Difference between revisions of "Timeline: shale gas in the UK"

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===July===
 
===July===
 
[[File:DECC.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Department of Energy and Climate Change, 3 Whitehall place, London]]
 
[[File:DECC.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Department of Energy and Climate Change, 3 Whitehall place, London]]
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*'''21''': A report by the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health says UK regulations on the fracking industry are inadequate to prevent adverse affects to public health and the environment. <ref> [http://www.sgr.org.uk/resources/shale-gas-and-fracking-examining-evidence Shale gas and fracking: examining the evidence], ''Scientists for Global Responsibility'', 21 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref>
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*'''21''': A report by the [[Chartered Institute of Environmental Health]] says UK regulations on the fracking industry are inadequate to prevent adverse affects to public health and the environment. <ref> [http://www.sgr.org.uk/resources/shale-gas-and-fracking-examining-evidence Shale gas and fracking: examining the evidence], ''Scientists for Global Responsibility'', 21 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref>
  
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*'''22''': In a landmark decision, West Sussex County Council votes against approving [[Celtique Energie]]’s application to drill exploratory oil wells between Kirdford and Wisborough Green. The refusal is the first time a council has rejected a planning application by a shale company. Local residents and campaigners celebrate in reaction. <ref> [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/22/west-sussex-county-council-turns-down-shale-gas-exploration-bid West Sussex county council turns down shale gas exploration bid], ''The Guardian'', 22 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref>
+
*'''22''': In a landmark decision, [[West Sussex County Council]] votes against approving [[Celtique Energie]]’s application to drill exploratory oil wells between Kirdford and Wisborough Green. Local residents and campaigners celebrate the refusal - it is also the first time a council has rejected a planning application by a shale company. <ref> [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/22/west-sussex-county-council-turns-down-shale-gas-exploration-bid West Sussex county council turns down shale gas exploration bid], ''The Guardian'', 22 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref>
  
 
*'''28''': The [[Department of Energy and Climate Change]] publish an official consultation on the environmental impact of fracking. The report shows a substantial majority of bodies consulted were against licensing fracking schemes. <ref> Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/fracking-expansion-shale-gas-opposition-britain Government pushes ahead with fracking plan despite wide opposition] ''The Guardian'', 28 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref> Despite the findings, ministers announce that planning rules will change to allow fracking in national parks and areas of outstanding natural beauty in "exceptional circumstances". <ref> Rowena Mason, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/fracking-expansion-uk-drilling-national-parks-safeguards Fracking push gets go-ahead across UK as ministers tighten safeguards], ''The Guardian'', 28 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref>
 
*'''28''': The [[Department of Energy and Climate Change]] publish an official consultation on the environmental impact of fracking. The report shows a substantial majority of bodies consulted were against licensing fracking schemes. <ref> Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/fracking-expansion-shale-gas-opposition-britain Government pushes ahead with fracking plan despite wide opposition] ''The Guardian'', 28 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref> Despite the findings, ministers announce that planning rules will change to allow fracking in national parks and areas of outstanding natural beauty in "exceptional circumstances". <ref> Rowena Mason, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/fracking-expansion-uk-drilling-national-parks-safeguards Fracking push gets go-ahead across UK as ministers tighten safeguards], ''The Guardian'', 28 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016. </ref>

Revision as of 01:41, 5 October 2016

FrackWell.png This article is part of the Spinwatch Fracking Portal and project

2011

2012

2013

2014

January

Michael Fallon
  • 13: Prime minister David Cameron announces that councils will receive 100 per cent of any tax revenue collected from local fracking schemes. Campaigners and MPs criticise the move, saying that this would give councils contradictory interests.[1]
  • 14: The UK blocks European Union proposals to set legally binding environmental regulations on the shale gas industry across the continent.[2]
  • 21: Energy minister Michael Fallon says the government will 'step up the pace of shale gas exploration', forecasting 20-40 exploratory wells will be drilled within two to three years. Fallon was giving evidence to the House of Lords economic affairs committee as part of an inquiry on the UK's energy policy of shale gas and oil.[3] On 28 January at the same inquiry, the environment secretary Owen Paterson says there is huge economic potential for shale gas in the UK, and that public fears about fracking had been exaggerated. [4]
  • 24: In a letter to residents of Balcombe, Cuadrilla chief executive Francis Egan says his company will not frack at a nearby drill site at Lower Stumble, despite submitting a new planning application to Wessex County Council.[5]

February

  • 4: Cuadrilla announces it will apply to drill and frack eight wells at Roseacre Wood and at Preston New Road in Lancashire.[6]
  • 19: A report by the consulting group Poyry says UK's planning and approvals process is a real obstacle to the fracking industry and could deter future investment. [7]
  • 20: Chancellor of the exchequer George Osborne calls on environmentalists to drop their 'ideological' opposition to shale gas and nuclear power and says climate change should be addressed in 'as cheap a possible way"'. [8]

