Difference between revisions of "Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies"
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− | The Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies was a key Israeli think tank in the 1980s. It is now known as the [[Institute for National Security Studies]]. | + | The Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, founded in 1977, (as the [[Center for Strategic Studies]]) at the initiative of Tel Aviv University. It added the word 'Jaffee' in 1983 in honour of Mr. and Mrs. Mel Jaffee. It was a key Israeli think tank in the 1980s and was also central to the international [[Invisible College]] or terrorism think tanks and institutes. It is now known as the [[Institute for National Security Studies]] after being absorbed in October 2006. |
+ | |||
+ | In its former incarnation it employed a number of people who are now connected to neoconservative networks such as [[Dore Gold]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | According to the account of Edward Herman and Gerry O'Sullivan, the 'most important' institute addressing the issue of terrorism in Israel in the 1980s was 'the [[Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies]], which is affiliated with the University of Tel Aviv. Its links to the government include its head, Major General [[Aharon Yariv]], former director of Israeli intelligence, and editorial board members Brigadier General [[Aryeh Shalev]] and Minister of Defense [[Yitzhak Rabin]]. [[Walter Laqueur]] of [[CSIS]] and [[JINSA]] is also on the editorial board.'<ref>The "Terrorism" Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror by Edward S. Herman and Gerry O'Sullivan, New York: Pantheon, 1989.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Herman and O'Sullivan note: | ||
+ | |||
+ | :The center sponsors books, monographs, and conferences on a number of subjects, with a strong emphasis on terrorism. It has provided a base for Dr. [[Ariel Merari]], one of Israel's leading analysts of terrorism and coauthor, with [[Shlomi Elad]], of 'The International Dimension of Palestinian Terrorism' (Westview, 1986). [...] The center's 1979 conference on terrorism in Tel Aviv attracted an international group, including [[Brian Jenkins]], [[J. Bowyer Bell]], [[Yonah Alexander]], and [[Robert Kupperman]] from the United States, [[Robert Moss]] and [[Paul Wilkinson]] from Great Britain, and [[Hans Joseph Horchem]] from West Germany. There was no departure in the published record of the conference from the Western format and identification of terrorists and victims. Its most interesting feature was the fact that twenty-one of the forty-six participants were state officials.<ref>Ibid.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==People== | ||
+ | ===Directors=== | ||
+ | *1991 Major General [[Aharon Yariv]], former director of Israeli intelligence | ||
+ | *1994-1997 [[Zeev Maoz]] | ||
+ | *1997-2005 [[Shai Feldman]]<ref>[http://www.rusi.org/about/staff/ref:B47FE378B70ADC/ Staff: Shai Feldman], RUSI, accessed 6 August 2012</ref> | ||
+ | *2005-2008 [[Zvi Shtauber]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Staff circa 1997=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[[Zeev Maoz]] Head of JCSS. Joined JCSS in 1994 as Head of Center. Formerly professor and chairman of the Department of Political Science at the [[University of Haifa]], director of the [[Center of Policy and Security Studies]], and the MA program in national security of the [[National Defense College of the IDF]]. | ||
+ | *[[Ephraim Kam]] Deputy Head of JCSS. Colonel in the [[IDF Military Intelligence]] until 1993. | ||
+ | *[[Yehuda Ben Meir]] Headed the [[Bar-Ilan University]] Psychology Department until 1971. From 1971 to 1984 he was a Member of Knesset for the [[National Religious Party]], and from 1981 to 1984 was Deputy Foreign Minister. | ||
+ | *[[Abraham Ben-Zvi]] Past Chairman of the Department of Political Science at [[Tel Aviv University]]. | ||
+ | *[[Shai Feldman]] Dr. Feldman is on leave of absence from JCSS. | ||
+ | *[[Dore Gold]] PhD in Political Science at Columbia University in 1984. | ||
+ | *[[Moshe Grundman]] Established the JCSS Information and Documentation Center in February 1978 and has been its director ever since. | ||
+ | *[[Mark A. Heller]] Joined JCSS in 1979, and served as Deputy Head of Center from 1984-1986. | ||
