Difference between revisions of "Richard Perle"
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| − | [[Richard Perle]] is a former neoconservative | + | [[File:Richard Perle.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Richard Perle]] |
| + | [[Richard Perle]] is a former neoconservative Pentagon policy advisor who was chairman of the [[Defense Policy Board]] for 17 years<ref>Julian Borger, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/27/iraq.usa Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post], 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009</ref>. Perle served as assistant secretary for defence under [[Ronald Reagan]], during this time he was known as "The Prince of Darkness", for his hardline views<ref>Julian Borger, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/27/iraq.usa Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post], 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009</ref>. [[Seymour Hersh]] described Perle as "one of the most outspoken and influential supporters of the war in Iraq"<ref>Seymour M. Hersh,[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/17/030317fa_fact Lunch With the Chairman], ''The New Yorker'', 17-March-2003, Accessed 15-May-2009</ref>. Perle has also attended events hosted by the [[Bilderberg Group]]<ref>ALAN COWELL and DAVID M. HALBFINGER, [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/11/weekinreview/nation-conspiracy-theorists-unite-secret-conference-thought-rule-world.html?scp=1&sq=richard%20perle%20bilderberg&st=cse The Nation: Conspiracy Theorists Unite; A Secret Conference Thought to Rule the World], The New York Times, 11-July-2004, Accessed 24-June-2009</ref>. | ||
==Henry Jackson staffer== | ==Henry Jackson staffer== | ||
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In December 1994, Perle joined a call by the [[Action Council for Peace in the Balkans]] for the United States to lead and organize action to disrupt the Serbian attack on Bihac in northwestern Bosnia by the use, if necessary, of U.S. air power.<ref>Martin Sieff, Calls for action fail to sway White House, ''Washington Times'', 2 December 1994.</ref> | In December 1994, Perle joined a call by the [[Action Council for Peace in the Balkans]] for the United States to lead and organize action to disrupt the Serbian attack on Bihac in northwestern Bosnia by the use, if necessary, of U.S. air power.<ref>Martin Sieff, Calls for action fail to sway White House, ''Washington Times'', 2 December 1994.</ref> | ||
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| + | In a July 1995 ''Washington Post'' op ed, Perle supported a legislative proposal by [[Robert Dole]], and [[Joe Lieberman]] to require President Clinton to end U.S. participation in the U.N. embargo barring the supply of arms to the government of Bosnia.<ref>Richard Perle, Will We Finally Recognize The Right to Self-Defense?, ''Washington Post'', 19 July 1995.</ref> | ||
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| + | Later that month he reportedly warned that the US had an important geopolitical interest in protecting Muslims from attack: | ||
| + | ::''Of all the ways that this post-Cold War world could turn very sour, and one of the most worrisome is if you get a kind of holy feud between the world of Islam and the non-Islamic world. | ||
| + | ::''And at the moment, Muslims look at what's going on and believe that they're being victimized because they're Muslims,'' he said. ''I think that's very dangerous.''<ref>Michael E. Ruane, U.S. has reason to care about Bosnia, experts say; Bosnia, though incomprehensible, weighs on American conscience, ''Austin American-Statesman'', 29 July 1995.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In a joint ''Washington Post'' op ed in October 1995, Perle and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] criticized Clinton administration proposals to send 20,000 peacekeepers to Bosnia: | ||
| + | ::Most of all, the administration needs to clarify the potentially contradictory relationship between peacekeepers and the more effective underpinnings of a stable agreement: the ability of the Bosnians to defend themselves, backed up perhaps with the threat of NATO air power. After more than 2 1/2 years of claiming to deplore the embargo against Bosnia -- while enforcing it all the same -- vague hints that it will be lifted with a peace agreement are neither adequate nor convincing.<ref>Richard Perle; Paul Wolfowitz, Bosnia: Before We Send in Peacemakers, ''Washington Post'', 24 October 1995.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Perle was encouraged by chief US negotiator [[Richard Holbrooke]] to act as an unofficial advisor to the Bosnian delegation at the Dayton talks in November 1995.<ref>Michael Dobbs, A Peace of the Action; On Either Side of the Balkan Negotiations Is an American With Advice Aplenty, ''Washington Post'', 17 November 1995.</ref> Perle, who reportedly offered his services free, had known Bosnian Foreign Minister [[Muhamed Sacirbey]] for several years.<ref>Elaine Sciolino, At the Talks, Raging Bull Meets Bulldog, Cordially, ''New York Times'', 18 November 1995.</ref> | ||
