Chabad-Lubavitch timeline
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Dated chronology of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement from its founding in the late 18th century to the present, with sources for each entry
The Chabad-Lubavitch timeline is a dated chronology of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. It runs from Shneur Zalman of Liadi's rise to leadership in Belorussia in the 1780s to the movement's dealings with the Kremlin, Ukraine and the Trump administration in the 2020s. Each entry carries its own source. Sources are labelled Chabad-side (the movement's own publications and historians), critical, scholarly, journalistic, court record or official. Where sources disagree on a date, both dates are given, each with its source. Court outcomes are stated with their legal status: a criminal conviction, a civil liability finding, a regulator finding or an untested allegation. The seventh Rebbe is spelled Schneerson; the third to sixth Rebbes are spelled Schneersohn.
18th century: founding
| Date | Event | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 1777–1788 | Shneur Zalman of Liadi gradually becomes a Hasidic leader in Belorussia after Menaḥem Mendel of Vitebsk and Avraham of Kalisk emigrate to the Land of Israel in 1777. According to the YIVO encyclopedia, "he became the sole leader of the Hasidim of Belorussia only after the death of Menaḥem Mendel in 1788". | [1] |
| 1796 or 1797 | The Tanya (Likkutei Amarim) is first printed. Chabad.org gives Slavita, 1796; the YIVO encyclopedia dates it to 1797. A second edition (Zolkiew, 1798) puts Tanya in the title. | 1796: [2] 1797: [1] |
| October–November 1798 | First arrest. YIVO: in October 1798 Shneur Zalman "was arrested and interrogated as a result of being denounced to the Russian authorities as a threat to the state". He was released in Saint Petersburg at the end of November. The day of release, 19 Kislev, is still kept as a Chabad festival. | [1] |
| 1800 or 1801 | Second arrest. The sources differ on the year. A Chabad-side account from the writings of Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn says the imperial order "arrived on the second day of Chol HaMoed Sukkos, 18 Tishrei 5561 [October 7, 1800]". It says the hearings ended and he was released from prison on 27 Kislev [4 December 1800]. YIVO dates the arrest to 1801, "following a denunciation by Avigdor ben Ḥayim, the deposed rabbi of Pinsk", with release after about a month. | 1800: [3] 1801: [1] |
19th century: the dynasty settles in Lubavitch
| Date | Event | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | After leaving Saint Petersburg, Shneur Zalman moves his court to Liadi. The Chabad-side account dates his arrival to 14 Menachem Av 5561 [24 July 1801]. | [1][3] |
| 27 December 1812 | Shneur Zalman dies at Piena during the flight from Napoleon's army. The Chabad-side account gives "24 Teves 5573 [December 27, 1812]". He is buried at Haditch. | [3] |
| 1812–1813 | Second Rebbe. The succession is contested between Shneur Zalman's son Dovber Schneuri and his leading disciple, Aharon ha-Levi Horowitz of Staroselye. In Naftali Loewenthal's account, Hasidim "divided into two groups". | [4] |
| 1813 or 1814 | Dovber settles in the small town of Lubavitch, which gives the movement its name. Levin's Kehot history dates the move to the end of summer 5573 – beginning of 5574 (1813). Loewenthal's YIVO article dates his residence there from 1814. | 1813: [5] 1814: [4] |
| 1814 | The Shklov edition of the Tanya is the first to contain all five parts, "and this form has since been retained". | [6] |
| 1825 or 1826 | Dovber's arrest. Dovber is interrogated in Vitebsk after denunciations by Simcha Kissin. Levin, working from the archival case file, dates the interrogation and release to autumn 1825 (10 Kislev 5586). Chabad.org biographies and Loewenthal's 1990 book give 1826 (5587). | 1825: [7] 1826: [8] |
| 1827 | Dovber dies at Niezhyn on 9 Kislev 5588. The Chabad.org timeline of the Tzemach Tzedek converts this to 28 November 1827. | [8][9] |
| 1827 or 1829 | Third Rebbe. Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (the Tzemach Tzedek), grandson of Shneur Zalman and Dovber's son-in-law, succeeds. Levin dates his acceptance of the leadership to 5588 (1827). The Chabad.org timeline says he "was reluctant to formally accept the position of rebbe" until the eve of Shavuot 5589 (1829). | 1827: [10] 1829: [9] |