+ | *[[Aharon Klieman]] Former Chairman of the Department of Political Science at [[Tel Aviv University]]. | ||
+ | *[[Anat Kurz]] Headed the Center's Project on Low Intensity Warfare since 1989. | ||
+ | *[[Emily Landau]] Currently a PhD candidate in the Department of International Relations at the [[Hebrew University]]. | ||
+ | *[[Ariel (Eli) Levite|Ariel Levite]] BA in Political Science at Tel Aviv University, and MA and PhD in Government at Cornell. | ||
+ | *[[Gil Merom]] Joined the JCSS in 1996. | ||
+ | *[[Aryeh Shalev]] Before joining JCSS, Brigadier-General (res.) Shalev served for 33 years in the [[IDF]], where his final posting was Military Governor of Judea and Samaria. | ||
+ | *[[Yiftah Shapir]] Joined in 1993 as an associate of the Center's Project on Security and Arms Control. Recently, he took charge of the Middle East Military Project. Before joining the Center, Mr. Shapir served as an officer in the [[Israeli Air Force]], in various posts of instruction and analysis. | ||
+ | *[[Ariel Sobelman]] Dr. Sobelman joined the JCSS research team in 1997. For several years he has been involved at the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in the area of advanced high-speed computer network performance, modeling, and development of real-time routing algorithms. | ||
+ | *Zeev Eytan (1929-1995) Colonel in the IDF until 1980. Former member of staff.<ref name="Staff">JCSS [http://web.archive.org/web/19970212003658/http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/team.html Research team]. Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 12 February 1997 on 5 April 2015.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Staff circa 2006=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[[Zvi Shtauber]] Head of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies. Appointed Head of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies in February 2005, following a long career in the Israel Defense Forces and other public offices. His final position in the military was head of the IDF Strategic Planning Division. Prior to that he served as the assistant defense attaché in the Israeli embassy in Washington. Upon his retirement from the IDF, Dr. Shtauber served as vice president of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. He then became the foreign policy advisor to Prime Minister Barak. In 2001 he was appointed Israeli ambassador to the Court of St. James (UK), a position he held until mid-2004. | ||
+ | *[[Ephraim Asculai]] Worked for the [[Israel Atomic Energy Commission]] for over 40 years. In 1986, he was appointed to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, working on issues of radiation protection of the public. | ||
+ | *[[Abraham Ben-Zvi]] Head of the Security Studies Program at the School of Government at [[Tel Aviv University]] and a former Chairman of the Department of Political Science at Tel Aviv University. | ||
+ | *[[Shlomo Brom]] Joined the Jaffee Center as a Senior Research Associate in 1998 after a long career in the IDF. His most senior post in the IDF was Head of the Strategic Planning Division in the Planning Branch of the General Staff. Brig. Gen. | ||
+ | *[[Uzi Eilam]] Brig. Gen. (res.) Eilam was appointed Research Associate at JCSS in 2002. His previous position as Director General of the Israeli Ministry of Defense Mission to Europe was the last in a long career in the service of the IDF, the office of the prime minister, and the MOD. His military career spanned combat experience, including a term as commanding officer in the paratroopers, and military R&D at IDF headquarters. After retiring from the IDF, Eilam served as Director General of the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission and as Chief Scientist and Director of R&D in the Ministry of Defense. | ||
+ | *[[Meir Elran]] Brig. Gen. (ret.) Meir Elran joined the Jaffee Center in 2003 after a long career in the IDF Military Intelligence directorate. His most senior post in the IDF was Deputy Director of Military Intelligence (1987-1989). Other positions he held in the IDF included Assistant Director of the Research Division for Evaluation and Deputy Commander of the IDF's National Defense College. Brig. Gen Elran has served as a senior advisor with several Israeli ministries, including the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Internal Security and the [[Israeli National Security Council]], where he concentrated on social issues relating to national security. | ||