March

Caroline Lucas before trial in Brighton
  • 13: A report by leading UK wildlife and countryside organisations says current regulations on fracking are not fit for purpose and calls for a permanent fracking ban in all protected areas. [9]
  • 21: Balcombe Parish Council submits a formal objection to Cuadrilla’s planning application to flow test its exploration oil well, after a ballot shows 60 per cent of local residents were against its approval. [10]
  • 23: In a shocking revelation, chair of the Environment Agency Lord Smith offered Cuadrilla chairman and the government's lead non-executive director, Lord Browne, to reduce the consultation time for a permit application by the company, at a meeting organised by UK environment secretary Owen Paterson. Smith also agreed to intervene with West Sussex County Council on Cuadrilla’s planning application at Balcombe and identify further risks to the company’s plans. Green party MP Caroline Lucas says the disclosures show a conflict of interest between government and commercial positions. [11]
  • 24: Green party MP Caroline Lucas faces trial for breaching section 14 of the Public Order Act and wilful obstruction of a highway outside the Cuadrilla site in Balcombe, at a protest event on 19 August 2013. [12]

April

Anti-fracking protest, Balcombe
  • 17: Green party MP Caroline Lucas is acquitted of all charges arising from last year’s anti-fracking protests at Balcombe. Four other protesters were also cleared. [14]
  • 29: In a major development, West Sussex county council approves Cuadrilla's planning application to test oil extraction in Balcombe. The announcement is condemned by anti-fracking campaigners and local residents.[15]

May

  • 9: In a deal worth £120 million, IGas buys rival shale gas company Dart Energy to become Britain's biggest shale gas explorer. [16]
  • 23: The government publishes plans to change trespass laws, making it easier for fracking companies to negotiate rights of access, and a new compensation scheme for people affected by shale gas developments. [17] A YouGov survey finds 74 per cent of people oppose the move. [18]

June

  • 4: The Queen's speech, which sets out the broad legislative programme for the coming year, features proposals to allow fracking companies to drill under land without homeowners' permission. [19]
  • 13: A Balcombe residents’ group issues legal proceedings in the High Court against Cuadrilla’s planning permission for drilling in the village. West Sussex County Council and the Cuadrilla are given until the beginning of July to respond to.[20]

July

Department of Energy and Climate Change, 3 Whitehall place, London
  • 22: In a landmark decision, West Sussex County Council votes against approving Celtique Energie’s application to drill exploratory oil wells between Kirdford and Wisborough Green. Local residents and campaigners celebrate the refusal - it is also the first time a council has rejected a planning application by a shale company. [22]
  • 28: The Department of Energy and Climate Change publish an official consultation on the environmental impact of fracking. The report shows a substantial majority of bodies consulted were against licensing fracking schemes. [23] Despite the findings, ministers announce that planning rules will change to allow fracking in national parks and areas of outstanding natural beauty in "exceptional circumstances". [24]

August

  • 1: A legal challenge to overturn Cuadrilla's planning permission for test drilling in Balcombe is granted by the High Court.[25] On 21 August, the date for a judicial review is set for 6 and 7 November.
  • 10: The government is criticised by MPs and campaigners for censoring a report into the impact of shale gas on rural economies. [26]
  • 25: The Labour party table a series of amendments to a proposed infrastructure bill in the House of Lords to strengthen regulations on fracking. [27]

September

  • 3: Officers from the South Downs National Park say Celtique Energie should not get permission to drill an exploratory oil well at Fernhurst in West Sussex. [28] On 11 September, the planning committee formally rejects Celtique Energie's application. [29] The decision is celebrated by anti-fracking campaigners.
  • 19: Following many complaints, the Environment Agency instructs Rathlin Energy to stop the smell coming from its exploratory oil and gas well at West Newton in the Yorkshire Wolds. [30]
  • 26: The government goes ahead with planned changes to trespass laws that give underground access to oil and gas drilling companies. The decision goes against over 40,000 responses to a consultation by the Department of Energy and Climate Change, of which more than 99% had opposed the proposals. [31]

October

John Manzoni
  • 15: Celtique Energie says it will appeal against the decision by West Sussex County Council to refuse planning permission for an exploration well near the villages of Kirdford and Wisborough Green. The decision is condemned by local MP Nick Herbert.[34]

November

  • 11: The government debates plans for the creation of a sovereign wealth fund with the receipts of shale gas revenue. [35]
  • 12: A new report says the UK is failing on its promise to phase out subsidies to fossil fuels and is still providing £1.2 billion annually to support oil, coal and gas. [36]
  • 20: INEOS says it will invest up to £640m in shale gas exploration in the UK. [37]
  • 24: Lancashire County Council says there will be a new public consultation on Cuadrilla’s two planning applications for exploratory gas wells in the Fylde. The Environment Agency (EA) says it is "minded to grant" the company its permits. [38]

December

  • 3: The government goes ahead with plans for a shale gas wealth fund. Anti-fracking campaigners call the move premature. [39]
  • 5: After a a two day hearing, anti-fracking campaigners lose a High Court bid to overturn the planning permission granted to Cuadrilla for oil and gas exploration in Balcombe, West Sussex village. [40]
  • 8: Labour MPs table amendments to the Infrastructure Bill calling for more environmental regulations on fracking. [41]