| 1866 | The Tzemach Tzedek dies in Lubavitch on 13 Nissan 5626. Fourth Rebbe: his son Shmuel Schneersohn takes up the leadership in Lubavitch. Levin writes that his brothers opened rival Chabad centres in Kopust, Liadi, Niezhyn and Ovruch. Loewenthal says there was "fierce conflict among the respective groups". | [11][4] |
| 1882 or 1893 | Shmuel Schneersohn dies in Lubavitch on 13 Tishrei 5643 (26 September 1882). Fifth Rebbe: his son Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (the Rashab) succeeds. The Kehot timeline printed in Hayom Yom dates the acceptance to 1882. Levin and the Chabad.org biography say he did not formally accept the leadership until 1893, in deference to his elder brother. | 1882 death: [12] 1882 succession: [13] 1893 succession: [14][15] |
| 1897 | The Rashab founds the yeshiva Tomchei Temimim in Lubavitch. Levin's Kehot history dates the founding to 15 Elul 5657. | [16][17] |
Chabad in Hebron, 1819–1929
| Date | Event | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 1819 | Lubavitch.com: "In 1819, Rabbi Dovber of Lubavitch, son of Rabbi Schneor Zalman of Liadi sent a group of followers led by Rabbi Shimon Shmerling to establish a Chabad community in Hebron." It adds that Dovber "later purchased a synagogue next to the Avraham Avinu Synagogue". Chabad.org says that properties were "purchased in the early 1800s by the second Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe". Hillel Cohen writes that "In the nineteenth century, Hebron was the center of Chabad Hasidism in the Holy Land". | [18][19][20] |
| 1840–1845 | A second Chabad group comes to Hebron. It includes Dovber's daughter Menucha Rachel Slonim and her husband, Rabbi Yaakov Slonim. Sources give different years: Lubavitch.com gives "the years 1840-1845"; Chabad.org gives 1844; Cohen gives 1845. Her home "became known as Beit Schneerson" (Chabad.org), and she "came to be known as the 'mother of the Ashkenazi Yishuv in Hebron'" (Cohen). | 1840–45: [18] 1844: [19] 1845: [20] |
| 1888 | Menucha Rachel Slonim dies. Lubavitch.com says she "remained a community leader until her death in 1888". | [18] |
| 1912 | A Chabad yeshiva opens in Hebron. Cohen writes that the fifth Rebbe "ordered, on the eve of World War I, the establishment of a Chabad yeshiva in Hebron", and that it opened in 1912 in the Romano House. Chabad.org says the Rashab established "the Yeshiva Torat Emet" at Beit Romano. Cohen also records that Ya'akov Yosef Slonim, the yeshiva's secretary, "Despite Chabad's anti-Zionism ... maintained connections with Zionist institutions". After the British conquest he "helped gather intelligence on Hebron's Arabs". | [21][19][22] |
| 1925–1929 | Moshe Goldshmid, a Chabad Hasid born in Yekaterinoslav in 1898, settles in Hebron and becomes the community's kosher butcher. The Hebron Jewish community's memorial list says he corresponded with the sixth Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, and that "In the summer of 1929, the Lubavitcher Rebbe visited Hebron. Moshe served as his tour guide and showed him around Hebron and other cities in the Land of Israel." | [23] |
| Summer 1929 | The sixth Rebbe's visit to Palestine. This was his only trip to the Holy Land. Cohen records that Eliezer Dan Slonim "obtained a special exception for him and a few of members of his entourage" to enter the inner compound of the Cave of the Patriarchs, which, Cohen writes, only "a handful of Jews" had managed to enter over the years. Chabad.org says the Rebbe "departed the Holy Land on Thursday, August 22, two days before the Arab riots of 1929". Haaretz also says he left by train on 22 August. Editor's note: the date of the Rebbe's visit to the Cave of the Patriarchs is disputed and under review. Both dated versions will be added, each with its sources, once they have been confirmed. |
[24][25][26] |
| 24 August 1929 | Hebron massacre. Arab rioters kill Jews in Hebron. Lubavitch.com says that "almost the entire Slonim family was killed, save a one year old child named Shlomo". Moshe Goldshmid is among those murdered. Cohen records that Yehuda Leib Schneurson, "the scion of the Chabad admors", was saved by the Muslim Kurdiyya family. | [27][18][23][28] |
| June 1930 | In a letter to Judge Gad Frumkin, the sixth Rebbe writes: "My heart told me a sad sight, I saw bloodstains floating in the air of the Land of Israel". Cohen comments: "Inasmuch as it puts the blame on the Zionists, that is an important statement, but it is not a personal reckoning." | [29] |
- Editor's note: Lubavitch.com dated the 80th anniversary of the massacre to "Friday, 17 Av" (7 August 2009). Cohen dates the Hebron massacre to Saturday 24 August 1929. The Hebrew date of 24 August 1929 has not yet been checked with a calendar converter.
