Difference between revisions of "Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)"

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(Fix red link: Samuel Heilman → Samuel C. Heilman)
(Restore Chabad-relations point and add attributed material from Frimet Goldberger, 'Blurring Out Satmar History' (The Forward, 2 Aug 2013; full text supplied by David))
 
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According to YIVO, Teitelbaum became president of the [[Edah HaChareidis]] of Jerusalem in 1953 while living in Williamsburg.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> [[Shaul Magid]], writing in ''Tablet'', dates his appointment as titular head (''av beit din'') of the Edah to a visit to Jerusalem in 1952, and says he remained its honorary president until his death.<ref name="Magid" />
 
According to YIVO, Teitelbaum became president of the [[Edah HaChareidis]] of Jerusalem in 1953 while living in Williamsburg.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> [[Shaul Magid]], writing in ''Tablet'', dates his appointment as titular head (''av beit din'') of the Edah to a visit to Jerusalem in 1952, and says he remained its honorary president until his death.<ref name="Magid" />
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[[Frimet Goldberger]], who grew up in the Satmar community, wrote in a 2013 opinion column in ''[[The Forward]]'' that [[Joel Teitelbaum]] was the leading force in modern American Hasidism. She wrote that he transplanted a pre-modern way of life from Szátmár, in the remote Máramaros region of Hungary, to New York. She quoted the scholar [[Allan Nadler]] as calling this achievement "nothing short of miraculous", and wrote that Teitelbaum set up satellite communities around the world and influenced Orthodox Jewish life in the United States well beyond Hasidism.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
  
 
In 1973 Teitelbaum asked for the creation of [[Rav Tov International Jewish Rescue Organization]] ([[Rav Tov]]), a refugee organisation.<ref name="UJOExec" />
 
In 1973 Teitelbaum asked for the creation of [[Rav Tov International Jewish Rescue Organization]] ([[Rav Tov]]), a refugee organisation.<ref name="UJOExec" />
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| [[Just Kidding]] || 1186598 || [[Solomon Berkowitz]] (chair), [[David Schreiber]], [[Feige Krausz]] || Children's services in Hackney and Haringey; registered 26 November 2019; income £131,825<ref name="CCJustKidding" />
 
| [[Just Kidding]] || 1186598 || [[Solomon Berkowitz]] (chair), [[David Schreiber]], [[Feige Krausz]] || Children's services in Hackney and Haringey; registered 26 November 2019; income £131,825<ref name="CCJustKidding" />
 
|}
 
|}
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== Modesty rules and restrictions ==
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In her 2013 column in ''[[The Forward]]'', [[Frimet Goldberger]] argued that Satmar had moved steadily towards greater stringency in the decades after [[Joel Teitelbaum]]'s death in 1979. Her starting point was a photograph of two small girls in the ''Williamsburg Bulletin'', a weekly newsletter for the Satmar community in Williamsburg, in which the girls' faces had been blurred out. She linked the trend to a Yiddish saying, ''di doyres falen'' ("the generations are in decline"), which she said was used to justify new restrictions.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
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Goldberger wrote that Teitelbaum had condemned married women who let their hair grow beneath turbans and wigs, but that most Hasidic women complied only after his death, many out of fear of the consequences. According to her, it had become accepted practice in Satmar to expel children from school if their mothers did not shave their heads. Teitelbaum had also criticised the thin stockings and uncovered wigs worn in the 1960s and 1970s, and she wrote that most Satmar women now wore thick, seamed stockings.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
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She listed further restrictions, which she said applied especially to Satmar and the smaller [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)|Skver]] group. They included a new rule against the long robes traditionally worn on the Sabbath, and bans on the internet, smartphones and concerts. Strawberries, raspberries and grapes were banned in case they contained insects, and in [[Kiryas Joel]] eye make-up applied by make-up artists was also banned.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
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Goldberger also described Teitelbaum as a pragmatic leader. She wrote that in Hungary he had been a fierce critic of the [[Bais Yaakov]] girls' school movement, but that in America he led the creation of the Satmar girls' school and encouraged teaching girls the basics of both Jewish and secular subjects. In her account he also relaxed his position on wigs. She argued that he had never encouraged the blurring of girls' faces, and that his followers had taken his cause much too far.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
  
 
== Opposition to Zionism ==
 
== Opposition to Zionism ==
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Heilman writes that Joel Teitelbaum's approach was the opposite of outreach and that his Hasidim often fought with the Lubavitchers. He also describes a later clash in which Satmar accused [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson|Schneerson]]'s followers of trying to win over its members, and says Moshe Teitelbaum fended off Lubavitch.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar173" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar194" />
 
Heilman writes that Joel Teitelbaum's approach was the opposite of outreach and that his Hasidim often fought with the Lubavitchers. He also describes a later clash in which Satmar accused [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson|Schneerson]]'s followers of trying to win over its members, and says Moshe Teitelbaum fended off Lubavitch.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar173" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar194" />
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[[Frimet Goldberger]], writing in ''[[The Forward]]'' as someone raised in Satmar, argued that Chabad was not part of the radicalisation she saw in Satmar and other Hasidic groups. In her view, presenting Lubavitchers as the typical face of Hasidism, in America and worldwide, seriously misrepresents Hasidism. She wrote that many other Hasidic groups shun Chabad as a separate, modernised body, comparable to [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodoxy]], whose religious stringencies are far more lenient than their own. She also said Chabad's skill with the media and its ease with secular society reflect a worldliness that most Hasidim, being insular, lack.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
  
 
== Politics ==
 
== Politics ==
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== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
 