2015

January

Protesters gather outside outside Westminster on the day the Infrastructure Bill is voted upon.
  • 21: Lancashire County Council (LCC) planners recommend refusal of Cuadrilla's fracking application.[42]
  • 26: George Osborne requests cabinet ministers intervene in local planning to fast track fracking as a “personal priority”. [44]
  • 26: MPs vote against amendments to the Infrastructure Bill proposing tougher regulations and a moratorium on fracking, but agree on Labour proposals for 13 new conditions to be met before shale gas extraction can take place.[45]
  • 28: The Scottish government announces a moratorium on fracking planning permissions. The announcement was met with celebration by anti-fracking campaigners. [47]

February

  • 6: Cuadrilla receives permits for fracking at Roseacre Wood from the Environment Agency, ignoring the recommendation against approval by Lancashire County Council (LCC) planning committee. [48]
  • 9: House of Lords revises amendment to the Infrastructure Bill to remove Labour's proposed pre-conditions on fracking exploration. [49]. The revised amendment then passed in parliament on 12 February. [50]
  • 25: LCC’s development control committee refuse permission to Cuadrilla for shale gas testing at Singleton in the Fylde.[51]

March

INEOS PEDL licences 2015-16.
  • 5: INEOS buys IGas' north-west shale gas assets, and becomes third UK’s third biggest shale gas licence holder. [52]
  • 17: Neath Port Talbot council permit UK Methane Ltd to drill an exploratory borehole for coal bed methane and shale gas at the Afan Valley beauty spot, the first such application to be approved in Wales. [54]
  • 18: Dart Energy challenge plans for a public inquiry into its fracking application at Dudleston Heath, near Ellesmere. [55]
  • 26: The government calls upon local councils to not 'gold-plate' human rights law when evicting protest camps. [56]
  • 28: The government rejects the need for a moratorium on fracking to not exceed the UK’s carbon budget, disregarding the advice of the Environmental Audit Committee. [57]

April

  • 23: Over a quarter of general election candidates sign frack-free pledge. [58]

May

  • 5: Cuadrilla drills in Lancashire are found to be in breach of planning conditions.[60]
  • 8: IGas chief executive Andrew Austin resigns following the official completion of the company's landmark acquisition of Dart Energy, announced in late 2014.[61]
  • 11: Following the Conservative Party’s general election victory on 8 May, prime minister David Cameron appoints Amber Rudd as energy and climate change secretary, Liz Truss as secretary for environment, food and rural affairs and Greg Clark as communities and local government secretary. [62]
  • 22: Third Energy submit application to frack near Kirby Misperton in Ryedale, North Yorkshire.[63]

June

Protests outside Lancashire County Hall in Preston 2015
  • 4: East Yorkshire council approves Rathlin Energy’s application for two exploratory wells at West Newton.[64]
  • 8:One of the UK's largest trade unions, the GMB, comes out in support of fracking. [65]
  • 11: The government announces plans to standardise the environmental requirements fracking companies must meet to explore for shale gas. The move is met with hostility by anti-fracking campaigners, who say the proposals will lessen the importance of local advisers and relax environmental scrutiny in the early stages of shale gas developments. [66]
  • 25: In a breakthrough decision, Lancashire County Council (LCC) rejects Cuadrilla's fracking application at Roseacre Wood. [67]
  • 29: LCC rejects Cuadrilla planning application to explore for shale gas at Preston New Road. [68]

July

  • 1: After much delay, the government releases the full report on the impact of fracking on rural economies. [69] The government previously resisted releasing the report saying it was incomplete and against the public interest, but was forced to publish it after an appeal to the Information Commissioner. The report warns of significant risks to human health, house prices, tourism and farming. [70]
  • 16: The Task Force on Shale Gas calls for for greater safety and transparency measures on fracking, as well as 'full disclosure' of all chemicals to be used by the industry, and independent monitoring of the fracking process. [72]
  • 23: The Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal, an international opinion tribunal, grants trial hearing on how fracking breaches human rights. [73]

August

  • 8: Europa wins an appeal against Surrey County Council to carry out exploratory drilling in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty near Leith Hill. [74]
  • 13: In a significant policy intervention, the government announces new “fast-track” measures to remove the decision making power of local authorities on fracking planning applications. [75]
  • 18: The government releases details mapping where new licences to explore for oil and gas have been awarded across England, 59 of which fall in wildlife protection sites. [76]
Former local government secretary Greg Clark.
  • 19: The government reveals proposals that drilling of seismic monitoring boreholes be exempt from application for planning permission. [77]

September

  • 16: The Task Force on Shale Gas advocates fracking as an alternative to coal while the UK transitions to renewables, but green campaigners insist pursuing fracking will increase the UK's net fossil fuel use. [78]
  • 16: The local government secretary Greg Clark announces plans for government to commandeer decision-making power on shale gas appeals from “underperforming” local councils. [79]
  • 16: The RSPB warns nearly 300 protected wildlife areas will be harmed across England from new fracking licences. [80]
  • 28: Northern Ireland’s environment minister Mark H Durkan disavows fracking, but does not impose a moratorium or permanent ban. [81]

October

  • 9: Ryedale District Council vote for a five year moratorium on fracking, although the final determination of ongoing fracking applications will be made by North Yorkshire County Council. [82]
  • 22: A High Court judge grants a judicial review of the decision by Lancashire County Council to approve Cuadrilla’s seismic monitoring scheme at Roseacre Wood. [83]

November

Andrea Leadsom with John Blaymires Chief Operating Officer at IGas, 6 August 2015.