1915–1950: war, revolution and the move to America
| Date | Event | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 1915 | With the German army approaching, the Rashab leaves Lubavitch for Rostov-on-Don. Levin reconstructs the journey from 16 to 26 Marcheshvan 5676. Chabad's shorter timeline gives 17 Cheshvan 5676 (25 October 1915) as the date of departure. | [30][13] |
| 21 March 1920 | The Rashab dies in Rostov on 2 Nissan 5680. Sixth Rebbe: his only son, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (the Rayatz), succeeds. Heilman and Friedman write that "When Yosef Yitzchak became the sixth Lubavitcher rebbe in 1920 at the age of forty, it was a difficult time for any religious leader." | [13][31] |
| June or July 1927 | Arrest of the sixth Rebbe. Heilman and Friedman date the OGPU arrest at his Leningrad flat to "Near midnight of June 14, 1927". A Chabad-side précis in Levin's Kehot history says "in July 1927". Chabad sources say he was sentenced to death and the sentence was commuted. Irina Osipova, who saw the OGPU case file, adds that this is not in the case file ("хотя этого нет в материалах следственного дела"). The indictment of 21 June 1927 accused him of illegally organising chadarim and yeshivas. | June: [32] July: [33] Case file: [34][35] |
| 3–13 July 1927 | He is sent into exile at Kostroma. Chabad says he "was informed of this decision on his birthday, Tammuz 12. The next day he was permitted to leave". The 12th and 13th of Tammuz are kept as a Chabad festival of liberation. | [36][37] |
| 20 October 1927 | He leaves the Soviet Union for Riga. | [38] |
| December 1939 – March 1940 | He is rescued from German-occupied Warsaw. After State Department contacts with the German official Helmuth Wohlthat, the Abwehr under Admiral Canaris sent Major Ernst Bloch and other officers to take him to Riga. Bloch located him in December 1939, and the party reached Riga on 17 December. They reached New York on 18 March 1940, and the Rebbe disembarked the next morning. A US court records his arrival as 19 March 1940. | [39][40][41][42] |
| 25 July 1940 | Agudas Chasidei Chabad of United States is incorporated in New York. The court records: "On July 25, 1940, Agudas Chasidei Chabad was incorporated in New York". | [42] |
| September 1940 | The sixth Rebbe moves his headquarters to 770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn. | [41] |
| 23 June 1941 | Menachem Mendel Schneerson and his wife, the sixth Rebbe's daughter, arrive in New York from occupied France. | [43] |
| 28 January 1950 | The sixth Rebbe dies at 770 on 10 Shevat 5710. Heilman and Friedman write that he "had died intestate". | [44][45] |
1950–1994: the seventh Rebbe
| Date | Event | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 1950 or 1951 | Seventh Rebbe. Chabad says that after the sixth Rebbe's death his son-in-law "reluctantly ascended to the leadership of the Lubavitch movement". UPI dates his leadership from 1950. He formally accepted it on the first anniversary of his predecessor's death. Heilman and Friedman: "In 1951, Yud (the 10th) Shvat came on January 17, a Wednesday." | 1950: [43][46] 1951: [47][48] |
| 1950 | The emissary (shluchim) system begins. Fishkoff writes that one of Schneerson's first actions, "even before Schneerson took over Chabad's helm", was "to send a shliach couple that year from Brooklyn to Morocco, beginning the worldwide outreach campaign for which Chabad is now known". | [49] |
| June 1967 | The mivtzoim (mitzvah campaigns) begin. Fishkoff writes that the tefillin campaign began "in June 1967, when the Rebbe first asked Jewish men all over the world to pray daily with tefillin in order to protect Israel during the Six-Day War". It "was the first of ten major 'mitzvah campaigns' proclaimed by Schneerson between 1967 and 1976". | [50] |
| April 1969 | The Rebbe tells his followers to stay in Crown Heights as other white residents leave. Chabad.org dates his talk to the last day of Passover, 10 April 1969. The anthropologist Henry Goldschmidt dates the decision to "the spring of 1969". | [51][52] |
| December 1974 | First public menorah. Rabbi Avraham Shemtov lights a small wooden menorah in Philadelphia, which begins the public menorah campaign. Sources differ on the spot. Chabad.org says it was in front of Independence Hall; Fishkoff says "next to Philadelphia's Liberty Bell". The Philadelphia Inquirer dates the lighting to 14 December 1974. | [53][54][55] |