<references>
 
<references>
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<ref name="ForwardBlur">Frimet Goldberger, [https://forward.com/opinion/181566/blurring-out-satmar-history/ Blurring Out Satmar History] The Forward (opinion), 2 August 2013, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 
<ref name="YIVOSatmar">Allan Nadler, [https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Teitelbaum_Family Satmar Hasidic Dynasty] ''YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe'', accessed 26 October 2026.</ref>
 
<ref name="YIVOSatmar">Allan Nadler, [https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Teitelbaum_Family Satmar Hasidic Dynasty] ''YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe'', accessed 26 October 2026.</ref>
 
<ref name="Magid">Shaul Magid, [https://web.archive.org/web/20251105010134/https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/satmar-anti-zionist The Satmar Are Anti-Zionist. Should We Care?] ''Tablet'', 21 May 2020 (archived 5 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 
<ref name="Magid">Shaul Magid, [https://web.archive.org/web/20251105010134/https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/satmar-anti-zionist The Satmar Are Anti-Zionist. Should We Care?] ''Tablet'', 21 May 2020 (archived 5 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>

Latest revision as of 20:42, 27 October 2026

Hasidic dynasty founded in Satu Mare (Satmar), Romania, in 1928 and rebuilt in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, after 1947; split since 2006 between two rebbes

Hasidic dynasties
Overview

Hasidic dynasties | Haredi and Hasidic groups in the US | Chabad-Lubavitch movement

Dynasties

Belz | Biala | Bobov | Boyan | Breslov | Chabad-Lubavitch | Chernobyl | Dushinsky | Ger | Karlin-Stolin | Lelov | Munkacs | Nadvorna | Pupa | Rachmastrivka | Sadigura | Sanz-Klausenburg | Sassov | Satmar | Shomer Emunim | Skver | Slonim | Spinka | Toldos Aharon | Toldos Avraham Yitzchak | Tosh | Vizhnitz

Founders and early masters

Baal Shem Tov | Dov Ber of Mezeritch | Elimelech of Lizhensk | Shneur Zalman of Liadi | Nachman of Breslov | Moshe Leib of Sassov

Present-day rebbes

Aaron Teitelbaum | Zalman Teitelbaum | Yissachar Dov Rokeach | Yaakov Aryeh Alter | Yisroel Hager | Ben Zion Aryeh Leibish Halberstam | David Twersky | Boruch Meir Yaakov Shochet

20th-century rebbes

Joel Teitelbaum | Aharon Rokeach | Menachem Mendel Schneerson

Politics and communal bodies

Agudat Yisrael | United Torah Judaism | Degel HaTorah | Edah HaChareidis | Neturei Karta | Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations

Places

Uman | Stamford Hill | Williamsburg, Brooklyn | Kiryas Joel, New York | Bnei Brak | Beitar Illit | Modi'in Illit

United Kingdom

Satmar institutions in the UK | Belz Communities | Satmar Kolel

-
Satmar
Founded 1928 Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), then in Romania
Founder Joel Teitelbaum (1887–1979)
Leader Rebbes Aaron Teitelbaum (Kiryas Joel)
Zalman Teitelbaum (Williamsburg)
Headquarters Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, and Kiryas Joel (Town of Palm Tree), Orange County, New York
Type Hasidic dynasty
Languages Notes

Satmar is a Hasidic dynasty founded in 1928 by Joel Teitelbaum (1887–1979) in Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), then in Romania. Teitelbaum escaped from Bergen-Belsen on the Kasztner train in 1944, spent two and a half years in Palestine and arrived in the United States in 1947, where he rebuilt the court in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. YIVO describes it as the world's largest Hasidic sect, with about 100,000 followers and branches in Kiryas Joel, Los Angeles, Montreal, Antwerp, London, Buenos Aires and Jerusalem.[1] Since the death of Moshe Teitelbaum in 2006 the court has been divided between his sons Aaron Teitelbaum, based in Kiryas Joel, and Zalman Teitelbaum, based in Williamsburg.[1][2]

Satmar is known for its theological rejection of Zionism and of the State of Israel, set out by Joel Teitelbaum in Va-Yo'el Mosheh (1959–1961).[1][3]

History

Sighet and Satmar

The dynasty descends from Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely (1759–1841), a disciple of the Seer of Lublin and author of Yismaḥ Mosheh. His great-grandson Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (1808–1883) became rabbi of Sighet in 1858. Joel Teitelbaum was the youngest son of Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum of Sighet (1836–1904). His elder brother Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum (1880–1926) and that brother's son Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum, who died in Auschwitz, were the last Sigheter rebbes in Europe.[1]

Joel Teitelbaum became rabbi of Orsova in 1911 and of Carei in 1926. He was invited to Satmar in 1928, but opposition meant that he could take up the post only in 1934.[1] At the 1922 congress of anti-Zionist rabbis at Csap, organised by Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkács, his signature appeared first on the declaration excommunicating the Zionists and Agudat Yisrael.[1]

The sociologist Samuel Heilman gives a fuller account of the dynasty's early history, with some dates that differ from YIVO's. He dates Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely to 1758–1841 (YIVO: 1759–1841) and says he brought Hasidism from Poland to Hungary and opposed any modernising trend.[4][5] In 1834 Moshe tried to install his son Elazar Nissan (1786–1856) as rabbi of Sighet, but the town refused to accept him. Moshe's grandson Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum, known as the Yetev Lev, was expelled from posts in Ujhely and Drohobych before establishing himself in Sighet in 1858. There he closed a 50-year-old school and replaced it with his own yeshiva.[5] His son Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum faced a breakaway community in Sighet and placed it under a ban. Heilman says there are reports that he used thugs against opponents, and that he grew the yeshiva to about 300 students.[6] Lipa's first marriage was childless. With a decree signed by a hundred rabbis he took a second wife, his cousin Chana; their eldest son, Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum (Heilman: 1879–1926; YIVO: 1880–1926), succeeded him in 1904.[7]