*4: The government introduces a fracking planning licence condition which bans any exploration in protected wildlife areas or designated landscapes. [85]

  • 17: At least 16 business leaders included in a letter co-ordinated by the North West Energy Task Force urging Lancashire County Council (LCC) to approve Cuadrilla’s planning applications insist their signatures were used without consent and demand they be removed. [86]
  • 25: The government cancels a £1 billion competition for carbon capture and storage technology, days ahead of a UN climate summit in Paris, thereby breaking a Conservative manifesto pledge. [87] On 15 December, the Task Force on Shale Gas criticised the move for damaging the long term viability of shale gas production. [88]
  • 26: In a controversial move, the task of determining Cuadrilla’s appeals against the refusal of planning permission for fracking at two sites in Lancashire is passed to secretary of state for communities and local government Greg Clark. The move is hotly contested by Lancashire County Council. [89]

December

  • 16: In a controversial vote, MPs approve the government’s Draft Onshore Hydraulic Fracturing (Protected Areas) Regulations, allowing fracking under national parks. [90]

2016

January

Greenpeace erect a model fracking rig outside Westminster, 9 February.
  • 4: Lancashire County Council (LCC) ask the government to reverse their decision to give Greg Clark the final say in determining planning applications on fracking. On 28 January, the government refuses LCC's request. [92]
  • 8: Senior INEOS executive, Tom Pickering says his company is focusing efforts in shale gas exploration away from Scotland, towards Cheshire and other areas of England. [93]
  • 12: Bailiffs evict an anti-fracking protest camp at the IGas Duttons Lane site near Chester. More than 175 officers from four police forces were involved, and nine arrests.[94]
  • 19: Nottinghamshire County Council approves IGas’s application for up to 12 groundwater monitoring boreholes at a proposed shale gas site to the north-east of Misson in Bassetlaw, despite 314 public objections against it. [96]
  • 31: A leaked government letter from July 2015, signed by energy secretary Amber Rudd , local government secretary Greg Clark, and environment secretary Liz Truss, reveals proposals to take decisions for fracking wells away from local councils were tabled shortly after Lancashire County Council refused permission to Cuadrilla to frack wells in the Fylde. Campaigners say the letter shows the government conspiring with fracking companies to take power away from local councils and communities. [97]

February

Protesters gathered outside the public hearing of Cuadrilla's appeal inquiry.
  • 9: High-profile inquiry begins on the planning appeals by Cuadrilla against Lancashire County Council (LCC)’s refusal of its applications to drill up to eight fracking wells, and seismic monitoring plans, across sites at Preston New Road and Roseacre Wood.[101]
  • 23: The Planning Inspectorate grants permission to Cuadrilla for site restoration and monitoring at the Grange Hill exploration site near Singleton in Lancashire, despite LCC refusing permission in May 2015.[102]

March

  • 15: Ryedale District Council votes against Third Energy fracking near the village of Kirby Misperton, and recommends North Yorkshire County Council opposes fracking at the existing KM8 well.[103]
  • 16: Closing day of the public inquiry into Cuadrilla's appeal against Lancashire County Council to drill up to eight fracking wells and seismic monitoring plans, across sites at Preston New Road and Roseacre Wood. [104] The determination of the inquiry will be announced on 6 October.
  • 26: Welsh natural resources minister Carl Sargeant extends Wales' moratorium on unconventional gas and oil developments to underground coal gasification. [106]
  • 30: Surrey Council approves extending IGas oil and gas production sites near Bletchingley Central. [107]

April

  • 6: Regulations on fracking well depths come into force. [108]
  • 11: Third Energy is granted environmental permit for the KM8 shale gas well at Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire. [109]
  • 28: Public support for fracking in the UK falls to an all-time low according to a government poll. Most notably, just 19 per cent of people backed fracking while support for renewables surged to 81 per cent in the Department of Energy and Climate Change's long running public attitude tracker poll.[112]

May

  • 5: INEOS sets out summer timetable for seismic surveying and monitoring across England.[113]
Francis Egan, head of Cuadrilla
  • 23: In a landmark decision, North Yorkshire County Council approve Third Energy's application to explore for shale at Kirby Misperton in Ryedale, despite overwhelming local opposition.[115]

June

  • 1: The Scottish Parliament votes for a ban on fracking.[117]
  • 6: Northern Ireland legislates for mandatory planning applications for unconventional oil and gas exploration sites.[118]