| 5 August 1985 – 17 November 1987 | Agudas Chasidei Chabad v. Gourary. On 5 August 1985 Agudas Chasidei Chabad sues Barry Gourary, a grandson of the sixth Rebbe, over books taken from the library at 770. The Second Circuit later records that he "surreptitiously removed over 400 rare books from the library" and realised "approximately $186,000" from sales. The suit is a civil action in replevin; Barry Gourary and his mother, Hanna Gourary, counterclaim that the library is theirs by inheritance. On 6 January 1987 Judge Charles Sifton finds that the library "was never held by the Rebbe as personal property for his personal benefit", but had been "delivered to plaintiff to be held in trust for the benefit of the religious community of Chabad Chasidism". He dismisses the counterclaims and grants replevin. Chabad marks the date, 5 Tevet 5747, as Didan Natzach. The Second Circuit affirms on 17 November 1987. This case is separate from the later Schneerson library case against Russia. Legal status: civil judgment on property and trust law (replevin; declaratory counterclaim dismissed); no criminal case. | [56][57][58] |
| 3 July 1989 | In County of Allegheny v. ACLU the US Supreme Court upholds the display of Chabad's menorah outside Pittsburgh's City-County Building. Chabad was a petitioner in the case. See Public menorahs. | [59] |
| 11 April 1991 | Messianism. After returning from his father-in-law's grave, the Rebbe tells his Hasidim: "I have to hand over the task to you: Do all you can to bring the righteous Moshiach, mamesh." See Chabad messianism. | [60] |
| 19–22 August 1991 | Crown Heights riot. A car in the Rebbe's motorcade mounts the pavement and kills seven-year-old Gavin Cato. About three hours later Yankel Rosenbaum is stabbed and dies. The state's Girgenti Report counted "over 150 police officers and at least thirty-eight civilians" injured in the three days of violence. Chabad.org calls the riot "three days of unrestrained antisemitic violence". Legal status: a grand jury declined to indict the driver, Yosef Lifsh, on 5 September 1991. Lemrick Nelson was acquitted in state court on 29 October 1992. He and Charles Price were convicted in federal court in February 1997 of violating Rosenbaum's civil rights; those convictions were overturned in January 2002. Price pleaded guilty in 2003. At a third trial in May 2003 Nelson admitted the stabbing; the jury found that it had not caused Rosenbaum's death, and he was sentenced to ten years. | [61][62][51][63][64] |
| 2 March 1992 | While praying at his father-in-law's grave, Schneerson suffers a stroke that "paralyzed his right side". | [43] |
| 12 June 1994 | Schneerson dies at Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan on 3 Tammuz 5754, aged 92. He left no children and named no successor. | [65][43] |
| 2 November 1994 | Public Law 103‑457 awards Schneerson a posthumous Congressional Gold Medal. | [66] |
1994 to the present
| Date | Event | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| February 1996 | Rabbi Yehuda Krinsky of Agudas Chasidei Chabad says that messianist claims "in no way" reflect "the movement's position". | [67] |
| June 1996 | The Rabbinical Council of America adopts a resolution, urged by David Berger, that there "has never been a place in Judaism" for the belief that the Messiah will begin his mission only after death. | [68] |
| 2001 | David Berger publishes The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference (critical). | [69] |
| November 1999 – June 2000 | Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia and Berel Lazar. The Chabad-led Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia (FEOR) is reconstituted as an umbrella body in November 1999. On 13 June 2000 a FEOR congress of 25 rabbis elects Berel Lazar chief rabbi of Russia, hours before the arrest of Vladimir Gusinsky, the Russian Jewish Congress's founder. Adolf Shayevich, the existing chief rabbi, said Chabad leaders had urged him to stand down; Lazar "strongly denied any involvement of his organization in pressuring Shayevich". See Berel Lazar and the Kremlin and Russian oligarchs and Chabad. | [70][71][72][73] |
| 2003 | Fishkoff reports "more than 3,800 emissary couples stationed in 45 U.S. states and 61 foreign countries". | [74] |
| 12 November 2009 | Sholom Rubashkin, former head of the kosher meatpacker Agriprocessors, is found guilty of 86 counts of financial fraud and related offences. On 22 June 2010 he is sentenced to 27 years. Legal status: criminal conviction. See Chabad and fraud. | [75] |
| 30 July 2010 – 20 January 2026 | The Russian library litigation. On 30 July 2010 a US federal court enters a default judgment ordering Russia to surrender the Schneerson Library and Archive. On 16 January 2013 the court imposes civil contempt sanctions of $50,000 a day. On 20 January 2026 the US Supreme Court denies Chabad's petition for certiorari. See Schneerson library case. | [76][77][78][79] |
| April 2014 | Ukraine. After the Maidan revolution, Igor Kolomoisky, who co-funded the Chabad-run Menorah Centre in Dnipro (then Dnepropetrovsk), is appointed governor of Dnipropetrovsk region. One of the centre's hotels houses refugees from the fighting in the east. See Chabad and Ukraine. | [80] |