+ | *[[Ram Erez]] Ph.D. candidate in International Relations at the Hebrew University, joined the Jaffee Center in 2001. His research focuses on how policy networks influence security policy in Israel. | ||
+ | *[[Shmuel Even]] Dr. Even joined the Jaffee Center in 1995 after a long career in the IDF's Intelligence Branch. | ||
+ | *[[Shlomo Gazit]] Maj. Gen. Gazit began his affiliation with JCSS in 1988, a few years after completing 33 years of service in the IDF. Following the Six Day War, he served as Coordinator of Israeli Government Operations in the Administered Territories, and following the Yom Kippur War, he served as the head of IDF Military Intelligence. | ||
+ | *[[Hirsh Goodman]] Mr. Goodman directs the [[Andrea and Charles Bronfman Program on Information Strategy]] at the Jaffee Center. He was vice president of the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' until January 2000, and the founding editor of ''[[The Jerusalem Report]]''. For almost two decades Goodman covered defense issues for the Post, was a contributing editor to U.S. News & World Report, and was a contributor to the New Republic. Goodman was a Strategic Fellow at the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]. | ||
+ | *[[Moshe Grundman]] Assistant Head of JCSS, director of the Center's publications, and managing editor of ''[[Strategic Assessment]]'' – the JCSS quarterly. Mr. Grundman, established the JCSS Documentation and Information Center in February 1978 and was its director untill 1997. | ||
+ | *[[Mark A. Heller]] Principal Research Associate at JCSS and editor of ''[[Tel Aviv Notes]]''. He has been affiliated with the Jaffee Center since 1979 and has taught international relations at Tel Aviv University and at leading universities in the US. | ||
+ | *[[Ephraim Kam]] Deputy Head of JCSS. Served as a Colonel in the Research Division of IDF Military Intelligence until 1993, when he joined the Jaffee Center. Positions he held in the IDF included Assistant Director of the Research Division for Evaluation and Senior Instructor at the IDF's National Defense College. | ||
+ | *[[Anat Kurz]] Senior Research Associate who has headed the Jaffee Center's Project on Low-Intensity Conflict since 1989. | ||
+ | *[[Emily Landau]] Director of the Arms Control and Regional Security Project at JCSS. | ||
+ | *[[Tamar Malz]] Joined the Center in 1996. She assisted two major projects at JCSS in the course of which she worked on issues related to Arms Control and Regional Security, and Israel's National Security. | ||
+ | *[[Paul Rivlin]] Joint appointment at the Jaffee Center and at the [[Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies]], [[Tel Aviv University]]. | ||
+ | *[[Yoram Schweitzer]] Expert on international terror. | ||
+ | *[[Aryeh Shalev]] Brig Gen. (res.) Shalev served for 33 years in the IDF, where his final posting was Military Governor of Judea and Samaria. | ||
+ | *[[Zaki Shalom]] Senior researcher at the [[Ben-Gurion Research Institute]] at [[Ben-Gurion University]]. | ||
+ | *[[Yiftah Shapir]] Served as an officer in the Israeli Air Force, and has extensive background in information technology and operations research. | ||
+ | *[[Nachman Tal]] Former senior official of the [[General Security Service]] (GSS), joined the JCSS research staff in 1996 following his retirement from the GSS. | ||
+ | *[[Imri Tov]] Economic Advisor to the Israeli defense establishment from 1988-2000, before which he was a senior economist at the Bank of Israel. | ||
+ | *[[Judith Rosen]] - English Editor - worked at ''[[TIME]]'' Magazine as a letters correspondent. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Information Center and Library==== | ||
+ | *[[Yoel Kozak]] - Director | ||
+ | *[[Elian Weizman]] | ||
+ | *[[Assaf Rotman]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Research Assistants==== | ||
+ | *[[Tamir Magal]] | ||
+ | *[[Avi Mor]] | ||
+ | *[[Michal Yon]] | ||
+ | *[[Noam Gruber]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Administrative Staff==== | ||
+ | *[[Shulamit Reich]] | ||
+ | *[[Deborah Oppenheimer]] | ||
+ | *[[Smadar Glikman]] | ||
+ | *[[Orna Gudai]]<ref>JCSS [http://web.archive.org/web/20060115080333/http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/staff.html Staff]. Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 15 January 2006 on 6 April 2015.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Funding== | ||
