Dean Godson

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Dean Godson, Newsnight, 12 December 2007

Dean Godson is the Research Director for the Policy Exchange, a United Kingdom think-tank. He attended St Paul's School and is a graduate of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Career

  • 1983-1984, Special Assistant to John Lehman, Secretary of US Navy
  • 1985-6 ?
  • 1987-1989 Research Fellow, Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies (erroneously noted as the Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies by the BBC - no such organisation existed in the UK, and Godson is listed as a Research fellow in IEDSS publications in 1988)[1]
  • 1987 publishes a study on public diplomacy with the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis in the US.
  • 1990-92 Librarian to Sir James Goldsmith,
  • 1997 'Currently, Mr. Godson serves as the Chief Editorial writer of the Daily Telegraph, the Associate Editor of the Spectator and Special Assistant to Conrad Black.'
  • His political career includes Joint Deputy Chairman of Kensington and Chelsea Conservative Association.[2]
  • 2004 He is the author of Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Ulster Unionism. *After his departure from Hollinger, he has been the Research Director of the Policy Exchange, a neo-conservative think tank.

Background

Godson's family has a history of involvement in covert action. His father Joseph Godson was a follower of Jay Lovestone, the ex-communist trade union leader who ran an international network for the CIA's James Angleton. During his tenure as US Labour attaché in London, Godson Snr was involved in an attempt to expel Aneurin Bevan from the Labour Party . [3]

His elder brother Roy Godson is a covert action expert[4]who was involved in the Iran/Contra Affair.[5] As director of the International Labor Program at Georgetown University in Washington DC., Roy organized "educational visits" for British trade unionists to visit the U.S. during the Reagan administration "to broaden international education about Western democratic values."[6]

Godson's writings have often alluded to this background, for example his acquaintance with right-wing trade unionists like Frank Chapple. [7]

1983-84 John Lehman

During 1983-84, Godson served as Special Assistant the the US Secretary of the Navy, John Lehman, who would later become a signatory of the neoconservative Project for a New American Century. [8]

1987 SDI

In 1987, Godson published SDI:Has America Sold Her Story to the World, a report of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis Panel on Public Diplomacy.[9]

1987-89 IEDSS

Research Fellow, Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies (erroneously noted as the Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies by the BBC - no such organisation existed in the UK, and Godson is listed as a Research fellow in IEDSS publications in 1988)[10]

1990-92 James Goldsmith

According to his BBC biography, Godson was librarian to Sir James Goldsmith from 1990-1992[11]

Conservative Party

In 1995 the Guardian reported on the '21st Century Tories':

From the outside it is not always easy to see the novelty in the various mutations of conservative thinking that well-up out of the party's troubles. Successive generations of young Tory thinkers appear much the same - well spoken Oxbridge graduates, astir with the decline of Britain and the conservative establishment. Is there anything really so new about Roberts, or indeed Matthew D'Ancona (Times and Fellow of All Souls), Niall Ferguson (Telegraph and Don at Jesus College, Oxford), Michael Gove (BBC and former president of the Oxford Union), Anne Applebaum (Yale and deputy editor of the Spectator), Paul Goodman (Telegraph and former chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students) and Dean Godson (Telegraph)?
Well, yes. The first obvious distinction is that its members come from widely different backgrounds and that most of them were literally children of the sixties. Gove and D'Ancona were products of standard middle-class families and although Roberts has the whiff of the grand Tory about him, he picks his friends, according to one of The Group, "to find the same mindset and congenial companions, rather than attempt to create a young England clique". Most of them have links with, or were at, Oxford - unlike their predecessors in the seventies who had strong connections with Peterhouse College, Cambridge. Quite a number are Jewish - Goodman, Godson, Applebaum and Danny Finkelstein, who was originally a member of the SDP but is now regarded by his friends as veering rapidly to the right. "One thing you can say about us," said Roberts, "is that we are extremely philo-semitic."
There are other members - banker Oliver Letwin, Steve Hilton who used to work for Saatchi & Saatchi and is now a prospective Tory candidate, Sheila Lawlor, an historian and education expert for the Centre for Policy Studies and Martin Ivens of the Times. The important thing is that most of them met after university and have come to know each other because of the congruity of their views. In this sense, The Group is a network which is spread through history departments, journalism, advertising and, in one instance, radio. As you would expect its main outlets are the Times, but more important is the Telegraph Group, which also includes the Spectator.[12]