| February 2015 – October 2016 | Australia. The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse examines Yeshivah Centre Melbourne and Yeshiva Centre Bondi in Case Study 22. It finds that leadership responses "ranged from inaction to enabling". Legal status: findings of a royal commission (official inquiry). See Chabad abuse cases. | [81] |
| November 2016 | Kushner and Trump. Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner visit the Ohel, Schneerson's grave in Queens, before the presidential election. JTA reported in 2017 that Kushner had "established a constant, outsize presence at the Harvard Chabad" as a student. See Chabad and Trump. | [82][83] |
| 20 December 2017 | President Trump commutes Rubashkin's prison sentence. The White House said: "This action is not a Presidential pardon. It does not vacate Mr. Rubashkin's conviction". | [84] |
| 29 November 2021 | Oxford Street Chanukah bus attack. On the first night of Chanukah, men on Oxford Street, London, harass a group of Jewish teenagers on a Chabad-organised Chanukah bus outside Primark. They spit at the bus and hit it. Rabbi Shneor Glitsenstein of the Chabad Israeli Centre Golders Green told the Jewish Chronicle that the men shouted "Free Palestine". A passenger said the group were targeted "definitely" because they were Jewish. The Metropolitan Police investigated, but closed the case in July 2022 after failing to identify the suspects. Legal status: no arrests or charges. In November 2022 Ofcom issued an Opinion that a BBC online article on the incident had failed to observe the BBC's editorial guidelines on due accuracy and due impartiality. The article had said that an anti-Muslim slur came from inside the bus. Legal status: regulator finding (against the BBC). | [85][86][87] |
| February–March 2022 | After Russia invades Ukraine, Chabad's Menorah Centre in Dnipro becomes a hub for evacuating Jews from the east. | [88] |
| July 2022 | Russia's Ministry of Justice applies to liquidate the Russian arm of the Jewish Agency for Israel. FEOR's Boruch Gorin calls it "very upsetting news". See Jewish Agency for Israel (cross-reference only). | [89][90] |
| 8 January 2024 | Brooklyn tunnels. Police and city officials try to fill an unauthorised tunnel dug beside the 770 Eastern Parkway synagogue complex. The New York City Department of Buildings described it as "a single linear 60-foot long underground tunnel". A melee follows and nine young men are arrested. Chabad's spokesman, Motti Seligson, blamed "a group of extremist students". The tunnel was linked to the long dispute with messianist Hasidim over control of the building. Legal status: charges included criminal mischief and reckless endangerment. In January 2025 most defendants pleaded guilty to reduced criminal mischief charges. Two had their cases adjourned with a view to dismissal, and four chose to go to trial. | [91][92][93] |
| 7 October 2024 | Donald Trump visits the Ohel on the first anniversary of the Hamas attack on Israel. | [94] |
| 30 July 2025 | In London, PrivatBank wins a civil judgment against Igor Kolomoisky and Gennady Bogolyubov, co-funders of the Menorah Centre, over the bank's misappropriated funds. The Court of Appeal dismissed their appeal on 22 May 2026. Legal status: civil liability; not a criminal conviction. See Chabad and Ukraine. | [95] |
| 14 December 2025 | Gunmen kill 15 people at Chabad's "Chanukah by the Sea" event at Bondi Beach, Sydney. Among them are Rabbi Eli Schlanger of Chabad Bondi and Rabbi Yaakov Levitan. | [96] |
| 18 December 2025 | The US Senate confirms Rabbi Yehuda Kaploun, described by JTA as "a follower of the Chabad Hasidic movement", as Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism. The vote was 53–43. | [97] |
Gaps
- Editor's note: this timeline does not yet cover Chabad's growth in Israel (including Kfar Chabad) or the Soviet underground after 1927. It also leaves out the UK and the campus network, and the arrival date of the sixth Rebbe in Palestine in 1929. The Hebrew date of each Gregorian date has not been checked with a calendar converter. For the Kapparot and Eruv disputes, see those pages; no dated entry has yet been sourced for them here.
See also
- Chabad-Lubavitch movement
- Shneur Zalman of Liadi
- Dovber Schneuri
- Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (Tzemach Tzedek)
- Shmuel Schneersohn
- Shalom Dovber Schneersohn
- Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn
- Menachem Mendel Schneerson
- Tanya
- Schneerson library case
- Agudas Chasidei Chabad
- Crown Heights riot
- Chabad messianism
- Berel Lazar
- Russian oligarchs and Chabad
- Chabad and Ukraine
- Chabad and Trump
- Public menorahs
- Kapparot
- Eruv
- Chabad and fraud
- Chabad abuse cases
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Immanuel Etkes, "Shneur Zalman of Liady", trans. Jeffrey Green, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, accessed 18 October 2026. Scholarly.