July

Prime minster Theresa May's cabinet, 13 September 2016.
  • 8: IGas's application for an exploration well at Tinker Lane in Bassetlaw, north Nottinghamshire, is rejected by local planning committee. [121]
  • 13: Surrey County Council approves IGas plans to convert a shale gas exploration site near Guildford to gas production.[122]
  • 14: Following the UK’s referendum vote to leave the EU on 24 June, the resignation of David Cameron, and Theresa May’s victory in a Conservative Party leadership contest and subsequent assumption as the new prime minister on 13 July, Andrea Leadsom is appointed environment secretary, Sajid Javid becomes communities and local government secretary, and Greg Clark is appointed secretary for business, energy and industrial strategy (BEIS). [123] In a widely condemned move, Theresa May abolishes the department of energy and climate change. The previous brief of the department for energy and climate change integrates into BEIS. [124]
  • 19: Director of INEOS Tom Crotty announces plans to apply for over 30 fracking planning applications within the next 6 months, with the expectation of extracting gas in about 18 months. [125]

August

  • 7: New UK prime minister Theresa May proposes compensating people affected by fracking with cash payments. Green campaigners accuse the PM of attempting to bribe individual residents to pass fracking applications. [127]

September

First INEOS shipment of US shale gas
  • 6: In a House of Lords hearing, minister of state at the department for business, energy and industrial strategy Baroness Neville-Rolfe refuses to disclose what level of carbon emissions from fracking wells is considered acceptable by the government. [128]
  • 14: South Western Energy announces it will not pursue four of the its awarded licences to explore for shale gas in the Forest of Dean and Wiltshire. [131]
  • 26: Shadow energy and climate change secretary Barry Gardiner says a future Labour government will implement a nationwide ban on fracking. Reaction is mixed: Green party MP Caroline Lucas and campaigners say the move is welcome by the public, while the GMB union, Cuadrilla and former shadow energy secretary Caroline Flint call the decision short sighted.[132]
  • 27: Nottinghamshire County Council planning officers say IGas's application to drill two exploratory wells at Springs Road, Misson, should go ahead. The decision to approve the application will be taken on 5 October by the council's planning committee. The site is a former cold war missile launch base.[133]
  • 27: First ever shipment of shale gas from the US arrives at INEOS' Grangemouth plant in Scotland. [134]

