Bill Durodié

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Durodie at the Battle of Ideas speaking on: What are the barriers to science in the 21st century ? Institute of Ideas London, UK Oct 28th, 2007

Bill Durodié is a member of the advisory board of the Scientific Alliance and is part of the LM network, having contributed to Living Marxism, Audacity, the Risk of Freedom Briefing, the Institute of Ideas and Spiked and being a founder member of the Manifesto Club. He is described on the Spiked website as an "Advisor to the Prime Minister's Cabinet Office Strategy Unit study 'The Costs and Benefits of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops.'"[1] This study formed the economic strand that complemented the UK government's Public Debate on GM crops which culminated in 2003.


Current & Recent Roles

Since October 2014, Durodié has been Professor and Chair of International Relations at the University of Bath in the Department of Politics, Languages & International Studies. He is also currently a visiting Professor for the China Executive Leadership Academy Programme (CELAP), an associate faculty member at Royal Roads University in Canada, where he was a professor from 2012 to 2014 teaching on the MA programme in Conflict Analysis and Management, an associate Fellow for Chatham House (2004-Present) for the International Security Programme, and an Honorary Senior Research fellow at the University of Kent. From 2008 to 2012 Durodié was the Senior Fellow coordinating the Health and Human Security research programme in the Centre for Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Studies of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, where he taught a course on 'The Politics of Risk' as part of the Masters programme. Prior to this, between 2005 to 2007, he was a Senior Lecturer in Risk and Corporate Security at the Defence College of Management and Technology, Cranfield University, part of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. [2]

Prior Roles

Between 2002 to 2005 Durodié was Director of the International Centre for Security Analysis, and Senior Research Fellow in the International Policy Institute, within the War Studies Group of King's College London. During this time he organised the conference, 'Communicating the War on Terror', which took place at the Royal Institution in June 2003[3]. He also spoke on a panel discussing Terrorism and Community Relations organised by the Institute of Ideas in 2005[4]. Durodie was a Senior Research Fellow & Project Co-ordinator for the Domestic Management of Terrorist Attacks Programme, at the Centre for Defence Studies, which is part of the International Policy Institute at King's College London . He also says he has, 'Worked as a European advisor within both the private and public sectors, including a secondment to the Government Office for London'. His biographical note to ‘poisonous dummies’ states: 'he is also the Strategy, Policy and Research Manager for a public/private urban regeneration partnership in London', which likely points to his time working as director of Objective Europe[5]. Durodié also wrote a piece entitled 'Poisonous Propaganda' published by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, which is one of the most important and vociferous anti-environmental think tanks in Washington. It is one of the main climate change-sceptical organisation in Washington and argues it promotes 'Sound Science' but arguably its main role is denigrating environmentalists. He has also had various papers published for groups connected to the LM network such as in 'Science: Can we trust the experts?' for the Institute of Ideas[6], and 'Society loses when the polluter is made to pay' for Audacity[7].

Durodie's 1999 pamphlet Poisonous Dummies, for the Tobacco industry funded European Science and Environment Forum

Education

Durodié was educated at Imperial College London where he gained a BSc in Physics (1980-1983), the London School of Economics and New College Oxford, where he got an MSc in Economics, which takes two years where students 'first degree did not specialise in economics' (1995-1997)[8]. In 2007 he was reportedly 'awarded a PhD by Public Works from Middlesex University'[9]. This appears to have been by publication, having twice previously failed to submit. Firstly, when studying for a PhD in Astronomy at the University of Manchester (1983-87) and secondly, when deferring his Dphil in Political Sociology at the University of Oxford (2000-2001). The PhD submission itself consists of 12 articles and six reviews published between 1999 to 2007, preceded by a context statement which 'seeks to draw out the dominant themes, methodologies and results' of his research[10].

