Difference between revisions of "Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)"

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{{short description|'''Hasidic dynasty founded in Satu Mare (Satmar), Romania, in 1928 and rebuilt in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, after 1947; split since 2006 between two rebbes'''}}
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{{Hasidic sidebar}}
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{{Infobox religious group
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| name          = Satmar
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| type          = [[Hasidic dynasties|Hasidic dynasty]]
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| founder      = [[Joel Teitelbaum]] (1887–1979)
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| founded_date  = {{Start date|1928}}
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| founded_place = Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), then in Romania
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| headquarters  = Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, and Kiryas Joel (Town of Palm Tree), Orange County, New York
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| leader_title  = Rebbes
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| leader_name  = [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] (Kiryas Joel)<br />[[Zalman Teitelbaum]] (Williamsburg)
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| languages    = Yiddish
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| notes        = Described by YIVO as the world's largest Hasidic group, with about 100,000 followers. Divided since the death of [[Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar)|Moshe Teitelbaum]] in 2006.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
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}}
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'''Satmar''' is a [[Hasidic dynasties|Hasidic dynasty]] founded in 1928 by [[Joel Teitelbaum]] (1887–1979) in Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), then in Romania. Teitelbaum escaped from Bergen-Belsen on the [[Kasztner train]] in 1944, spent two and a half years in Palestine and arrived in the [[United States]] in 1947, where he rebuilt the court in [[Williamsburg]], Brooklyn. YIVO describes it as the world's largest Hasidic sect, with about 100,000 followers and branches in [[Kiryas Joel]], Los Angeles, Montreal, Antwerp, London, Buenos Aires and [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> Since the death of [[Moshe Teitelbaum]] in 2006 the court has been divided between his sons [[Aaron Teitelbaum]], based in Kiryas Joel, and [[Zalman Teitelbaum]], based in Williamsburg.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /><ref name="Canvey" />
  
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==Orientation to Zionism==
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Satmar is known for its theological rejection of Zionism and of the State of [[Israel]], set out by Joel Teitelbaum in ''Va-Yo'el Mosheh'' (1959–1961).<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /><ref name="Magid" />
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According to the JC:
 
  
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:More importantly, however, even within Satmar the idea of actively supporting, in any way whatsoever, organisations that oppose the state of Israel, be they Far Right, Far Left, Islamist or anything else, is considered bizarre and in most cases actually forbidden.
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== History ==
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=== Sighet and Satmar ===
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The dynasty descends from [[Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely]] (1759–1841), a disciple of the [[Seer of Lublin]] and author of ''Yismaḥ Mosheh''. His great-grandson [[Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum]] (1808–1883) became rabbi of Sighet in 1858. Joel Teitelbaum was the youngest son of [[Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum]] of Sighet (1836–1904). His elder brother [[Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum]] (1880–1926) and that brother's son [[Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (1912–1944)|Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum]], who died in Auschwitz, were the last Sigheter rebbes in Europe.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
  
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:The founder of Satmar, Rabbi [[Yoel Teitelbaum]], was absolutely clear that the PLO and other bodies were antisemitic murderers. He would never in a million years have supported a politician who was present at a wreath laying ceremony for the Munich Olympics terrorists.<ref>https://www.thejc.com/comment/comment/time-to-stop-the-shraga-stern-farce-1.494581</ref>
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[[Joel Teitelbaum]] became rabbi of Orsova in 1911 and of Carei in 1926. He was invited to Satmar in 1928, but opposition meant that he could take up the post only in 1934.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> At the 1922 congress of anti-Zionist rabbis at Csap, organised by [[Hayyim Elazar Shapira]] of Munkács, his signature appeared first on the declaration excommunicating the Zionists and [[Agudat Yisrael]].<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
  
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[[Shaul Magid]] writes:
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The sociologist [[Samuel C. Heilman|Samuel Heilman]] gives a fuller account of the dynasty's early history, with some dates that differ from YIVO's. He dates [[Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely]] to 1758–1841 (YIVO: 1759–1841) and says he brought Hasidism from Poland to Hungary and opposed any modernising trend.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar153" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar154" /> In 1834 Moshe tried to install his son Elazar Nissan (1786–1856) as rabbi of Sighet, but the town refused to accept him. Moshe's grandson [[Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum]], known as the ''Yetev Lev'', was expelled from posts in Ujhely and Drohobych before establishing himself in Sighet in 1858. There he closed a 50-year-old school and replaced it with his own yeshiva.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar154" /> His son [[Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum]] faced a breakaway community in Sighet and placed it under a ban. Heilman says there are reports that he used thugs against opponents, and that he grew the yeshiva to about 300 students.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar155" /> Lipa's first marriage was childless. With a decree signed by a hundred rabbis he took a second wife, his cousin Chana; their eldest son, [[Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum]] (Heilman: 1879–1926; YIVO: 1880–1926), succeeded him in 1904.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar156" />
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:While many people know of the general position of Teitelbaum and his Satmar community toward Zionism, few have actually read his works and understood the arguments from within the dense and complex context in which they were written. This is unfortunate, because his two anti-Zionist works, ''[[Vayoel Moshe]]'', published in 1959, and ''[[Al Ha-Geulah ve ‘al ha-Temura]]'' (On Redemption and Exchange, taken from Ruth 4:7), a response to the Six-Day War published in 1967, offer detailed and intricate arguments that, contrary to what many believe, Zionism poses an imminent danger to the Jewish people and a deflection, rather than a procurement, of the impending messianic era. <ref name="Shaul">Shaul Magid [https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/satmar-anti-zionist The Satmar Are Anti-Zionist. Should We Care?] Few Jews today agree with the late Satmar rebbe’s attacks on Zionism. All the more reason to read them. Tablet. May 21, 2020</ref>
 
  
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:Significantly, in the hundreds of dense pages of Teitelbaum’s works, he rarely mentions Zionism or Zionists outright, although he alludes to them often, usually with terms such as “minim” or “apikorsim” (heretics) or “horsei dat” (destroyers of religion). These terms are not particular to him but were commonly used by ultra-Orthodox thinkers in reference to Zionists. Teitelbaum almost never discusses Zionist thinkers, although in his essay on the Hebrew language, “Essay of Lashon ha-Kodesh” he often refers to Zionist educational initiatives and debates regarding the secularization and profanation of the Hebrew language. I have found only one reference in a halachic responsa where he mentions [[Abraham Isaac Kook]], the first chief rabbi of Mandate Palestine and architect of contemporary religious Zionism, and only in passing. Teitelbaum is not interested in direct polemics but rather creating a primary Torah source warning against the heresy of Zionism. His two major works are therefore replete with long digressions on talmudic dicta and their commentaries. They are clearly not meant for secular Jews, certainly not secular Zionists. In fact, one not conversant in the language of the beit midrash (“study house”) would have a difficult time unpacking his midrashic and halachic arguments.
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Heilman gives Joel ("Yoelish") Teitelbaum's dates as 1886–1979 (YIVO: 1887–1979). As the younger son he had no place at the Sighet court. At 17 he married his cousin Chavah Horowitz, and he was given a minor post at Muzhijevo.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar153" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar156" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar157" /> On the advice of the [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)|Belzer Rebbe]] he settled in Satmar in 1905, without an official post. He became rabbi of Orsova (Orshiva) in 1911, returned to Satmar in October 1914 and stayed until 1922.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar158" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar159" /> In 1920 Satmar's religious council rejected his application to be its rabbi, and in 1922 he went back to Orsova, where he enlarged his yeshiva to about 100 students. In 1926 he moved it to Carei (Krole).<ref name="HeilmanSatmar160" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar161" /> In the same year his brother Chaim Tzvi died. The Sighet court passed not to Joel but to Chaim Tzvi's 14-year-old son Zalman Leib (1912–1944), who later married Joel's daughter Rachel.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar161" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar162" /> Heilman describes Joel and [[Hayyim Elazar Shapira]] of [[Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)|Munkács]] as ideological allies but political competitors, neither willing to let the other lead the camp.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar160" />
  
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:These works are directed to his ultra-Orthodox community, who he believed were being, or could be, seduced by the Zionist narrative. This is particularly true with ‘Al Ha-Geulah, written when Teitelbaum saw the Six-Day War interpreted as a miraculous victory for Zionism. He often noted, half-jokingly, that all these secular Jews who didn’t believe in miracles suddenly started talking about miracles when it came to the Six-Day War. But more significantly, these works also represent a Jewish political theology, drawing on thousands of traditional sources, deployed to caution against the dangers of succumbing to the contemporary Zionist heresy.<ref name="Shaul"/>
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When Satmar's rabbi died in 1928, Joel won an election by a plurality. Opponents alleged fraud, and a rabbinical court ordered a new vote, which he won more clearly. He received a letter of appointment in October 1928, and a rabbinical court confirmed it in early 1929. His opponents then held a further election in April 1929, which he lost, and his supporters set up a separate congregation.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar163" /> He moved to Satmar only in 1934. There his yeshiva grew to about 350 students, one of the largest in Transylvania, and Satmar gradually eclipsed Sighet.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar163" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar164" /> Heilman says Joel visited the Holy Land in 1932 hoping to be chosen to lead the [[Edah HaChareidis]]. In 1936 King Carol II of Romania greeted him first among the dignitaries at the Satmar railway station.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar165" /> His first wife died in January 1936, and in August 1937 he married Alte Feige Shapiro (1912–2001), daughter of the Częstochowa (Tchenstechover) Rebbe. Neither marriage produced a surviving son. His last surviving daughter, Roysaele, died in 1953.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar165" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar166" />
  
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:In addition, Teitelbaum believed, like many religious Zionists, especially after the Holocaust, that we stand on the cusp of messianic redemption. We often misunderstand Teitelbaum’s anti-Zionism as diametrically opposed to the Zionism of [[Abraham Isaac Kook]]. In truth, Kook and Teitelbaum disagree less than we think. From deep within the canonical tradition, both had a similar task: to make sense of the secular nature of Zionism and how that could square with traditional understandings of both catastrophe and redemption. Kook argued dialectically, using a romantic and mystical mindset, that the secular and largely anti-religious nature of early Zionism was a necessary, albeit temporary, deviation from tradition that would be transvalued in the immanent redemptive future. Teitelbaum, who lived more deeply in the binary framework of talmudic literature, also believed that Zionism played a central role in the coming redemption, except that for him its role was not a Kookian inversion of tradition for the sake of redemption, but the pre-messianic heresy that Jews were required to resist in order for redemption to come.
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=== Holocaust and the move to New York ===
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In 1944 [[Joel Teitelbaum]] was among those taken from Bergen-Belsen on the [[Kasztner train]]. He spent two and a half years in Palestine and arrived in the United States in 1947. He settled in [[Williamsburg]], where he gathered Hungarian survivors around a new court.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> Some earlier accounts give 1946 for his arrival in Williamsburg; YIVO gives 1947.
  
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:Zionism was thus the false messiah that needed to be rejected for the true messiah to arrive. If Jews succumb to the temptation of the “final test,” and Teitelbaum knew that temptation was strong given its post-Holocaust context, redemption will come, but it will come though catastrophe. As Jewish historian [[Amos Funkenstein]] put it, according to Teitelbaum “[a] catastrophe is imminent, after which only a few, the ‘remnants of Israel,’ will survive to witness the true redemption. Indeed, Teitelbaum’s whole argument is embedded in the apocalyptic premise that the true redemption, through divine miracle, is very close at hand.” Kook believed that secular Zionism had to be embraced in order to be overcome; Teitelbaum believed Zionism had to be rejected in order to avoid catastrophic redemption. Another similarity between Kook and Teitelbaum is that both viewed the messiah, false and true, in terms of the more abstract idea of Zionism. For Kook, Zionism was the embodiment of messianism, for Teitelbaum it was its satanic prelude.
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Heilman gives a more detailed account. Joel opposed emigration through the Zionists and in 1939 condemned supporters who tried to obtain him a visa for Palestine. In late 1943 he sought certificates himself; by many accounts the Jewish Agency asked him to sign a recognition of the Zionist Organisation's authority, and he refused.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar168" /> In spring 1944 he tried to escape to Romania disguised in a Red Cross ambulance, but was caught at Cluj and placed in the ghetto. He was then added to the [[Rudolf Kasztner|Kasztner]] transport after someone paid what Heilman calls a "huge sum".<ref name="HeilmanSatmar168" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar169" /> The train left Budapest on 30 June 1944 and reached Bergen-Belsen on 9 July. Teitelbaum crossed into Switzerland in early December 1944, arriving at St Gallen on 21 Kislev, a date Satmar still marks as a day of thanksgiving.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar169" /> He sailed from Italy for Haifa on 19 August 1945. In Jerusalem he started a yeshiva with ten students in Mea Shearim, but had little success there.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar170" /> Heilman says he arrived in the United States by the Jewish New Year of 1946, which differs from YIVO's 1947. He first lived in a borrowed house on President Street in Crown Heights before moving to Williamsburg.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar170" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar171" />
  
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:If we think Teitelbaum’s position is unique in its extreme rejection of Zionism we would be mistaken. In general terms, Teitelbaum’s ideological commitments against Zionism are not new, but part of a much longer trajectory of traditional anti-Zionism that stems back to the early 20th century in the work of [[Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkacz]] (1868-1937), the “Old Settlement” Jews in Palestine, and, later, Neturei Karta in Israel. This anti-Zionism was also shared by much of the prewar ultra-Orthodox world, from Lithuanian rabbinic giant [[Elhanan Wasserman]] (1874-1941) to [[Yitzhok Zev Soloveitchik]] (1886-1959); and much of the Soloveitchik dynasty; and the Lubavitcher Rebbes [[Shalom Dov Schneershon]] (1860-1920) and [[Yosef Yizhak Schneershon]] (1880-1950), among many others.
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According to YIVO, Teitelbaum became president of the [[Edah HaChareidis]] of Jerusalem in 1953 while living in Williamsburg.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> [[Shaul Magid]], writing in ''Tablet'', dates his appointment as titular head (''av beit din'') of the Edah to a visit to Jerusalem in 1952, and says he remained its honorary president until his death.<ref name="Magid" />
  