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| + | The following month Perle testified to Congress that the administration had given a verbal commitment to train and arm the Bosnians: | ||
| + | ::You won't find these assurances in the Dayton accord. Despite Bosnian pleas to do so, the administration refused to put in writing its sotto voce promise to supply Bosnia with the arms and training that will determine whether the Dayton accord is a path to peace and reconstruction or a year-long interval before the final destruction of Bosnia.<ref>PREPARED STATEMENT OF RICHARD PERLE, FELLOW, AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Federal News Service, 6 December 1995.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Perle told the House International Relations Committee, "the administration is blundering toward an ill-defined, unworkable scheme to hand off responsibility for arming and training the Bosnians by subcontracting this vital program to other countries. Since our militarily advanced allies, Britain, France, Germany, and most other NATO countries, are actually opposed to arming and training the Bosnians, we will likely end up with an unseemly, protracted and uncertain scavenger hunt for trainers and weapons, and the Bosnians will be forced to settle for inferior equipment and inadequate training."<ref>HEARING OF THE HOUSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE | ||
| + | SUBJECT: SENDING US TROOPS TO BOSNIA, CHAIRED BY: SENATOR/REPRESENTATIVE BENJAMIN GILMAN (R-NY), Federal News Service, 7 December 1995.</ref> | ||
==Controversies== | ==Controversies== | ||
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For these lobbying efforts, at the end of 2007, the US Department of Defence paid the Policy Forum around $80,000 which was paid to Devon Cross<ref>Jim Lobe, [http://www.ips.org/blog/jimlobe/?p=118#more-118 Is the Pentagon Policy Shop Funding Likudist Fronts?], ''IPS'', 18-March-2008, Accessed 08-April-2009</ref>. | For these lobbying efforts, at the end of 2007, the US Department of Defence paid the Policy Forum around $80,000 which was paid to Devon Cross<ref>Jim Lobe, [http://www.ips.org/blog/jimlobe/?p=118#more-118 Is the Pentagon Policy Shop Funding Likudist Fronts?], ''IPS'', 18-March-2008, Accessed 08-April-2009</ref>. | ||
| − | While [[Devon Cross]] was successfully selling the war in Iraq to [[The Telegraph]] in the U.K., Richard Perle was on the board of [[Hollinger International]] who owned the newspaper. At this time [[The Telegraph]] also accused prominent anti-war MP [[George Galloway]] of being in the pay of [[Saddam Hussein]],profiting from the oil-for-food programme and using the Mariam Appeal for personal enrichment. Galloway successfully sued the paper for defamation and received £150,000 in damages. <ref>Chris Tryhorn, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2004/dec/02/Iraqandthemedia.politicsandthemedia Galloway wins libel case against Telegraph], ''The Guardian'', 02-December-2004, Accessed 14-May-2004</ref> Richard Perle was also serving as an advisor to the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]] at this time, it was (FDD) journalist [[Claudia Rosett]] who originally broke the oil-for-food scandal<ref>Daniel McCarthy, [http://www.amconmag.com/article/2003/nov/17/00017/ The American Conservative], 17-November-2003</ref>. | + | While [[Devon Cross]] was successfully selling the war in Iraq to [[The Telegraph]] in the U.K., Richard Perle was on the board of [[Hollinger International]] who owned the newspaper. At this time [[The Telegraph]] also accused prominent anti-war MP [[George Galloway]] of being in the pay of [[Saddam Hussein]], profiting from the oil-for-food programme and using the Mariam Appeal for personal enrichment. Galloway successfully sued the paper for defamation and received £150,000 in damages. <ref>Chris Tryhorn, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2004/dec/02/Iraqandthemedia.politicsandthemedia Galloway wins libel case against Telegraph], ''The Guardian'', 02-December-2004, Accessed 14-May-2004</ref> Richard Perle was also serving as an advisor to the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]] at this time, it was (FDD) journalist [[Claudia Rosett]] who originally broke the oil-for-food scandal<ref>Daniel McCarthy, [http://www.amconmag.com/article/2003/nov/17/00017/ The American Conservative], 17-November-2003</ref>. |