Tobacco funded research (1999)

In 1999 Durodie carried out a piece of research for the Tobacco industry funded European Science and Environment Forum. The research sought to downplay the risk associated with the use of Phthalates in various consumer products, arguing campaigners had managed to elevate the perception of danger amongst Governments, the European Commission, the media and retailers by 'using a carefully timed and crafted sequence of stunts, press releases, and often unsubstantiated scientific papers…to play off these major interested parties against one another[11]. Drawing on the response to the BSE crisis Durodie seeks to contest this risk and challenges the use of the precautionary principle in regulatory policy, which he argues has a paralysing effect on scientific development. He concludes that the real danger that has arisen from campaigns against the potential harm of pthalates usage has been a loss of trust within society towards science and reason. Durodie also argues that the evidence used by campaigners is unsubstantiated, yet when he argues in the paper that 'despite substantial scientific evidence to the contrary, the activists’ claims that phthalates are responsible for numerous adverse health effects, including cancer and damage to the human reproductive system, have been taken seriously', he fails to cite a single scientific paper to substantiate his own claim[12].

Communicating the war on terror (2003)

Communicating the War on Terror, organised by King's College London at the Royal Institution, programme of events, 5-6 June 2003.

Durodie is a Senior Research Fellow & Project Co-ordinator for the Domestic Management of Terrorist Attacks Programme, at the Centre for Defence Studies, which is part of the International Policy Institute at King's College London.[13] He also says he has, 'Worked as a European advisor within both the private and public sectors, including a secondment to the Government Office for London'.

On behalf of King's College London, Durodie organised the conference, "Communicating the War on Terror"[14], which took place at the Royal Institution in June 2003. Among those chairing sessions at the two-day event were Fiona Fox (director of the Science Media Centre) and Bruno Waterfield.[15]. Durodie himself also frequently cites the RCP's chief ideologist, Frank Furedi, in his publications, and has contributed to all the network's main platforms: LM, Spiked and the Institute of Ideas.

Like Durodie, Fiona Fox and Bruno Waterfield have been contributors to the magazine LM, formerly Living Marxism . Among the conference speakers were Frank Furedi, Phil Hammond, Michael Fitzpatrick and Mick Hume, all of whom connect to LM and the Revolutionary Communist Party out of which it emerged. Another LM contributor, Ellen Raphael, the Assistant Director of Sense About Science, assisted Durodié with organising the event.

The fact that all these people had long term connections to each other and have been part of the same extreme political network does not appear to have been disclosed to those attending the conference. It can hardly be considered irrelevant given that the Revolutionary Communist Party, contributors to LM/Living Marxism , and the RCP's front group, the Irish Freedom Movement, which Fiona Fox at one time headed, all supported the 'armed struggle' in Northern Ireland, and refused to condemn any of the acts of terror of the IRA. They also, after the IRA announced their ceasefire, opposed the peace process and LM provided a platform for dissident republican views in articles written by Fox (under her alias Fiona Foster).

The full list of chairs and speakers at the event was:

Dlawer Ala'Aldeen | Steven Barnett | William Bicknell | Avi Bleich | Rachel Briggs | Michael Clarke | Simon Chinn | Eve Coles | Chris Dandeker | Malcolm Dando | Bill Durodié | George Eykyn | Michael Fitzpatrick | Yosri Fouda | Fiona Fox | Sir Lawrence Freedman | Tim Fry | Frank Furedi | Sir Timothy Garden | Frank Gardner | Thomas Glass | Nik Gowing | Mike Granatt | William Hallman | Philip Hammond | Mick Hume | James Humphreys | Jake Lynch | Patrick Mercer | Branwen Morgan | Sarah Norman  | Onora O'Neill | John Oxford | Ross Pastel | Tom Picton Phillipps | Nick Raynsford | Nick Robinson | Gregory Saathoff | Richard Sambrook | Susan Scholefield | Kim Sengupta | Arieh Shalev | Jon Snow | Nancy Snow | Norman Solomon | Jim Stuart-Black | Philip Taylor | Pat Troop | John Wadham | Bruno Waterfield | Simon Wessely | Giles York |

Brewers of Europe (2006)