+ | In 2007 the Center carried the following information about funding on its website: | ||
+ | |||
+ | :The JCSS budget is based largely on the annual interest that accrues from an endowment fund established by the [[Association of American Friends of Tel Aviv University]] from contributions made primarily by the Jewish community of the United States. This is supplemented by foundation support and contributions dedicated to specific projects In this way JCSS seeks to ensure for itself the financial independence necessary for its research and other activities.<ref>JCSS [http://web.archive.org/web/20070715025526/http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/about.html About JCSS] Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 15 July 2007 on 3 April 2015.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
==Resources== | ==Resources== | ||
− | === | + | ===Contact=== |
+ | :Internet Archive holdings of [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/ tau.ac.il/jcss/] 1997-2007. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Powerbase=== | ||
*[[Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, extract from The "Terrorism" Industry]] | *[[Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, extract from The "Terrorism" Industry]] | ||
− | + | *[[Terrorexpertise:Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies]] | |
− | * | + | |
+ | ===Notes=== | ||
+ | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Israel Lobby]][[category:Terrorism Industry]] | [[Category:Israel Lobby]][[category:Terrorism Industry]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Israel]][[Category:Israeli Think Tanks]] |
Latest revision as of 20:10, 6 April 2015
The Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, founded in 1977, (as the Center for Strategic Studies) at the initiative of Tel Aviv University. It added the word 'Jaffee' in 1983 in honour of Mr. and Mrs. Mel Jaffee. It was a key Israeli think tank in the 1980s and was also central to the international Invisible College or terrorism think tanks and institutes. It is now known as the Institute for National Security Studies after being absorbed in October 2006.
In its former incarnation it employed a number of people who are now connected to neoconservative networks such as Dore Gold.
According to the account of Edward Herman and Gerry O'Sullivan, the 'most important' institute addressing the issue of terrorism in Israel in the 1980s was 'the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, which is affiliated with the University of Tel Aviv. Its links to the government include its head, Major General Aharon Yariv, former director of Israeli intelligence, and editorial board members Brigadier General Aryeh Shalev and Minister of Defense Yitzhak Rabin. Walter Laqueur of CSIS and JINSA is also on the editorial board.'[1]
Herman and O'Sullivan note:
- The center sponsors books, monographs, and conferences on a number of subjects, with a strong emphasis on terrorism. It has provided a base for Dr. Ariel Merari, one of Israel's leading analysts of terrorism and coauthor, with Shlomi Elad, of 'The International Dimension of Palestinian Terrorism' (Westview, 1986). [...] The center's 1979 conference on terrorism in Tel Aviv attracted an international group, including Brian Jenkins, J. Bowyer Bell, Yonah Alexander, and Robert Kupperman from the United States, Robert Moss and Paul Wilkinson from Great Britain, and Hans Joseph Horchem from West Germany. There was no departure in the published record of the conference from the Western format and identification of terrorists and victims. Its most interesting feature was the fact that twenty-one of the forty-six participants were state officials.[2]
Contents
People
Directors
- 1991 Major General Aharon Yariv, former director of Israeli intelligence
- 1994-1997 Zeev Maoz
- 1997-2005 Shai Feldman[3]
- 2005-2008 Zvi Shtauber
Staff circa 1997
- Zeev Maoz Head of JCSS. Joined JCSS in 1994 as Head of Center. Formerly professor and chairman of the Department of Political Science at the University of Haifa, director of the Center of Policy and Security Studies, and the MA program in national security of the National Defense College of the IDF.
- Ephraim Kam Deputy Head of JCSS. Colonel in the IDF Military Intelligence until 1993.