In the 1997 election Godson stood for the Conservatives in Great Grimsby East:

Great Grimsby E 65,043 V 43,096 (66.3%) Austin Mitchell (Lab) 25,765 Dean Godson (C) 9,521 Andrew De Freitas (LD) 7,810 Lab hold Maj 16,244 Swing 11.5% from C to Lab 1992: Lab 25,895; C 18,391; LD 6,475[13]

By this stage Godson's political career included serving as Joint Deputy Chairman of Kensington and Chelsea Conservative Association.[14]

Hollinger

Godson, who was Conrad Black's Personal Assistant was part of the process of moving the Telegraph towards Black's right wing views. Godson was initially a feature and profile writer for the Sunday Telegraph before becoming chief leader writer of the Daily Telegraph under the patronage of Charles Moore.[15] Here is a report from 1996:

hope that Moore, who was the prototype young fogey in his youth, would turn into a traditional fat-bottomed Conservative in his middle years was forlorn. Among his first moves was to import from the Sunday paper his two favourite leader writers, Paul Goodman and Dean Godson, whose style was vigorous, amusingly arch and very right-wing. The views of the couple (who swiftly came to be irreverently known as Pearl and Dean) opened up a gap between the new and old Telegraph camps. "I know that you think we're a bunch of homosexual fuckwits," said Moore to the paper's news editor David Sapsted, a robust hard newsman of the old school, "but we know what we're doing."
The result is a much closer reflection of the hard-right views of the Telegraph proprietor, the Canadian media magnate Conrad Black. This is what might have been expected. When Black bought the Jerusalem Post he turned its editorial policy on its head, transforming the line of the leading Israeli paper from a dove-ish to a hawkish one virtually overnight. The views in yesterday's leader - "cutting taxes, including capital taxes, and spending so that Labour would either limp behind them or be forced out into the open and declare its tax-and-spend philosophy" and abandoning the vision of Europe embodied not just in the single currency but in the whole of the Maastricht treaty - were pure Black.[16]

George Galloway

In April 2003, The Daily Telegraph's David Blair reported the discovery of documents from the Iraqi Defence Ministry which, it was claimed, showed MP George Galloway had taken £375,000 from the Iraqi government.[17] In December 2004, Galloway was awarded £150,00 in libel damages as a result of this claim.[18] The MP has said that he believes Godson was the author of one of two editorials that resulted in this verdict. [19]

Departure from Hollinger

Godson left The Telegraph after Conrad Black lost control of the paper in 2004.

Young fogey Dean Godson, one of Conrad Black's favourite leader writers at the Telegraph, has had his contract terminated shortly after Black's legal war with parent company Hollinger International began. Strangely, Godson, who is great mates with Boris Johnson and often sports an India Jones-style hat, is still turning up at the office, to the bemusement of fellow journalists. 'He was definitely booted out but he has either not noticed or he's coming in and using the reference library,' says our Telegraph mole. Whether the Barclay brothers will take pity on him and allow him to stay remains to be seen.[20]

In the acknowledgements to his June 2004 biography of David Trimble, Godson expressed his thanks to Hollinger International directors Conrad Black, Barbara Amiel and Dan Colson.[21] The three were being sued by the company at the time over the alleged diversion of £391 million between 1997 and 2003.[22]

Later that year, editor Martin Newland said:

"I soon came to recognise we were speaking a language on geopolitical events and even domestic events that was dictated too much from across the Atlantic. It's OK to be pro-Israel, but not to be unbelievably pro-Likud Israel, it's OK to be pro-American but not look as if you're taking instructions from Washington. Dean Godson and Barbara Amiel were key departures." [23]

Policy Exchange

Godson is currently a research director specialising in terrorism and security and International issues at the conservative-leaning think-tank Policy Exchange, which is chaired by his former Telegraph editor Charles Moore.[24]

On British Islam

In an April 2006 Times article Godson called for a new war of ideas against radical Islam, citing past British and American covert operations as precedents.