In 2006 Durodié was involved on a panel of experts to consider a literature review carried out by the Weinberg Group for the Brewers of Europe to 'assist the industry in gaining a better understanding of those areas for which there appear to be conflicting views or ambiguity in the scientific literature'[16]. Other panel members were Professor M Harvey Brenner[17], Professor Marie Choquet[18], Professor Jean-Marc Orgogozo[19], Professor Pedro Marques-Vidal, and Dr Myron Weinberg, who acted as Moderator.Joseph Huggard and Carlos Peza of the Weinberg group also attended 'to provide logistical support and minute taking'[20]. The panel was chosen by selecting a'a group of experts with experience relevant to the areas under consideration[21]. The document stated that the Brewers of Europe were concerned by the harms caused by inappropriate 'drinking of alcoholic beverages[22]. The main areas under consideration in the literature review carried out by the Weinberg Group were stated as:

  • European Cultural Differences and Alcohol Consumption.
  • Total Consumption of Alcohol and Drinking Patterns: Implications for Harm.
  • Risks and Benefits of Alcohol Consumption: The Role of Moderate Drinking
  • Adverse Social Consequences of Alcohol Consumption
  • Influences on Adolescence Drinking[23]

Conclusions

The purpose of the panel was allegedly to 'opine as to whether the review was a fair, accurate and up-to-date representation of the state of the science' and be prepared to comment on potential policy implications for European Policy as a result of the review[24]. Almost all of the conclusions drawn by the panel were highly favourable to policies that would be beneficial to the Brewers of Europe ‘s members and affiliates such as:

  • The panel concluded that the report was very good. All agreed that it was fair, balanced, up-to-date and representative of the literature on the issues reviewed
  • European Union (EU) wide policies with respect to responsible use of alcohol are neither called for nor expected to work
  • While it is well recognized that there are problems associated with alcohol abuse, such as foetal alcohol syndrome and liver cirrhosis, the data show that there are no health hazards associated with the appropriate use of alcohol. When taking the social cohesion aspects into account, there are significant overall benefits associated with its moderate consumption[25]
  • The panel expressed concern with a tendency to attribute the effects of alcohol abuse to all drinking patterns and the likelihood of this leading to the development of inappropriate EU alcohol policy.[26]

On the adverse Social Consequences of Alcohol Consumption

Durodie was noted as having questioned alcohol's links to violent behaviour, arguing such links only occurred when alcohol was abused, indicating personal failure:

Mr. Durodié noted that violence is a subjective term which is fairly nebulous and elastic. Academic literature needs to be distinguished from what is reported in the media...This over-focus has an inherent risk of normalising extreme behaviour and marginalising normal behaviour. There needs to be an appropriate social targeting of resources. Additionally, using alcohol consumption as an excuse for violent behaviour excuses people from the responsibility of their actions'[27]

The panel also concluded that there was insufficient evidence to suggest that alcohol was the major cause of societal problems such as violence and doubted that, even where further data were collected and analysed, research could ever fully determine that alcohol was the major cause of such behaviour:

The panellists were in consensus that there is not sufficient evidence to infer that alcohol is the major cause of societal problems such as violence or inappropriate adolescent behaviour. While more information could be collected or data from other sources analysed, doubt was expressed as to whether this additional research could fully determine if alcohol is a major cause of such behaviour[28]

Such analysis suggests no amount of evidence could have led this panel to conclude any differently. Nevertheless, they insisted that any policy initiatives 'must be evidence-based and demonstrate clear clinical cause and effect linkage'[29]. However, given that they had concluded such evidence was likely never to be possible, this would appear to create a fairly impermeable barrier to any form of regulation.

PhD Submission (2007)

The PhD consisted of 12 articles and six reviews published between 1999 to 2007, including the tobacco industry funded 'poisonous dummies', preceded by a context statement which 'seeks to draw out the dominant themes, methodologies and results' of his research[30]. The thesis argues that the dual processes of 'individuation' and 'de-politicisation' have 'led to the creation of a new culture of risk management and communication' giving rise to 'a culture more worried over possibilities than probabilities...this has led to society being reorganised around risk. By miscommunicating risk - to connect with isolated individuals - politicians and officials will further exacerbate the trends identified above'[31]. In this context statement Durodié cites an array of work written by members of the LM Network such as Josie Appleton, Adam Burgess, Frank Furedi, John Gillott, James Heartfield, Joe Kaplinsky and Simon Wessely.

