026 |
| Eduard Dolinsky | Director general, Ukrainian Jewish Committee, from 2008[24] | 2008 |
| Leonid Kagan | Chair of the board of trustees, JNF-KKL in Ukraine[19] | November 2026 |
| Roman Beleenko | Executive director, JNF-KKL in Ukraine[19] | November 2026 |
| Roey Rosenblit | Israeli ambassador to Ukraine; presented copies of credentials on 21 August 2026[29][30] | August–October 2026 |
| Michael Brodsky | Previous Israeli ambassador to Ukraine, from August 2021; still listed as current on the embassy biography last updated 12 July 2026[31][29] | July 2026 / August 2026 |
See also
- Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Ukraine
- Chabad Lubavitch of Ukraine
- Chabad and Ukraine
- United Jewish Community of Ukraine
- Federation of Jewish Communities of Ukraine
- Ihor Kolomoisky
- Nativ
- Uman
- Zionist movement Russia
- Zionist movement by country
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 World Zionist Organization, "Zionist Federations", accessed 23 October 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Zionist Federation of Ukraine, "Composition and Tasks", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 World Zionist Organization, summary of election results and agreements for the 39th Congress (Hebrew), as submitted to the Zionist Court on 9 October 2025, accessed 10 November 2026.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 World Zionist Organization, summary of election results and agreements for the 38th Congress, 2020 (Hebrew), accessed 25 October 2026.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 World Zionist Organization, "Delegates", 39th Zionist Congress, accessed 10 November 2026.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 World Jewish Congress, "Community in Ukraine", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sergio DellaPergola, "World Jewish Population, 2023", American Jewish Year Book 2023, Berman Jewish DataBank, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities (VAAD) of Ukraine, "The Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities (VAAD)", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Zionist Federation of Ukraine, "Programs and projects of the Zionist Federation of Ukraine (ZFU) in 2023", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Shimon Briman, "World Zionist Congress Delegates: 'We support Ukraine and demand a just peace for it'", Ukrainian Jewish Encounter, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 United Jewish Community of Ukraine, home page (English), accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 United Jewish Community of Ukraine, "Лидеры ОЕОУ" (UJCU leaders) (in Russian), accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cnaan Liphshiz, "Giant Ukraine JCC provides shelter from the storm — in style", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 1 October 2014.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Israel.com, "Aliyah Statistics 2025: Who Moves to Israel, and Where They Settle" and "aliyah-by-country.csv", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Jewish Agency for Israel, "The Jewish Agency to Open Six Aliyah Stations Along Ukrainian Border", 26 February 2022, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ Jewish Agency for Israel, "Jewish Agency Ukraine Update – August 2022", 26 August 2022, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ Gil Hoffman, "'Why won't Israel give Ukraine weapons?' Volodymyr Zelensky criticizes Knesset", The Jerusalem Post, 20 March 2022, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ The ZFU's own "Composition and Tasks" page dates the 39th Congress to 2023.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 JNF-KKL Eurasia, "ЄНФ-ККЛ в Україні", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ "Courses for Educators on 'Israel's Experience in Ukrainian Realities' Begin in Ukraine", Jewish News of Ukraine, 1 November 2026, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hillel CASE, home page, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Zionist Federation of Ukraine, "Керівництво Сіоністської Федерації України про конференцію ВСО в Будапешті", 17 June 2026, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Jewish Confederation of Ukraine, "Management", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Ukrainian Jewish lobby established", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 9 March 2008, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ Hillel International, "Across Ukraine, Hillel Offers Refuge Amid War and Loss", 16 February 2026, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ "Jewish groups in Ukraine trade accusations over Yiddish conference", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 3 August 2018, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ Embassy of Israel in Kyiv, "Contact us", accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ Embassy of Israel in Kyiv, "About the embassy", last updated 12 July 2026, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "«Моє враження від Києва було – «Вау!». Перше інтерв’ю з новим послом Ізраїлю в Україні" ("My impression of Kyiv was – 'Wow!'. First interview with the new Israeli ambassador to Ukraine"), Glavcom, 7 October 2026, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 JNF-KKL in Ukraine, home page, accessed 11 November 2026.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Embassy of Israel in Kyiv, "The ambassador", last updated 12 July 2026, accessed 11 November 2026.