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:The difference between Teitelbaum and many of his colleagues was that only Teitelbaum spent significant intellectual capital developing a political theology that not only reacted to the circumstantial instantiation of Zionism as heresy but placed it in a theological context that has its roots in the biblical narrative, for example, the Israelite rebellion of the golden calf, Job’s blasphemous response to his suffering, the Israelites’ rebellion against Moses in the desert, and the history of miracle in the Israelite and Jewish tradition. In addition, Teitelbaum rejected the largely pragmatic acquiescence to Zionism in groups like [[Agudat Yisrael]], viewing them like the righteous who were fooled into serving the golden calf in the Sinai desert.<ref name="Shaul"/>
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[[Frimet Goldberger]], who grew up in the Satmar community, wrote in a 2013 opinion column in ''[[The Forward]]'' that [[Joel Teitelbaum]] was the leading force in modern American Hasidism. She wrote that he transplanted a pre-modern way of life from Szátmár, in the remote Máramaros region of Hungary, to New York. She quoted the scholar [[Allan Nadler]] as calling this achievement "nothing short of miraculous", and wrote that Teitelbaum set up satellite communities around the world and influenced Orthodox Jewish life in the United States well beyond Hasidism.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
  
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:In his dissertation on Teitelbaum, [[Menachem Keren-Krantz]] of [[Tel Aviv University]] writes, “Most Jews and Orthodox rabbis [after the Holocaust] were sympathetic to the Jewish state, even if they were suspicious of its secularism and the success of religion [in Israel] in the coming years. For the first five years, R. Yoel [Teitelbaum] was the only one who continued to maintain a staunch anti-Zionist position which had emerged [earlier] from the schools of radical Orthodoxy in Transylvania and its environs.” Until the late 1950s, however, Teitelbaum did not publish anything substantive on the subject but made his views known in oral sermons and in various media such as the Yiddish newspaper Der Yid, which he founded in New York and was widely read in the Yiddish-speaking ultra-Orthodox community. By the late 1950s, seeing the ultra-Orthodox community softening toward what he considered the Zionist heresy, he decided to publish his views in book form, in Vayoel Moshe.<ref name="Shaul"/>
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In 1973 Teitelbaum asked for the creation of [[Rav Tov International Jewish Rescue Organization]] ([[Rav Tov]]), a refugee organisation.<ref name="UJOExec" />
  
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=== Kiryas Joel ===
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[[Kiryas Joel]], in Orange County, New York, was settled by Satmar Hasidim in the mid-1970s. It became an incorporated village in 1977, with powers over housing permits and zoning. Its population grew from about 2,000 in 1980 to 13,000 in 2000 and 25,000 in 2019. In July 2018 Governor [[Andrew Cuomo]] signed the law creating the Town of Palm Tree, an English rendering of "Teitelbaum".<ref name="JPostKJ" /> The [[American Community Survey]] 2023 five-year estimate gives a population of 36,572.<ref name="CensusReporter" />
  
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Heilman describes how Joel Teitelbaum built the Williamsburg community. In 1948 he set up a community structure, Yetev Lev, whose regulations were issued in 1952. The first Torah V'Yirah schools opened in 1950–51, followed by Satmar-certified butcher shops in 1955 and summer camps in the Catskills in 1956.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar175" /> He prescribed rules on women's dress, including opaque stockings; in 1978 a Satmar hosiery maker, Lipa Brach, produced the "Palm Stockings" still worn in Satmar. Television was excluded, and the community bought the Yiddish newspaper ''[[Der Yid]]'', which became its semi-official organ.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar175" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar176" /> Heilman cites census figures putting about 65 per cent of Satmar Hasidim below the poverty line.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar172" /> He says Teitelbaum wanted his followers in small towns of their own outside the city. The first families moved to Kiryas Joel near Monroe in late 1974 and 1975, often against local opposition, and the village was incorporated in 1977.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar177" /> Heilman gives Satmar about 95,000 members, with nearly 22,000 people in Kiryas Joel in 2013. In late 2014 the community announced a new settlement, Kiryas Yetev Lev, with 400 apartments in Bloomingburg, Sullivan County.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar152" />
  
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:The head of the Satmar Hassidic sect has accused his followers of increasingly admiring Israel for its military and political accomplishments, imploring them to maintain the Hasidic group’s hardline anti-Zionism. Addressing thousands of Satmar members at Long Island’s Nassau Coliseum, Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum lamented what he called a “tremendous and terrible spiritual decline” among his followers. “According to the rumors I heard, [people] are excitedly talking about the news of [the Israelis’] accomplishments, how smart they are, how they succeed politically and militarily, and about their heads of government,” Teitelbaum told the crowd in an address in Yiddish on Sunday, according to a Hebrew translation from the Kann public broadcaster. The head of the Satmar Hassidic sect has accused his followers of increasingly admiring Israel for its military and political accomplishments, imploring them to maintain the Hasidic group’s hardline anti-Zionism.Addressing thousands of Satmar members at Long Island’s Nassau Coliseum, Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum lamented what he called a “tremendous and terrible spiritual decline” among his followers. “According to the rumors I heard, [people] are excitedly talking about the news of [the Israelis’] accomplishments, how smart they are, how they succeed politically and militarily, and about their heads of government,” Teitelbaum told the crowd in an address in Yiddish on Sunday, according to a Hebrew translation from the Kann public broadcaster. “We must yell gevalt, gevalt! To where have we come?” he declared. “We have no part in Zionism. We have no part in their wars. We have no part in the State of Israel.” The Satmar, one of the largest Hasidic groups in the world, is staunchly anti-Zionist and does not recognize the State of Israel, maintaining a Jewish state should not exist until the Messiah appears.
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=== Succession and split ===
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Joel Teitelbaum was succeeded in 1979 by his nephew [[Moshe Teitelbaum]]. YIVO gives his dates as 1915–2006; some sources give his year of birth as 1914.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> The court then split between Moshe's sons [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] in [[Kiryas Joel]] and [[Zalman Teitelbaum]] in [[Williamsburg]]. YIVO records that the dispute involved some violence and that the succession had not been resolved.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> In 2006 the ''New York Times'' reported that Satmar was the largest Hasidic group in the United States and that its New York schools, if counted as a public school system, would be the fourth-largest in the state after those of New York City, Buffalo and Rochester.<ref name="NYT2006" />
  
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:“We’ll continue to fight God’s war against Zionism and all its aspects,” Teitelbaum said. The Satmar rabbi also spoke out against draft legislation regarding military service for ultra-Orthodox seminary students in Israel. “We declare there can be no compromise,” he said. “We won’t agree to any compromise regarding the [military] draft law for yeshiva students.” Teitelbaum’s remarks came as the coalition is haggling over legislation addressing mandatory military service for ultra-Orthodox seminary students. Earlier this week, the head of the ultra-Orthodox [[United Torah Judaism]] party gave an “unequivocal” ultimatum that his faction will bolt the government if legislation is not passed in the next seven weeks exempting members of his community from mandatory military service. Deputy Health Minister [[Yaakov Litzman]]’s threat, not his first of this nature, comes ahead of a September deadline set by the High Court of Justice for the Knesset to re-legislate a previous exemption that the court disqualified on the grounds that it violated principles of equality. In September 2017, the High Court of Justice struck down a law exempting ultra-Orthodox men engaged in religious study from military service, saying it undermined the principle of equality before the law. However, the court suspended its decision for a year to allow for a new arrangement to be put in place, giving the government the option to pass a new law. After a similar ultimatum was made by [[UTJ]] during the Knesset’s winter session, coalition partners reached a last-minute deal to cooperate on the contentious issue in order to reach an agreement before the deadline. But a compromise agreement still remains elusive, with Defense Minister [[Avigdor Liberman]] vowing that his staunchly secular Yisrael Beytenu party would not fold in the face of demands made by their ultra-Orthodox coalition partners.<ref>https://www.timesofisrael.com/head-of-satmar-hasidic-sect-castigates-followers-for-admiring-israel-idf/</ref>
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==== Moshe Teitelbaum's succession (1979) ====
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Joel Teitelbaum had a severe stroke in February 1968. Heilman writes that during his ten-year decline his wife Feige and his ''gabbaim'' (aides), including Yosef Ashkenazi, Azriel Glick and the yeshiva head Nosson Yosef Meisels, acted for him.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar177" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar178" /> Heilman credits Feige with founding the Satmar Ladies Auxiliary and Satmar's [[Bikur Cholim]] service for Jewish patients in New York hospitals.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar178" /> She opposed the succession of the rebbe's nephew [[Moshe Teitelbaum]], who had urged Joel to divorce her. Heilman says she hoped the community would accept an appointed rabbi rather than a new rebbe.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar179" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar180" /> Joel Teitelbaum died at [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] early on 19 August 1979. Heilman says the ''New York Times'' reported 100,000 people at his funeral.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar181" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar182" />
  
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===Satmar and Neturei Karta===
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Heilman gives Moshe Teitelbaum's dates as 1914–2006. Moshe's first wife and three children were murdered at Auschwitz, and he survived Theresienstadt. In 1945 he returned to Sighet and married another cousin, Pessel Leah (1922–2010). He reached Williamsburg in autumn 1946, after a short stay in Brazil, and became rabbi of the Sighet congregation at 152 Hewes Street. In April 1965 he moved to Borough Park.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar182" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar183" /> Before 1979 he ran small businesses and oversaw the ''kashrut'' certification of the Meal Mart food chain.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar182" /> He flew to the funeral by helicopter and said ''Kaddish'' for his uncle. According to Heilman, no will was ever read.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar184" /> A letter purporting to name the young ''gabbai'' Shulem Halpert as successor was declared a forgery by the ''dayan'' Yecheskel Roth.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar185" /> On 14 September 1979 Moshe was named rabbi of Yetev Lev and guardian of Satmar's assets.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar186" /> A minority, the B'nai Yoel led by Yossel Waldman, broke away, and its opponents called its members "the rebbetzin's Hasidim".<ref name="HeilmanSatmar186" /> Moshe was crowned in Kiryas Joel at the end of the year of mourning, before a reported crowd of more than 20,000.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar187" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar189" />
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Some [[Neturei Karta]] members are [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar]] Hasidim and so there is occasional public hostility from the Satmar towards [[Neturei Karta]] .
 
  
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====2006====
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==== Aaron and Zalman ====
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:Are there limits to anti-Zionism? Typically anti-Zionist Orthodox sector issues condemnation of seven Orthodox Jews who attended Iranian Holocaust denial conference last week
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The day after the coronation Moshe made his eldest son, [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] (born 1947), head of the yeshiva in Kiryas Joel. His third son, [[Zalman Teitelbaum|Zalman Leib]] (Yekutiel Yehudah, born 1952), took over the Sighet community in Brooklyn.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar153" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar190" /> Aaron's 1966 marriage to a daughter of the [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitzer]] Rebbe Moshe Hager had been criticised by Feige's supporters as a match into a "Zionist" family.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar183" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar184" /> On 10 November 1984 Aaron was installed as rav of Kiryas Joel, the first appointment of a son in Sighet–Satmar during his father's lifetime.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar191" /> Heilman says Aaron's supporters and Feige's came to blows in the following years.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar192" /> Zalman was later moved to lead the small Satmar community in Jerusalem, reportedly at Aaron's urging.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar197" />
  
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:The Satmar Hassidism Court published an unprecedented statement calling on the public to disassociate themselves from the seven Neturei Karta members who visited Iran to attend the Holocaust denial conference this week. The Satmar movement printed an official placard, with bold black lettering, publicly denouncing “fanaticism, and those committing insane acts to walk hand in hand with the Arabs.” The court further ordered that the offenders be shunned and their actions be condemned. It slams the offenders for “joining in desecrating the name of the heavens. The declaration expresses astonishment at how a few people “dared attend a special conference of the nations of the world that despise Israel (may the names of the evil rot), deny the Holocaust, and deny and belittle the immensity of the evil and murder of those killed for sanctifying the lord; they desecrated the name of the heavens.” Residents of the Orthodox neighborhood of [[Mea Shearim]] said that the Orthodox leaders could not stand the fact that those individuals who visited Iran identify themselves as [[Satmar]] Jews, and thus stain the name of Orthodoxy. The Satmar Orthodox group is the largest Orthodox sector worldwide, numbering some 120,000 people, and holds adamant anti-Zionist views. [[Yitzhak Weiss]], an editor of a Hassidic journal, told Ynet: “The rabbinate issued the declaration to attack those Orthodox who represented Orthodox Judaism at the Holocaust denial conference. What they did there is a simple crime against humanity.”<ref>https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3340592,00.html</ref>
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Heilman says that in 1996, after kidney surgery, Moshe reportedly told his sons that Aaron would succeed him. Critics accused Aaron of high-handedness, and in 1999 the succession was reopened.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar195" /> At Passover 1999 Aaron's supporters gathered in Williamsburg to celebrate his appointment as ''rav tza'ir'' (deputy rabbi), but Moshe did not attend.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar195" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar196" /> In June 1999, at the suggestion of the ''gabbai'' Moshe Friedman, Moshe installed Zalman as ''av beit din'' and yeshiva head of Yetev Lev in Williamsburg. Moshe's letter said Zalman's hand was "like my hand", and Zalman said he had never asked his father for power.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar196" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar197" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar198" /> The two camps became known as the "Aaronis" and the "Zalis".<ref name="HeilmanSatmar199" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar201" />
−
====2023====
 
  
 +
Moshe Teitelbaum died on 24 April 2006.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar203" /> Heilman sets out each side's case:<ref name="HeilmanSatmar203" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar204" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar205" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar206" />
 +
* '''Aaron's supporters''' cited a 1996 verbal will naming Aaron, supported by witnesses but not by any document. They said the later letter was signed after Moshe had developed dementia, when he was over 80, and that the ''gabbai'' Moshe Friedman had obtained it.
 +
* '''Zalman's supporters''' published a 2002 letter appointing Zalman, with witnesses to its signing. His brother Lipa said in public that their father had asked him in 1999 to support Zalman.
 +
''Der Yid'', then partly owned by Friedman, announced Zalman as successor on the day of the death.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar204" /> On the first Sabbath both brothers held separate gatherings in Williamsburg: Zalman in the Yetev Lev hall on Rodney Street, and Aaron in a tent in a school playground. Aaron's supporters later built a synagogue on Hooper Street in 14 days.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar206" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar207" /> Heilman notes the observation that the brothers' theological differences are "thin as a page in the Talmud".<ref name="HeilmanSatmar209" />
  
