Roger Pearce

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This article is part of the Undercover Research Portal at Powerbase - investigating corporate and police spying on activists


Part of a series on
undercover police officers
Roger Pearce
Roger Pearce 2a.jpg
Alias: unknown
Deployment: 1978-1980
Unit:
Targets:
unknown

Roger Pearce is a former commander of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch (MPSB), police officer turned author. It has now been possible to established that Pearce also served with the undercover policing unit, Special Demonstration Squad, first as an undercover and later as its commander. However, the groups he infiltrated and the cover name he used are yet to be identified.

As of October 2016, Pearce has not sought to be a core participant at the Pitchford Inquiry into Undercover Policing.[1]

Police career

Graduating Durham University, Pearce initially looked at becoming an Anglican priest. However, following a placement at the local prison he was inspired to become a police officer, joining Durham Constabulary in 1973.[2] In 1975 he moved to the Metropolitan Police, and applied to join Special Branch the following year.[3]

Of his early attraction to Special Branch, he told the Daily Mail:[2]

What intrigued me was the very varied and interesting people who joined it. They came from all walks of like. Double honours graduates to guys who left school at 16. And everything in between. They joined because they really enjoyed the work, not because they wanted to climb the greasy pole. And the other side of it was that the work was so very interesting… cases involving national security. I really liked the idea of the secrecy and covert nature of the work. Most of us guys who worked in the Branch found our home there.

From 1978 to 1980 he was an undercover officer for the Special Demonstration Squad (by which point he was married), and as Detective Chief Inspector was its head in 1986 to 1988,[4] a time when he would have overseen the second parts of the deployments of undercovers Bob Lambert and Mike Chitty. In an interview, he described the SDS:[5]

The objective was to gather secret political intelligence, information that couldn't be obtained by other means. Many in the Met as a whole wouldn't have known about it, and even within the Branch it was kept very, very secret for 40 years.... Through-out its history very few knew about its work.

He first came to the public's attention in January 1988, when it emerged that, as a detective inspector, he and another Special Branch officer, Detective Sergeant Michael J. Todd[6] visited the workplace of Zeynep Dikmen. Dikmen, a refugee dissident, had taken part in a peaceful hunger-strike outside the Turkish Embassy in relation to the holding of 15,000 political prisoners in that country, in September 1987. Pearce and Todd, described as being of Anti-Terrorist Squad (SO13), had gone to Dikmen's employers, the Turkish Education Group, to ask about her political activities. As a result, she feared her right to stay was under threat and filed a formal complaint.[7]

It appears that he remained with Special Branch for the rest of his career,[8], where he held rank of Detective Superintendent in the late 1990s.[9] He retired in June 2003.[10]

Director of Intelligence

Special Operations structure, August 2002

In 1999, Pearce was appointed head of Special Branch (SO12), and in 2000 Director of Intelligence (SO11), holding both posts concurrently until his retirement in 2003.[4][3] In this latter role he also had oversight of the Covert Operations unit SO10.[11]. As Head of Special Branch he was:[12]

... responsible for surveillance and undercover operations against terrorists and extremists, the close protection of government ministers and visiting VIPs, and other highly sensitive assignments...


Additionally, his role as Director of Intelligence 'charged [him] with heading covert operations against serious and organised criminals'.[12]

His line manager was Deputy Assistant Commissioner (Security) Barbara Wilding, who in turn answered to the Assistant Commissioner Specialist Operations David Veness. [13]

Undercover policing

As Director of Intelligence he had responsibility for 'authorising surveillance and undercover operations' in the Metropolitan Police.[3] and as part of this role to he would 'sign off almost every undercover operation carried out by the SDS'.[14] This means he had responsibility for the undercover officers deployed by the Special Demonstration Squad, who at the time included Simon Wellings, Carlo Neri, Jason Bishop among others. It is likely that the deployment of another known undercover, 'N81', overlapped in this period as well.[15]

Establishment of NPOIU

Documents from ACPO TAM detailing Pearce's involvement in the formation of the National Public Order Intelligence Unit.