- ↑ "What is the Tanya? An Introduction to the Book, its Sources and its Composition", Chabad.org, accessed 14 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Supplement E: The Alter Rebbe's Later Years", from the writings of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, trans. Shimon Neubort, Chabad.org, accessed 18 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Naftali Loewenthal, "Lubavitch Hasidism", The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, accessed 15 October 2026. Scholarly.
- ↑ Shalom Dovber Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit – Perakim Nivcharim (History of Chabad in Tsarist Russia – selected chapters), Brooklyn: Kehot / Otzar HaChassidim, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8266-5327-7, ch. 39, printed pp. 90–91. Chabad-side Kehot history; translation from the Hebrew by the editor.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica, "Shneur Zalman of (Liozna-) Lyady", Encyclopedia.com, accessed 14 October 2026. Scholarly reference work.
- ↑ Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit (2010), ch. 46, printed pp. 104–105. Chabad-side Kehot history, working from the archival case file published by Kehot in 1998.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Nissan Mindel, "Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri (5534-5588; 1773-1827)", Chabad.org, accessed 15 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mordechai Rubin, "The Life and Times of the Tzemach Tzedek (1789-1866)", Chabad.org, accessed 15 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit (2010), ch. 48, printed p. 107. Chabad-side Kehot history.
- ↑ Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit (2010), ch. 80, printed p. 159. Chabad-side Kehot history; translation from the Hebrew by the editor.
- ↑ Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit (2010), ch. 80, printed p. 161. Chabad-side Kehot history.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "A Basic Timeline of Rabbi Sholom DovBer's Life" (from the Kehot introduction to Hayom Yom), Chabad.org, accessed 15 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit (2010), printed p. 219, citing Chinuch Lenaar. Chabad-side Kehot history.
- ↑ "Biography of Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, the Rebbe Rashab", Chabad.org, accessed 15 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ "Rabbi Sholom Dov Ber Schneersohn – 5620-5680 (1860-1920)", Chabad.org, accessed 15 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit (2010), printed pp. 225–226. Chabad-side Kehot history.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Yaacov Behrman, "80 Years After Massacre, Baby Named For Hebron Matriarch", Lubavitch.com, 5 August 2009, accessed 18 October 2026. Chabad-side (Chabad-Lubavitch World Headquarters).
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Sarah Leah Lawent, "In the Ancient City of Hebron, Chabad Center Celebrates a Special Bar Mitzvah: Its Own", Chabad.org, 2 September 2015, accessed 18 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cohen, Year Zero (2015), p. 137. Scholarly.
- ↑ Cohen, Year Zero (2015), p. 139. Scholarly.
- ↑ Cohen, Year Zero (2015), p. 142. Scholarly.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "In Memoriam: Full List of the Victims the 1929 Hebron Massacre", The Jewish Community of Hebron, accessed 18 October 2026. Settler community publication; Chabad-sympathetic.
- ↑ Cohen, Year Zero (2015), p. 152, citing D. Cohen (2009), pp. 198–99. Scholarly.
- ↑ "Cause and Effect", from the writings and talks of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch, Chabad.org, accessed 18 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ Ehud Ein-Gil, "Into the Maelstrom", Haaretz, 20 August 2004. Press.
- ↑ Hillel Cohen, Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1929 (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2015), ch. 3, "Hebron: Saturday, August 24, 1929", p. 122. Scholarly.
- ↑ Cohen, Year Zero (2015), p. 145. Scholarly.
- ↑ Cohen, Year Zero (2015), pp. 217–18, quoting Frumkin (1954), p. 311. Scholarly.
- ↑ Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaTzarit (2010), printed pp. 221–222. Chabad-side Kehot history.
- ↑ Samuel C. Heilman and Menachem M. Friedman, The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010 (paperback 2012), p. 75. Scholarly; disputed by Chabad-side critics.
- ↑ Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), p. 79. Scholarly.
- ↑ Shalom Dovber Levin, Toldot Chabad b'Russia HaSovietit (History of Chabad in the USSR), 1917–1950, Brooklyn: Kehot / Otzar HaChassidim, 1989, ISBN 0-8266-5331-6, printed p. 214. Chabad-side Kehot history.
- ↑ Irina Osipova, Khasidy: "Spasaya narod svoy" (Moscow: Formika-S, 2002), ISBN 5-89737-134-2, n. 124. Based on the OGPU case file (P-14337); published with Chabad support.