Heilman gives Joel ("Yoelish") Teitelbaum's dates as 1886–1979 (YIVO: 1887–1979). As the younger son he had no place at the Sighet court. At 17 he married his cousin Chavah Horowitz, and he was given a minor post at Muzhijevo.[4][7][8] On the advice of the Belzer Rebbe he settled in Satmar in 1905, without an official post. He became rabbi of Orsova (Orshiva) in 1911, returned to Satmar in October 1914 and stayed until 1922.[9][10] In 1920 Satmar's religious council rejected his application to be its rabbi, and in 1922 he went back to Orsova, where he enlarged his yeshiva to about 100 students. In 1926 he moved it to Carei (Krole).[11][12] In the same year his brother Chaim Tzvi died. The Sighet court passed not to Joel but to Chaim Tzvi's 14-year-old son Zalman Leib (1912–1944), who later married Joel's daughter Rachel.[12][13] Heilman describes Joel and Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkács as ideological allies but political competitors, neither willing to let the other lead the camp.[11]

When Satmar's rabbi died in 1928, Joel won an election by a plurality. Opponents alleged fraud, and a rabbinical court ordered a new vote, which he won more clearly. He received a letter of appointment in October 1928, and a rabbinical court confirmed it in early 1929. His opponents then held a further election in April 1929, which he lost, and his supporters set up a separate congregation.[14] He moved to Satmar only in 1934. There his yeshiva grew to about 350 students, one of the largest in Transylvania, and Satmar gradually eclipsed Sighet.[14][15] Heilman says Joel visited the Holy Land in 1932 hoping to be chosen to lead the Edah HaChareidis. In 1936 King Carol II of Romania greeted him first among the dignitaries at the Satmar railway station.[16] His first wife died in January 1936, and in August 1937 he married Alte Feige Shapiro (1912–2001), daughter of the Częstochowa (Tchenstechover) Rebbe. Neither marriage produced a surviving son. His last surviving daughter, Roysaele, died in 1953.[16][17]

Holocaust and the move to New York

In 1944 Joel Teitelbaum was among those taken from Bergen-Belsen on the Kasztner train. He spent two and a half years in Palestine and arrived in the United States in 1947. He settled in Williamsburg, where he gathered Hungarian survivors around a new court.[1] Some earlier accounts give 1946 for his arrival in Williamsburg; YIVO gives 1947.

Heilman gives a more detailed account. Joel opposed emigration through the Zionists and in 1939 condemned supporters who tried to obtain him a visa for Palestine. In late 1943 he sought certificates himself; by many accounts the Jewish Agency asked him to sign a recognition of the Zionist Organisation's authority, and he refused.[18] In spring 1944 he tried to escape to Romania disguised in a Red Cross ambulance, but was caught at Cluj and placed in the ghetto. He was then added to the Kasztner transport after someone paid what Heilman calls a "huge sum".[18][19] The train left Budapest on 30 June 1944 and reached Bergen-Belsen on 9 July. Teitelbaum crossed into Switzerland in early December 1944, arriving at St Gallen on 21 Kislev, a date Satmar still marks as a day of thanksgiving.[19] He sailed from Italy for Haifa on 19 August 1945. In Jerusalem he started a yeshiva with ten students in Mea Shearim, but had little success there.[20] Heilman says he arrived in the United States by the Jewish New Year of 1946, which differs from YIVO's 1947. He first lived in a borrowed house on President Street in Crown Heights before moving to Williamsburg.[20][21]

According to YIVO, Teitelbaum became president of the Edah HaChareidis of Jerusalem in 1953 while living in Williamsburg.[1] Shaul Magid, writing in Tablet, dates his appointment as titular head (av beit din) of the Edah to a visit to Jerusalem in 1952, and says he remained its honorary president until his death.[3]

Frimet Goldberger, who grew up in the Satmar community, wrote in a 2013 opinion column in The Forward that Joel Teitelbaum was the leading force in modern American Hasidism. She wrote that he transplanted a pre-modern way of life from Szátmár, in the remote Máramaros region of Hungary, to New York. She quoted the scholar Allan Nadler as calling this achievement "nothing short of miraculous", and wrote that Teitelbaum set up satellite communities around the world and influenced Orthodox Jewish life in the United States well beyond Hasidism.[22]

In 1973 Teitelbaum asked for the creation of Rav Tov International Jewish Rescue Organization (Rav Tov), a refugee organisation.[23]

Kiryas Joel

Kiryas Joel, in Orange County, New York, was settled by Satmar Hasidim in the mid-1970s. It became an incorporated village in 1977, with powers over housing permits and zoning. Its population grew from about 2,000 in 1980 to 13,000 in 2000 and 25,000 in 2019. In July 2018 Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the law creating the Town of Palm Tree, an English rendering of "Teitelbaum".[24] The American Community Survey 2023 five-year estimate gives a population of 36,572.[25]

Heilman describes how Joel Teitelbaum built the Williamsburg community. In 1948 he set up a community structure, Yetev Lev, whose regulations were issued in 1952. The first Torah V'Yirah schools opened in 1950–51, followed by Satmar-certified butcher shops in 1955 and summer camps in the Catskills in 1956.[26] He prescribed rules on women's dress, including opaque stockings; in 1978 a Satmar hosiery maker, Lipa Brach, produced the "Palm Stockings" still worn in Satmar. Television was excluded, and the community bought the Yiddish newspaper Der Yid, which became its semi-official organ.[26][27] Heilman cites census figures putting about 65 per cent of Satmar Hasidim below the poverty line.[28] He says Teitelbaum wanted his followers in small towns of their own outside the city. The first families moved to Kiryas Joel near Monroe in late 1974 and 1975, often against local opposition, and the village was incorporated in 1977.[29] Heilman gives Satmar about 95,000 members, with nearly 22,000 people in Kiryas Joel in 2013. In late 2014 the community announced a new settlement, Kiryas Yetev Lev, with 400 apartments in Bloomingburg, Sullivan County.[30]