Career

Educational Background

  • October 1980 - June 1983 - BSc ARCS Physics at Imperial College London[38].
  • September 1983 - August 1987 - PhD (Unsubmitted) in Astronomy at the University of Manchester .
  • October 1987 - June 1988 - PGCE Teacher training at the University of London in the Institute of Education.
  • October 1995 - June 1997 - MSc (Econ) in European Social Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • March 2000 - December 2001 - Dphil (Deferred) in Political Sociology at the University of Oxford.
  • June 2006 - August 2007 – PhD in Risk Communication at Middlesex University.


Publications

1996

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

  • Bill Durodié, ‘The government is for turning’, Spiked, 8 January 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘A Battle of Ideas in which Understanding Lies among the Casualties’, Times Higher Education Supplement, 19 January 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Looking beyond the ‘beheading’ headlines’, Spiked, 1 February 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Global Terrorism: what should we really fear?’, Britain Today, March 2007, ESRC.
  • Bill Durodié, [‘http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/3049#.VO9srvmsXfM ‘Is London still stressed out about 7/7?’], Spiked, 3 April 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Why Did The European Union Ban Phthalates? An Exercise in ‘What If ?’ versus ‘What Is’’, Phthalates.Org, April 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Home-Grown Nihilism: The Clash Within Civilisations’, Journal of Homeland Security, 3 May 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Fear and Terror in a Post-Political Age’, Government and Opposition, July 2007, Vol.42 No.3, pp.427-450.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Suicide Bombers v Sexual Abusers: A Battle of Depravity or Western Fixations?’, Security Journal, July 2007, Vol.20 No.3, pp.146-157.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Containment: Rebuilding a Strategy against Global Terror’, International Affairs, July 2007, Vol. 83 No.4, pp.827-828.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Attentats de Londres et de Glasgow: pourquoi?’, La Presse, July 2007, Canada.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Global Terrorism: what should we really fear?’, Perspectives, July 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Gordon Brown’s State of Terror’, Spiked, 15 November 2007.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Clash of Civilisations or Cultural Conflict?’, World Defence Systems, Autumn 2007, Issue 17 , pp.46-47.
  • Bill Durodié in McCarthy, E. and Hebblethwaite, K. eds., ‘Fear in an Age without Meaning’, in Fear: Aspects of an Emotion, 2007, Four Courts Press, pp.123-136.
  • Bill Durodié in Cornish, P. ed., ‘Home-Grown Nihilism: The Clash Within Civilisations’, in Britain and Security, 2007, The Smith Institute, pp.117-128.
  • Bill Durodié in Rappert, B. ed., ‘Understanding the Broader Context’, in Technology and Security: Governing Threats in the New Millennium, 2007, Palgrave Macmillan, pp.193-211.

2008

  • Bill Durodie, 'Worst-case scenarios', International Affairs, 2008, 84(3): 567-568.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Between Iraq and a Hard Place’, Times Higher Education Supplement, 31 January 2008.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Death of the Warrior Ethos’, Spiked, 29 February 2008.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Media, War and Postmodernity’, Media, War and Conflict, April 2008, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.125-126.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Worst Case Scenarios’, International Affairs, May 2008, Vol.84 No.3, pp.567-568.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Why ‘deradicalisation’ is not the answer’, Spiked, 5 June 2008.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘China and Africa : A Rewarding Relationship’, Times Online, 16 July 2008.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘China’s helpful role in the new world order’, China Daily, 23 July 2008.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Securing Electricity : Blackout’, The World Today, August/September 2008, Vol.64 No.8/9, pp.37-39.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Home-Grown Nihilism : The Clash Within Civilisations’, The Defence Academy Journal, February 2008.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Democratizing Technology : Risk, Responsibility and the Regulation of Chemicals’, Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Spring 2008, Vol. 1 No.2, pp.5-6.
  • Bill Durodié in Bedau, M. ed., ‘Ethical Dialogue about Science’, in Social and Ethical Perspectives on Protocells European Centre for Living Technology, 2008.
  • Bill Durodié in Bigo, D. Bonelli & L. and Deltombe T. eds., ‘Les Attentats de Londres de Juillet 2005: Un Nihilisme ‘Made in the UK’’, in Au Nom du 11 Septembre … Les Démocraties à L’Épreuve de L’Antiterrorisme Editions La Découverte, 2008, pp.293-301.
  • Bill Durodié in Wainwright, D. ed., Commissioned ‘Science and Medical Knowledge’, in The New Sociology of Health, 2008, Sage Publications London.