In 1999, the National Public Order Intelligence Unit was created as a national extension of the Special Demonstration Squad. Though done under the aegis of the Association of Chief Police Officer's Terrorism and Allied Matters committee (ACPO TAM), the lead officers on it were David Veness and then Special Branch Commander Barry Moss. Thus, for the first two years of the unit's life it was based in the Metropolitan Police Special Branch, where it was developed as an extension of the Animal Rights National Index (nominally under the 'stewardship' of the Home Office. It would remain so until April 2001, when control formally transferred to ACPO TAM.

Pearce replaced Moss as Head of Special Branch in 1999, and as such held ‘operational resourcing and leadership of the [NPOIU] during the transitional phase'. This was done jointly with Paul Blewitt of West Midlands Police,[16] though specifically Pearce oversaw the development of the NPOIU into an operational unit and it was his department that met the costs. It was later noted by HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, that this was a period when both the SDS and NPOIU shared connections through people and resources.[17]

His involvement in setting up NPOIU implies that Pearce knew of undercovers deployed at the time, including Rod Richardson (1999-2003), Lynn Watson (2002-2006) and Mark Kennedy (2003-2009). In particular, it is highly likely he would have had responsibility for signing-off Rod Richardson's deployment. Given the transfer of control over the organisation, it is less clear who was responsible for authorising Watson and Kennedy.

As head of Special Branch, Pearce was a member of APCO TAM. Given his role overseeing the NPOIU, it is likely that Pearce sat on the NPOIU Steering Group set up by ACPO TAM. Other members were Tim Hollis, Assistant Chief Constable for South Yorkshire Police and Paul Blewitt, Assistant Chief Constable for Operations at West Midlands Police, who appear to have represented ACPO's Public Order Committee. Blewitt would later join former undercover officer John Dines at Charles Sturt University in Australia as an Industry Fellow in its School of Policing Studies.[18]

BBC True Spies documentary

Copy of 2002 letter sent by Roger Pearce to ex-Special Demonstration Officers regarding the True Spies documentary.

In 2002, Peter Taylor made a three part BBC series, True Spies. At the time, the Metropolitan Police was willing to co-operate with the programme on undercover policing and police officers collaborated with the makers, to the extent that interviews with former undercover officers were broadcast as part of it.

As head of Special Branch, Pearce strongly supported the making of True Spies,[19] having sent a letter on 17 October 2002 to former SDS officers to make them aware of the show. It stated:[20]

The Metropolitan Police has been keen to support this project, and on the basis of firm reassurances from the programme makers that operational and personal security would not be compromised, an invitation was extended to former Special Branch officers to contribute to it in any way they thought fit...
As a former SDS officer, I know that you will have a particular interest in the series and I thought it might be helpful to offer a brief advance summary of its content, specifically from the perspective of the SDS unit:
... A section of the programme will outline the formation of the SDS and a number of former SDS officers are interviewed on screen (none more recent than 1985). Legend building, tradecraft and areas of targeting are among the issues highlighted and discussed in the first programme.

Spying on Duwayne Brooks

In 2014, the Ellison Review into undercover policing looked into the allegations that black justice campaigns had been spied upon, in particular the family of Stephen Lawrence, and his friend Duwayne Brooks. At the time, 2000, tensions around the investigation into the death of Stephen Lawerence remained high. The Review revealed that on 24 May 2000, DCI Michael Jones was authorised by DAC John Grieve of the Racial and Violent Crimes Task Force to covertly record a meeting with police at the offices of Brook's solicitor Jane Deighton that day. The recording is known to have taken place as there was a transcript of the conversation. The application was made on the basis that:[21]

Such deployment will also provide a precise record of any conversation, which might be necessary to counter any future allegations of criminality or conspiracies on the part of the police.