- ↑ Osipova, Khasidy (2002), p. 23 (PDF), citing OGPU case P-14337. Based on the case file; published with Chabad support.
- ↑ "Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn, the 'Rebbe Rayatz' (1880-1950): A brief biography of the sixth Chabad Rebbe", Chabad.org, accessed 15 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ Chaim Miller, Turning Judaism Outward, Brooklyn: Kol Menachem, 2014, ch. 4 ("Leaving Home, 1927") (Kindle edition). Chabad-side biography.
- ↑ Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), p. 82. Scholarly.
- ↑ Review of Bryan Mark Rigg, Rescued from the Reich, Journal of American History 92:4 (March 2006), p. 1491. doi:10.2307/4486001. Scholarly.
- ↑ Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), pp. 132–133. Scholarly.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), p. 134. Scholarly.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Agudas Chasidei Chabad of United States v. Russian Federation, Memorandum Opinion, No. 05-01548 (RCL), D.D.C., filed 4 December 2006; reported at 466 F. Supp. 2d 6. Court record.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 "The Rebbe: A Brief Biography", Chabad.org, accessed 14 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), p. 30. Scholarly.
- ↑ Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), p. 33. Scholarly.
- ↑ "Lubavitcher leader dead at age 92", United Press International, 12 June 1994. Press.
- ↑ Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), p. 45. Scholarly.
- ↑ David Berger, "The Rebbe, the Jews, and the Messiah", Commentary, September 2001. Critical.
- ↑ Fishkoff, The Rebbe's Army (2003), p. 15. Journalistic; broadly sympathetic to Chabad.
- ↑ Fishkoff, The Rebbe's Army (2003), p. 49. Journalistic; broadly sympathetic to Chabad.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Dovid Margolin, "Jews Don't Run: The Rebbe and Lessons From Crown Heights", Chabad.org, 19 August 2021, accessed 15 October 2026. Chabad-side.
- ↑ Henry Goldschmidt, Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006), ISBN 978-0-8135-3897-6, p. 5. Scholarly.
- ↑ Menachem Posner, "How the Chanukah Menorah Made Its Way to the Public Sphere", Chabad.org, first published 1 December 2014 (later updated). Chabad-side.
- ↑ Fishkoff, The Rebbe's Army (2003), p. 288. Journalistic; broadly sympathetic to Chabad.
- ↑ "The likely first public menorah was lit on Independence Mall on this week in Philly history", The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 2025. Press.
- ↑ Agudas Chasidei Chabad of United States v. Gourary, 650 F. Supp. 1463 (E.D.N.Y. 6 January 1987) (Sifton, J.), Memorandum Decision and Order, US District Court for the Eastern District of New York, No. CV-85-2909, at 1463–1464, 1474, 1476. Court record (civil).
- ↑ Agudas Chasidei Chabad of United States v. Gourary, 833 F.2d 431 (2d Cir. 17 November 1987) (Cardamone, J., for Van Graafeiland, Cardamone and Pierce, JJ.), US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Court record (civil). At ¶¶ 6, 8, 45. Paragraph numbers (¶) are those of the law.resource.org text.
- ↑ "Hayom Yom: Tevet 5", Chabad.org. Chabad-side.
- ↑ County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573 (1989), together with No. 88-90, Chabad v. American Civil Liberties Union. US Reports PDF. Court record.
- ↑ Heilman and Friedman, The Rebbe (2010), pp. 230–231. Scholarly.
- ↑ Richard H. Girgenti, A Report to the Governor on the Disturbances in Crown Heights, vol. I: An Assessment of the City's Preparedness and Response to Civil Disorder (Albany: New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services, July 1993), Executive Summary, p. 4. PDF (New York State Library). Official report.
- ↑ Girgenti, vol. I (1993), p. 10. Official report.
- ↑ Goldschmidt, Race and Religion (2006), p. 57. Scholarly.
- ↑ Goldschmidt, Race and Religion (2006), p. 58. Scholarly.
- ↑ David Firestone, "Thousands Gather in Crown Hts. To Grieve for Their Grand Rabbi", The New York Times, 13 June 1994. Press.
- ↑ United States Congress, H.R. 4497: An Act to award a congressional gold medal to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Public Law 103‑457, 2 November 1994, 108 Stat. 4799. Official.
- ↑ "Campaign Expands to Airwaves to Declare Late Rebbe 'Moshiach'", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 7 February 1996. Press (quotes Chabad-side statements).
- ↑ "1,000 Orthodox rabbis reject claim rebbe was Messiah", J. The Jewish News of Northern California (JTA), 21 June 1996. Press.