===Business Links=== | ===Business Links=== | ||
| − | Richard Perle was a director of [[Hollinger International]] where he was criticised by a report by the former chairman of the [[Securities and Exchange | + | Richard Perle was a director of [[Hollinger International]] where he was criticised by a report by the former chairman of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]. The report claimed that Richard Perle served as the enabler for [[Conrad Black]] to "improperly take hundreds of millions of dollars", Perle was singled out in the report for having conflicts of interest <ref>Stephen Labaton, [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/06/business/media/06perle.html Perle Asserts Hollinger's Conrad Black Misled Him], ''The New York Times'', 06-September-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009</ref>. Richard Perle denies these allegations and asserts that he was misled by [[Conrad Black]]<ref>Stephen Labaton, [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/06/business/media/06perle.html Perle Asserts Hollinger's Conrad Black Misled Him], ''The New York Times'', 06-September-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009</ref>. |
Perle was named in an internal investigation into [[Hollinger International]], Perle was investigated for receiving $3m in bonuses from Hollinger some of which went to Perle's own company [[Trireme]]. [[Boeing]] invested £20m in [[Trireme]] shortly before Perle advocated a Pentagon scheme for leasing Boeing tankers to support the Iraq war, Perle denied any conflict of interest<ref>Julian Borger, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/27/iraq.usa Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post], 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009</ref>. | Perle was named in an internal investigation into [[Hollinger International]], Perle was investigated for receiving $3m in bonuses from Hollinger some of which went to Perle's own company [[Trireme]]. [[Boeing]] invested £20m in [[Trireme]] shortly before Perle advocated a Pentagon scheme for leasing Boeing tankers to support the Iraq war, Perle denied any conflict of interest<ref>Julian Borger, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/27/iraq.usa Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post], 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009</ref>. | ||
Latest revision as of 15:03, 2 February 2015
Richard Perle is a former neoconservative Pentagon policy advisor who was chairman of the Defense Policy Board for 17 years[1]. Perle served as assistant secretary for defence under Ronald Reagan, during this time he was known as "The Prince of Darkness", for his hardline views[2]. Seymour Hersh described Perle as "one of the most outspoken and influential supporters of the war in Iraq"[3]. Perle has also attended events hosted by the Bilderberg Group[4].
Contents
Henry Jackson staffer
As a graduate student in the summer of 1969, Perle worked for the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy, helping to draft papers for Senator Henry Jackson, in a campaign which won a key Senate vote in in support of an Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system.[5] At the end of the summer, Perle chose to stay on as one of Jackson's Senate staffers. Henry Kissinger would later say of him, that he "proved as steadfast as he was ingenious in pursuing his larger aim: to stymie the administration's arms control policies."[5]
Perle devised an October 1972 initiative in which Jackson sought to link detente-inspired trade concessions to the Soviet Union with emigration rights for Soviet Jews.[6]
Following the formation of the Coalition for Peace Through Strength in 1978, bringing together New Right and neoconservative critics of the Carter administration, was amongst those who spoke under its s auspices.[7]
Soltam controversy
According to the New York Times Shlomo Zabludowicz and his son, Chaim Zabludowicz, became clients of Perle in 1980.
- They paid $90,000 to the Abington Corporation, a consulting company where Mr. Perle worked that was owned by John F. Lehman Jr., later the Secretary of the Navy.