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ Rebbes of Sighet and Satmar
 +
! Rebbe !! Dates !! Seat !! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| [[Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely]] || 1759–1841 || Ujhely || Disciple of the Seer of Lublin; author of ''Yismaḥ Mosheh''<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum]] || 1808–1883 || Sighet (from 1858) || <ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum]] || 1836–1904 || Sighet || Father of Joel Teitelbaum<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum]] || 1880–1926 || Sighet || Elder brother of Joel<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (1912–1944)|Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum]] || 1912–1944 || Sighet || Died in Auschwitz<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Joel Teitelbaum]] || 1887–1979 || Satmar (from 1934), then Williamsburg (from 1947) || Founder of Satmar<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Moshe Teitelbaum]] || 1915–2006 (YIVO); 1914–2006 (Heilman) || Williamsburg || Nephew of Joel<ref name="YIVOSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] || born 1947 (Heilman) || Kiryas Joel || Eldest son of Moshe; rav of Kiryas Joel from 1984; one of two rival successors<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar183" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar191" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Zalman Teitelbaum]] || born 1952 (Heilman) || Williamsburg || Third son of Moshe (also known as Yekutiel Yehudah); rav in Williamsburg from 1999; one of two rival successors<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar153" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar196" />
 +
|}
  
−
:Rabbi Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum, a.k.a. Reb Zalman Leib, one of two Satmar Rebbes and the son of the Rebbe Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum, on Sunday night, attacked the sect of Neturei Karta who have been demonstrating in New York City in support of Hamas and against the Jewish State. “There are those who do not have any ancestral tradition, and carry out actions independently, because they think they understand more than the late Tzaddikim,” the Rebbe said, referring to the fringe group that advocates the “peaceful dismantling” of Israel because its very existence constitutes rebellion against God. “Unfortunately, we see how far they have strayed from the path,” the Rebbe said. “They are walking around the world together with the Arabs, with those who shout without any shame and support the murders, they walk with them in broad daylight with the Shtreimel and the gown and shout together with the haters of Israel and murderers of souls. This is a terrible desecration of the name of heaven, to strengthen murderers in the name of the Holy Torah and in the name of heaven.” The Satmar movement is considered anti-Zionist and presents itself as the ideological guardian of the entire Haredi public. They are the biggest contributors to the Haredi community and institutions that do not receive budgets from the State of Israel. However, unlike Neturei Karta, they maintain ties with pro-Zionist Haredi communities.<ref>https://www.jewishpress.com/news/jewish-news/haredim-news/satmar-rebbe-condemns-neturei-karta-for-supporting-hamas-murders/2023/11/13/</ref>
+
== Communities ==
 +
=== United States ===
 +
* '''[[Williamsburg]], Brooklyn''': the historic centre. ShulMap lists Satmar alongside [[Pupa]], [[Vien]], [[Klausenburg]] and [[Nitra]] synagogues in the area, including halls on Rodney Street and at Kent Avenue.<ref name="ShulMap" />
 +
* '''[[Kiryas Joel]] (Town of Palm Tree), Orange County''': the seat of [[Aaron Teitelbaum]]. In December 2023 the community publication ''Shtetl'' reported claims of 24,000 pupils across the two flagship Satmar school systems (12,000 each) and, citing the publication ''Hayovel'', about 8,000 families in Kiryas Joel.<ref name="ShtetlSchools" />
  
 +
=== United Kingdom ===
 +
[[Stamford Hill]] in Hackney, north London, is the main British centre. There are also Satmar institutions in Salford and Prestwich, Greater Manchester.<ref name="JCRSatmar" /><ref name="KHSatmar" /><ref name="BeisRuchelMcr" />
  
−
==Skver and the Satmar==
+
From 2016 a Hasidic community grew on [[Canvey Island]], Essex, around a former school building bought on 24 March 2016.<ref name="JCRCanvey" /> According to ''K.'', the community's founders included [[Joel Friedman]] of [[Interlink Foundation|Interlink]] and the [[Pinter Trust]]. Satmar Hasidim affiliated with [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] are the largest group there, but it is a general Hasidic community rather than an exclusively Satmar one.<ref name="Canvey" />
  
−
:The Hasidic community – especially Satmar and the less-populous Skver group – is veering ever more towards extremism. If it isn’t a new law prohibiting long robes traditionally worn on Shabbat, it is a ban on the internet, smartphones, concerts, strawberries, raspberries, grapes (for the slight chance they contain insects), eye makeup by makeup artists (yes, this is the case in Kiryas Joel), and now the innocent images of three-year-old girls.
+
Between the early 1990s and 2010 Satmar brought an estimated 20 [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite Jewish]] families to Stamford Hill. The ''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'' reported that problems with integration quickly became apparent.<ref name="JCYemen" />
  
−
:This radicalized Hasidism does not include Chabad. Even though they are, by definition, Hasidic, the Lubavitchers’ representation as the poster children of Hasidism in America and worldwide is a gross misrepresentation. Many other Hasidic groups shun Chabad as a separate, modernized entity – akin to the Modern Orthodox – and whose chumros (stringencies) are a lot more lax than the bona fide Hasidim. The media-savviness of Chabad and comfortable relationship with secularism exemplifies their worldliness – something the majority of Hasidim are decidedly not, as a consequence of their insularity.<ref>https://forward.com/opinion/181566/blurring-out-satmar-history/</ref>
+
==== Schools ====
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|+ Independent schools identified with Satmar
 +
! School !! Address !! Pupils !! Proprietor / charity !! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Rochel d'Satmar Girls' School]] || 51–57 Amhurst Park, London N16 5DL || Girls, 2–19 || [[The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust]] (charity 281371) || Income £6,976,785 in the year to 31 December 2024<ref name="CCBaisRochel" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Rochel D'Satmar School]] || 180 Bethune Road, London N16 5DS || Boys, 2–11; 611 pupils || [[Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited]] (charity 1136378) || URN 147296; opened 28 January 2020; headteacher Rabbi [[Emmanuel Patcas]]<ref name="GIAS147296" /><ref name="CCTorahVeyirah" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Ruchel D'Satmar London]] || 117 Stamford Hill, London N16 5RS || Girls, 2–11; 1,108 pupils || Proprietor [[Abraham Klein]]; [[Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited]] (charity 1125988) || URN 137505; opened 14 September 2011; income £3,718,860 in the year to 30 August 2025<ref name="GIAS137505" /><ref name="CCBeisRuchelLondon" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Talmud Torah Yetev Lev]] || Stamford Hill, London || Boys, 7–11; 438 pupils || || The [[Department for Education]] lifted restrictions on admitting new pupils in 2025 after an inspection found the school met the standards checked<ref name="JCYL" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Rochel Mcr]] || Salford || Girls, primary || || [[Ofsted]] admitted an error in criticising the school for not teaching about LGBT identity and said it would amend its report<ref name="JCMCR" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Ruchel Girls School]] || Rico House, George Street, Prestwich, Manchester M25 9WS (charity address) || Girls || [[Beis Ruchel School Ltd]] (charity 1074439; company 03561612) || Income £1,749,924 in the year to 31 May 2025<ref name="BeisRuchelMcr" />
 +
|}
  
−
:Skver has thrown its support behind Democrat Kathy Hochul for governor, joining Satmar’s Aronim faction in backing the incumbent who has signaled that she will not do anything to oppose the New York Board of Regents’ attacks against yeshivas. Skver and Satmar are now the only two voting blocs within the broader Orthodox Jewish community in New York who have spurned their brethren in endorsing Republican Lee Zeldin and his pledge to support Orthodox Jews and yeshivas and protect their way of life.
+
==== Synagogues ====
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|+ Satmar synagogues in the [[United Kingdom]]
 +
! Name !! Address !! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beth Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev]] || 86 Cazenove Road, London N16 6AB || Founded about 1962; member of the [[Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations]]<ref name="JCRSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev]] || 42 Craven Walk, London N16 6BU || From about 2003<ref name="JCRSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Hamedrash D'Chasidei Satmar]] || 57 Bethune Road, London N16 5EE || From about 2010<ref name="JCRSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Hamedrash Tehillois Yoel]] || 148 Upper Clapton Road, London E5 9BA || From about 2011<ref name="JCRSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beth Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev]] (former) || 26 Clapton Common, London E5 || From about 1993; JCR-UK notes that it may no longer exist<ref name="JCRSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Hamedrash V'Yoel Moshe]] (former) || 67 Heathland Road, London N16 6PQ || From about 2006<ref name="JCRSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beth Hamedrash Satmar Veyoel Moshe]] || 37 Northumberland Road, Salford || Run by [[KH D'Satmar Ltd]] (charity 1160643), whose office is at 315–317 Great Clowes Street, Salford M7 2FZ<ref name="KHSatmar" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd]] || Salford, Greater Manchester || Charity 1115899; income £238,120 in the year to 31 August 2024<ref name="CongMC" />
 +
|-
 +
| Canvey Island Jewish Centre || Former Castle View School, Meppel Avenue, Canvey Island SS8 9RZ || Bought 24 March 2016; synagogue, hall, grocery, boys' and girls' schools and a junior yeshiva<ref name="JCRCanvey" />
 +
|}
  
−
:Skver also endorsed Rep. Sean Patrick Maloney, a Democrat who is locked in a tight race with Assemblyman Mike Lawler. Despite the endorsements of Hochul and Maloney, many Satmar Aronim and Skverers are expected to vote for the Republicans, with their leadership’s endorsements having little effect on their vote in the crime-ridden and anti-yeshiva climate of New York.<ref>https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/general/2134796/outliers-skver-joins-satmar-in-endorsing-hochul-also-backs-maloney.html</ref>
+
==== Charities and trustees ====
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|+ Satmar-linked charities registered in England and Wales
 +
! Charity !! Number !! Trustees listed by the Charity Commission !! Other trusteeships shown
 +
|-
 +
| [[The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust]] || 281371 || [[Abraham Schreiber]], [[Jacob Frankel]], [[Victor Langberg]] || Frankel: [[Vyoel Moshe Charitable Trust]], [[Nextgrant Limited]], [[Friends of Yeshiva Luzern]]<ref name="CCBaisRochelTr" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited]] || 1136378 || [[Solomon Berkowitz]], [[Maurice Freund]], [[Aaron Langberg]] || Berkowitz: [[Yeitev Lev Eretz Israel Ltd]], [[Just Kidding]]; Freund: [[Keren Yetev Lev Ltd]], [[Congregation Yetev Lev Dsatmar Antwerp Limited]], [[Yeitev Lev Eretz Israel Ltd]], [[Nextgrant Limited]]<ref name="CCTorahVeyirahTr" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited]] || 1125988 || [[Jacob Kernkraut]], [[Jacob Herzka]], [[Abraham Klein]] || Kernkraut: [[Alte Feiga Trust]], [[E and E Kernkraut Charities Limited]], [[The Knightland Foundation]]<ref name="CCBeisRuchelLondonTr" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Beis Ruchel School Ltd]] || 1074439 || [[Chaim Shimen Lebrecht]], [[Paul Rothschild]], [[Berusch Krausz]] || Rothschild: [[Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd]]; Lebrecht: [[Friends of Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok]]<ref name="CCBeisRuchelMcrTr" />
 +
|-
 +
| [[Just Kidding]] || 1186598 || [[Solomon Berkowitz]] (chair), [[David Schreiber]], [[Feige Krausz]] || Children's services in Hackney and Haringey; registered 26 November 2019; income £131,825<ref name="CCJustKidding" />
 +
|}
  
−
==Voting bloc - June 2025==
+
== Modesty rules and restrictions ==
−
:Governor [[Andrew M. Cuomo]], candidate for [[Mayor of New York City]], today received the endorsement of the main Satmar community in Williamsburg, led politically by [[Rabbi Niederman]], together with a coalition of the main congregations in the area, including [[Pupa]], [[Viznitz]], [[Vien]], [[Tzelim]], [[Nitra]], [[Krasna]], [[Skver]] and [[Klausenburg]]. This group is known as the largest Orthodox voting bloc in the city. This marks the sixth Orthodox Jewish group to endorse Cuomo, joining the [[Far Rockaway Jewish Alliance]], the [[Bobov community in Borough Park]], [[Crown Jewish United and the Crown Heights PAC]], and [[Satmar Ahronim]], in backing Cuomo’s bid. Cuomo has also received the endorsement of the [[Sephardic Community Federation]].
+
In her 2013 column in ''[[The Forward]]'', [[Frimet Goldberger]] argued that Satmar had moved steadily towards greater stringency in the decades after [[Joel Teitelbaum]]'s death in 1979. Her starting point was a photograph of two small girls in the ''Williamsburg Bulletin'', a weekly newsletter for the Satmar community in Williamsburg, in which the girls' faces had been blurred out. She linked the trend to a Yiddish saying, ''di doyres falen'' ("the generations are in decline"), which she said was used to justify new restrictions.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
  
−
:“I'm deeply honored to have the endorsement of the Satmars, a powerful nod that speaks to the deep bond and affection I’ve developed over the years with this community,” Governor Cuomo said. “I have great admiration for Rabbi Niederman, who is a true example of a real leader and who I’m proud to call a friend. Before coming to Brooklyn, he put his life on the line to save Jews in the Middle East. He’s helped to make the UJO from a three person team into a true New York powerhouse. In this election, antisemitism is on the ballot. When I become Mayor, I promise to continue my record of fighting antisemitism, and serving as that shield to protect our Jewish brothers and sisters.”<ref>https://www.andrewcuomo.com/press/cuomo-receives-major-endorsement-satmar-williamsburg-led-grand-rebbe-zalmen-teitelbaum-one</ref>
+
Goldberger wrote that Teitelbaum had condemned married women who let their hair grow beneath turbans and wigs, but that most Hasidic women complied only after his death, many out of fear of the consequences. According to her, it had become accepted practice in Satmar to expel children from school if their mothers did not shave their heads. Teitelbaum had also criticised the thin stockings and uncovered wigs worn in the 1960s and 1970s, and she wrote that most Satmar women now wore thick, seamed stockings.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
  
−
==Satmar in the UK==
+
She listed further restrictions, which she said applied especially to Satmar and the smaller [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)|Skver]] group. They included a new rule against the long robes traditionally worn on the Sabbath, and bans on the internet, smartphones and concerts. Strawberries, raspberries and grapes were banned in case they contained insects, and in [[Kiryas Joel]] eye make-up applied by make-up artists was also banned.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
  
−
===Canvey Island===
+
Goldberger also described Teitelbaum as a pragmatic leader. She wrote that in Hungary he had been a fierce critic of the [[Bais Yaakov]] girls' school movement, but that in America he led the creation of the Satmar girls' school and encouraged teaching girls the basics of both Jewish and secular subjects. In her account he also relaxed his position on wigs. She argued that he had never encouraged the blurring of girls' faces, and that his followers had taken his cause much too far.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
−
:As in other countries with sizable Jewish populations, the Haredi community is the fastest-growing Jewish group, estimated currently at around 60,000, or 20 percent of British Jews. But over the past decades, while they increased in number, they shrank in geography, concentrating in a handful of neighborhoods in north London and Manchester, with one northern outpost around the yeshiva in Gateshead founded in 1929. This is the first major migration of Haredi Jews to a brand-new location within Britain in nearly a century, when the children of migrants from Eastern Europe began moving from the overcrowded East End of London to the more comfortable suburbs to the north, making way for new waves of immigration to Britain.
 