Succession and split

Joel Teitelbaum was succeeded in 1979 by his nephew Moshe Teitelbaum. YIVO gives his dates as 1915–2006; some sources give his year of birth as 1914.[1] The court then split between Moshe's sons Aaron Teitelbaum in Kiryas Joel and Zalman Teitelbaum in Williamsburg. YIVO records that the dispute involved some violence and that the succession had not been resolved.[1] In 2006 the New York Times reported that Satmar was the largest Hasidic group in the United States and that its New York schools, if counted as a public school system, would be the fourth-largest in the state after those of New York City, Buffalo and Rochester.[31]

Moshe Teitelbaum's succession (1979)

Joel Teitelbaum had a severe stroke in February 1968. Heilman writes that during his ten-year decline his wife Feige and his gabbaim (aides), including Yosef Ashkenazi, Azriel Glick and the yeshiva head Nosson Yosef Meisels, acted for him.[29][32] Heilman credits Feige with founding the Satmar Ladies Auxiliary and Satmar's Bikur Cholim service for Jewish patients in New York hospitals.[32] She opposed the succession of the rebbe's nephew Moshe Teitelbaum, who had urged Joel to divorce her. Heilman says she hoped the community would accept an appointed rabbi rather than a new rebbe.[33][34] Joel Teitelbaum died at Mount Sinai Hospital early on 19 August 1979. Heilman says the New York Times reported 100,000 people at his funeral.[35][36]

Heilman gives Moshe Teitelbaum's dates as 1914–2006. Moshe's first wife and three children were murdered at Auschwitz, and he survived Theresienstadt. In 1945 he returned to Sighet and married another cousin, Pessel Leah (1922–2010). He reached Williamsburg in autumn 1946, after a short stay in Brazil, and became rabbi of the Sighet congregation at 152 Hewes Street. In April 1965 he moved to Borough Park.[36][37] Before 1979 he ran small businesses and oversaw the kashrut certification of the Meal Mart food chain.[36] He flew to the funeral by helicopter and said Kaddish for his uncle. According to Heilman, no will was ever read.[38] A letter purporting to name the young gabbai Shulem Halpert as successor was declared a forgery by the dayan Yecheskel Roth.[39] On 14 September 1979 Moshe was named rabbi of Yetev Lev and guardian of Satmar's assets.[40] A minority, the B'nai Yoel led by Yossel Waldman, broke away, and its opponents called its members "the rebbetzin's Hasidim".[40] Moshe was crowned in Kiryas Joel at the end of the year of mourning, before a reported crowd of more than 20,000.[41][42]

Aaron and Zalman

The day after the coronation Moshe made his eldest son, Aaron Teitelbaum (born 1947), head of the yeshiva in Kiryas Joel. His third son, Zalman Leib (Yekutiel Yehudah, born 1952), took over the Sighet community in Brooklyn.[4][43] Aaron's 1966 marriage to a daughter of the Vizhnitzer Rebbe Moshe Hager had been criticised by Feige's supporters as a match into a "Zionist" family.[37][38] On 10 November 1984 Aaron was installed as rav of Kiryas Joel, the first appointment of a son in Sighet–Satmar during his father's lifetime.[44] Heilman says Aaron's supporters and Feige's came to blows in the following years.[45] Zalman was later moved to lead the small Satmar community in Jerusalem, reportedly at Aaron's urging.[46]

Heilman says that in 1996, after kidney surgery, Moshe reportedly told his sons that Aaron would succeed him. Critics accused Aaron of high-handedness, and in 1999 the succession was reopened.[47] At Passover 1999 Aaron's supporters gathered in Williamsburg to celebrate his appointment as rav tza'ir (deputy rabbi), but Moshe did not attend.[47][48] In June 1999, at the suggestion of the gabbai Moshe Friedman, Moshe installed Zalman as av beit din and yeshiva head of Yetev Lev in Williamsburg. Moshe's letter said Zalman's hand was "like my hand", and Zalman said he had never asked his father for power.[48][46][49] The two camps became known as the "Aaronis" and the "Zalis".[50][51]

Moshe Teitelbaum died on 24 April 2006.[52] Heilman sets out each side's case:[52][53][54][55]

  • Aaron's supporters cited a 1996 verbal will naming Aaron, supported by witnesses but not by any document. They said the later letter was signed after Moshe had developed dementia, when he was over 80, and that the gabbai Moshe Friedman had obtained it.
  • Zalman's supporters published a 2002 letter appointing Zalman, with witnesses to its signing. His brother Lipa said in public that their father had asked him in 1999 to support Zalman.