October

Notes

  1. ↑ Cameron urges fracking opponents to 'get on board', BBC News, 13 January 2014, accessed 27 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Damian Carrington, UK defeats European bid for fracking regulations, The Guardian, 14 January 2014, accessed 27 September 2016.
  3. ↑ [http://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-committees/economic-affairs/EnergyPolicy/uc%20Transcripts/ucEAC20140121Ev17.pdf THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON UK ENERGY POLICY OF SHALE GAS AND OIL], Parliament.uk, accessed 27 September 2016.
  4. ↑ Lords question Owen Paterson MP on shale gas, Parliament.uk, 28 January 2014, accessed 27 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Tom Pugh, No fracking at Balcombe, says energy company Cuadrilla, Independent, 24 January 2014, accessed 27 September 2016.
  6. ↑ Fiona Harvey and Adam Vaughan, Cuadrilla announces two new Lancashire fracking sites, The Guardian, 4 February 2014, accessed 27 September 2016.
  7. ↑ UK Shale Gas - where are we now?, Poyry website, accessed 27 September 2016.
  8. ↑ Nicholas Watt, George Osborne wants climate change tackled as cheaply as possible, The Guardian, 20 February 2014, accessed 27 September 2016.
  9. ↑ Leading countryside groups join forces to challenge fracking rules, The Wildlife Trusts, 13 March 2014, accessed 28 September 2016.
  10. ↑ BALCOMBE PARISH COUNCIL COMMENTS TO WEST SUSSEX COUNTY COUNCIL ON THE PLANNING APPLICATION BY CUADRILLA BALCOMBE LIMITED, Balcombe Parish Council, accessed 28 September 2016.
  11. ↑ Damian Carrington, Owen Paterson held urgent meeting for fracking boss, documents show, The Guardian, 21 March 2014, accessed 28 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Haroon Siddique, Green MP Caroline Lucas goes on trial over Sussex fracking protests, The Guardian, 24 March 2014, accessed 28 September 2016.
  13. ↑ IPCC tries a gamble with shale gas, Climate News Network, 15 April 2014, accessed 28 September 2014.
  14. ↑ Caroline Davies, Caroline Lucas cleared of anti-fracking protest charges, The Guardian, 17 April 2014, accessed 28 September 2016.
  15. ↑ Adam Vaughan, Cuadrilla gets green light for oil test at Balcombe, The Guardian, 29 April 2014, accessed 28 September 2016.
  16. ↑ Terry Macalister, IGas acquires Dart Energy to create UK's biggest shale gas explorer, The Guardian, 9 May 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  17. ↑ Government proposals to simplify deep underground access for shale gas and geothermal industries, GOV.uk, 23 May 2014, 28 September 2016.
  18. ↑ Fracking trespass law changes opposed by 74% of British public, poll finds, The Guardian, 6 May 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Damian Carrington, Queen's speech: fracking to get boost from trespass law changes, The Guardian, 4 June 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  20. ↑ Balcombe anti-fracking group in High Court challenge against energy company Cuadrilla, Leigh Day, 12 June 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  21. ↑ Shale gas and fracking: examining the evidence, Scientists for Global Responsibility, 21 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  22. ↑ West Sussex county council turns down shale gas exploration bid, The Guardian, 22 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  23. ↑ Damian Carrington, Government pushes ahead with fracking plan despite wide opposition The Guardian, 28 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  24. ↑ Rowena Mason, Fracking push gets go-ahead across UK as ministers tighten safeguards, The Guardian, 28 July 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  25. ↑ Emily Gosden, Legal challenge over plans for fracking firm Cuadrilla to return to Balcombe, The Telegraph, 1 August 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  26. ↑ Rowena Mason, Fracking campaigners criticise 'censored' report on house prices, The Guardian, 10 August 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  27. ↑ Terry Macalister, Labour attempts to strengthen regulation of UK fracking industry, The Guardian, 25 August 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  28. ↑ South Downs oil drilling refusal recommended, BBC News, 3 September 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  29. ↑ Emily Gosden, Fracking firm's South Downs drilling plans rejected, The Telegraph, 11 Sep 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  30. ↑ John Vidal, East Yorkshire gas-drilling site making locals ‘sick from noxious smells’, The Guardian, 19 September 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  31. ↑ Damian Carrington, Fracking trespass law changes move forward despite huge public opposition, The Guardian, 26 September 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  32. ↑ DECC appoints new chief scientific advisor], GOV.uk, 2 October 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  33. ↑ First civil service chief executive appointed, The Guardian, 2 October 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Celtique to appeal against drilling decision at Kirdford and Wisborough Green, Midhurst and Petworth Observer, 17 October 2014, accessed 29 September 2016.
  35. ↑ Will Nichols, UK proposes shale gas sovereign wealth fund, The Guardian, 10 November 2014, accessed 30 September 2016.
  36. ↑ Elizabeth Bast, Shakuntala Makhijani, Sam Pickard, and Shelagh Whitley, The fossil fuel bailout, Overseas Development Institute, accessed 30 September 2016.
  37. ↑ Ineos to invest £640m in UK shale gas exploration, BBC News, 20 November 2014, accessed 30 September 2016.
  38. ↑ Roseacre Wood fracking: Environment Agency 'minded to grant' permits, BBC News, 24 November 2014, accessed 30 September 2016.
  39. ↑ Nicole Goebel, UK announces shale gas fund to avoid 'squandering' revenue, DW, 3 December 2014, accessed 30 September 2014.
  40. ↑ Balcombe anti-fracking group loses court bid, BBC News, 5 December 2014, accessed 30 September 2014.
  41. ↑ James Murray, Labour calls for tougher shale gas regulations, businessGreen, 8 December 2014, accessed 30 September 2014.