  
−
:And unlike in the United States, where ultra-Orthodox communities have been moving out of New York City to places such as Lakewood, Monsey, Kiryas Joel, and New Square since the 1940s, the Canvey Island community wasn’t created at the behest of a charismatic rabbi. It was the initiative of a few men in their late twenties and thirties. “We were a group of about seven or eight people, in early 2015, who stayed behind at shul one evening after Ma’ariv and talked about house prices and what we can do,” says [[Joel Friedman]], one of the founding members of the community and the first to purchase his family’s new home in Canvey Island, in February 2016.
+
== Opposition to Zionism ==
 +
[[Joel Teitelbaum]] set out his opposition to Zionism in ''Va-Yo'el Mosheh'' (1959–1961), which relies on the rabbinic "three oaths", and in ''ʻAl ha-ge'ulah ve-ʻal ha-temurah'' (1967), written after the [[Six-Day War]]. He also forbade the use of spoken modern Hebrew.<ref name="YIVOSatmar" /> [[Shaul Magid]] writes that Teitelbaum almost never discusses Zionist thinkers by name, and that he regarded [[Agudat Yisrael]]'s pragmatic acceptance of Zionism as like the righteous who were misled into serving the golden calf. Magid places him in a longer line of Haredi anti-Zionism that includes [[Hayyim Elazar Shapira]] of Munkács, [[Elchonon Wasserman]] and the Lubavitcher rebbes [[Sholom Dovber Schneersohn]] and [[Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]]. He argues that [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] and Teitelbaum "disagree less than we think".<ref name="Magid" />
  
−
:Friedman, 37, is a father of seven, a Satmar Hasid, and for want of a better definition, can be best described as a macher — a grassroots activist. He commutes daily back to Stamford Hill in London, where he works as director of public affairs at [[Interlink]] and the [[Pinter Trust]], organizations that work to provide public services within the British Haredi community and connect it with local authorities, the media, and the British government. His group spent nearly a year trying to find a location for their new community.They scoured the area around London, looking for a place that fit their requirements. It would need to be about an hour away, so as to be “not too far, but also not too close, so it could become self-sustainable and not rely on Stamford Hill for everything,” says Friedman. It would need to have a low crime rate, space for building communal institutions, and above all, a ready supply of homes at reasonable prices.<ref name="Canvey">https://k-larevue.com/en/postcard-from-canvey-island/</ref>
+
Heilman writes that in ''Va-Yo'el Mosheh'', written in the mid-1950s, Teitelbaum presented Zionism as the sin for which the destruction of European Jewry was the punishment, and accused the Zionists of reserving immigration certificates for their own followers. Heilman also notes that in 1967 Teitelbaum prohibited visiting or praying at the newly captured Western Wall.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar170" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar171" /> Heilman judges that under Moshe Teitelbaum the campaign against Zionism became more muted. In the later succession dispute, Zalman's supporters questioned whether Aaron was anti-Zionist enough, alleging that he spoke modern Hebrew at home with his Israeli wife.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar194" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar200" />
  
−
:Canvey Island is a Haredi community that exists without a rabbinical leader, though some of its members have semicha (rabbinical ordination) and they employ a dayan who rules on more technical issues of halacha. The Satmar Hasidim are the predominant Haredi sect in Canvey, affiliated with Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum, who rules his international flock from Kiryas Joel in Orange County, New York (Satmar has been split for 16 years between two brothers, Aaron and Zalman). But Canvey is a general Hasidic community, not an exclusively Satmar one, and the rebbe is a distant figure. In March, Reb Aaron visited Britain but didn’t come to see his followers in Canvey. “We’re much too small and poor for him to visit,” wryly observes one Satmar Hasid, who insists they weren’t disappointed at being left off the rebbe’s itinerary.<ref name="Canvey"/>
+
The ''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'' has stated that Joel Teitelbaum described the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] and similar organisations as antisemitic murderers.<ref name="JCStern" />
  
−
==Institutions==
+
In July 2014, after the killing of three Israeli teenagers who had been studying at a yeshiva in the occupied West Bank, [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] told a class in [[Kiryas Joel]] that their parents were to blame: "Who permitted them to go there [to live] among these known murderers?" He attributed it to "the lust called 'Shleimus Haaretz and Zionism'".<ref name="YWNTerritories" /> The [[International Court of Justice]] found in 2024 that Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem "have been established and are being maintained in violation of international law".<ref name="ICJ2024" />
  
−
The sect operates numerous community foundations. [[Bikur Cholim]] ("Visiting the sick"), established in 1957 by Teitelbaum's wife [[Alte Feiga]], concerns itself with helping hospitalized Jews, regardless of affiliation. ''Rav Tuv'', founded in the 1950s to help Jews in the Soviet Union, aids Jewish refugees. Today, the organization mostly helps [[Persian Jews|Jews from Iran]] and [[Yemenite Jews|Yemen]]. [[Keren Hatzolah]] is a charitable fund to support [[yeshiva]]s and the poor in Israel, providing for those who shun government benefits.
+
On Sunday 3 June 2018 [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] addressed a Satmar gathering at the Nassau Coliseum on Long Island, speaking in Yiddish. Quoting a Hebrew translation broadcast by the Israeli public broadcaster [[Kan (broadcaster)|Kan]], ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' reported that he criticised followers who admired Israel and its army. It also reported that he said Satmar had "no part in Zionism" or "in their wars", and that he rejected any compromise over the Israeli military draft law for yeshiva students. The paper set the speech against an ultimatum by [[United Torah Judaism]] and [[Yaakov Litzman]] over the draft, after Israel's [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court]] struck down the exemption in September 2017.<ref name="TOI2018" />
  
−
Teitelbaum founded a network of large educational institutions, both [[Mesivta|yeshivas]] and girls' schools. If its schools in New York were a public school system, it would be the fourth-largest system in the state, after those of New York City, Buffalo, and Rochester.<ref name=nyt>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/nyregion/25teitelbaum.html,|title=''New York Times'', April 25, 2006|website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> In most places, the girls' schools are called ''Beis Rochel'', and the yeshivas ''Torah VeYirah''. In 1953, Teitelbaum founded the [[Central Rabbinical Congress of the United States and Canada]], which provides various services, including ''[[kashrut]]'' supervision.
+
In October 2025 the [[Central Rabbinical Congress]] organised a "Cry of the Exile" rally outside the Israeli consulate in New York against the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] draft of Haredi students. The ''[[Times of Israel]]'' reported that organisers claimed 100,000 protesters and that the rally answered a call from leading anti-Zionist rabbis, including the rival Satmar rebbes.<ref name="TOICRC" />
  
−
[[Yeshiva gedolah|Senior yeshivas]] include the [[United Talmudical Seminary]] and [[Yeshivas Maharit D'Satmar]]. <ref>[https://yeshivasmaharit.org/ yeshivasmaharit.org]</ref>
+
=== Neturei Karta ===
−
Satmar also operates its own [[Beth din|rabbinical courts]], which settle various issues within the community by the principles of Jewish Law.
+
In 2006 Satmar issued a public notice against seven [[Neturei Karta]] members who attended [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]'s Holocaust-denial conference in Tehran, calling on the public to dissociate themselves from the seven, whom it accused of walking "hand in hand" with Arabs.<ref name="Ynet2006" />
  
−
The sect has a Yiddish newspaper called ''[[Der Yid]]'', now privatized, and various other Yiddish publications. It is currently identified with Zalman's  Hasidim; whereas ''[[Der Blatt]]'', established in 2000, is owned and run by a follower of Aaron's.
+
In November 2023 [[Zalman Teitelbaum]] condemned Neturei Karta demonstrations in New York in support of [[Hamas]] as a "terrible desecration" of God's name. The ''[[Jewish Press]]'' noted that Satmar, unlike Neturei Karta, keeps ties with pro-Zionist Haredi communities.<ref name="JP2023" />
  
−
===UK===
+
== Relations with Chabad ==
−
====Schools in the UK====
+
''Jewish Currents'' contrasts [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]] of [[Chabad]], who built an "army" of emissaries to bring non-Hasidic Jews into the fold, with [[Joel Teitelbaum]], who encouraged his followers to separate themselves from other Jews, whom they largely saw as heretics.<ref name="JCWilliamsburg" />
−
[[Beis Rochel d'Satmar Girls' School]]  Hackney | [[Beis Rochel D'Satmar School]]  Hackney | [[Beis Rochel Mcr Girls' School]] Salford | [[Beis Ruchel D`Satmar]] Hackney | [[Beis Ruchel Girls School (secondary)]] Salford | [[Beis Ruchel Girls School]]
 
  
−
===US===
+
In 1977 the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported a feud between Satmar and Lubavitch Hasidim in Brooklyn. A candy store was burned, a caravan was stoned, Israeli flags were burned and a rabbi was hung in effigy. The paper said the main ideological dispute was Lubavitch support for the [[Operation Entebbe|Entebbe raid]], and that a fistfight in April had started when Lubavitchers marched into the Satmar neighbourhood for a religious holiday.<ref name="NYT1977" />
−
*[[Satmar non profits in the US]]
 
  
−
== Notable Satmar people ==
+
Heilman writes that Joel Teitelbaum's approach was the opposite of outreach and that his Hasidim often fought with the Lubavitchers. He also describes a later clash in which Satmar accused [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson|Schneerson]]'s followers of trying to win over its members, and says Moshe Teitelbaum fended off Lubavitch.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar173" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar194" />
  
−
* [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] (born 1947), rebbe of Satmar in Kiryas Yoel, New York
+
[[Frimet Goldberger]], writing in ''[[The Forward]]'' as someone raised in Satmar, argued that Chabad was not part of the radicalisation she saw in Satmar and other Hasidic groups. In her view, presenting Lubavitchers as the typical face of Hasidism, in America and worldwide, seriously misrepresents Hasidism. She wrote that many other Hasidic groups shun Chabad as a separate, modernised body, comparable to [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodoxy]], whose religious stringencies are far more lenient than their own. She also said Chabad's skill with the media and its ease with secular society reflect a worldliness that most Hasidim, being insular, lack.<ref name="ForwardBlur" />
−
* [[Chaim Yehoshua Halberstam]], Satmar rabbi in Monsey, New York
 
−
* [[Joel Teitelbaum]] (1887–1979), founding rebbe of Satmar
 
−
* [[Louis Kestenbaum]] (born 1952), American real estate developer<ref>Kusisto, Laura (June 16, 2014) [https://www.wsj.com/articles/familiar-face-emerges-in-lich-saga-1402972744 "Familiar Face Emerges in LICH Saga"], ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved April 19, 2020.</ref>
 
−
* [[Meilech Kohn]] (born 1969), American singer<ref>Liel Leibovitz [http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/247510/straight-outta-satmar-hear-the-biggest-hasidic-hit-of-right-now Straight Outta Satmar: Hear the Biggest Hasidic Hit of Right Now] October 20, 2017 [[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]]</ref>
 
−
* [[Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar)|Moshe Teitelbaum]] (1914–2006), rebbe
 
−
* [[Shmueli Ungar]], singer
 
−
* [[Yossi Green]] (born 1955), American composer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/115718/musician-yossi-green-weathers-the-storm-in-seagate|title=Yossi Green Weathers Storm in Seagate|first=Joseph|last=Winkler|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=November 30, 2013|work=Tablet |quote=Yossi Green — the Satmar-raised musician and composer profiled in today's Tablet — lives in the Seagate neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, along with many other prominent Jews.}}</ref>
 
−
* [[Zalman Teitelbaum]] (born 1951), rebbe of Satmar in Williamsburg, Brooklyn
 
  
−
== Further reading==
+
== Politics ==
−
* [[Deborah Feldman|Feldman, Deborah]] (2012). ''Unorthodox: The Scandalous Rejection of my Hasidic Roots''. New York: Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|978-1-4391-8701-2}}.
+
Williamsburg Satmar's civic arm is the [[United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg]] ([[UJO]]). Rabbi [[David Niederman]] has been its executive director since 1989. Before that he was executive vice-president of [[Rav Tov International Jewish Rescue Organization|Rav Tov]] from its founding in 1973. UJO reported 93,131 walk-in clients in 2024.<ref name="UJOExec" /><ref name="UJOHome" /> In November 2025 ''[[Mishpacha]]'' described Rabbi [[Moishe Indig]], founder and leader of the [[Williamsburg Jewish Community Council]], as a political "kingmaker" and questioned him about his endorsement of [[Zohran Mamdani]].<ref name="Mishpacha" />
−
** Roberts, Sam, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/nyregion/books-on-a-racial-attraction-a-religious-rejection-and-new-york-architecture.html "Embracing a Race and Rejecting a Sect"]. Bookshelf. ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 12, 2012.
 