- ↑ David Berger, The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference, London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001. Critical.
- ↑ "Rabbi's election, mogul's arrest raise tensions in Russia", J. The Jewish News of Northern California (JTA), 16 June 2000. Press.
- ↑ "Jewish Split Widens With 2 Chief Rabbis", Moscow Times, June 2000. Press.
- ↑ "Gusinsky arrest raises fears for Russia's Jews", Daily Telegraph, June 2000. Press.
- ↑ "Red flags go up, then come down, in Russian rabbi flap", J. (JTA), 9 June 2000. Press.
- ↑ Sue Fishkoff, The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch (New York: Schocken, 2003), p. 10. Journalistic; broadly sympathetic to Chabad.
- ↑ United States Attorney's Office, Northern District of Iowa, "Sholom Rubashkin sentenced to 27 years in federal prison", 22 June 2010. Case no. CR 08-1324-2-LRR. Official.
- ↑ Agudas Chasidei Chabad of United States v. Russian Federation, Memorandum Opinion, D.D.C., 30 July 2010; reported at 729 F. Supp. 2d 141. Court record.
- ↑ Agudas Chasidei Chabad of United States v. Russian Federation, Memorandum Opinion, D.D.C., 16 January 2013; reported at 915 F. Supp. 2d 148. Court record.
- ↑ Docket No. 24-909, Supreme Court of the United States. Court record.
- ↑ "US Supreme Court declines to hear Jewish group's bid to sue Russia over seized religious texts", Reuters, 20 January 2026. Press.
- ↑ Cnaan Liphshiz, "Giant Ukraine JCC provides shelter from the storm – in style", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 1 October 2014. Press.
- ↑ Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, Report of Case Study No. 22: The response of Yeshiva Bondi and Yeshivah Melbourne to allegations of child sexual abuse made against people associated with those institutions (Commonwealth of Australia, October 2016), p. 10. Case study page. Official inquiry.
- ↑ "Ivanka Trump visits the Lubavitcher rebbe's grave ahead of election", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 6 November 2016. Press.
- ↑ "Jared Kushner's college rabbi recalls a snow-shoveling student mega-donor", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 27 January 2017. Press.
- ↑ "President Trump Commutes Sentence of Sholom Rubashkin", The White House, 20 December 2017. Official.
- ↑ Felix Pope, "Chanukah bus tour attacked by yobs shouting anti-Israel slogans", The Jewish Chronicle, 1 December 2021 (archived 8 March 2022). Press.
- ↑ Lee Harpin, "Met Police drop investigation into Oxford Street Chanukah bus attack", Jewish News, 7 October 2022. Press.
- ↑ Ofcom, "BBC News Online and BBC London News, 2 December 2021", Broadcast and On Demand Bulletin, issue 461, November 2022. Regulator finding.
- ↑ Mendel Super, "Rocket Attacks on Dnipro Intensify, Jewish Community Evacuating Hundreds Daily", Chabad.org, 15 March 2022. Chabad-side.
- ↑ "Russia moves to dissolve Jewish Agency branch that promotes immigration to Israel", Reuters, 21 July 2022. Press.
- ↑ "В ФЕОР огорчились планам ликвидировать «Сохнут» в России" (FEOR saddened by plans to liquidate Sochnut in Russia), Interfax, 21 July 2022 (in Russian). Press (quotes a Chabad-side spokesman).
- ↑ Saranac Hale Spencer, "What We Know About the Brooklyn Synagogue Tunnel", FactCheck.org, 17 January 2024. Press (fact-checking).
- ↑ Graig Graziosi, "Riot breaks out after NYPD tries to seal secret synagogue tunnels in Brooklyn", The Independent, 9 January 2024. Press.
- ↑ Zoe Hussain and Jorge Fitz-Gibbon, "Judge scolds Hasidic students in bizarre scheme to build tunnel under NYC synagogue", New York Post, 13 January 2025. Press.
- ↑ "President Trump Marks Oct. 7 With Prayer Visit to Ohel", Chabad.org, 7 October 2024. Chabad-side.
- ↑ JSC Commercial Bank PrivatBank v Kolomoisky & Anor [2026] EWCA Civ 658 (22 May 2026), dismissing the appeal from [2025] EWHC 1987 (Ch) (30 July 2025). Text. Court record.
- ↑ "More Bondi Beach shooting victims named, including 10yo girl and rabbis", ABC News (Australia), 15 December 2025. Press.
- ↑ "Yehuda Kaploun confirmed by Senate as Trump's antisemitism envoy", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 19 December 2025. Press.