Der Yid, then partly owned by Friedman, announced Zalman as successor on the day of the death.[53] On the first Sabbath both brothers held separate gatherings in Williamsburg: Zalman in the Yetev Lev hall on Rodney Street, and Aaron in a tent in a school playground. Aaron's supporters later built a synagogue on Hooper Street in 14 days.[55][56] Heilman notes the observation that the brothers' theological differences are "thin as a page in the Talmud".[57]

Rebbes of Sighet and Satmar
Rebbe Dates Seat Notes
Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely 1759–1841 Ujhely Disciple of the Seer of Lublin; author of Yismaḥ Mosheh[1]
Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum 1808–1883 Sighet (from 1858) [1]
Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum 1836–1904 Sighet Father of Joel Teitelbaum[1]
Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum 1880–1926 Sighet Elder brother of Joel[1]
Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum 1912–1944 Sighet Died in Auschwitz[1]
Joel Teitelbaum 1887–1979 Satmar (from 1934), then Williamsburg (from 1947) Founder of Satmar[1]
Moshe Teitelbaum 1915–2006 (YIVO); 1914–2006 (Heilman) Williamsburg Nephew of Joel[1]
Aaron Teitelbaum born 1947 (Heilman) Kiryas Joel Eldest son of Moshe; rav of Kiryas Joel from 1984; one of two rival successors[1][37][44]
Zalman Teitelbaum born 1952 (Heilman) Williamsburg Third son of Moshe (also known as Yekutiel Yehudah); rav in Williamsburg from 1999; one of two rival successors[1][4][48]

Communities

United States

  • Williamsburg, Brooklyn: the historic centre. ShulMap lists Satmar alongside Pupa, Vien, Klausenburg and Nitra synagogues in the area, including halls on Rodney Street and at Kent Avenue.[58]
  • Kiryas Joel (Town of Palm Tree), Orange County: the seat of Aaron Teitelbaum. In December 2023 the community publication Shtetl reported claims of 24,000 pupils across the two flagship Satmar school systems (12,000 each) and, citing the publication Hayovel, about 8,000 families in Kiryas Joel.[59]

United Kingdom

Stamford Hill in Hackney, north London, is the main British centre. There are also Satmar institutions in Salford and Prestwich, Greater Manchester.[60][61][62]

From 2016 a Hasidic community grew on Canvey Island, Essex, around a former school building bought on 24 March 2016.[63] According to K., the community's founders included Joel Friedman of Interlink and the Pinter Trust. Satmar Hasidim affiliated with Aaron Teitelbaum are the largest group there, but it is a general Hasidic community rather than an exclusively Satmar one.[2]

Between the early 1990s and 2010 Satmar brought an estimated 20 Yemenite Jewish families to Stamford Hill. The Jewish Chronicle reported that problems with integration quickly became apparent.[64]

Schools

Independent schools identified with Satmar
School Address Pupils Proprietor / charity Notes
Beis Rochel d'Satmar Girls' School 51–57 Amhurst Park, London N16 5DL Girls, 2–19 The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust (charity 281371) Income £6,976,785 in the year to 31 December 2024[65]
Beis Rochel D'Satmar School 180 Bethune Road, London N16 5DS Boys, 2–11; 611 pupils Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited (charity 1136378) URN 147296; opened 28 January 2020; headteacher Rabbi Emmanuel Patcas[66][67]
Beis Ruchel D'Satmar London 117 Stamford Hill, London N16 5RS Girls, 2–11; 1,108 pupils Proprietor Abraham Klein; Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited (charity 1125988) URN 137505; opened 14 September 2011; income £3,718,860 in the year to 30 August 2025[68][69]
Talmud Torah Yetev Lev Stamford Hill, London Boys, 7–11; 438 pupils The Department for Education lifted restrictions on admitting new pupils in 2025 after an inspection found the school met the standards checked[70]
Beis Rochel Mcr Salford Girls, primary Ofsted admitted an error in criticising the school for not teaching about LGBT identity and said it would amend its report[71]
Beis Ruchel Girls School Rico House, George Street, Prestwich, Manchester M25 9WS (charity address) Girls Beis Ruchel School Ltd (charity 1074439; company 03561612) Income £1,749,924 in the year to 31 May 2025[62]

Synagogues

Satmar synagogues in the United Kingdom
Name Address Notes
Beth Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev 86 Cazenove Road, London N16 6AB Founded about 1962; member of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations[60]
Beis Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev 42 Craven Walk, London N16 6BU From about 2003[60]
Beis Hamedrash D'Chasidei Satmar 57 Bethune Road, London N16 5EE From about 2010[60]
Beis Hamedrash Tehillois Yoel 148 Upper Clapton Road, London E5 9BA From about 2011[60]
Beth Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev (former) 26 Clapton Common, London E5 From about 1993; JCR-UK notes that it may no longer exist[60]
Beis Hamedrash V'Yoel Moshe (former) 67 Heathland Road, London N16 6PQ From about 2006[60]
Beth Hamedrash Satmar Veyoel Moshe 37 Northumberland Road, Salford Run by KH D'Satmar Ltd (charity 1160643), whose office is at 315–317 Great Clowes Street, Salford M7 2FZ[61]
Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd Salford, Greater Manchester Charity 1115899; income £238,120 in the year to 31 August 2024[72]
Canvey Island Jewish Centre Former Castle View School, Meppel Avenue, Canvey Island SS8 9RZ Bought 24 March 2016; synagogue, hall, grocery, boys' and girls' schools and a junior yeshiva[63]

Charities and trustees

Satmar-linked charities registered in England and Wales
Charity Number Trustees listed by the Charity Commission Other trusteeships shown
The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust 281371 Abraham Schreiber, Jacob Frankel, Victor Langberg Frankel: Vyoel Moshe Charitable Trust, Nextgrant Limited, Friends of Yeshiva Luzern[73]
Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited 1136378 Solomon Berkowitz, Maurice Freund, Aaron Langberg Berkowitz: Yeitev Lev Eretz Israel Ltd, Just Kidding; Freund: Keren Yetev Lev Ltd, Congregation Yetev Lev Dsatmar Antwerp Limited, Yeitev Lev Eretz Israel Ltd, Nextgrant Limited[74]
Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited 1125988 Jacob Kernkraut, Jacob Herzka, Abraham Klein Kernkraut: Alte Feiga Trust, E and E Kernkraut Charities Limited, The Knightland Foundation[75]
Beis Ruchel School Ltd 1074439 Chaim Shimen Lebrecht, Paul Rothschild, Berusch Krausz Rothschild: Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd; Lebrecht: Friends of Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok[76]
Just Kidding 1186598 Solomon Berkowitz (chair), David Schreiber, Feige Krausz Children's services in Hackney and Haringey; registered 26 November 2019; income £131,825[77]