−
** ''[[The New York Times]]'' [https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-10-21/paperback-nonfiction/list.html Bestseller: Non-fiction, October 21, 2012].
 
−
* Weisshaus, Yechezkel Yossef (2008). ''The Rebbe: A Glimpse into the Daily Life of the Satmar Rebbe Rabbeinu Yoel Teitelbaum''. Translated by Mechon Lev Avos from ''Sefer Eidis B'Yosef'' by Rabbi Yechezkel Yosef Weisshaus. Machon Lev Avos. Lakewood, New Jersey: Distributed by Israel Book Shop. {{ISBN|978-1-60091-063-0}}.
 
  
−
==External links==
+
In 2022 the Kiryas Joel Satmar faction and the [[Skver]] community in [[New Square]] endorsed Governor [[Kathy Hochul]], a Democrat, against the Republican [[Lee Zeldin]]. Skver also backed [[Sean Patrick Maloney]].<ref name="YWNHochul" /><ref name="VINSquare" /> The ''[[The Forward|Forward]]'' reported that the Williamsburg Satmar faction, called the Zalis, did not endorse anyone in the race for governor, and that the Skver community had about 3,000 votes.<ref name="FwdHochul" /> ''Jewish Insider'' also put the New Square bloc at about 3,000 votes in 2024.<ref name="JISkver" />
−
*https://mishpacha.com/the-kingmaker-from-williamsburg/
 
−
* [http://www.nysun.com/pf.php?id=29556 (March 22, 2006). "Satmar Dispute Over Many Millions To Be Decided by a Secular Court"], ''New York Sun''. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
 
−
* [http://forward.com/articles/7746 One Rebbe or Two? (05/05/06)], ''[[The Forward]]''.
 
−
* [https://newyorkerlife.com/new-york-city-street-photography-satmar-hasidic-jews-of-williamsburg/ Satmar Hasidic Williamsburg], newyorkerlife.com. Accessed December 18, 2022.
 
−
* [http://newyorkmetro.com/news/cityside/16864/index.html Hats On, Gloves Off (05/08/06)] from ''[[New York Magazine]]''. Accessed December 18, 2022.
 
  
−
*https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/21/nyregion/2-hasidic-groups-in-brooklyn-involved-in-complex-conflict.html
+
In 2025 [[Andrew Cuomo]]'s mayoral campaign announced the endorsement of the main Satmar community in Williamsburg, led politically by [[David Niederman]], with a coalition of congregations including [[Pupa]], [[Viznitz]], [[Vien]], [[Tzelim]], [[Nitra]], [[Krasna]], [[Skver]] and [[Klausenburg]]. The campaign said Satmar Ahronim and the [[Bobov]] community had already endorsed Cuomo, and described the group as the largest Orthodox voting bloc in the city.<ref name="Cuomo2025" />
−
*https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/03/nyregion/guard-set-for-belz-rabbi-as-hasidic-tension-grows.html
 
−
* https://forward.com/news/445164/satmar-hasidic-orthodox-jewish/?amp=1
 
−
*https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/jewish-world/2022/05/the-specter-of-satmar/
 
−
*https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/03/nyregion/guard-set-for-belz-rabbi-as-hasidic-tension-grows.html
 
−
*https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/how-500-haredi-jews-moved-4418425
 
−
*https://hal.science/hal-03114694/document
 
−
*https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336071973_Canvey_Island_The_Effects_of_Group_Action_of_Satmar_Community
 
−
*https://www.essex.police.uk/news/essex/news/news/2022/january/haredi-engagement-work-Risden/
 
−
*https://k-larevue.com/en/postcard-from-canvey-island/
 
−
*https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/jewish-world/2022/05/the-specter-of-satmar/
 
−
*https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/03/nyregion/guard-set-for-belz-rabbi-as-hasidic-tension-grows.html
 
−
*https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/88108/excerpt/9781107088108_excerpt.pdf
 
−
*https://www.scribd.com/document/92789516/Jewish-Nationalism-Satmar-Hasidim-Neturei-Karta-And-Hadash
 
−
*https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/398215
 
−
*https://www.shtetl.org/article/concerned-about-haredim-siding-with-israel-satmar-rabbis-issue-media-guidelines-for-war-coverage
 
−
*https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/244926/satmar-rebbe-of-kiryas-yoel-its-their-fault-for-living-in-the-territories.html
 
  
−
==See also==
+
On 3 September 2026 both Satmar rebbes, the [[Bobov]] rebbe, the [[Vizhnitz]] rebbe of Monsey and a son of the [[Skver]] rebbe [[David Twersky]] met President [[Donald Trump]] and Vice-President [[JD Vance]] at the White House. ''Jewish Insider'' reported that housing, prison reform and family tax credits were discussed; ''The Yeshiva World'' also reported discussion of the Israeli draft.<ref name="JITrump26" /><ref name="YWNTrump" />
  
−
*[[Siget (Hasidic dynasty)]]
+
Heilman describes Joel Teitelbaum as a power broker whom politicians, including the New York mayor [[John Lindsay]], visited.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar174" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar175" /> By late October 1979 Moshe Teitelbaum was signing directives on how Satmar Hasidim should vote in a state assembly primary.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar191" /> In July 1984 Satmar Hasidim were officially designated a "disadvantaged minority", which made them eligible for public economic and welfare benefits. Heilman says Satmar yeshiva budgets later exceeded $20 million a year.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar193" />
−
*[[Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)]]
+
 
−
*[[Hasidic dynasties]]
+
== Controversies ==
 +
=== Civil cases ===
 +
Heilman writes that the B'nai Yoel dispute after 1979 produced a stream of lawsuits in New York state courts, because neither side would accept the other's rabbinical judges.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar192" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar193" /> The dispute between Aaron and Zalman also went to the New York courts. It covered the Kiryas Joel cemetery where Joel Teitelbaum is buried, as well as study halls, schools, ritual baths, camps and matzah bakeries, assets Heilman values at about $500 million. Both factions held separate elections for the board of Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar in Williamsburg.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar201" /> Heilman says the judges treated the core issue as ecclesiastical and left it to the congregation to decide.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar202" /> In Moshe Teitelbaum's last years one faction asked a court to declare him incapacitated and to appoint co-guardians. Heilman says Zalman and the ''gabbaim'' fought this.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar202" />
 +
 
 +
=== Allegations ===
 +
Heilman reports a number of allegations of violence connected with the succession disputes:
 +
* After 1984, he says, supporters of Aaron and of Feige Teitelbaum came to blows, and the B'nai Yoel dispute involved mass protests, violence and attacks on property.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar192" /><ref name="HeilmanSatmar193" />
 +
* At the September 2000 bar mitzvah of Aaron's grandson in Williamsburg, fighting broke out after a ''gabbai'' who supported Zalman did not call the boy to the Torah. Heilman says Aaron's supporters responded with physical and verbal violence.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar199" />
 +
* Heilman quotes a press report that, after the Zalis had repelled an earlier attempt, the Aaronis entered the Williamsburg synagogue with nightclub bouncers who struck several men.<ref name="HeilmanSatmar207" />
 +
None of these accounts records a conviction.
 +
 
 +
== See also ==
 +
* [[Siget (Hasidic dynasty)]]
 
* [[Neturei Karta]]
 
* [[Neturei Karta]]
 +
* [[Edah HaChareidis]]
 +
* [[Central Rabbinical Congress]]
 +
* [[Kiryas Joel]]
 +
* [[Satmar non profits in the US]]
 +
* [[Satmar institutions in the UK]]
 +
* [[Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)]]
 +
* [[Hasidic dynasties]]
 +
 +
== Notes ==
 +
<references>
 +
<ref name="ForwardBlur">Frimet Goldberger, [https://forward.com/opinion/181566/blurring-out-satmar-history/ Blurring Out Satmar History] The Forward (opinion), 2 August 2013, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="YIVOSatmar">Allan Nadler, [https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Teitelbaum_Family Satmar Hasidic Dynasty] ''YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe'', accessed 26 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="Magid">Shaul Magid, [https://web.archive.org/web/20251105010134/https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/satmar-anti-zionist The Satmar Are Anti-Zionist. Should We Care?] ''Tablet'', 21 May 2020 (archived 5 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JCStern">''The Jewish Chronicle'', [https://www.thejc.com/comment/comment/time-to-stop-the-shraga-stern-farce-1.494581 Time to stop the Shraga Stern farce] ''The Jewish Chronicle'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="YWNTerritories">''The Yeshiva World'', [https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/244926/satmar-rebbe-of-kiryas-yoel-its-their-fault-for-living-in-the-territories.html Satmar Rebbe of Kiryas Yoel: It's Their Fault for Living in the Territories!] ''The Yeshiva World'', 3 July 2014, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="ICJ2024">International Court of Justice, [https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204176 Summary of the Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024] ''icj-cij.org'', 19 July 2024, accessed 26 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="TOICRC">''Times of Israel'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20251023224604/https://www.timesofisrael.com/topic/central-rabbinical-congress/ Central Rabbinical Congress] (topic page; item dated 20 October 2025) ''Times of Israel'' (archived 23 October 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="Ynet2006">''Ynet'', [https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3340592,00.html Satmar court slams Neturei Karta] ''Ynetnews'', 15 December 2006, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JP2023">''The Jewish Press'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20251115003615/https://jewishpress.com/news/jewish-news/haredim-news/satmar-rebbe-condemns-neturei-karta-for-supporting-hamas-murders/2023/11/13/ Satmar Rebbe condemns Neturei Karta for supporting Hamas murders] ''The Jewish Press'', 13 November 2023 (archived 15 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JCWilliamsburg">''Jewish Currents'', [https://jewishcurrents.org/the-making-of-satmar-williamsburg The Making of Satmar Williamsburg] ''Jewish Currents'', 8 May 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="NYT1977">''The New York Times'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20220103235157/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/01/archives/hasidim-in-brooklyn-feuding-over-israel-and-neighborhood-sanctity.html Hasidim in Brooklyn Feuding Over Israel and Neighborhood Sanctity] ''The New York Times'', 1 June 1977 (archived 3 January 2022), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="NYT2006">''The New York Times'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102181040/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/nyregion/25teitelbaum.html Report on the death of Moshe Teitelbaum] ''The New York Times'', 25 April 2006 (archived 2 November 2015), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JPostKJ">Glenn C. Altschuler, [https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-694801 Satmar's micro-society: Kiryas Joel is a mirror of the American people] ''Jerusalem Post'', 27 January 2022, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CensusReporter">Census Reporter, [https://web.archive.org/web/20251207045525/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US3639853-kiryas-joel-ny/ Kiryas Joel, NY] ''censusreporter.org'' (archived 7 December 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="ShulMap">ShulMap, [https://shulmap.com/neighborhoods/williamsburg/ Williamsburg Shuls] ''shulmap.com'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="ShtetlSchools">''Shtetl'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20260411210425/https://www.shtetl.org/article/satmar-community-touts-24-000-students-in-flagship-school-systems-highlighting-rapid-growth-and-its-broader-impact Satmar community touts 24,000 students in flagship school systems] ''Shtetl'', 12 December 2023 (archived 11 April 2026), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="Canvey">''K.'', [https://k-larevue.com/en/postcard-from-canvey-island/ Postcard from Canvey Island] ''K. la revue'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JCRCanvey">JCR-UK, [https://jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/canvey/index.htm Canvey Island Jewish Community] ''JewishGen'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JCYemen">Ben Weich, [https://www.thejc.com/news/satmar-chasidim-was-the-project-to-settle-yemenite-families-in-stamford-hill-a-failed-experiment-li0jrkbp Satmar Chasidim: Was the project to settle Yemenite families in Stamford Hill a 'failed experiment'?] ''The Jewish Chronicle'', 3 October 2019, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JCRSatmar">JCR-UK, [https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/london/stamford_shteibls/satmar.htm Satmar synagogues, Stamford Hill] ''JewishGen'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="KHSatmar">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/5051699/full-print KH D'Satmar Ltd, charity 1160643] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CongMC">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/4026026/full-print Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd, charity 1115899] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCBaisRochel">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/281371/full-print The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust, charity 281371] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCBaisRochelTr">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/281371/trustees The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust: trustees] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCTorahVeyirah">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/4049325/full-print Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited, charity 1136378] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCTorahVeyirahTr">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/4049325/trustees Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited: trustees] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCBeisRuchelLondon">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/4041765/full-print Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited, charity 1125988] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCBeisRuchelLondonTr">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/4041765/trustees Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited: trustees] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="BeisRuchelMcr">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/3954284/full-print Beis Ruchel School Ltd, charity 1074439] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCBeisRuchelMcrTr">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/3954284/trustees Beis Ruchel School Ltd: trustees] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="CCJustKidding">Charity Commission, [https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/5140475/full-print Just Kidding, charity 1186598] ''Register of Charities'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="GIAS147296">Department for Education, [https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/147296 Beis Rochel D'Satmar School, URN 147296] ''Get Information about Schools'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="GIAS137505">Department for Education, [https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/137505 Beis Ruchel D'Satmar London, URN 137505] ''Get Information about Schools'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JCYL">Simon Rocker, [https://thejc.com/family-and-education/dfe-lifts-sanctions-against-chasidic-school-in-stamford-hill-k2g7s2bl DfE lifts sanctions against Chasidic school in Stamford Hill] ''The Jewish Chronicle'', 2025, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JCMCR">''The Jewish Chronicle'', [https://www.thejc.com/family-and-education/ofsted-admits-error-in-criticising-charedi-school-for-not-teaching-about-same-sex-parents-cqt2yn8v Ofsted admits error in criticising Charedi school for not teaching about same-sex parents] ''The Jewish Chronicle'', 17 May 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="UJOExec">United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg, [https://www.unitedjewish.org/executive-director.html Executive Director] ''unitedjewish.org'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="UJOHome">United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg, [https://www.unitedjewish.org/ Home page] ''unitedjewish.org'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="Mishpacha">Yitzchok Landa, [https://mishpacha.com/the-kingmaker-from-williamsburg/ The Kingmaker from Williamsburg] ''Mishpacha'', 26 November 2025, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="YWNHochul">''The Yeshiva World'', [https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/general/2134796/outliers-skver-joins-satmar-in-endorsing-hochul-also-backs-maloney.html Outliers: Skver Joins Satmar in Endorsing Hochul, Also Backs Maloney] ''The Yeshiva World'', accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="VINSquare">''VIN News'', [https://vinnews.com/2022/11/15/after-stunning-victory-republicans-work-to-build-relationship-with-new-squares-leaders/ After stunning victory, Republicans work to build relationship with New Square's leaders] ''VIN News'', 15 November 2022, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="FwdHochul">Jacob Kornbluh, [https://web.archive.org/web/20260516105429/https://forward.com/news/523456/kathy-hochul-lee-zeldin-yeshiva-education-orthodox/ In close race, Hochul walks a fine line on yeshiva education] ''The Forward'', 2 November 2022 (archived 16 May 2026), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JISkver">Matthew Kassel, [https://jewishinsider.com/2024/10/the-high-stakes-battle-for-the-skver-vote/ The high-stakes battle for the Skver vote] ''Jewish Insider'', 29 October 2024, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="Cuomo2025">Andrew Cuomo for Mayor, [https://web.archive.org/web/20251208183704/https://www.andrewcuomo.com/press/cuomo-receives-major-endorsement-satmar-williamsburg-led-grand-rebbe-zalmen-teitelbaum-one Cuomo receives major endorsement from Satmar Williamsburg] ''andrewcuomo.com'', June 2025 (archived 8 December 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="JITrump26">Matthew Kassel, [https://jewishinsider.com/2026/09/trump-white-house-meeting-hasidic-rabbis-housing-taxes-prison-reform/ Trump and Hasidic rabbis discuss housing, prison reform and family tax credits] ''Jewish Insider'', 3 September 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="YWNTrump">''The Yeshiva World'', [https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/israel-news/2594035/historic-white-house-visit-inside-rebbes-extraordinary-meetings-with-trump-and-vance.html Historic White House Visit: Inside Rebbes' Extraordinary Meetings With Trump And Vance] ''The Yeshiva World'', 4 September 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar152">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 152.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar153">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 153.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar154">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 154.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar155">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 155.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar156">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 156.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar157">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 157.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar158">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 158.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar159">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 159.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar160">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 160.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar161">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 161.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar162">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 162.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar163">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 163.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar164">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 164.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar165">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 165.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar166">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 166.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar168">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 168.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar169">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 169.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar170">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 170.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar171">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 171.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar172">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 172.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar173">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 173.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar174">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 174.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar175">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 175.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar176">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 176.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar177">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 177.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar178">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 178.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar179">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 179.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar180">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 180.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar181">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 181.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar182">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 182.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar183">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 183.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar184">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 184.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar185">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 185.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar186">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 186.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar187">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 187.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar189">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 189.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar190">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 190.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar191">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 191.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar192">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 192.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar193">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 193.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar194">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 194.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar195">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 195.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar196">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 196.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar197">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 197.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar198">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 198.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar199">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 199.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar200">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 200.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar201">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 201.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar202">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 202.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar203">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 203.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar204">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 204.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar205">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 205.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar206">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 206.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar207">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 207.</ref>
 +
<ref name="HeilmanSatmar209">Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in ''Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America'', Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 209.</ref>
 +
<ref name="TOI2018">TOI Staff, [https://www.timesofisrael.com/head-of-satmar-hasidic-sect-castigates-followers-for-admiring-israel-idf/ Head of Satmar Hasidic sect castigates followers for admiring Israel, IDF] ''The Times of Israel'', 9 June 2018, accessed 27 October 2026.</ref>
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</references>
  