During the Cold War, organisations such as the Information Research Department of the Foreign Office would assert the superiority of the West over its totalitarian rivals. And magazines such as Encounter did hand-to-hand combat with Soviet fellow travellers. For any kind of truly moderate Islam to flourish, we need first to recapture our own self-confidence. At the moment, the extremists largely have the field to themselves.[25]

Godson's approach to fighting radical Islam has significant parallels with a US Department of Defense proposal from 2002.

The Defense Department is considering issuing a secret directive to the American military to conduct covert operations aimed at influencing public opinion and policy makers in friendly and neutral countries, senior Pentagon and administration officials say...
...Such a program, for example, could include efforts to discredit and undermine the influence of mosques and religious schools that have become breeding grounds for Islamic militancy and anti-Americanism across the Middle East, Asia and Europe.[26]

Godson's campaign against any engagement with Islamist political movements had already led him led to focus on a broad range of institutions.

In February 2006, he accused part of the Metropolitan Police of "a kind of ideological “Stockholm syndrome.”

Members of the Met’s Muslim Contact Unit, one of the weirder parts of the force, extol the work of the Muslim Association of Britain and George Galloway in the East End — and have been known to rebuke a young woman of Muslim origin who dared to question the British State’s chosen Islamist partners. [27]

He turned to the police once more in April 2006:

The Association of Chief Police Officers also frets about a ban, fearing it will drive HuT underground. Acpo argues that it will be hard to justify proscription when the group claims to be non-violent political organisation. This is to misunderstand HuT. Its role has never been to perpetrate violence here. That would not be in its interest, since London is its nerve centre. [28]

In February 2007, Godson accused Dominic Grieve and Sayeeda Warsi of being part of an 'MCB-friendly faction' in the Conservative Party.[29]

After Gordon Brown became Prime Minister, Godson noted that 'battle is being waged behind the scenes' over 'the Government’s approach towards radical Islamism.'

Who should be the Government’s chosen Muslim partners in the struggle against radicalisation? Mr Brown is already facing a big push from an Islamist-friendly faction in the Cabinet, led by Jack Straw and John Denham, to bring the once pre-eminent Muslim Council of Britain back in from the cold. [30]

In August 2007, Godson asked:

How did the Crown Prosecution Service and West Midlands Police come to refer Channel 4’s Dispatches programme, Undercover Mosque, to Ofcom? It is one of the most bizarre decisions taken by public authorities in recent times. Having decided that they could not or would not prosecute the purveyors of Wahhabite hate speech portrayed in the film – mostly from the Green Lane mosque in Birmingham – they instead turned round on the documentary-makers and investigated them for allegedly stirring up racial hatred.[31]

In February 2008, Godson defended the bugging of MP Sadiq Khan:

As a former chairman of the Muslim Council of Britain’s legal committee, Mr Khan remains the most Islamist-friendly of MPs. Compared with other Labour Muslim MPs – such as Khalid Mahmood – he has too often catered to the “victim mentality” in the community.
But Mr Khan is also highly ambitious. Is this really the cause for which he wants to be remembered? And will he continue to dance like a cat on a hot tin roof when the Government pushes for a further extension in police powers under the new counter-terrorism Bill? [32]

Later that month, he backed a RUSI report stating Britain's security was at risk because of a “loss of confidence in our own identity, values, constitution and institutions”.

Dean Godson, a security expert at the think tank the Policy Exchange, said of the report: “It doesn’t deal with specific legislation or whether we need 25 extra battalions or whatever. It deals with vital but unobvious elements. It’s very impressive on how soft power – such as education – can impact on hard power.” [33]

On the Middle East

Godson has praised the scholarship of Bernard Lewis:

How democracy is implemented is critical to him: unlike much of the Administration, he believes that free elections should be the culmination of the reform process, rather than the starting point (as shown by the ballots in Egypt and Palestine that have strengthened anti-democratic Islamists). Democracy, he contends, needs to be introduced “like an antibiotic — drip-drip, or else it kills the patient”. [34]

Following Israel's failed campaign in Lebanon in 2006, Godson predicted that Israelis might turn to former chief of staff Moshe Yaalon for political leadership.