Modesty rules and restrictions

In her 2013 column in The Forward, Frimet Goldberger argued that Satmar had moved steadily towards greater stringency in the decades after Joel Teitelbaum's death in 1979. Her starting point was a photograph of two small girls in the Williamsburg Bulletin, a weekly newsletter for the Satmar community in Williamsburg, in which the girls' faces had been blurred out. She linked the trend to a Yiddish saying, di doyres falen ("the generations are in decline"), which she said was used to justify new restrictions.[22]

Goldberger wrote that Teitelbaum had condemned married women who let their hair grow beneath turbans and wigs, but that most Hasidic women complied only after his death, many out of fear of the consequences. According to her, it had become accepted practice in Satmar to expel children from school if their mothers did not shave their heads. Teitelbaum had also criticised the thin stockings and uncovered wigs worn in the 1960s and 1970s, and she wrote that most Satmar women now wore thick, seamed stockings.[22]

She listed further restrictions, which she said applied especially to Satmar and the smaller Skver group. They included a new rule against the long robes traditionally worn on the Sabbath, and bans on the internet, smartphones and concerts. Strawberries, raspberries and grapes were banned in case they contained insects, and in Kiryas Joel eye make-up applied by make-up artists was also banned.[22]

Goldberger also described Teitelbaum as a pragmatic leader. She wrote that in Hungary he had been a fierce critic of the Bais Yaakov girls' school movement, but that in America he led the creation of the Satmar girls' school and encouraged teaching girls the basics of both Jewish and secular subjects. In her account he also relaxed his position on wigs. She argued that he had never encouraged the blurring of girls' faces, and that his followers had taken his cause much too far.[22]

Opposition to Zionism

Joel Teitelbaum set out his opposition to Zionism in Va-Yo'el Mosheh (1959–1961), which relies on the rabbinic "three oaths", and in ʻAl ha-ge'ulah ve-ʻal ha-temurah (1967), written after the Six-Day War. He also forbade the use of spoken modern Hebrew.[1] Shaul Magid writes that Teitelbaum almost never discusses Zionist thinkers by name, and that he regarded Agudat Yisrael's pragmatic acceptance of Zionism as like the righteous who were misled into serving the golden calf. Magid places him in a longer line of Haredi anti-Zionism that includes Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkács, Elchonon Wasserman and the Lubavitcher rebbes Sholom Dovber Schneersohn and Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn. He argues that Abraham Isaac Kook and Teitelbaum "disagree less than we think".[3]

Heilman writes that in Va-Yo'el Mosheh, written in the mid-1950s, Teitelbaum presented Zionism as the sin for which the destruction of European Jewry was the punishment, and accused the Zionists of reserving immigration certificates for their own followers. Heilman also notes that in 1967 Teitelbaum prohibited visiting or praying at the newly captured Western Wall.[20][21] Heilman judges that under Moshe Teitelbaum the campaign against Zionism became more muted. In the later succession dispute, Zalman's supporters questioned whether Aaron was anti-Zionist enough, alleging that he spoke modern Hebrew at home with his Israeli wife.[78][79]

The Jewish Chronicle has stated that Joel Teitelbaum described the PLO and similar organisations as antisemitic murderers.[80]

In July 2014, after the killing of three Israeli teenagers who had been studying at a yeshiva in the occupied West Bank, Aaron Teitelbaum told a class in Kiryas Joel that their parents were to blame: "Who permitted them to go there [to live] among these known murderers?" He attributed it to "the lust called 'Shleimus Haaretz and Zionism'".[81] The International Court of Justice found in 2024 that Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem "have been established and are being maintained in violation of international law".[82]

On Sunday 3 June 2018 Aaron Teitelbaum addressed a Satmar gathering at the Nassau Coliseum on Long Island, speaking in Yiddish. Quoting a Hebrew translation broadcast by the Israeli public broadcaster Kan, The Times of Israel reported that he criticised followers who admired Israel and its army. It also reported that he said Satmar had "no part in Zionism" or "in their wars", and that he rejected any compromise over the Israeli military draft law for yeshiva students. The paper set the speech against an ultimatum by United Torah Judaism and Yaakov Litzman over the draft, after Israel's High Court struck down the exemption in September 2017.[83]

In October 2025 the Central Rabbinical Congress organised a "Cry of the Exile" rally outside the Israeli consulate in New York against the IDF draft of Haredi students. The Times of Israel reported that organisers claimed 100,000 protesters and that the rally answered a call from leading anti-Zionist rabbis, including the rival Satmar rebbes.[84]

Neturei Karta

In 2006 Satmar issued a public notice against seven Neturei Karta members who attended Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Holocaust-denial conference in Tehran, calling on the public to dissociate themselves from the seven, whom it accused of walking "hand in hand" with Arabs.[85]

In November 2023 Zalman Teitelbaum condemned Neturei Karta demonstrations in New York in support of Hamas as a "terrible desecration" of God's name. The Jewish Press noted that Satmar, unlike Neturei Karta, keeps ties with pro-Zionist Haredi communities.[86]

Relations with Chabad

Jewish Currents contrasts Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Chabad, who built an "army" of emissaries to bring non-Hasidic Jews into the fold, with Joel Teitelbaum, who encouraged his followers to separate themselves from other Jews, whom they largely saw as heretics.[87]