2009

  • Bill Durodie, 'Keeping a cool head', Tce, 2009, (822-23): 22-23.
  • Bill Durodié in Bedau, M.A. and Parke E.C. (eds.), ‘Ethical Dialogue about Science in the Context of a Culture of Precaution’, in The Ethics of Photocell: Moral and Social Implications of Creating Life in the Laboratory, May 2009, The MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, pp.105-122.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Social Resilience’, Home Affairs Committee Inquiry into Terrorism and Community Relations UK, September 2009.

2010

  • Bill Durodié, ‘The benefits of an ageing population in Asia’, The Jakarta Globe (Indonesia), 31 August 2010.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘The West still needs to think big’, The Independent (UK), 30 September 2010.

2011

  • Bill Durodié (cited as second author, responsible for framing and review = 20% contribution), ‘Development and Health in Southeast Asia from the Cold War to the Present’, NTS Alert (with Ong Suan Ee), February 2011, Issue 2, pp.1-7.
  • Bill Durodié (cited as second author, responsible for framing and review = 20% contribution), ‘Exploring the relationship between Health and Economic Development: The Case of China’, NTS Alert (with Li Hongyan), February 2011, Issue 1, pp.1-7.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Disaster hacks should stick to the facts’, Today (Singapore), 18 March 2011.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Welcome to the brave new world of risk-obsessed politics’, Today (Singapore), 25 March 2011.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Sounding worse when things are really getting better’, Today (Singapore), 29 March 2011.
  • Bill Durodié (cited as third author, responsible for framing and review = 20% contribution), ‘(Un)natural Disasters: Health Responses after Natural Hazards in Southeast Asia’, NTS Perspectives (with Li Hongyan and Ong Suan Ee), April 2011, No.6, pp.1-23.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Reconciling Growing Energy Demand with Climate Change Management', Global Change Peace & Security, June 2011, Vol. 23 No.2, pp.271-282.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘H1N1 – The Social Costs of Élite Confusion', Journal of Risk Research, June 2011, Vol. 14 No.5, pp.1-8.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘Human Security – A Retrospective’, Global Change Peace & Security, October 2011, Vol. 22 No. 3.
  • Bill Durodié, ‘The Concept of Risk’, Health, November 2011, Security and Foreign Policy Programme Nuffield Trust Paper.
  • Bill Durodié in Rogers, M.B. Lewis, C.A. Loewenthal, K.M. Amlot, R. Cinnirella & M. and Ansari, H. (eds.), ‘Cultural Precursors and Sociological Consequences of Contemporary Western Responses to Acts of Terror’, in Aspects of Terrorism and Martyrdom: Dying for Good, dying for God, 2011, The Edwin Mellen Press, Lampeter UK.