Jones would make a second application to bug a meeting with Brooks and Deighton due to take place on 16 August 2000, though it was not known if it was actually recorded or authorised. In this case the 'request for authority was directed to the then Director of Intelligence'[21] - who at that point would most likely have been Roger Pearce.[22]

Applications in relation to two other witnesses in the Stephen Lawrence murder inquiry were also made, though again it is not clear from the Ellison Review to whom the applications were made, whether authorisation was granted, or whether recording took place. Ellison concluded that though the covert recording was not unlawful, 'we do not believe that such a tactic was necessary or justified in the circumstances'.[21]

Other notable activity as Director of Intelligence

  • 2000: Ex-MI5 officers and whistleblowers David Shayler and Annie Machon, called on Pearce to investigate a 1996 plot by MI6 officers to kill the Libyan ruler Muammar Gadhafi and provided a dossier of evidence.[23] Pearce responded to Shayler's lawyer John Wadham[24] on 14 August, saying the evidence was being 'assessed' rather than investigated. It also asked that Shayler, then in exile in France, return to the United Kingdom so he could be interviewed.[25][26][27] Returning from France, Shayler was interviewed by police and signed a lengthy statement, and in 2001 police sent a report to the Crown Prosecution Service, though no further action appears to come from this.[28]
  • August 2001: Special Branch officers under Pearce were responsible for arresting security guard Raphael Bravo, who had been caught in a joint Special Branch / MI5 sting trying to sell BAe military secrets to the Russians.[29][30]
  • In February 2009 Pearce gave evidence in an Information Tribunal case, on behalf of the Metropolitan Police, in his role as a former Commander of Special Branch. In this matter, a historian was appealing the refusal of Special Branch to release files on the infiltration of anarchist groups from late 1800s to early 1900s and the inconsistancy of Special Branch policy on access was being examined.[10]

Commentary on undercover work

Chain of Command structure for Metropolitan Police Special Branch 1998 to 2003 highlighting Roger Pearce.

As a high ranking former Special Branch officer who had put himself in the public eye over his authorship of police thrillers, Pearce has been asked on several occasions to respond to the undercover policing scandal.

In May 2012, in an interview around the publication of his first book, Pearce is quoted as saying:[31]

However negligent and dishonest people might think those in the police and secret services may be, there are always people who will go to any length to protect the public. Although there is corruption, or has been corruption, there are people within those organisations who will do all they can to keep people safe. Corruption was a very big problem in the Seventies, but the Met have taken the strongest steps to expose it. There is a need for secrecy, but I strongly feel that where there are failings the public need to know as it affects their safety.

On Peter Francis and spying on the Lawrence family

When the Ellison Review found that the family of Stephen Lawrence had indeed been spied upon by the SDS, Pearce appeared in an interview for Channel 4 News to challenge the statements of SDS whistle-blower Peter Francis who had originally made the allegations.[8] Though he had known Peter Francis, who had been undercover in anti-racism groups in the mid-1990s,[32] Pearce had not been Francis' boss at the time of his deployment.[8]

In relation to the Lawrence family justice campaign, Pearce claimed instead that:[8]

The concern would be that the extreme Right or elements of the extreme Left would hijack the campaign, infiltrate it and use it for their own ends. The real concern was that this would lead to public disorder.

He also denied there had been tasking of undercovers to seek material the family could be smeared with,[32] and said that Francis' claims in relation to that were 'incomprehensible'.[33] In particular he stated:[34]

Undercover officers often do work at great expense to themselves. There is a sense of mission about what they do for the sake of the country. They experience problems in family life and their careers.
I knew Peter in the 1990s. He was an effective and resourceful undercover officer, known for excellent trade craft. But I would be astounded if it is proved that someone said: "Go out and get information to rubbish and smear the Lawrence campaign."

On use of dead children's identities

The use of dead children's identities was an established part of the tradecraft for SDS undercovers for many years, with as many as 80 false identities created in this way.[35] The Home Affairs Select Committee made trenchant criticism of the practice in 2013, stating:[36]

The practice of "resurrecting" dead children as cover identities for undercover police officers was not only ghoulish and disrespectful, it could potentially have placed bereaved families in real danger of retaliation. The families who have been affected by this deserve an explanation and a full and unambiguous apology from the forces concerned. We would also welcome a clear statement from the Home Secretary that this practice will never be followed in future.

Pearce responded in a BBC interview, explaining that though distasteful, it was justifiable as it was how a 'real persona' was created with the necessary driving licences, national insurance numbers, etc.:[14]:

If you were inviting people to lead a false life, they had to have a true identity. They had to be able to feel secure throughout the deployment, that their identity and legend would stand scrutiny. At that time, before the digital age and before identities could be made up, this was the only way of finding a true alias...
People found it distasteful, even at the time. People felt very awkward about doing it. People thought of the parents of the children who had died. But against that was the sense of mission and work for the country.... On balance, distasteful in many ways though it was, set against the sense of mission and the sense that this was done for protection of national security, I believe it was justified.