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==Notes==
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[[Category:Hasidic dynasties]]
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<references/>
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[[Category:Hasidism]]
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[[Category:Satmar]]
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[[Category:Theological anti-Zionists]]
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[[Category:Israel]]
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[[Category:United States]]
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[[Category:Stamford Hill]]
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[[Category:Hasidic Judaism in the United Kingdom]]

Latest revision as of 20:42, 27 October 2026

Hasidic dynasty founded in Satu Mare (Satmar), Romania, in 1928 and rebuilt in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, after 1947; split since 2006 between two rebbes

Hasidic dynasties
Overview

Hasidic dynasties | Haredi and Hasidic groups in the US | Chabad-Lubavitch movement

Dynasties

Belz | Biala | Bobov | Boyan | Breslov | Chabad-Lubavitch | Chernobyl | Dushinsky | Ger | Karlin-Stolin | Lelov | Munkacs | Nadvorna | Pupa | Rachmastrivka | Sadigura | Sanz-Klausenburg | Sassov | Satmar | Shomer Emunim | Skver | Slonim | Spinka | Toldos Aharon | Toldos Avraham Yitzchak | Tosh | Vizhnitz

Founders and early masters

Baal Shem Tov | Dov Ber of Mezeritch | Elimelech of Lizhensk | Shneur Zalman of Liadi | Nachman of Breslov | Moshe Leib of Sassov

Present-day rebbes

Aaron Teitelbaum | Zalman Teitelbaum | Yissachar Dov Rokeach | Yaakov Aryeh Alter | Yisroel Hager | Ben Zion Aryeh Leibish Halberstam | David Twersky | Boruch Meir Yaakov Shochet

20th-century rebbes

Joel Teitelbaum | Aharon Rokeach | Menachem Mendel Schneerson

Politics and communal bodies

Agudat Yisrael | United Torah Judaism | Degel HaTorah | Edah HaChareidis | Neturei Karta | Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations

Places

Uman | Stamford Hill | Williamsburg, Brooklyn | Kiryas Joel, New York | Bnei Brak | Beitar Illit | Modi'in Illit

United Kingdom

Satmar institutions in the UK | Belz Communities | Satmar Kolel

-
Satmar
Founded 1928 Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), then in Romania
Founder Joel Teitelbaum (1887–1979)
Leader Rebbes Aaron Teitelbaum (Kiryas Joel)
Zalman Teitelbaum (Williamsburg)
Headquarters Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, and Kiryas Joel (Town of Palm Tree), Orange County, New York
Type Hasidic dynasty
Languages Notes

Satmar is a Hasidic dynasty founded in 1928 by Joel Teitelbaum (1887–1979) in Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), then in Romania. Teitelbaum escaped from Bergen-Belsen on the Kasztner train in 1944, spent two and a half years in Palestine and arrived in the United States in 1947, where he rebuilt the court in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. YIVO describes it as the world's largest Hasidic sect, with about 100,000 followers and branches in Kiryas Joel, Los Angeles, Montreal, Antwerp, London, Buenos Aires and Jerusalem.[1] Since the death of Moshe Teitelbaum in 2006 the court has been divided between his sons Aaron Teitelbaum, based in Kiryas Joel, and Zalman Teitelbaum, based in Williamsburg.[1][2]

Satmar is known for its theological rejection of Zionism and of the State of Israel, set out by Joel Teitelbaum in Va-Yo'el Mosheh (1959–1961).[1][3]

History

Sighet and Satmar

The dynasty descends from Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely (1759–1841), a disciple of the Seer of Lublin and author of Yismaḥ Mosheh. His great-grandson Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (1808–1883) became rabbi of Sighet in 1858. Joel Teitelbaum was the youngest son of Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum of Sighet (1836–1904). His elder brother Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum (1880–1926) and that brother's son Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum, who died in Auschwitz, were the last Sigheter rebbes in Europe.[1]

Joel Teitelbaum became rabbi of Orsova in 1911 and of Carei in 1926. He was invited to Satmar in 1928, but opposition meant that he could take up the post only in 1934.[1] At the 1922 congress of anti-Zionist rabbis at Csap, organised by Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkács, his signature appeared first on the declaration excommunicating the Zionists and Agudat Yisrael.[1]

The sociologist Samuel Heilman gives a fuller account of the dynasty's early history, with some dates that differ from YIVO's. He dates Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely to 1758–1841 (YIVO: 1759–1841) and says he brought Hasidism from Poland to Hungary and opposed any modernising trend.[4][5] In 1834 Moshe tried to install his son Elazar Nissan (1786–1856) as rabbi of Sighet, but the town refused to accept him. Moshe's grandson Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum, known as the Yetev Lev, was expelled from posts in Ujhely and Drohobych before establishing himself in Sighet in 1858. There he closed a 50-year-old school and replaced it with his own yeshiva.[5] His son Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum faced a breakaway community in Sighet and placed it under a ban. Heilman says there are reports that he used thugs against opponents, and that he grew the yeshiva to about 300 students.[6] Lipa's first marriage was childless. With a decree signed by a hundred rabbis he took a second wife, his cousin Chana; their eldest son, Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum (Heilman: 1879–1926; YIVO: 1880–1926), succeeded him in 1904.[7]

Heilman gives Joel ("Yoelish") Teitelbaum's dates as 1886–1979 (YIVO: 1887–1979). As the younger son he had no place at the Sighet court. At 17 he married his cousin Chavah Horowitz, and he was given a minor post at Muzhijevo.[4][7][8] On the advice of the Belzer Rebbe he settled in Satmar in 1905, without an official post. He became rabbi of Orsova (Orshiva) in 1911, returned to Satmar in October 1914 and stayed until 1922.[9][10] In 1920 Satmar's religious council rejected his application to be its rabbi, and in 1922 he went back to Orsova, where he enlarged his yeshiva to about 100 students. In 1926 he moved it to Carei (Krole).[11][12] In the same year his brother Chaim Tzvi died. The Sighet court passed not to Joel but to Chaim Tzvi's 14-year-old son Zalman Leib (1912–1944), who later married Joel's daughter Rachel.[12][13] Heilman describes Joel and Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkács as ideological allies but political competitors, neither willing to let the other lead the camp.[11]

When Satmar's rabbi died in 1928, Joel won an election by a plurality. Opponents alleged fraud, and a rabbinical court ordered a new vote, which he won more clearly. He received a letter of appointment in October 1928, and a rabbinical court confirmed it in early 1929. His opponents then held a further election in April 1929, which he lost, and his supporters set up a separate congregation.[14] He moved to Satmar only in 1934. There his yeshiva grew to about 350 students, one of the largest in Transylvania, and Satmar gradually eclipsed Sighet.[14][15] Heilman says Joel visited the Holy Land in 1932 hoping to be chosen to lead the Edah HaChareidis. In 1936 King Carol II of Romania greeted him first among the dignitaries at the Satmar railway station.[16] His first wife died in January 1936, and in August 1937 he married Alte Feige Shapiro (1912–2001), daughter of the Częstochowa (Tchenstechover) Rebbe. Neither marriage produced a surviving son. His last surviving daughter, Roysaele, died in 1953.[16][17]

Holocaust and the move to New York

In 1944 Joel Teitelbaum was among those taken from Bergen-Belsen on the Kasztner train. He spent two and a half years in Palestine and arrived in the United States in 1947. He settled in Williamsburg, where he gathered Hungarian survivors around a new court.[1] Some earlier accounts give 1946 for his arrival in Williamsburg; YIVO gives 1947.

Heilman gives a more detailed account. Joel opposed emigration through the Zionists and in 1939 condemned supporters who tried to obtain him a visa for Palestine. In late 1943 he sought certificates himself; by many accounts the Jewish Agency asked him to sign a recognition of the Zionist Organisation's authority, and he refused.[18] In spring 1944 he tried to escape to Romania disguised in a Red Cross ambulance, but was caught at Cluj and placed in the ghetto. He was then added to the Kasztner transport after someone paid what Heilman calls a "huge sum".[18][19] The train left Budapest on 30 June 1944 and reached Bergen-Belsen on 9 July. Teitelbaum crossed into Switzerland in early December 1944, arriving at St Gallen on 21 Kislev, a date Satmar still marks as a day of thanksgiving.[19] He sailed from Italy for Haifa on 19 August 1945. In Jerusalem he started a yeshiva with ten students in Mea Shearim, but had little success there.[20] Heilman says he arrived in the United States by the Jewish New Year of 1946, which differs from YIVO's 1947. He first lived in a borrowed house on President Street in Crown Heights before moving to Williamsburg.[20][21]

According to YIVO, Teitelbaum became president of the Edah HaChareidis of Jerusalem in 1953 while living in Williamsburg.[1] Shaul Magid, writing in Tablet, dates his appointment as titular head (av beit din) of the Edah to a visit to Jerusalem in 1952, and says he remained its honorary president until his death.[3]

Frimet Goldberger, who grew up in the Satmar community, wrote in a 2013 opinion column in The Forward that Joel Teitelbaum was the leading force in modern American Hasidism. She wrote that he transplanted a pre-modern way of life from Szátmár, in the remote Máramaros region of Hungary, to New York. She quoted the scholar Allan Nadler as calling this achievement "nothing short of miraculous", and wrote that Teitelbaum set up satellite communities around the world and influenced Orthodox Jewish life in the United States well beyond Hasidism.[22]

In 1973 Teitelbaum asked for the creation of Rav Tov International Jewish Rescue Organization (Rav Tov), a refugee organisation.[23]

Kiryas Joel

Kiryas Joel, in Orange County, New York, was settled by Satmar Hasidim in the mid-1970s. It became an incorporated village in 1977, with powers over housing permits and zoning. Its population grew from about 2,000 in 1980 to 13,000 in 2000 and 25,000 in 2019. In July 2018 Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the law creating the Town of Palm Tree, an English rendering of "Teitelbaum".[24] The American Community Survey 2023 five-year estimate gives a population of 36,572.[25]