  42. ↑ Cuadrilla Lancashire fracking application 'should be refused', BBC News, 21 January 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  43. ↑ Environmental Audit Committee calls for halt to fracking, Parliament.uk, 26 January 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  44. ↑ Damian Carrington, George Osborne urges ministers to fast-track fracking measures in leaked letter, The Guardian, 26 January 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  45. ↑ Fracking moratorium rejected by MPs, BBC News, 26 January 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  46. ↑ Damian Carrington, Lancashire council defers Cuadrilla fracking decision, The Guardian, 28 January 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  47. ↑ Libby Brooks, Scotland announces moratorium on fracking for shale gas, The Guardian, 28 January 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  48. ↑ Cuadrilla News Environment Agency Grants Cuadrilla’s Environmental Permits For Roseacre Wood, Cuadrilla Resources, 6 February 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  49. ↑ The Infrastructure Bill returned to the House of Lords on Monday 9 February for consideration of Commons' changes, Parliament.uk, 10 February 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  50. ↑ Damian Carrington, Fracking will be allowed under national parks, UK decides, The Guardian, 12 February 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  51. ↑ Cuadrilla: Fracking firm seismic monitor plan refused, BBC News, 25 February 2015, accessed 15 September 2016
  52. ↑ [http://www.ineos.com/news/ineos-group/ineos-to-acquire-significant-share-of-key-igas-north-west-shale-gas-assets INEOS to acquire significant share of key IGas North-West shale gas assets}, INEOS website, 10 March 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  53. ↑ Celtique Energie drops two West Sussex drilling bids, BBC News, 12 March 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  54. ↑ Drilling of borehole at Afan Valley beauty spot approved, BBC News, 17 March 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  55. ↑ Gas drilling bosses oppose Shropshire public inquiry, Shropshire Star, 18 March 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  56. ↑ [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/418040/150326_Joint_Letter_Brandon_Lewis_MP_and_Rt_Hon_Mike_Penning_MP_-_Final.pdf Department for Communities and Local Government Uploads), GOV.uk, 26 March 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  57. ↑ Government Response To The Environmental Audit Committee’s Inquiry Into Environmental Risks Of Fracking, Parliament.uk, 26 March 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  58. ↑ Over 1,000 election candidates sign 'Frack Free Promise', businessGreen, 23 April 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  59. ↑ Update - Horse Hill, UK Weald Basin, UK Oil & Gas Investments PLC Statement, 28 April 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  60. ↑ Ruth Hayhurst, Investigation finds multiple planning breaches and technical problems at Cuadrilla’s drilling sites, Drill or Drop, 5 May 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  61. ↑ Niamh Burns, IGas chief exec steps down, Energy Voice, 8 May 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  62. ↑ Jessica Elgot, Rowena Mason and Andrew Sparrow, David Cameron's new cabinet lineup, The Guardian, 11 May 2015, accessed on 20 September 2016
  63. ↑ North Yorkshire fracking plans submitted to council, BBC News, 22 May 2015, accessed 16 September 2016
  64. ↑ Plans for third East Yorkshire oil and gas drill site approved, BBC News, 4 June 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  65. ↑ Archive | GMB Congress On Onshore Fracking, GMB website, 8 June 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  66. ↑ Tom Bawden, Government trying to fast-track fracking without public consent, Independent, 11 June 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  67. ↑ Roseacre Wood fracking bid rejected by Lancashire councillors, BBC News, 25 June 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  68. ↑ Adam Vaughan, Fracking application rejected by Lancashire county council, The Guardian, 29 June 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  69. ↑ Draft Shale Gas Rural Economy Impacts paper, GOV.uk, 1 July 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  70. ↑ Tony Bosworth, Defra fracking report – the truths the Government tried to hide, Friends of the Earth, 3 July 2015, accessed 20 September 2016
  71. ↑ [http://www.appgunconventionaloilandgas.com/implications-of-the-new-government-for-the-uk-shale-industry/ Implications of the new Government for the UK shale industry], APPG Unconventional Oil and Gas website, 14 July 2015, accessed 21 September 2016.
  72. ↑ Andy Rowell, UK Fracking Task Force calls for improved safety standards, Spinwatch, 16 July 2015, accessed 21 September 2016.
  73. ↑ Dr Damien Short and Dr Tom Kerns, Permanent Peoples' Tribunal puts fracking on trial, Ecologist, 23 July 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  74. ↑ Energy firm wins Surrey Hills oil drilling battle, BBC News, 8 August 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  75. ↑ Faster decision making on shale gas for economic growth and energy security, GOV.uk, 13 August 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  76. ↑ Emily Gosden, Fracking in the UK: could it happen near you?, The Telegraph, 18 August 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  77. ↑ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/452665/150810_Boreholes_PDRs_Govt_response_-_invitation_for_views.pdf Amendment to permitted development rights for drilling boreholes for groundwater monitoring for petroleum exploration], GOV.uk, 1 August 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  78. ↑ Fiona Harvey, Shale gas fracking should go ahead in UK, says taskforce, The Guardian, 16 September, accessed 19 September 2016
  79. ↑ Planning for Onshore Oil and Gas:Written statement - HCWS201, Parliament.uk, 16 September 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  80. ↑ Almost 300 of England’s most important wildlife sites at risk from fracking, RSPB website, 16 September 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  81. ↑ Mark H Durkan publishes planning blueprint for Northern Ireland, BBC News, 28 September 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  82. ↑ Ryedale District Council votes on five-year fracking ban, BBC News, 9 October 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  83. ↑ Group wins right to challenge Lancashire fracking monitoring plan, BBC News, 24 October 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  84. ↑ Summary of event with Andrea Leadsom MP, Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change, APPG Unconventional Oil and Gas website, 26 October 2015, accessed 21 September 2016.
  85. ↑ Surface Development Restrictions for Hydraulic Fracturing, GOV.uk, 4 November 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  86. ↑ Lancashire fracking backers ‘against it really’, Lancashire Telegraph, 18 November 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  87. ↑ Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/25/uk-cancels-pioneering-1bn-carbon-capture-and-storage-competition UK cancels pioneering £1bn carbon capture and storage competition, The Guardian, 25 November 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  88. ↑ Damian Carrington, UK is going into reverse on clean energy, says former Environment Agency head, The Guardian, 15 December 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  89. ↑ Matthew Weaver, Minister says he will have final say on Lancashire fracking plan, The Guardian, 27 November 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  90. ↑ Frances Perraudin, Fracking under national parks approved by MPs amid acrimony, The Guardian, 16 December 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  91. ↑ New licences for UK shale gas exploration, BBC News, 17 December 2015, accessed 19 September 2016