Pearce was also interviewed by Operation Herne, which was investigating the activities of undercover police. Its first report, issued July 2013, focused on the use of identities of dead children. In that report is referred to by the cypher 'N85' (see below for identification of N85 with Roger Pearce).[4]

7.2 Former Commander N85, (Head of Special Branch between 2000 and 2004 and SDS UCO between 1978 and 1980) states that, ‘...a life of deception needs a true name to withstand scrutiny. I used an accepted practice; however, I did everything I could to avoid using the surname. There was no moralising about the process, I didn’t think of it as stealing a child’s identity. This was a long term political infiltration which was seen as justified. It was for Queen and country and peace and democracy. It was the way it was done. A registered birth was the strongest foundation; other methods were not available at the time’.
7.3 Retired N85, who served as the SDS Commander between 1986 and 1988 states that (Special Branch) spent, ‘half our lives’ at Somerset House building legends - each operative had to devise an identity for themselves. ‘I inherited an approved system, ...we had the safety net that this information would never become public knowledge.’

On sexual relationships with targets

Roger Pearce, as he appeared in a 2013 interview for Channel 4 News.

On being asked in a BBC Radio 4 interview with Melanie Abbott for an issue The Report programme looking at undercover policing, when asked about sexual relationships by undercover officers he responded:[5]

[Roger Pearce]: Unpalatable as it is, the state, the country, the government, the Branch was inviting individual officers to live a false life for four or five or more years, the false friendship can develop and escalate into a sexual relationship. So it's almost inevitable that these took place and I am making no moral judgement about them at all. It's the decision of the individual officer how he would conduct his time in the field. An undercover officer, on the day he infiltrates he must be thinking about the day of exfiltration several years down the line. If a sexual relationship is involved, this is unlikely to lead in a satisfactory or easy, risk free exit strategy. So there is compromise to the officer always possible, there is the effect upon the activist with whom he's had a sexual relationship and there is the risk to the whole operation.[14]
[Melanie Abbott]: But was that drummed into the officers who were going undercover?
[Roger Pearce]: I'm not sure; I dont think it was actually. I think each officer was invited to lead the life in the way he thought best.

Later in the BBC interview, when the issue of undercovers having children with those being targeted was raised, Pearce said he knew nothing about it:

[Melanie Abbott]: If you had known about it, would you have offered some kind of support to those second families as it where?
[Roger Pearce]: Well, first of all, I'd want to know the precise detail and context in which this had happened. I suppose I'd want to know the risk to the officer. I suppose I'd want to know the situation of the activist. I'd want to know the state of their relationship.

When pressed on whether should the Met be offering support to those children and to their mothers, he said he was going to duck the question and sit on the fence.

Pearce was also tackled on the issue of sexual relationships in his interview for Channel 4 News. There, the interviewer, Paraic O'Brien described Pearce's view as being that it was an 'unfortunate outcome' and when pressed, Pearce went on to defend the SDS officers, saying:[8]

The people I know and knew, the people who were selected for Special Branch and above all those who were selected for SDS, with very, very few exceptions who were known about, were people of integrity and honour and fired up by a sense of mission, to protect the country actually.

Media appearances on undercover policing

  • 2 July 2013 - Roger Pearce interview, Strike Digital. In this interview he focuses on his fiction writing but touches in places on Special Branch.
  • 3 July 2013: Radio 5 Live: interviewed by Phil Williams.
  • 11 July 2013, The Report: Undercover Police, BBC Radio 4: interviewed by Melanie Abbott.[37]. During this interview, Pearce refused to state that he had been an undercover officer himself, but limited himself to saying that he had known many SDS officers in his time.

Post police career

On his retirement he became the Counter-Terrorism Advisor, a newly formed post at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, working on tackling Al Qaeda.[3] From 2005 to 2012 he was European Security Director for the multinational GE Capital.[3][12]

He has since become a published author, drawing on his experience as a police officer, with two books published to date (October 2016), focusing on the character of 'DCI John Kerr', published by Hodder & Stoughton.