Heilman describes how Joel Teitelbaum built the Williamsburg community. In 1948 he set up a community structure, Yetev Lev, whose regulations were issued in 1952. The first Torah V'Yirah schools opened in 1950–51, followed by Satmar-certified butcher shops in 1955 and summer camps in the Catskills in 1956.[26] He prescribed rules on women's dress, including opaque stockings; in 1978 a Satmar hosiery maker, Lipa Brach, produced the "Palm Stockings" still worn in Satmar. Television was excluded, and the community bought the Yiddish newspaper Der Yid, which became its semi-official organ.[26][27] Heilman cites census figures putting about 65 per cent of Satmar Hasidim below the poverty line.[28] He says Teitelbaum wanted his followers in small towns of their own outside the city. The first families moved to Kiryas Joel near Monroe in late 1974 and 1975, often against local opposition, and the village was incorporated in 1977.[29] Heilman gives Satmar about 95,000 members, with nearly 22,000 people in Kiryas Joel in 2013. In late 2014 the community announced a new settlement, Kiryas Yetev Lev, with 400 apartments in Bloomingburg, Sullivan County.[30]

Succession and split

Joel Teitelbaum was succeeded in 1979 by his nephew Moshe Teitelbaum. YIVO gives his dates as 1915–2006; some sources give his year of birth as 1914.[1] The court then split between Moshe's sons Aaron Teitelbaum in Kiryas Joel and Zalman Teitelbaum in Williamsburg. YIVO records that the dispute involved some violence and that the succession had not been resolved.[1] In 2006 the New York Times reported that Satmar was the largest Hasidic group in the United States and that its New York schools, if counted as a public school system, would be the fourth-largest in the state after those of New York City, Buffalo and Rochester.[31]

Moshe Teitelbaum's succession (1979)

Joel Teitelbaum had a severe stroke in February 1968. Heilman writes that during his ten-year decline his wife Feige and his gabbaim (aides), including Yosef Ashkenazi, Azriel Glick and the yeshiva head Nosson Yosef Meisels, acted for him.[29][32] Heilman credits Feige with founding the Satmar Ladies Auxiliary and Satmar's Bikur Cholim service for Jewish patients in New York hospitals.[32] She opposed the succession of the rebbe's nephew Moshe Teitelbaum, who had urged Joel to divorce her. Heilman says she hoped the community would accept an appointed rabbi rather than a new rebbe.[33][34] Joel Teitelbaum died at Mount Sinai Hospital early on 19 August 1979. Heilman says the New York Times reported 100,000 people at his funeral.[35][36]

Heilman gives Moshe Teitelbaum's dates as 1914–2006. Moshe's first wife and three children were murdered at Auschwitz, and he survived Theresienstadt. In 1945 he returned to Sighet and married another cousin, Pessel Leah (1922–2010). He reached Williamsburg in autumn 1946, after a short stay in Brazil, and became rabbi of the Sighet congregation at 152 Hewes Street. In April 1965 he moved to Borough Park.[36][37] Before 1979 he ran small businesses and oversaw the kashrut certification of the Meal Mart food chain.[36] He flew to the funeral by helicopter and said Kaddish for his uncle. According to Heilman, no will was ever read.[38] A letter purporting to name the young gabbai Shulem Halpert as successor was declared a forgery by the dayan Yecheskel Roth.[39] On 14 September 1979 Moshe was named rabbi of Yetev Lev and guardian of Satmar's assets.[40] A minority, the B'nai Yoel led by Yossel Waldman, broke away, and its opponents called its members "the rebbetzin's Hasidim".[40] Moshe was crowned in Kiryas Joel at the end of the year of mourning, before a reported crowd of more than 20,000.[41][42]

Aaron and Zalman

The day after the coronation Moshe made his eldest son, Aaron Teitelbaum (born 1947), head of the yeshiva in Kiryas Joel. His third son, Zalman Leib (Yekutiel Yehudah, born 1952), took over the Sighet community in Brooklyn.[4][43] Aaron's 1966 marriage to a daughter of the Vizhnitzer Rebbe Moshe Hager had been criticised by Feige's supporters as a match into a "Zionist" family.[37][38] On 10 November 1984 Aaron was installed as rav of Kiryas Joel, the first appointment of a son in Sighet–Satmar during his father's lifetime.[44] Heilman says Aaron's supporters and Feige's came to blows in the following years.[45] Zalman was later moved to lead the small Satmar community in Jerusalem, reportedly at Aaron's urging.[46]

Heilman says that in 1996, after kidney surgery, Moshe reportedly told his sons that Aaron would succeed him. Critics accused Aaron of high-handedness, and in 1999 the succession was reopened.[47] At Passover 1999 Aaron's supporters gathered in Williamsburg to celebrate his appointment as rav tza'ir (deputy rabbi), but Moshe did not attend.[47][48] In June 1999, at the suggestion of the gabbai Moshe Friedman, Moshe installed Zalman as av beit din and yeshiva head of Yetev Lev in Williamsburg. Moshe's letter said Zalman's hand was "like my hand", and Zalman said he had never asked his father for power.[48][46][49] The two camps became known as the "Aaronis" and the "Zalis".[50][51]

Moshe Teitelbaum died on 24 April 2006.[52] Heilman sets out each side's case:[52][53][54][55]

  • Aaron's supporters cited a 1996 verbal will naming Aaron, supported by witnesses but not by any document. They said the later letter was signed after Moshe had developed dementia, when he was over 80, and that the gabbai Moshe Friedman had obtained it.
  • Zalman's supporters published a 2002 letter appointing Zalman, with witnesses to its signing. His brother Lipa said in public that their father had asked him in 1999 to support Zalman.

Der Yid, then partly owned by Friedman, announced Zalman as successor on the day of the death.[53] On the first Sabbath both brothers held separate gatherings in Williamsburg: Zalman in the Yetev Lev hall on Rodney Street, and Aaron in a tent in a school playground. Aaron's supporters later built a synagogue on Hooper Street in 14 days.[55][56] Heilman notes the observation that the brothers' theological differences are "thin as a page in the Talmud".[57]

Rebbes of Sighet and Satmar
Rebbe Dates Seat Notes
Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely 1759–1841 Ujhely Disciple of the Seer of Lublin; author of Yismaḥ Mosheh[1]
Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum 1808–1883 Sighet (from 1858) [1]
Hananiah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum 1836–1904 Sighet Father of Joel Teitelbaum[1]
Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum 1880–1926 Sighet Elder brother of Joel[1]
Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum 1912–1944 Sighet Died in Auschwitz[1]
Joel Teitelbaum 1887–1979 Satmar (from 1934), then Williamsburg (from 1947) Founder of Satmar[1]
Moshe Teitelbaum 1915–2006 (YIVO); 1914–2006 (Heilman) Williamsburg Nephew of Joel[1]
Aaron Teitelbaum born 1947 (Heilman) Kiryas Joel Eldest son of Moshe; rav of Kiryas Joel from 1984; one of two rival successors[1][37][44]
Zalman Teitelbaum born 1952 (Heilman) Williamsburg Third son of Moshe (also known as Yekutiel Yehudah); rav in Williamsburg from 1999; one of two rival successors[1][4][48]

Communities

United States

  • Williamsburg, Brooklyn: the historic centre. ShulMap lists Satmar alongside Pupa, Vien, Klausenburg and Nitra synagogues in the area, including halls on Rodney Street and at Kent Avenue.[58]
  • Kiryas Joel (Town of Palm Tree), Orange County: the seat of Aaron Teitelbaum. In December 2023 the community publication Shtetl reported claims of 24,000 pupils across the two flagship Satmar school systems (12,000 each) and, citing the publication Hayovel, about 8,000 families in Kiryas Joel.[59]

United Kingdom

Stamford Hill in Hackney, north London, is the main British centre. There are also Satmar institutions in Salford and Prestwich, Greater Manchester.[60][61][62]

From 2016 a Hasidic community grew on Canvey Island, Essex, around a former school building bought on 24 March 2016.[63] According to K., the community's founders included Joel Friedman of Interlink and the Pinter Trust. Satmar Hasidim affiliated with Aaron Teitelbaum are the largest group there, but it is a general Hasidic community rather than an exclusively Satmar one.[2]

Between the early 1990s and 2010 Satmar brought an estimated 20 Yemenite Jewish families to Stamford Hill. The Jewish Chronicle reported that problems with integration quickly became apparent.[64]

Schools

Independent schools identified with Satmar
School Address Pupils Proprietor / charity Notes
Beis Rochel d'Satmar Girls' School 51–57 Amhurst Park, London N16 5DL Girls, 2–19 The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust (charity 281371) Income £6,976,785 in the year to 31 December 2024[65]
Beis Rochel D'Satmar School 180 Bethune Road, London N16 5DS Boys, 2–11; 611 pupils Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited (charity 1136378) URN 147296; opened 28 January 2020; headteacher Rabbi Emmanuel Patcas[66][67]
Beis Ruchel D'Satmar London 117 Stamford Hill, London N16 5RS Girls, 2–11; 1,108 pupils Proprietor Abraham Klein; Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited (charity 1125988) URN 137505; opened 14 September 2011; income £3,718,860 in the year to 30 August 2025[68][69]
Talmud Torah Yetev Lev Stamford Hill, London Boys, 7–11; 438 pupils The Department for Education lifted restrictions on admitting new pupils in 2025 after an inspection found the school met the standards checked[70]
Beis Rochel Mcr Salford Girls, primary Ofsted admitted an error in criticising the school for not teaching about LGBT identity and said it would amend its report[71]
Beis Ruchel Girls School Rico House, George Street, Prestwich, Manchester M25 9WS (charity address) Girls Beis Ruchel School Ltd (charity 1074439; company 03561612) Income £1,749,924 in the year to 31 May 2025[62]

Synagogues

Satmar synagogues in the United Kingdom
Name Address Notes
Beth Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev 86 Cazenove Road, London N16 6AB Founded about 1962; member of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations[60]
Beis Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev 42 Craven Walk, London N16 6BU From about 2003[60]
Beis Hamedrash D'Chasidei Satmar 57 Bethune Road, London N16 5EE From about 2010[60]
Beis Hamedrash Tehillois Yoel 148 Upper Clapton Road, London E5 9BA From about 2011[60]
Beth Hamedrash Kehal Yetev Lev (former) 26 Clapton Common, London E5 From about 1993; JCR-UK notes that it may no longer exist[60]
Beis Hamedrash V'Yoel Moshe (former) 67 Heathland Road, London N16 6PQ From about 2006[60]
Beth Hamedrash Satmar Veyoel Moshe 37 Northumberland Road, Salford Run by KH D'Satmar Ltd (charity 1160643), whose office is at 315–317 Great Clowes Street, Salford M7 2FZ[61]
Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd Salford, Greater Manchester Charity 1115899; income £238,120 in the year to 31 August 2024[72]
Canvey Island Jewish Centre Former Castle View School, Meppel Avenue, Canvey Island SS8 9RZ Bought 24 March 2016; synagogue, hall, grocery, boys' and girls' schools and a junior yeshiva[63]

Charities and trustees

Satmar-linked charities registered in England and Wales
Charity Number Trustees listed by the Charity Commission Other trusteeships shown
The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust 281371 Abraham Schreiber, Jacob Frankel, Victor Langberg Frankel: Vyoel Moshe Charitable Trust, Nextgrant Limited, Friends of Yeshiva Luzern[73]
Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited 1136378 Solomon Berkowitz, Maurice Freund, Aaron Langberg Berkowitz: Yeitev Lev Eretz Israel Ltd, Just Kidding; Freund: Keren Yetev Lev Ltd, Congregation Yetev Lev Dsatmar Antwerp Limited, Yeitev Lev Eretz Israel Ltd, Nextgrant Limited[74]
Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited 1125988 Jacob Kernkraut, Jacob Herzka, Abraham Klein Kernkraut: Alte Feiga Trust, E and E Kernkraut Charities Limited, The Knightland Foundation[75]
Beis Ruchel School Ltd 1074439 Chaim Shimen Lebrecht, Paul Rothschild, Berusch Krausz Rothschild: Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd; Lebrecht: Friends of Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok[76]
Just Kidding 1186598 Solomon Berkowitz (chair), David Schreiber, Feige Krausz Children's services in Hackney and Haringey; registered 26 November 2019; income £131,825[77]

Modesty rules and restrictions

In her 2013 column in The Forward, Frimet Goldberger argued that Satmar had moved steadily towards greater stringency in the decades after Joel Teitelbaum's death in 1979. Her starting point was a photograph of two small girls in the Williamsburg Bulletin, a weekly newsletter for the Satmar community in Williamsburg, in which the girls' faces had been blurred out. She linked the trend to a Yiddish saying, di doyres falen ("the generations are in decline"), which she said was used to justify new restrictions.[22]

Goldberger wrote that Teitelbaum had condemned married women who let their hair grow beneath turbans and wigs, but that most Hasidic women complied only after his death, many out of fear of the consequences. According to her, it had become accepted practice in Satmar to expel children from school if their mothers did not shave their heads. Teitelbaum had also criticised the thin stockings and uncovered wigs worn in the 1960s and 1970s, and she wrote that most Satmar women now wore thick, seamed stockings.[22]

She listed further restrictions, which she said applied especially to Satmar and the smaller Skver group. They included a new rule against the long robes traditionally worn on the Sabbath, and bans on the internet, smartphones and concerts. Strawberries, raspberries and grapes were banned in case they contained insects, and in Kiryas Joel eye make-up applied by make-up artists was also banned.[22]

Goldberger also described Teitelbaum as a pragmatic leader. She wrote that in Hungary he had been a fierce critic of the Bais Yaakov girls' school movement, but that in America he led the creation of the Satmar girls' school and encouraged teaching girls the basics of both Jewish and secular subjects. In her account he also relaxed his position on wigs. She argued that he had never encouraged the blurring of girls' faces, and that his followers had taken his cause much too far.[22]

Opposition to Zionism

Joel Teitelbaum set out his opposition to Zionism in Va-Yo'el Mosheh (1959–1961), which relies on the rabbinic "three oaths", and in ʻAl ha-ge'ulah ve-ʻal ha-temurah (1967), written after the Six-Day War. He also forbade the use of spoken modern Hebrew.[1] Shaul Magid writes that Teitelbaum almost never discusses Zionist thinkers by name, and that he regarded Agudat Yisrael's pragmatic acceptance of Zionism as like the righteous who were misled into serving the golden calf. Magid places him in a longer line of Haredi anti-Zionism that includes Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkács, Elchonon Wasserman and the Lubavitcher rebbes Sholom Dovber Schneersohn and Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn. He argues that Abraham Isaac Kook and Teitelbaum "disagree less than we think".[3]