General Yaalon, a Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, has so far been almost as cryptic about his intentions as General Eisenhower was before being drafted to run for the US presidency in 1952. If he wins power, it will be by constitutional means rather than by a military coup — unlike almost everywhere else in the Middle East. But in the current climate in Europe, don’t expect anyone to give the Israeli political system much credit for that.[35].

On Iran

Godson criticised St Andrews University for awarding an honorary degree to former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami.[36]

On Ireland

In 1995, Godson was linked to a group that played a role in the leaking of the good Friday Agreement an act which was intended to damage the Conservative government:

The conspirators wore surgical gloves. The document they were handling was so politically explosive they dared not leave a single smudged fingerprint or speck of grease to show it had been touched. And, last Monday, as he studied the leaked framework of the London-Dublin proposals for the future of Northern Ireland, Matthew D'Ancona, a 26-year-old assistant editor at The Times, was not even allowed to photocopy it. The paper was believed to be in ink containing a secret masking agent preventing duplication and was imprinted with an identifying code. That code would have shown which of the 25 copies circulating at the highest Government levels had been leaked.
But as the original slim folder of papers was returned pristine and swiftly to the Government office it came from, it now seems highly unlikely that the senior politician or civil servant who connived at the leak will ever be identified. Last night it was becoming clear that a caucus of fervent Loyalists under the umbrella of a Unionist study group is closely associated with the leaker. It is made up of PR man David Burnside, D'Ancona himself; Dean Godson, a Daily Telegraph staff reporter; Paul Goodman, Northern Ireland correspondent on the Sunday Telegraph; Noel Malcolm, a historian and Daily Telegraph political columnist; Andrew McHallam, executive director of the Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies; Charles Moore, editor of the Sunday Telegraph; Simon Pearce, a Conservative election candidate; company director Justin Shaw and historian Andrew Roberts. One of the group said last night: 'We didn't want the position when the framework document was published of being out in the cold as we were over the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985. There was a coming together of minds over what should be done.'[37]
Even stranger goings-on in the Daily Telegraph conference room this week. Dean Godson, one of the paper's star leader writers, was bemoaning the fact that Michael Portillo was reluctant to back its "Save the RUC" campaign. "I don't understand it," said Godson, David Trimble's biographer. "He's afraid to put his name to our campaign but not ashamed to admit he's had homosexual experiences (except that Godson used a more descriptive phrase). Is he mad or am I?" [38]

In his 2004 biography of David Trimble, Himself Alone, Godson noted that the former Ulster Unionist leader was "influenced in his opinion of the Cold War by the London-based monthly journal of culture and politics, Encounter, in which contributors often urged a tough line on the Soviets." [39]

In a 2006 Times article, Godson claimed that he had been told by Fr Denis Faul that Sinn Fein's Martin McGuinness was an MI6 agent. [40] Since the article was an obituary for Fr Faul, the conversation is presumably unverifiable. The article came shortly after a similar allegation by the former FRU agent known as Martin Ingram, based on an unpublished document, which several journalists concluded was of doubtful authenticity. [41][42] Other sources note his devotion to the unionism over his Tory colleagues:

In July 2006, Godson criticised community restorative justice schemes as a recipe for parallel policing by the IRA.[43]

In March 2007, Godson criticised Ian Paisley for his willingness to do a deal with Sinn Fein.

For years, officials have smirkingly counted upon the defeatism, vanity and venality of much of the Unionist political class to push through a project of creeping condominium with the Republic. But who would have thought that Ian Paisley, the ultimate “honest bigot”, would turn out to be their last card?[44]

In June 2007, Godson backed calls for the Labour Party to organise in Northern Ireland.[45]

Godson declared his admiration for Conor Cruise O'Brien on the occasion of the latter's 90th birthday:

O'Brien became a hate figure among republicans and civil libertarians for his modernisation of Section 31 of the old Broadcasting Act giving the Government the right to ban paramilitaries from the airwaves; it was precisely at times of heightened tribal consciousness, he argued, that restrictions on speech were necessary.[46]

In January 2008, Godson criticised the British Government's proposals for dealing with the legacy of the conflict:

The Consultative Group on the Past - set up by the Government last year to determine how best to deal with the legacy of Northern Ireland's Troubles - seems to be turning into a veritable Frankenstein's Monster. Far from laying the past to rest, its cack-handed and morally flawed approach risks envenoming Ulster's political process all over again. [47]

On Freedom of Information

Godson supported Conservative MP David Maclean's bill to exempt MPs from the Freedom of Information Act:

Neither side in this debate has yet secured a knockout blow. But there is far more to this than the simplistic notion that MPs are featherbedding their nests. More “open” government is not necessarily better government.[48]

Connections

He attended the memorial for Lord Stewart of Fulham in 1990.[49] Godson was best man when James Barnard married into the Guiness family in 1995:

GUINNESS and Guinnesses alike were in abundance at London's Claridges Hotel last Monday evening, brought together for a rare family celebration. For once, it wasn't a board meeting but a wedding that saw so many members of the extensive clan converge on the one place, as Lady Emma Guinness married barrister James Barnard. The couple first met early in 1993, brought together by a mutual love of music; Lady Emma plays the piano and is currently taking singing lessons. Eldest child of the late Earl of Iveagh, who died three and a half years ago, the bride wore a dark green velvet suit from Belville Sassoon for the earlier part of the day, which was marked by three separate ceremonies. After going first to the Kensington/Chelsea registry office, the party moved on to Rut land Gate's Kent House synagogue (the groom is Jewish) before an afternoon blessing at St George's, Hanover Square. [50]

Godson attended the memorial service for Lord Houghton of Sowerby in July 1996 along with other neocons/atlanticists such as Alan Lee Williams.[51]

Affiliations

Publications, further reading, notes

Publications

  • Dean Godson, SDI: Has America Told Her Story to the World?, Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers (for the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis), 1987. 73 pp. (Special Report.)[52]
  • British Attitudes Towards the United States, in Martin Holmes (ed) British Security Policy and the Atlantic Alliance: Prospects for the 1990s, Published 1987 Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers ISBN 0080359663 A publication of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Washington, D.C.[53]
  • Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism, HarperCollins, 2004.