In 1977 the New York Times reported a feud between Satmar and Lubavitch Hasidim in Brooklyn. A candy store was burned, a caravan was stoned, Israeli flags were burned and a rabbi was hung in effigy. The paper said the main ideological dispute was Lubavitch support for the Entebbe raid, and that a fistfight in April had started when Lubavitchers marched into the Satmar neighbourhood for a religious holiday.[88]

Heilman writes that Joel Teitelbaum's approach was the opposite of outreach and that his Hasidim often fought with the Lubavitchers. He also describes a later clash in which Satmar accused Schneerson's followers of trying to win over its members, and says Moshe Teitelbaum fended off Lubavitch.[89][78]

Frimet Goldberger, writing in The Forward as someone raised in Satmar, argued that Chabad was not part of the radicalisation she saw in Satmar and other Hasidic groups. In her view, presenting Lubavitchers as the typical face of Hasidism, in America and worldwide, seriously misrepresents Hasidism. She wrote that many other Hasidic groups shun Chabad as a separate, modernised body, comparable to Modern Orthodoxy, whose religious stringencies are far more lenient than their own. She also said Chabad's skill with the media and its ease with secular society reflect a worldliness that most Hasidim, being insular, lack.[22]

Politics

Williamsburg Satmar's civic arm is the United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg (UJO). Rabbi David Niederman has been its executive director since 1989. Before that he was executive vice-president of Rav Tov from its founding in 1973. UJO reported 93,131 walk-in clients in 2024.[23][90] In November 2025 Mishpacha described Rabbi Moishe Indig, founder and leader of the Williamsburg Jewish Community Council, as a political "kingmaker" and questioned him about his endorsement of Zohran Mamdani.[91]

In 2022 the Kiryas Joel Satmar faction and the Skver community in New Square endorsed Governor Kathy Hochul, a Democrat, against the Republican Lee Zeldin. Skver also backed Sean Patrick Maloney.[92][93] The Forward reported that the Williamsburg Satmar faction, called the Zalis, did not endorse anyone in the race for governor, and that the Skver community had about 3,000 votes.[94] Jewish Insider also put the New Square bloc at about 3,000 votes in 2024.[95]

In 2025 Andrew Cuomo's mayoral campaign announced the endorsement of the main Satmar community in Williamsburg, led politically by David Niederman, with a coalition of congregations including Pupa, Viznitz, Vien, Tzelim, Nitra, Krasna, Skver and Klausenburg. The campaign said Satmar Ahronim and the Bobov community had already endorsed Cuomo, and described the group as the largest Orthodox voting bloc in the city.[96]

On 3 September 2026 both Satmar rebbes, the Bobov rebbe, the Vizhnitz rebbe of Monsey and a son of the Skver rebbe David Twersky met President Donald Trump and Vice-President JD Vance at the White House. Jewish Insider reported that housing, prison reform and family tax credits were discussed; The Yeshiva World also reported discussion of the Israeli draft.[97][98]

Heilman describes Joel Teitelbaum as a power broker whom politicians, including the New York mayor John Lindsay, visited.[99][26] By late October 1979 Moshe Teitelbaum was signing directives on how Satmar Hasidim should vote in a state assembly primary.[44] In July 1984 Satmar Hasidim were officially designated a "disadvantaged minority", which made them eligible for public economic and welfare benefits. Heilman says Satmar yeshiva budgets later exceeded $20 million a year.[100]

Controversies

Civil cases

Heilman writes that the B'nai Yoel dispute after 1979 produced a stream of lawsuits in New York state courts, because neither side would accept the other's rabbinical judges.[45][100] The dispute between Aaron and Zalman also went to the New York courts. It covered the Kiryas Joel cemetery where Joel Teitelbaum is buried, as well as study halls, schools, ritual baths, camps and matzah bakeries, assets Heilman values at about $500 million. Both factions held separate elections for the board of Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar in Williamsburg.[51] Heilman says the judges treated the core issue as ecclesiastical and left it to the congregation to decide.[101] In Moshe Teitelbaum's last years one faction asked a court to declare him incapacitated and to appoint co-guardians. Heilman says Zalman and the gabbaim fought this.[101]

Allegations

Heilman reports a number of allegations of violence connected with the succession disputes:

  • After 1984, he says, supporters of Aaron and of Feige Teitelbaum came to blows, and the B'nai Yoel dispute involved mass protests, violence and attacks on property.[45][100]
  • At the September 2000 bar mitzvah of Aaron's grandson in Williamsburg, fighting broke out after a gabbai who supported Zalman did not call the boy to the Torah. Heilman says Aaron's supporters responded with physical and verbal violence.[50]
  • Heilman quotes a press report that, after the Zalis had repelled an earlier attempt, the Aaronis entered the Williamsburg synagogue with nightclub bouncers who struck several men.[56]