- It was not until January 1982, nine months after Mr. Perle says the Zabludowiczes stopped being his clients, that he settled his financial arrangements with Mr. Lehman and Abington and received a portion of the $90,000 fee from 1980. The $50,000 Mr. Perle received in March 1981 was in addition to his share of the Abington fee.[8]
Reagan official
Perle was one of a number of members of the Committee on the Present Danger (CPD) who had joined the Reagan presidential campaign by October 1979.[9]
Along with Fred Iklé and John Lehman, Jr., Perle was one of a number of CPD veterans appointed to Reagan's Department of Defence, becoming Assistant Secretary of Defence for International Security Affairs.[10]
1990s
When 33 neoconservatives endorsed Bill Clinton for President in August 1992, Perle was not among the signatories, although Joshua Muravchik claimed to be reaching out to him through the Democratic chair of one of the Congressional intelligence committees, Rep. David McCurdy, a former contra backer.[11] In December 1992, Perle told the McNeil/Lehrer Newshour that the "President-elect was elected with broad support from Carter Democrats but also from Reagan Democrats, and the team, as we see it, seems heavily weighted toward the Carter Democrats." He nevertheless praised the appointments of Defense Secretary Les Aspin and CIA Director James Woolsey.[12]
Aspin would later consult Perle about he was viewed among Pentagon officials.[13] Perle in turn defended Aspin in a Washington Post editorial.[14]
In February 1994, Perle attacked Clinton's decision to issue a visa to Gerry Adams as the most serious threat to the special relationship with Britain since the Suez Crisis.[15]
Yugoslavia
On CNN's Crossfire in August 1992, Perle said he favoured a no-fly zone in Bosnia.[16] In December 1992, he told CNN, the arms embargo was making the situation worse.[17]
Perle was one of 100 conservative figures led by Margaret Thatcher and George Shultz who signed an open letter to President Bill Clinton on 1 September 1993, calling for air strike and military aid to the Bosnians.[18]
In February 1994, Perle spoke at the Munich Security Conference, in the wake of a Serbian attack on Sarajevo market. Speaking immediately after Defence Secretary William Perry, Perle repeated his call for air strikes and the lifting of the arms embargo on the Bosnian Muslims.[19]
In a New York Times op ed co-authored with Richard Burt, Perle wrote:
- We should move immediately to revise the U.N. embargo that has kept the Bosnian Muslims outgunned and under siege. With Bosnia excluded from the embargo, the U.S. and others should supply essential arms to the Bosnian Government. Then Bosnian troops would have a decent chance of achieving defensible borders.
- Second, we should plan to use NATO air power not only against tactical targets in Bosnia, like the artillery positions surrounding Sarajevo, but also against strategic targets in Serbia itself. Precise attacks by advanced weapons could cripple air bases and military logistics centers, or Belgrade's power supply, while posing little threat to civilians.[20]
In December 1994, Perle joined a call by the Action Council for Peace in the Balkans for the United States to lead and organize action to disrupt the Serbian attack on Bihac in northwestern Bosnia by the use, if necessary, of U.S. air power.[21]
In a July 1995 Washington Post op ed, Perle supported a legislative proposal by Robert Dole, and Joe Lieberman to require President Clinton to end U.S. participation in the U.N. embargo barring the supply of arms to the government of Bosnia.[22]
Later that month he reportedly warned that the US had an important geopolitical interest in protecting Muslims from attack:
- Of all the ways that this post-Cold War world could turn very sour, and one of the most worrisome is if you get a kind of holy feud between the world of Islam and the non-Islamic world.