  • Agent of the State, June 2012
  • The Extremist, July 2013
  • Javelin, forthcoming

His official website is http://www.roger-pearce.com/

Education

  • Queen Elizabeth's School, 1961-1969, School Captain.[3]
  • St. John College, Durham University, BA (Hons) in Theology 1972.[3]
  • London University, LLB, 1970s.[3]
  • Barrister with Middle Temple, qualified 1979.[3]

Identification as N85

The section from Operation Herne quoted in Section 3.2 clearly states that N85 was of rank of Commander and was Head of Special Branch. There is some obfuscation in that it gives the relevant years at 2000-2004. However, it is clear from other sources such as the ACPO minutes and his biography on other websites that Pearce was the Head of Special Branch from 1999 to 2003. He is also named as such for 1999 to 2003 in the history of Special Branch penned by two of its former officers.[38] Thus, unless the authors of the Herne report mis-stated his rank, the conclusion is there is a simple shift of dates so they are out by one year and N85 is the same person as Roger Pearce. The identification is further lent credence by the in-depth of knowledge Pearce demonstrates when talking about the role of the Special Demonstration Squad and its tradecraft, particularly around the use of identities of dead children.[39]


Other officers of the same name

There appear to be a number of other police officers of the same name around the same time as Roger Pearce was with Special Branch. They do not, however, appear to be the same individual.

  • A Roger Pearce oversaw the investigation into the murder of Peter Hayward (?) in 1984.[40]
  • Det. Supt. Roger Pearce, investigated the murder of Carmel Gamble in Stroud, Gloucestershire in 1989[41]
  • DC Roger Pearce, of City of London Police, was charged with perverting the course of justice in 1998, along with DC Peter Lawson.[42] In 1999, he and Lawson were subsequently charged alongside two other officers, Christopher Drury and Robert Clark in a notable police corruption trial.[43][44]