None of these accounts records a conviction.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 Allan Nadler, Satmar Hasidic Dynasty YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, accessed 26 October 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 K., Postcard from Canvey Island K. la revue, accessed 27 October 2026.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shaul Magid, The Satmar Are Anti-Zionist. Should We Care? Tablet, 21 May 2020 (archived 5 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 153.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 154.
  6. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 155.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 156.
  8. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 157.
  9. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 158.
  10. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 159.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 160.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 161.
  13. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 162.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 163.
  15. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 164.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 165.
  17. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 166.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 168.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 169.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 170.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 171.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Frimet Goldberger, Blurring Out Satmar History The Forward (opinion), 2 August 2013, accessed 27 October 2026.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg, Executive Director unitedjewish.org, accessed 27 October 2026.
  24. ↑ Glenn C. Altschuler, Satmar's micro-society: Kiryas Joel is a mirror of the American people Jerusalem Post, 27 January 2022, accessed 27 October 2026.
  25. ↑ Census Reporter, Kiryas Joel, NY censusreporter.org (archived 7 December 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 175.
  27. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 176.
  28. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 172.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 177.
  30. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 152.
  31. ↑ The New York Times, Report on the death of Moshe Teitelbaum The New York Times, 25 April 2006 (archived 2 November 2015), accessed 27 October 2026.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 178.
  33. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 179.
  34. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 180.
  35. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 181.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 182.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 183.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 184.
  39. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 185.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 186.
  41. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 187.
  42. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 189.
  43. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 190.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 191.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 192.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 197.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 195.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 196.
  49. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 198.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 199.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 201.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 203.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 204.
  54. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 205.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 206.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 207.
  57. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 209.
  58. ↑ ShulMap, Williamsburg Shuls shulmap.com, accessed 27 October 2026.
  59. ↑ Shtetl, Satmar community touts 24,000 students in flagship school systems Shtetl, 12 December 2023 (archived 11 April 2026), accessed 27 October 2026.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 JCR-UK, Satmar synagogues, Stamford Hill JewishGen, accessed 27 October 2026.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Charity Commission, KH D'Satmar Ltd, charity 1160643 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel School Ltd, charity 1074439 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 JCR-UK, Canvey Island Jewish Community JewishGen, accessed 27 October 2026.
  64. ↑ Ben Weich, Satmar Chasidim: Was the project to settle Yemenite families in Stamford Hill a 'failed experiment'? The Jewish Chronicle, 3 October 2019, accessed 27 October 2026.
  65. ↑ Charity Commission, The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust, charity 281371 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  66. ↑ Department for Education, Beis Rochel D'Satmar School, URN 147296 Get Information about Schools, accessed 27 October 2026.
  67. ↑ Charity Commission, Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited, charity 1136378 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  68. ↑ Department for Education, Beis Ruchel D'Satmar London, URN 137505 Get Information about Schools, accessed 27 October 2026.
  69. ↑ Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited, charity 1125988 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  70. ↑ Simon Rocker, DfE lifts sanctions against Chasidic school in Stamford Hill The Jewish Chronicle, 2025, accessed 27 October 2026.
  71. ↑ The Jewish Chronicle, Ofsted admits error in criticising Charedi school for not teaching about same-sex parents The Jewish Chronicle, 17 May 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.
  72. ↑ Charity Commission, Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd, charity 1115899 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  73. ↑ Charity Commission, The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  74. ↑ Charity Commission, Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  75. ↑ Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  76. ↑ Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel School Ltd: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  77. ↑ Charity Commission, Just Kidding, charity 1186598 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 194.
  79. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 200.
  80. ↑ The Jewish Chronicle, Time to stop the Shraga Stern farce The Jewish Chronicle, accessed 27 October 2026.
  81. ↑ The Yeshiva World, Satmar Rebbe of Kiryas Yoel: It's Their Fault for Living in the Territories! The Yeshiva World, 3 July 2014, accessed 27 October 2026.
  82. ↑ International Court of Justice, Summary of the Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024 icj-cij.org, 19 July 2024, accessed 26 October 2026.
  83. ↑ TOI Staff, Head of Satmar Hasidic sect castigates followers for admiring Israel, IDF The Times of Israel, 9 June 2018, accessed 27 October 2026.
  84. ↑ Times of Israel, Central Rabbinical Congress (topic page; item dated 20 October 2025) Times of Israel (archived 23 October 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  85. ↑ Ynet, Satmar court slams Neturei Karta Ynetnews, 15 December 2006, accessed 27 October 2026.
  86. ↑ The Jewish Press, Satmar Rebbe condemns Neturei Karta for supporting Hamas murders The Jewish Press, 13 November 2023 (archived 15 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  87. ↑ Jewish Currents, The Making of Satmar Williamsburg Jewish Currents, 8 May 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.
  88. ↑ The New York Times, Hasidim in Brooklyn Feuding Over Israel and Neighborhood Sanctity The New York Times, 1 June 1977 (archived 3 January 2022), accessed 27 October 2026.
  89. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 173.
  90. ↑ United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg, Home page unitedjewish.org, accessed 27 October 2026.
  91. ↑ Yitzchok Landa, The Kingmaker from Williamsburg Mishpacha, 26 November 2025, accessed 27 October 2026.
  92. ↑ The Yeshiva World, Outliers: Skver Joins Satmar in Endorsing Hochul, Also Backs Maloney The Yeshiva World, accessed 27 October 2026.
  93. ↑ VIN News, After stunning victory, Republicans work to build relationship with New Square's leaders VIN News, 15 November 2022, accessed 27 October 2026.
  94. ↑ Jacob Kornbluh, In close race, Hochul walks a fine line on yeshiva education The Forward, 2 November 2022 (archived 16 May 2026), accessed 27 October 2026.
  95. ↑ Matthew Kassel, The high-stakes battle for the Skver vote Jewish Insider, 29 October 2024, accessed 27 October 2026.
  96. ↑ Andrew Cuomo for Mayor, Cuomo receives major endorsement from Satmar Williamsburg andrewcuomo.com, June 2025 (archived 8 December 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  97. ↑ Matthew Kassel, Trump and Hasidic rabbis discuss housing, prison reform and family tax credits Jewish Insider, 3 September 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.
  98. ↑ The Yeshiva World, Historic White House Visit: Inside Rebbes' Extraordinary Meetings With Trump And Vance The Yeshiva World, 4 September 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.
  99. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 174.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 193.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 202.
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