  92. ↑ Andy Rowell, Fracking hypocrites: the Tories' 'localism' promises won't apply to Lancashire, Spinwatch, 18 May 2016, accessed 21 September 2016.
  93. ↑ Ruth Hayhurst, INEOS interview: Company spotlight turns to English shale gas areas, Drill or Drop, 8 January 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  94. ↑ Damien Gayle, Anti-fracking protesters evicted from Cheshire camp, The Guardian, 12 January 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  95. ↑ Kevin Hollinrake, All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Unconventional Oil and Gas, Kevin Hollinrake's website, 18 January 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  96. ↑ Misson borehole drilling plan given the green light, Retford Times, 19 January 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  97. ↑ Christopher Hope, Ministers plot to foil anti-frackers, The Telegraph, 30 January 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  98. ↑ 'No commercial drilling' at Upton anti-fracking protest site, IGas says, BBC News, 5 February 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  99. ↑ David Holmes, 'Outraged' Cheshire police boss aims to recover £200K costs from energy firm, The Chester Chronicle, 8 February 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  100. ↑ Energy firm IGas will not pay for Upton anti-fracking camp police operation, The Chester Standard, 24 March 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  101. ↑ Frances Perraudin, Lancashire council's fracking refusal was 'democracy in action', The Guardian, 9 February 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  102. ↑ Cuadrilla wins Lancashire monitoring site appeal, BBC News, 23 February 2016, accessed 13 September 2016
  103. ↑ Ryedale District Council votes to oppose fracking at site in Kirby Misperton, ITV News, 15 March 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  104. ↑ [1], The Blackpool Gazette, 17 March 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  105. ↑ Appeals Casework Portal Reference: APP/L6940/A/16/3145869 GOV.uk, accessed 14 September 2016
  106. ↑ Minister extends moratorium to underground coal gasification, GOV.wales, 25 March 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  107. ↑ Ruth Hayhurst, IGas gets go-ahead for 15 years of gas and oil production at Bletchingley, Surrey, Drill or Drop, 30 March 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  108. ↑ Guidance on fracking: developing shale oil and gas in the UK, GOV.uk, accessed 14 September 2016
  109. ↑ Third Energy is granted fracking permits for a site in North Yorkshire, GOV.uk, 11 April 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  110. ↑ TRANSCRIPT OF APPG ON SHALE GAS REGULATION & PLANNING 20TH APRIL 2016, APPGShalegas.uk, 20 April 2016, accessed 21 September 2016.
  111. ↑ Government should accept recommendation on fifth carbon budget, Parliament.uk, 27 April 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  112. ↑ Adam Vaughan, UK support for fracking hits new low, The Guardian, 28 April 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  113. ↑ Greg Russell, Ineos claims media's 'scare stories' over fracking are distorting public's perceptions of the issue, The National, 5 May 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  114. ↑ Damian Carrington, Fracking investors losing patience with planning delays, says industry boss, The Guardian, 19 May 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  115. ↑ Landmark North Yorkshire fracking operation approved, BBC News, 23 May 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  116. ↑ UK Oil & Gas Investments PLC ("UKOG" or the "Company") Placing for Further Funding for Weald Basin Activities, accessed on 14 September 2016
  117. ↑ MSPs vote in favour of a fracking ban as SNP abstain, BBC News, 1 June 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  118. ↑ Woodburn oil well: Infrastructure minister 'to change planning process', BBC News, 6 June 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  119. ↑ UK Oil & Gas Investments PLC ("UKOG" or the "Company") Acquisition of 100% interest in 300 sq km Licence in Weald Kimmeridge Limestone Oil Province , London Stock Exchange, 13 June 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  120. ↑ Exploitation of onshore petroleum requires three key tests to be met, CCC says, Committee on Climate Change, 7 July 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  121. ↑ Bassetlaw planners make seismic decision, Frack Free Tinker Lane, July 8 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  122. ↑ Surrey County Council Agenda and minutes, GOV.uk, 13 July 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  123. ↑ Theresa May shakes up government with new-look cabinet, BBC News, 14 July 2016, accessed 21 September 2016
  124. ↑ Ian Johnston, Climate change department closed by Theresa May in 'plain stupid' and 'deeply worrying' move, The Independent, 14 July 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
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  126. ↑ HU11 4LP, Rathlin Energy UK Limited: environmental permit issued, GOV.uk, 2 August 2016, accessed 14 September 2016
  127. ↑ Daniel Boffey, Local people to get cash payments from fracking, The Guardian, 7 August 2016, 14 September 2016
  128. ↑ Climate Change: Fracking Volume 774, Parliament.uk, 06 September 2016, accessed 20 September 2016
  129. ↑ Transcript Of APPG On Shale Gas Regulation & Planning Wednesday 7th September 2016, APPGShalegas.uk, accessed 20 September 2016
  130. ↑ Ruth Hayhurst, Fylde doesn’t look promising for fracking – veteran US geologist, Drill or Drop, 13 September 2016, accessed 20 September 2016
  131. ↑ Fracking licences in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire 'will not be used', BBC News, 15 September 2016, accessed 20 September 2016
  132. ↑ Adam Vaughan, Labour government would ban fracking in UK, The Guardian, 26 September 2016, accessed 4 October 2016.
  133. ↑ Adam Vaughan Bid to drill shale wells in Nottinghamshire 'should get green light', The Guardian, 27 September 2016, accessed 28 September 2016.
  134. ↑ Rob Davies, First shipment of fracked shale gas set to arrive in UK, The Guardian, 27 September 2016, accessed 29 September 2016.
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