- And at the moment, Muslims look at what's going on and believe that they're being victimized because they're Muslims, he said. I think that's very dangerous.[23]
In a joint Washington Post op ed in October 1995, Perle and Paul Wolfowitz criticized Clinton administration proposals to send 20,000 peacekeepers to Bosnia:
- Most of all, the administration needs to clarify the potentially contradictory relationship between peacekeepers and the more effective underpinnings of a stable agreement: the ability of the Bosnians to defend themselves, backed up perhaps with the threat of NATO air power. After more than 2 1/2 years of claiming to deplore the embargo against Bosnia -- while enforcing it all the same -- vague hints that it will be lifted with a peace agreement are neither adequate nor convincing.[24]
Perle was encouraged by chief US negotiator Richard Holbrooke to act as an unofficial advisor to the Bosnian delegation at the Dayton talks in November 1995.[25] Perle, who reportedly offered his services free, had known Bosnian Foreign Minister Muhamed Sacirbey for several years.[26]
The following month Perle testified to Congress that the administration had given a verbal commitment to train and arm the Bosnians:
- You won't find these assurances in the Dayton accord. Despite Bosnian pleas to do so, the administration refused to put in writing its sotto voce promise to supply Bosnia with the arms and training that will determine whether the Dayton accord is a path to peace and reconstruction or a year-long interval before the final destruction of Bosnia.[27]
Perle told the House International Relations Committee, "the administration is blundering toward an ill-defined, unworkable scheme to hand off responsibility for arming and training the Bosnians by subcontracting this vital program to other countries. Since our militarily advanced allies, Britain, France, Germany, and most other NATO countries, are actually opposed to arming and training the Bosnians, we will likely end up with an unseemly, protracted and uncertain scavenger hunt for trainers and weapons, and the Bosnians will be forced to settle for inferior equipment and inadequate training."[28]
Controversies
Selling the Iraq War
Richard Perle was closely linked to Ahmad Chalabi who was the source of much of the questionable intelligence on Iraq which was passed to Washington before the war[29].
Donald Rumsfeld asked Richard Perle to chair the Defense Policy Board in 2001[30]. While chairman of the Defense Policy Board Perle worked with Devon Cross who lobbied to sell the Iraq War to the UK and Europe through the Policy Forum. The Policy Forum claimed success in selling U.S. foreign policy to the British Media, Claiming:
- "The media response, has been both prompt and enthusiastic, editors of The Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The London Times, The Economist, The Sun and The Spectator have all participated in our discussions"[31].
For these lobbying efforts, at the end of 2007, the US Department of Defence paid the Policy Forum around $80,000 which was paid to Devon Cross[32].
While Devon Cross was successfully selling the war in Iraq to The Telegraph in the U.K., Richard Perle was on the board of Hollinger International who owned the newspaper. At this time The Telegraph also accused prominent anti-war MP George Galloway of being in the pay of Saddam Hussein, profiting from the oil-for-food programme and using the Mariam Appeal for personal enrichment. Galloway successfully sued the paper for defamation and received £150,000 in damages. [33] Richard Perle was also serving as an advisor to the Foundation for Defense of Democracies at this time, it was (FDD) journalist Claudia Rosett who originally broke the oil-for-food scandal[34].
Business Links
Richard Perle was a director of Hollinger International where he was criticised by a report by the former chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The report claimed that Richard Perle served as the enabler for Conrad Black to "improperly take hundreds of millions of dollars", Perle was singled out in the report for having conflicts of interest [35]. Richard Perle denies these allegations and asserts that he was misled by Conrad Black[36].
Perle was named in an internal investigation into Hollinger International, Perle was investigated for receiving $3m in bonuses from Hollinger some of which went to Perle's own company Trireme. Boeing invested £20m in Trireme shortly before Perle advocated a Pentagon scheme for leasing Boeing tankers to support the Iraq war, Perle denied any conflict of interest[37].
Affiliations
Defense Policy Board | Foundation for the Defense of Democracies | Henry Jackson Society Project for Democratic Geopolitics | New Atlantic Initiative | Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs | United States Committee for a Free Lebanon | American Center for Democracy | Trireme | American Enterprise Institute | Bilderberg Group
Resources
- Rightweb Richard Perle
Notes
- ↑ Julian Borger, Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post, 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009
- ↑ Julian Borger, Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post, 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009
- ↑ Seymour M. Hersh,Lunch With the Chairman, The New Yorker, 17-March-2003, Accessed 15-May-2009
- ↑ ALAN COWELL and DAVID M. HALBFINGER, The Nation: Conspiracy Theorists Unite; A Secret Conference Thought to Rule the World, The New York Times, 11-July-2004, Accessed 24-June-2009
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 James Mann, The Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet, Penguin, 2004, pp.31-32. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Vulcans31-32" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Patrick and Leslie Cockburn, Dangerous Liaison: The Inside Story of the U.S.-Israeli covert relationship and the international activities it has served to conceal, The Bodley Head, 1992, p.183.