Further reading

Notes

  1. MPs and Defence: A Survey of Parliamentary Knowledge and Opinion, By Philip Towle, available on Google Books
  2. Dean Godson: BBC 1997 Election Candidates Profile, BBC, Undated (Accessed: 13 December 2007).
  3. The CIA, The British Left and the Cold War: Calling The Tune? by Hugh Wilford, Frank Cass, 2003, pp176-181
  4. Dirty Tricks or Trump Cards: US Covert Action and Counterintelligence, by Roy Godson, Transaction Books, 2001
  5. Walsh Contra/Iran Report Chapter 13: Private Fundraising: The Guilty Pleas of Channell and Miller, Federation of American Scientists, accessed 29 February 2008
  6. Thomas Kenny, A Review of Himself Alone: David Trimble by Dean Godson. Harper Collins, ISBN 0-00-257098-X, Irish Democrat, 10 March 2005.
  7. Struggle for the soul of British Islam hots up, Dean Godson, The Times, 15 February 2007.
  8. [1], accessed 1 March 2007.
  9. SDI: Has America Sold Her Story to the World, Report of the [[Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Panel on Public Diplomacy, by Dean Godson, Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers, 1987.
  10. MPs and Defence: A Survey of Parliamentary Knowledge and Opinion, By Philip Towle, available on Google Books
  11. Op. cit.
  12. The Guardian (London)February 22, 1995, CHURCHILL'S CHILDREN; Out with Major, Europe, the Welfare State and political correctness - waiting in the wings are the 21st-century Tories whose gameplan for the future has little truck with the present. Henry Porter talks to The Group, Henry Porter, SECTION: THE GUARDIAN FEATURES PAGE; Pg. T2
  13. The Guardian (London), May 3, 1997, ELECTION SPECIAL: HOW THE COUNTRY VOTED, SECTION: THE GUARDIAN HOME PAGE; Pg. 5
  14. Dean Godson: BBC 1997 Election Candidates Profile, BBC, Undated (Accessed: 13 December 2007).
  15. Capel & Land UK Literary and Talent Agency, London - Dean Godson, accessed 1 March 2007
  16. The Independent (London) April 19, 1996, Friday, 'With friends like this ...; The Daily Telegraph has turned on John Major. Paul Vallely charts his souring relationship with the Tory press barons' PAUL VALLELY, Page 17
  17. Galloway denies Saddam 'fawning', BBC News, 16 November 2004.
  18. GEORGE GALLOWAY WINS SADDAM LIBEL CASE AGAINST THE TELEGRAPH, LegalDay, 2 December 2004
  19. Conversation with George Galloway, 22 January 2008.
  20. Crossed Lines at the Telegraph - Media Diary, The Observer, 27 June 2004.
  21. Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism, by Dean Godson, Harper Perennial, 2005, p.xx
  22. Black and wife named in $1.25bn lawsuit, by Stephanie Kirchgaessner FT.com, May 10, 2004.
  23. Newland unleashed, by Maggie Brown, The Guardian, 15 November 2004.
  24. Expert Profile - Dean Godson, Research Director, Policy Exchange, accessed 1 March 2008
  25. The feeble helping the unspeakable, by Dean Godson, The Times, 5 April 2006
  26. Pentagon May Push Propaganda in Allied Nations, by Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, {{New York Times]], 16 December 2002.
  27. Already hooked on poison, by Dean Godson, The Times, 8 February 2006.
  28. The feeble helping the unspeakable, by Dean Godson, The Times, 5 April 2006.
  29. Struggle for the soul of British Islam hots up, by Dean Godson, The Times, 15 February 2007.
  30. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2100338.ece Do we have to treat Muslims as Muslims?, by Dean Godson, The Times, 19 July 2007
  31. The Old Bill should choose its friends carefully, by Dean Godson, The Times, 23 August 2007.
  32. Don't be so eager to bash the Met, by Dean Godson, The Times, 4 February 2008.
  33. Has Britain become soft on terror?, Richard Woods and David Leppard, Sunday Times 17 February 2008.
  34. A pillar of wisdom in the great Islamic debate, by Dean Godson, The Times, 2 May 2006.
  35. Now recriminations begin in Israel, by Dean Godson, The Times, 17 August 2006
  36. The dishonouring of St Andrews, by Dean Godson, The Times, 25 October 2006.
  37. Mail on Sunday (London)February 5, 1995, Top-level conspirator who'll never be found HISTORIAN: Roberts DIRECTOR: McHallam CONSERVATIVE: Pearce; HOW ULSTER LEAK PLOTTERS BEAT SECURITY TO PROTECT SECRET SOURCE OF LEAK, BYLINE: Adrian Lithgow, SECTION: Pg. 6
  38. The Times (London) October 22, 1999, Friday 'Daily Telegraph'
  39. Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism, Dean Godson, Harper Perennial, 2005, p18.
  40. Sharp lessons from a turbulent priest, The Times, June 23, 2006
  41. Security experts discredit claim that McGuinness was M16 spy, Sunday Times, June 4, 2006.
  42. Senior SF member is 'British spy', Sunday Tribune, May 28, 2006.
  43. Whitehall letting foxes into the chicken coop, by Dean Godson, The Times, 18 July 2006.
  44. So, Dr No, what exactly were the last 40 years all about?, by Dean Godson, The Times, 13 March 2007
  45. At last, Ulster voters can have a say on their rulers, by Dean Godson, The Times, 7 June 2007.
  46. It's men like the Cruiser who keep us safe, by Dean Godson, The Times, 3 November 2007.
  47. A past full of monsters, by Dean Godson, The Times, 10 January 2008.
  48. When the media unite, watch your back, by Dean Godson, The Times, 21 May 2007
  49. The Independent (London), May 18, 1990, Friday, Memorial services: Lord Stewart of Fulham, SECTION: GAZETTE PAGE; Page 15
  50. The Irish Times December 9, 1995, CITY EDITION '650 pints of plain, please' ROBERT O'BYRNE, WEEKEND; ON THE TOWN; Pg. Supplement Page 2
  51. The Times, July 18, 1996, Thursday, Lord Houghton of Sowerby, CH
  52. Foreign Affairs 1988, Spring, Edited by Janis A. Kreslins, Pg. 895
  53. British Security Policy and the Atlantic Alliance: Prospects for the 1990s, Google Books