Notes

  1. ↑ Neither Pearce's name or cypher, N85, appears on any of the lists of list of core participants released by the Pitchford Inquiry.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stephen Wright, Crime Pays! Ex Special Branch chief’s new career as acclaimed thriller writer, Mail Online, 4 October 2013 (accessed 23 September 2016).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 With the benefit of experience: author Roger draws on his time leading Special Branch, Queen Elizabeth's School website (QEBarnet.co.uk), undated (accessed 31 July 2016).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mick Creedon, Operation Herne Report 1: Use of covert identities, Metropolitan Police Service, 6 March 2014.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Report: Undercover Police, BBC Radio 4, 11 July 2013.
  6. ↑ This may be the Michael James Todd who became Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police, but this is still to be confirmed.
  7. ↑ Paul Brown, Protest over questioning of refugee, The Guardian, 16 January 1988 (accessed via Nexis).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 No attempt to smear Lawrence family' - video interview of Roger Pearce by Paraic O'Brien, Channel 4 News, 26 June 2013.
  9. ↑ The Police and Constabulary Almanac 1998, R Hazell & Co, February 1998.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Judgment in case of The Metropolitan Police v Information Commissioner, Information Tribunal, 30 March 2009.
  11. ↑ MPA Remuneration Subcommittee, ACPO recruitment 2002, Metropolitan Police Authority, 29 July 2002 (accessed 31 August 2016).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Roger-Pearce.com (personal website), undated, accessed 31 August 2016).
  13. ↑ SpecialOps/02.08, Metropolitan Police Service, undated (appears to be created 20 August 2001; accessed 2 December 2014).
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Police use of dead children's identities 'justified', BBC News Online, 11 July 2013 (accessed 23 September 2016).
  15. ↑ The controversial meeting between N81, Bob Lambert and Richard Walton of August 1998 which related to spying on the Lawrences is prior to Pearce being appointed head of Special Branch. However, Pearce will have been of rank of Detective (Chief) Superintendent by this stage, likely occupying a high position in Special Branch's hierarchy.
  16. ↑ Council Committee on Terrorism and Allied Matters, NPOIU Strategic Overview - Update, Association of Chief Police Officers, 22 January 2000, published at SpecialBranchFiles.UK.
  17. ↑ A review of national police units which provide intelligence on criminality associated with protest, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, 2012.
  18. ↑ Paul Blewitt, Profile, LinkedIn.com, 2016 (accessed 22 September 2016).
  19. ↑ Rob Evans, Leaked letter appears to undermine police bid for undercover secrecy, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 (accessed 31 August 2016).
  20. ↑ Roger Pearce, Letter of 17 October 2002, archived at SpecialBranchFiles.UK.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Mark Ellison, The Stephen Lawrence Independent Review, Possible corruption and the role of undercover policing in the Stephen Lawrence case, Gov.UK, Vol. 1, March 2014. See in particular Section 7.4.
  22. ↑ It is of note that John Grieve had been also served as the first Director of Intelligence, in office from 1993 to 1996 when he was succeeded by Alan Fry.
  23. ↑ Paul Kelso, Shayler gives Gadafy dossier to police, The Guardian, 28 March 2000 (accessed via Nexis).
  24. ↑ Wadham, a director of civil rights group Liberty, also made an appearance in the undercover policing scandal as one of those mentioned in 1998 intelligence reports by SDS undercover N81.
  25. ↑ Richard Norton-Taylor, Shayler returns as Yard investigates Gadafy claims, The Guardian, 21 August 2000 (accessed via Nexis).
  26. ↑ John Lichfield, Shayler affair: spy comes in from the cold in a blizzard of lights and cameras, The Independent, 21 August 2000 (accessed via Nexis).
  27. ↑ Joshua Rozenberg, I'm no traitor says Shayler as he returns to face charges, The Telegraph, 21 August 2000 (accessed 23 September 2016).
  28. ↑ Richard Norton-Taylor, Police send report to CPS on 'plot to kill Gadafy', The Guardian, 30 March 2001 (accessed via Nexis).
  29. ↑ Richard Norton-Taylor, Security guard jailed for trying to sell secrets, The Guardian, 2 February 2002 (accessed via Nexis).
  30. ↑ Security 'spy' gets 11 years, This is Local London, 13 February 2002 (accessed via Nexis).
  31. ↑ Kiran Randhawa, Secret service errors must be exposed, says ex-Scotland Yard chief, Evening Standard, 28 May 2012 (accessed 23 September 2016).
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Justin Davenport, We need open inquiry into smear claims, says Lawrence, Evening Standard, 27 June 2013 (accessed via Nexis).
  33. ↑ Hayley Dixon, 10 questions for police over Lawrence family smear claims, The Telegraph, 10 July 2013 (accessed via Nexis).
  34. ↑ Stephen Wright & Richard Pendlebury, A very troubled undercover cop and growing doubts over the police 'plot' to smear the Lawrence family, Daily Mail, 19 July 2013 (accessed via Nexis).
  35. ↑ Paul Lewis & Rob Evans, Police spies stole identities of dead children, The Guardian, 3 February 2013 (accessed 23 September 2016).
  36. ↑ Home Affairs Committee, Report - Undercover Policing: Interim Report - The use of dead infants' identities, Parliament.UK, 26 February 2013.
  37. ↑ Copies of this audio are also available here or on YouTube.
  38. ↑ Ray Wilson & Ian Adams, Special Branch A History: 1883-2006, BiteBack Publishing, 2015.
  39. ↑ The other senior officer currently in the picture as an alternative candidate is Det. Ch. Supt. Robert Milton who held high ranking position in Special Branch and was rank of Temporary Commander in November 2003 - however, by that stage he was already on secondment to the Home Office as National Co-ordinator Ports Policing.
  40. ↑ Clare Campbell, I just couldn't start to live my life again until I'd met my father's killer, Daily Mail, 20 December 1994 (accessed via Nexis).
  41. ↑ Police seek help in cottage murder inquiry, Press Association, 13 November 1989 (accessed via Nexis).
  42. ↑ Detective is charged, Birmingham Evening Mail, 26 November 1998 (accessed via Nexis).
  43. ↑ Dealer 'split drugs cash with policeman lover', The Guardian, 18 November 1999 (accessed via Nexis).
  44. ↑ David Wilkes, Five jailed in scandal that rocked the Yard, Daily Mail, 5 August 2000 (accessed via Nexis).
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