Heilman writes that in Va-Yo'el Mosheh, written in the mid-1950s, Teitelbaum presented Zionism as the sin for which the destruction of European Jewry was the punishment, and accused the Zionists of reserving immigration certificates for their own followers. Heilman also notes that in 1967 Teitelbaum prohibited visiting or praying at the newly captured Western Wall.[20][21] Heilman judges that under Moshe Teitelbaum the campaign against Zionism became more muted. In the later succession dispute, Zalman's supporters questioned whether Aaron was anti-Zionist enough, alleging that he spoke modern Hebrew at home with his Israeli wife.[78][79]

The Jewish Chronicle has stated that Joel Teitelbaum described the PLO and similar organisations as antisemitic murderers.[80]

In July 2014, after the killing of three Israeli teenagers who had been studying at a yeshiva in the occupied West Bank, Aaron Teitelbaum told a class in Kiryas Joel that their parents were to blame: "Who permitted them to go there [to live] among these known murderers?" He attributed it to "the lust called 'Shleimus Haaretz and Zionism'".[81] The International Court of Justice found in 2024 that Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem "have been established and are being maintained in violation of international law".[82]

On Sunday 3 June 2018 Aaron Teitelbaum addressed a Satmar gathering at the Nassau Coliseum on Long Island, speaking in Yiddish. Quoting a Hebrew translation broadcast by the Israeli public broadcaster Kan, The Times of Israel reported that he criticised followers who admired Israel and its army. It also reported that he said Satmar had "no part in Zionism" or "in their wars", and that he rejected any compromise over the Israeli military draft law for yeshiva students. The paper set the speech against an ultimatum by United Torah Judaism and Yaakov Litzman over the draft, after Israel's High Court struck down the exemption in September 2017.[83]

In October 2025 the Central Rabbinical Congress organised a "Cry of the Exile" rally outside the Israeli consulate in New York against the IDF draft of Haredi students. The Times of Israel reported that organisers claimed 100,000 protesters and that the rally answered a call from leading anti-Zionist rabbis, including the rival Satmar rebbes.[84]

Neturei Karta

In 2006 Satmar issued a public notice against seven Neturei Karta members who attended Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Holocaust-denial conference in Tehran, calling on the public to dissociate themselves from the seven, whom it accused of walking "hand in hand" with Arabs.[85]

In November 2023 Zalman Teitelbaum condemned Neturei Karta demonstrations in New York in support of Hamas as a "terrible desecration" of God's name. The Jewish Press noted that Satmar, unlike Neturei Karta, keeps ties with pro-Zionist Haredi communities.[86]

Relations with Chabad

Jewish Currents contrasts Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Chabad, who built an "army" of emissaries to bring non-Hasidic Jews into the fold, with Joel Teitelbaum, who encouraged his followers to separate themselves from other Jews, whom they largely saw as heretics.[87]

In 1977 the New York Times reported a feud between Satmar and Lubavitch Hasidim in Brooklyn. A candy store was burned, a caravan was stoned, Israeli flags were burned and a rabbi was hung in effigy. The paper said the main ideological dispute was Lubavitch support for the Entebbe raid, and that a fistfight in April had started when Lubavitchers marched into the Satmar neighbourhood for a religious holiday.[88]

Heilman writes that Joel Teitelbaum's approach was the opposite of outreach and that his Hasidim often fought with the Lubavitchers. He also describes a later clash in which Satmar accused Schneerson's followers of trying to win over its members, and says Moshe Teitelbaum fended off Lubavitch.[89][78]

Frimet Goldberger, writing in The Forward as someone raised in Satmar, argued that Chabad was not part of the radicalisation she saw in Satmar and other Hasidic groups. In her view, presenting Lubavitchers as the typical face of Hasidism, in America and worldwide, seriously misrepresents Hasidism. She wrote that many other Hasidic groups shun Chabad as a separate, modernised body, comparable to Modern Orthodoxy, whose religious stringencies are far more lenient than their own. She also said Chabad's skill with the media and its ease with secular society reflect a worldliness that most Hasidim, being insular, lack.[22]

Politics

Williamsburg Satmar's civic arm is the United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg (UJO). Rabbi David Niederman has been its executive director since 1989. Before that he was executive vice-president of Rav Tov from its founding in 1973. UJO reported 93,131 walk-in clients in 2024.[23][90] In November 2025 Mishpacha described Rabbi Moishe Indig, founder and leader of the Williamsburg Jewish Community Council, as a political "kingmaker" and questioned him about his endorsement of Zohran Mamdani.[91]

In 2022 the Kiryas Joel Satmar faction and the Skver community in New Square endorsed Governor Kathy Hochul, a Democrat, against the Republican Lee Zeldin. Skver also backed Sean Patrick Maloney.[92][93] The Forward reported that the Williamsburg Satmar faction, called the Zalis, did not endorse anyone in the race for governor, and that the Skver community had about 3,000 votes.[94] Jewish Insider also put the New Square bloc at about 3,000 votes in 2024.[95]

In 2025 Andrew Cuomo's mayoral campaign announced the endorsement of the main Satmar community in Williamsburg, led politically by David Niederman, with a coalition of congregations including Pupa, Viznitz, Vien, Tzelim, Nitra, Krasna, Skver and Klausenburg. The campaign said Satmar Ahronim and the Bobov community had already endorsed Cuomo, and described the group as the largest Orthodox voting bloc in the city.[96]

On 3 September 2026 both Satmar rebbes, the Bobov rebbe, the Vizhnitz rebbe of Monsey and a son of the Skver rebbe David Twersky met President Donald Trump and Vice-President JD Vance at the White House. Jewish Insider reported that housing, prison reform and family tax credits were discussed; The Yeshiva World also reported discussion of the Israeli draft.[97][98]

Heilman describes Joel Teitelbaum as a power broker whom politicians, including the New York mayor John Lindsay, visited.[99][26] By late October 1979 Moshe Teitelbaum was signing directives on how Satmar Hasidim should vote in a state assembly primary.[44] In July 1984 Satmar Hasidim were officially designated a "disadvantaged minority", which made them eligible for public economic and welfare benefits. Heilman says Satmar yeshiva budgets later exceeded $20 million a year.[100]

Controversies

Civil cases

Heilman writes that the B'nai Yoel dispute after 1979 produced a stream of lawsuits in New York state courts, because neither side would accept the other's rabbinical judges.[45][100] The dispute between Aaron and Zalman also went to the New York courts. It covered the Kiryas Joel cemetery where Joel Teitelbaum is buried, as well as study halls, schools, ritual baths, camps and matzah bakeries, assets Heilman values at about $500 million. Both factions held separate elections for the board of Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar in Williamsburg.[51] Heilman says the judges treated the core issue as ecclesiastical and left it to the congregation to decide.[101] In Moshe Teitelbaum's last years one faction asked a court to declare him incapacitated and to appoint co-guardians. Heilman says Zalman and the gabbaim fought this.[101]

Allegations

Heilman reports a number of allegations of violence connected with the succession disputes:

  • After 1984, he says, supporters of Aaron and of Feige Teitelbaum came to blows, and the B'nai Yoel dispute involved mass protests, violence and attacks on property.[45][100]
  • At the September 2000 bar mitzvah of Aaron's grandson in Williamsburg, fighting broke out after a gabbai who supported Zalman did not call the boy to the Torah. Heilman says Aaron's supporters responded with physical and verbal violence.[50]
  • Heilman quotes a press report that, after the Zalis had repelled an earlier attempt, the Aaronis entered the Williamsburg synagogue with nightclub bouncers who struck several men.[56]

None of these accounts records a conviction.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 Allan Nadler, Satmar Hasidic Dynasty YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, accessed 26 October 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 K., Postcard from Canvey Island K. la revue, accessed 27 October 2026.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shaul Magid, The Satmar Are Anti-Zionist. Should We Care? Tablet, 21 May 2020 (archived 5 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 153.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 154.
  6. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 155.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 156.
  8. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 157.
  9. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 158.
  10. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 159.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 160.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 161.
  13. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 162.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 163.
  15. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 164.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 165.
  17. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 166.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 168.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 169.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 170.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 171.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Frimet Goldberger, Blurring Out Satmar History The Forward (opinion), 2 August 2013, accessed 27 October 2026.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg, Executive Director unitedjewish.org, accessed 27 October 2026.
  24. ↑ Glenn C. Altschuler, Satmar's micro-society: Kiryas Joel is a mirror of the American people Jerusalem Post, 27 January 2022, accessed 27 October 2026.
  25. ↑ Census Reporter, Kiryas Joel, NY censusreporter.org (archived 7 December 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 175.
  27. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 176.
  28. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 172.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 177.
  30. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 152.
  31. ↑ The New York Times, Report on the death of Moshe Teitelbaum The New York Times, 25 April 2006 (archived 2 November 2015), accessed 27 October 2026.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 178.
  33. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 179.
  34. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 180.
  35. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 181.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 182.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 183.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 184.
  39. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 185.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 186.
  41. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 187.
  42. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 189.
  43. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 190.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 191.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 192.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 197.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 195.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 196.
  49. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 198.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 199.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 201.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 203.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 204.
  54. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 205.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 206.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 207.
  57. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 209.
  58. ↑ ShulMap, Williamsburg Shuls shulmap.com, accessed 27 October 2026.
  59. ↑ Shtetl, Satmar community touts 24,000 students in flagship school systems Shtetl, 12 December 2023 (archived 11 April 2026), accessed 27 October 2026.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 JCR-UK, Satmar synagogues, Stamford Hill JewishGen, accessed 27 October 2026.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Charity Commission, KH D'Satmar Ltd, charity 1160643 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel School Ltd, charity 1074439 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 JCR-UK, Canvey Island Jewish Community JewishGen, accessed 27 October 2026.
  64. ↑ Ben Weich, Satmar Chasidim: Was the project to settle Yemenite families in Stamford Hill a 'failed experiment'? The Jewish Chronicle, 3 October 2019, accessed 27 October 2026.
  65. ↑ Charity Commission, The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust, charity 281371 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  66. ↑ Department for Education, Beis Rochel D'Satmar School, URN 147296 Get Information about Schools, accessed 27 October 2026.
  67. ↑ Charity Commission, Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited, charity 1136378 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  68. ↑ Department for Education, Beis Ruchel D'Satmar London, URN 137505 Get Information about Schools, accessed 27 October 2026.
  69. ↑ Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited, charity 1125988 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  70. ↑ Simon Rocker, DfE lifts sanctions against Chasidic school in Stamford Hill The Jewish Chronicle, 2025, accessed 27 October 2026.
  71. ↑ The Jewish Chronicle, Ofsted admits error in criticising Charedi school for not teaching about same-sex parents The Jewish Chronicle, 17 May 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.
  72. ↑ Charity Commission, Cong Yetev Lev D'Satmar M/C Ltd, charity 1115899 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  73. ↑ Charity Commission, The Bais Rochel Dsatmar Charitable Trust: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  74. ↑ Charity Commission, Talmud Torah Torah Veyirah D'Satmar London Limited: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  75. ↑ Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel D'Satmar (London) Limited: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  76. ↑ Charity Commission, Beis Ruchel School Ltd: trustees Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  77. ↑ Charity Commission, Just Kidding, charity 1186598 Register of Charities, accessed 27 October 2026.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 194.
  79. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 200.
  80. ↑ The Jewish Chronicle, Time to stop the Shraga Stern farce The Jewish Chronicle, accessed 27 October 2026.
  81. ↑ The Yeshiva World, Satmar Rebbe of Kiryas Yoel: It's Their Fault for Living in the Territories! The Yeshiva World, 3 July 2014, accessed 27 October 2026.
  82. ↑ International Court of Justice, Summary of the Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024 icj-cij.org, 19 July 2024, accessed 26 October 2026.
  83. ↑ TOI Staff, Head of Satmar Hasidic sect castigates followers for admiring Israel, IDF The Times of Israel, 9 June 2018, accessed 27 October 2026.
  84. ↑ Times of Israel, Central Rabbinical Congress (topic page; item dated 20 October 2025) Times of Israel (archived 23 October 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  85. ↑ Ynet, Satmar court slams Neturei Karta Ynetnews, 15 December 2006, accessed 27 October 2026.
  86. ↑ The Jewish Press, Satmar Rebbe condemns Neturei Karta for supporting Hamas murders The Jewish Press, 13 November 2023 (archived 15 November 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
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  88. ↑ The New York Times, Hasidim in Brooklyn Feuding Over Israel and Neighborhood Sanctity The New York Times, 1 June 1977 (archived 3 January 2022), accessed 27 October 2026.
  89. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 173.
  90. ↑ United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg, Home page unitedjewish.org, accessed 27 October 2026.
  91. ↑ Yitzchok Landa, The Kingmaker from Williamsburg Mishpacha, 26 November 2025, accessed 27 October 2026.
  92. ↑ The Yeshiva World, Outliers: Skver Joins Satmar in Endorsing Hochul, Also Backs Maloney The Yeshiva World, accessed 27 October 2026.
  93. ↑ VIN News, After stunning victory, Republicans work to build relationship with New Square's leaders VIN News, 15 November 2022, accessed 27 October 2026.
  94. ↑ Jacob Kornbluh, In close race, Hochul walks a fine line on yeshiva education The Forward, 2 November 2022 (archived 16 May 2026), accessed 27 October 2026.
  95. ↑ Matthew Kassel, The high-stakes battle for the Skver vote Jewish Insider, 29 October 2024, accessed 27 October 2026.
  96. ↑ Andrew Cuomo for Mayor, Cuomo receives major endorsement from Satmar Williamsburg andrewcuomo.com, June 2025 (archived 8 December 2025), accessed 27 October 2026.
  97. ↑ Matthew Kassel, Trump and Hasidic rabbis discuss housing, prison reform and family tax credits Jewish Insider, 3 September 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.
  98. ↑ The Yeshiva World, Historic White House Visit: Inside Rebbes' Extraordinary Meetings With Trump And Vance The Yeshiva World, 4 September 2026, accessed 27 October 2026.
  99. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 174.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 193.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Satmar: Succession Charged with Conflict" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 202.
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