2012

Affiliations

Resources

Notes

  1. ↑ "London Conference: Panic Attack - Interrogating our Obsession with Risk", Spiked website, 9 May 2003, accessed in web archive March 22 2009
  2. ↑ Website of Bill Durodiéaccessed 23 March 2011.
  3. ↑ See Bill Durodié, 'Communicating the War on Terror Conference Programme', Terrorism Research website, accessed 12 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Institute of Ideas, 'Terrorism and Community relations', Health Forum St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, 14 September 2005.
  5. ↑ Bill Durodié 'Poisonous Dummies: European Risk Regulation After BSE', European Science and Environment Forum, (1999).
  6. ↑ Bill Durodie, 'Trust Comes from Expertise' in Tony Gilland (Ed.), Science: Can we Trust the Experts?, Institute of Ideas, 2002.
  7. ↑ Bill Durodie, ''Society loses when the polluter is made to pay', September 2002, Audacity, accessed 26 Febryuary 2015.
  8. ↑ LSE MSc in Economics Regulations, accessed 23 March 2011
  9. ↑ According to a user of Wikipedia claiming to be Durodie Wikipedia edits, Bill Durodié (Difference between revisions) Revision as of 15:55, 8 July 2008.
  10. ↑ William John Louis Victor Durodie, 'Miscommunicating ideas: some key lessons for risk management', PhD thesis, Middlesex University, 2007.
  11. ↑ Bill Durodié, ‘Poisonous Dummies: European Risk Regulation after BSE’, European Science and Environment Forum, June 1999, Cambridge, UK Research Paper, p. 2.
  12. ↑ Ibid. p. 4.
  13. ↑ "Centre for Defence Studies Staff", King's College London website, accessed in web archive March 22 2009
  14. ↑ "Communicating the War on Terror", King's College London website, accessed March 22 2009
  15. ↑ "Speakers: Chair biographies", King's College London website, accessed March 22 2009
  16. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.3.
  17. ↑ See Staff Profile, UNT Health Science Center.
  18. ↑ Marie Choquet is vice –chair of the Scientific Committee for the Institute de Recherches Scientifiques sur les Boissons
  19. ↑ Jean-Marc Orgogozo sits on the Alcohol in Moderation Social Scientific and Medical Council
  20. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.4
  21. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.3.
  22. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.3, emphasis added.
  23. ↑ Ibid.
  24. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.4.
  25. ↑ Emphasis added.
  26. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.4.
  27. ↑ The Weinberg Group 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.13.
  28. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.13.
  29. ↑ The Weinberg Group, 'An Independent Review of Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption in Europe', Prepared for the Brewers of Europe, 12 June 2006, p.13.
  30. ↑ William John Louis Victor Durodié, 'Miscommunicating ideas: some key lessons for risk management', PhD thesis, Middlesex University, 2007, p.7.
  31. ↑ William John Louis Victor Durodié, 'Miscommunicating ideas: some key lessons for risk management', PhD thesis, Middlesex University, 2007, pp. 8-9.
  32. ↑ Bill Durodie LETTER: THIS IS AN AGE-OLD PROBLEM The Guardian (London) March 7, 1996 SECTION: THE GUARDIAN FEATURES PAGE; Pg. 18
  33. ↑ Bill Durodie.LETTER: WE'RE WRONG ON HUMAN RIGHTS The Guardian (London) April 27, 1996 THE GUARDIAN FEATURES PAGE; Pg. 24
  34. ↑ Objective Europe was described in Living Marxism as an 'independent research group' in October 1998. See Bill Durodie, 'Euro food regulation: poisonous dummies', Living Marxism, No. 114 - October 1998, p. 34.
  35. ↑ A Nexis search for "Bill Durodie" populates two letter contributions, one to the Times, in their November 16 1999 publication, and one to the Independent, in their March 29 2000 publication, which indicates Durodie was a research fellow for the ESEF for at least this period.
  36. ↑ See Steering Committee], Internet Archive capture of the Manifesto Club website as of 5 July 2008, accessed 26 February 2015. Note that the next capture by the Internet Archive, as of 21 September 2008, Durodie is no longer on the steering committee.
  37. ↑ See Scientific Alliance Advisory Forum, Scientific Alliance, accessed 26 February 2015.
  38. ↑ Note all dates in this section were found here: Bill Durodie, Researchgate, accessed 12 December 2014.
  39. ↑ Bill Durodié, 'Euro food regulation: poisonous dummies', Living Marxism, No. 114 - October, p. 34.
  40. ↑ Bill Durodie The precautionary principle is causing a scare Risk of Freedom Briefing, July 2002
  41. ↑ Roger Scruton A puff for the Scrutons The Guardian, Monday 28 January 2002 01.33 GMT
  42. ↑ Bill Durodie Science and Risk
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