- ↑ Jerry W. Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and the Politics of Containment, South End Press, 1983, p.227.
- ↑ Jeff Gerth, AIDE URGED PENTAGON TO CONSIDER WEAPONS MADE BY FORMER CLIENT, New York Times, 17 April 1983.
- ↑ Frances Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War, Touchstone, 2001, p.97.
- ↑ Frances Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War, Touchstone, 2001, p.157.
- ↑ Jim Lobe, UNITED STATES: NEO-CONSERVATIVES DESERT BUSH ON FOREIGN POLICY, Inter Press Service, 17 August 1992.
- ↑ Stalemate; Who's Who; Somalia Diary, 22 December 1992.
- ↑ Bruce B. Auster; Greg Ferguson, Caught in the crossfire, U.S. News & World Report, December 6, 1993.
- ↑ Richard Perle, Well Done, Mr. Aspin, Washington Post, 3 January 1994.
- ↑ Rochard Perle, The worst quarrel we've had since Suez, Evening Standard, 2 February 1994.
- ↑ Crossfire, CNN, 28 August 1992.
- ↑ Ralph Begleiter, Options Grow Narrower for the Situation in Bosnia, CNN, 21 December 1992.
- ↑ Thatcher, Schultz press Clinton for more aggressive Bosnia policy, Agence France Presse, 1 September 1993.
- ↑ Susanne M. Schafer, Perry Denounces Sarajevo Strike; Calls for Negotiated Settlement, Associated Press Worldstream, 6 February 1994.
- ↑ Richard Burt and Richard Perle, The Next Act in Bosnia, New York Times, 11 February 1994.
- ↑ Martin Sieff, Calls for action fail to sway White House, Washington Times, 2 December 1994.
- ↑ Richard Perle, Will We Finally Recognize The Right to Self-Defense?, Washington Post, 19 July 1995.
- ↑ Michael E. Ruane, U.S. has reason to care about Bosnia, experts say; Bosnia, though incomprehensible, weighs on American conscience, Austin American-Statesman, 29 July 1995.
- ↑ Richard Perle; Paul Wolfowitz, Bosnia: Before We Send in Peacemakers, Washington Post, 24 October 1995.
- ↑ Michael Dobbs, A Peace of the Action; On Either Side of the Balkan Negotiations Is an American With Advice Aplenty, Washington Post, 17 November 1995.
- ↑ Elaine Sciolino, At the Talks, Raging Bull Meets Bulldog, Cordially, New York Times, 18 November 1995.
- ↑ PREPARED STATEMENT OF RICHARD PERLE, FELLOW, AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Federal News Service, 6 December 1995.
- ↑ HEARING OF THE HOUSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE SUBJECT: SENDING US TROOPS TO BOSNIA, CHAIRED BY: SENATOR/REPRESENTATIVE BENJAMIN GILMAN (R-NY), Federal News Service, 7 December 1995.
- ↑ Julian Borger, Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post, 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009
- ↑ Seymour M. Hersh,Lunch With the Chairman, The New Yorker, 17-March-2003, Accessed 15-May-2009
- ↑ Policy Forum, About Us, Accessed 08-April-2009
- ↑ Jim Lobe, Is the Pentagon Policy Shop Funding Likudist Fronts?, IPS, 18-March-2008, Accessed 08-April-2009
- ↑ Chris Tryhorn, Galloway wins libel case against Telegraph, The Guardian, 02-December-2004, Accessed 14-May-2004
- ↑ Daniel McCarthy, The American Conservative, 17-November-2003
- ↑ Stephen Labaton, Perle Asserts Hollinger's Conrad Black Misled Him, The New York Times, 06-September-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009
- ↑ Stephen Labaton, Perle Asserts Hollinger's Conrad Black Misled Him, The New York Times, 06-September-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009
- ↑ Julian Borger, Pentagon Hardliner resigns from post, 27-February-2004, Accessed 15-May-2009