- Yehuda Ben Meir Headed the Bar-Ilan University Psychology Department until 1971. From 1971 to 1984 he was a Member of Knesset for the National Religious Party, and from 1981 to 1984 was Deputy Foreign Minister.
- Abraham Ben-Zvi Past Chairman of the Department of Political Science at Tel Aviv University.
- Shai Feldman Dr. Feldman is on leave of absence from JCSS.
- Dore Gold PhD in Political Science at Columbia University in 1984.
- Moshe Grundman Established the JCSS Information and Documentation Center in February 1978 and has been its director ever since.
- Mark A. Heller Joined JCSS in 1979, and served as Deputy Head of Center from 1984-1986.
- Aharon Klieman Former Chairman of the Department of Political Science at Tel Aviv University.
- Anat Kurz Headed the Center's Project on Low Intensity Warfare since 1989.
- Emily Landau Currently a PhD candidate in the Department of International Relations at the Hebrew University.
- Ariel Levite BA in Political Science at Tel Aviv University, and MA and PhD in Government at Cornell.
- Gil Merom Joined the JCSS in 1996.
- Aryeh Shalev Before joining JCSS, Brigadier-General (res.) Shalev served for 33 years in the IDF, where his final posting was Military Governor of Judea and Samaria.
- Yiftah Shapir Joined in 1993 as an associate of the Center's Project on Security and Arms Control. Recently, he took charge of the Middle East Military Project. Before joining the Center, Mr. Shapir served as an officer in the Israeli Air Force, in various posts of instruction and analysis.
- Ariel Sobelman Dr. Sobelman joined the JCSS research team in 1997. For several years he has been involved at the Weizmann Institute of Science in the area of advanced high-speed computer network performance, modeling, and development of real-time routing algorithms.
- Zeev Eytan (1929-1995) Colonel in the IDF until 1980. Former member of staff.[4]
Staff circa 2006
- Zvi Shtauber Head of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies. Appointed Head of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies in February 2005, following a long career in the Israel Defense Forces and other public offices. His final position in the military was head of the IDF Strategic Planning Division. Prior to that he served as the assistant defense attaché in the Israeli embassy in Washington. Upon his retirement from the IDF, Dr. Shtauber served as vice president of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. He then became the foreign policy advisor to Prime Minister Barak. In 2001 he was appointed Israeli ambassador to the Court of St. James (UK), a position he held until mid-2004.
- Ephraim Asculai Worked for the Israel Atomic Energy Commission for over 40 years. In 1986, he was appointed to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, working on issues of radiation protection of the public.
- Abraham Ben-Zvi Head of the Security Studies Program at the School of Government at Tel Aviv University and a former Chairman of the Department of Political Science at Tel Aviv University.
- Shlomo Brom Joined the Jaffee Center as a Senior Research Associate in 1998 after a long career in the IDF. His most senior post in the IDF was Head of the Strategic Planning Division in the Planning Branch of the General Staff. Brig. Gen.
- Uzi Eilam Brig. Gen. (res.) Eilam was appointed Research Associate at JCSS in 2002. His previous position as Director General of the Israeli Ministry of Defense Mission to Europe was the last in a long career in the service of the IDF, the office of the prime minister, and the MOD. His military career spanned combat experience, including a term as commanding officer in the paratroopers, and military R&D at IDF headquarters. After retiring from the IDF, Eilam served as Director General of the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission and as Chief Scientist and Director of R&D in the Ministry of Defense.
- Meir Elran Brig. Gen. (ret.) Meir Elran joined the Jaffee Center in 2003 after a long career in the IDF Military Intelligence directorate. His most senior post in the IDF was Deputy Director of Military Intelligence (1987-1989). Other positions he held in the IDF included Assistant Director of the Research Division for Evaluation and Deputy Commander of the IDF's National Defense College. Brig. Gen Elran has served as a senior advisor with several Israeli ministries, including the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Internal Security and the Israeli National Security Council, where he concentrated on social issues relating to national security.
- Ram Erez Ph.D. candidate in International Relations at the Hebrew University, joined the Jaffee Center in 2001. His research focuses on how policy networks influence security policy in Israel.
- Shmuel Even Dr. Even joined the Jaffee Center in 1995 after a long career in the IDF's Intelligence Branch.
- Shlomo Gazit Maj. Gen. Gazit began his affiliation with JCSS in 1988, a few years after completing 33 years of service in the IDF. Following the Six Day War, he served as Coordinator of Israeli Government Operations in the Administered Territories, and following the Yom Kippur War, he served as the head of IDF Military Intelligence.
- Hirsh Goodman Mr. Goodman directs the Andrea and Charles Bronfman Program on Information Strategy at the Jaffee Center. He was vice president of the Jerusalem Post until January 2000, and the founding editor of The Jerusalem Report. For almost two decades Goodman covered defense issues for the Post, was a contributing editor to U.S. News & World Report, and was a contributor to the New Republic. Goodman was a Strategic Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- Moshe Grundman Assistant Head of JCSS, director of the Center's publications, and managing editor of Strategic Assessment – the JCSS quarterly. Mr. Grundman, established the JCSS Documentation and Information Center in February 1978 and was its director untill 1997.
- Mark A. Heller Principal Research Associate at JCSS and editor of Tel Aviv Notes. He has been affiliated with the Jaffee Center since 1979 and has taught international relations at Tel Aviv University and at leading universities in the US.
- Ephraim Kam Deputy Head of JCSS. Served as a Colonel in the Research Division of IDF Military Intelligence until 1993, when he joined the Jaffee Center. Positions he held in the IDF included Assistant Director of the Research Division for Evaluation and Senior Instructor at the IDF's National Defense College.
- Anat Kurz Senior Research Associate who has headed the Jaffee Center's Project on Low-Intensity Conflict since 1989.
- Emily Landau Director of the Arms Control and Regional Security Project at JCSS.
- Tamar Malz Joined the Center in 1996. She assisted two major projects at JCSS in the course of which she worked on issues related to Arms Control and Regional Security, and Israel's National Security.
- Paul Rivlin Joint appointment at the Jaffee Center and at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv University.
- Yoram Schweitzer Expert on international terror.
- Aryeh Shalev Brig Gen. (res.) Shalev served for 33 years in the IDF, where his final posting was Military Governor of Judea and Samaria.
- Zaki Shalom Senior researcher at the Ben-Gurion Research Institute at Ben-Gurion University.
- Yiftah Shapir Served as an officer in the Israeli Air Force, and has extensive background in information technology and operations research.
- Nachman Tal Former senior official of the General Security Service (GSS), joined the JCSS research staff in 1996 following his retirement from the GSS.
- Imri Tov Economic Advisor to the Israeli defense establishment from 1988-2000, before which he was a senior economist at the Bank of Israel.
- Judith Rosen - English Editor - worked at TIME Magazine as a letters correspondent.
Information Center and Library
- Yoel Kozak - Director
- Elian Weizman
- Assaf Rotman
Research Assistants
Administrative Staff
Funding
In 2007 the Center carried the following information about funding on its website:
- The JCSS budget is based largely on the annual interest that accrues from an endowment fund established by the Association of American Friends of Tel Aviv University from contributions made primarily by the Jewish community of the United States. This is supplemented by foundation support and contributions dedicated to specific projects In this way JCSS seeks to ensure for itself the financial independence necessary for its research and other activities.[6]
Resources
Contact
- Internet Archive holdings of tau.ac.il/jcss/ 1997-2007.
Powerbase
- Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, extract from The "Terrorism" Industry
- Terrorexpertise:Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies
Notes
- ↑ The "Terrorism" Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror by Edward S. Herman and Gerry O'Sullivan, New York: Pantheon, 1989.
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Staff: Shai Feldman, RUSI, accessed 6 August 2012
- ↑ JCSS Research team. Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 12 February 1997 on 5 April 2015.
- ↑ JCSS Staff. Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 15 January 2006 on 6 April 2015.
- ↑ JCSS About JCSS Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 15 July 2007 on 3 April 2015.