Difference between revisions of "International Institute for Strategic Studies"

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'''The International Institute for Strategic Studies''' (IISS) describes itself as 'the world&#39;s leading authority on political-military conflict.Based in London, IISS is registerd as charity in UK, US and Singapore. Founded in 1958 the IISS has strong establishment links, with former US and British government officials among its members. The Foreign Office contributed £100,000 towards the setting up of its headquarters in central London, and the opening was attended by Thatcher and [[Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]], then secretary general of Nato. Its early work focused on nuclear deterrence and arms control and was by its own account "hugely influential in setting the intellectual structures for managing the Cold War."<ref>IISS [http://www.iiss.org/about-us About us] </ref>
 
'''The International Institute for Strategic Studies''' (IISS) describes itself as 'the world&#39;s leading authority on political-military conflict.Based in London, IISS is registerd as charity in UK, US and Singapore. Founded in 1958 the IISS has strong establishment links, with former US and British government officials among its members. The Foreign Office contributed £100,000 towards the setting up of its headquarters in central London, and the opening was attended by Thatcher and [[Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]], then secretary general of Nato. Its early work focused on nuclear deterrence and arms control and was by its own account "hugely influential in setting the intellectual structures for managing the Cold War."<ref>IISS [http://www.iiss.org/about-us About us] </ref>
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==Origins and history==
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Initially known just as the Institute for Strategic Studies, IISS was laucnhed in November 1958 with the intension that it would be, as ''The Economist'' put it, ‘a Chatham House for Defence’.<ref>''The Economist'', 29 November 1958</ref> The day after it’s launch ''The Guardian'' headline read, ‘INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDY British Members, U.S. Finance’.<ref>''The Guardian'', 28 November 1958</ref>
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===The British members===
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The ‘British members’ were a collection of 20 politicians, journalists, academics, and former military men; as well as a few figures from the Church of England. Many of the founding members were members of a [[Chatham House]] group which was studying disarmament issues.<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref>
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The decision to form the group stems from a [[Chatham House]] pamphlet ''On Limiting Nuclear War''. The pamphlet had been produced by [[Pat Blackett]], a Nobel physicist who had advised the UK government on ‘operational theory’ (e.g. game theory); [[Denis Healey]], then Labour spokesman on Foreign Affairs; [[Richard Goold Adams]], a journalist turned businessman; and [[Anthony Buazzard|Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Buazzard]], the former head of Naval Intelligence. They subsequently organised a conference ‘The Limitations of War in the Nuclear Age’ at the London office of the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs. There it was agreed that they should establish a think-tank modelled on [[Chatham House]], but focused solely on military-strategic issues. [[Pat Blackett]] was replaced by the [[Chatham House]] expert [[Professor Michael Howard]], and along with some figures from the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, these men started putting together the personnel for the would be think-tank.<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref>
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===The US finance===
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The ‘U.S. finance’ behind the new institute was a grant of $150,000 from the [[Ford Foundation]] to fund the institute for its first three years.<ref>‘Strategic Studies Institute Formed. Mr. Alastair Buchan First Director’, ''The Times'', 28 November 1958; pg. 6; Issue 54320; col F</ref> The [[Ford Foundation International Affairs Division|International Affairs Division]] of the [[Ford Foundation]] which provided this funding was at that time headed by an important post-war propagandist called [[Shepard Stone]]. A former ''New York Times'' journalist, Stone had joined the [[Ford Foundation]] in 1952, prior to which he had worked as the Director of Public Affairs of the American High Commission in Germany. There his main task had been to channel secret payments to editors and journalists to ensure they propagated American interests.<ref>David M. Oshinsky, ‘Bagman for Democracy ‘,''New York Times'', 15 July 2001</ref> At the [[Ford Foundation]] Stone worked with [[Joseph Slater]] who according to ''The Times'' was the driving force behind supporting the Institute.<ref>''The Times'', 13 November 1967; pg. 5; Issue 57097; col E</ref> Slater – who later set up the [[Aspen Institute]] – had worked at the High Commission with Stone where both men had served under [[John J. McCloy]], who was now chairman of the [[Ford Foundation]]. The aim of these former state propagandists was to win over Europeans who sought independence from Soviet ''and'' American control. According to one author, Stone hoped to ‘consolidate the Atlantic alliance, above all by abolishing the weak link in the West’s armory - the “neutralists,” those intellectuals who were disaffected by the Soviet Union but who were unwilling to align themselves with the United States’.’<ref>John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006) p.174</ref>
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===The first director===
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The British man who was appointed to head this operation was [[Alistair Buchan]], the diplomatic and defence correspondent of ''The Observer''. His father John Buchan was a novelist, barrister and MP who had worked for the [[British War Propaganda Bureau]] during the First World War, as well as a war correspondent for ''The Times''.<ref>National Archives Famous names in the First World War [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/medals-buchan.asp John Buchan MP]</ref> Alistair Buchan was an Old Etonian and Oxford graduate who had worked as assistant editor of ''The Economist'' from 1948 to 1951<ref>‘At Home in the Pentagon’, ''The Times'', 16 December 1967; pg. 6; Issue 57126; col F</ref> when he became the Washington correspondent for ''The Observer''. In Washington Buchan had made ‘a wide range of contacts in American political, academic and journalistic circles which were to prove a valuable asset when he became the first Director of the Institute’.<ref>‘Obituary: Professor the Hon Alastair Buchan Founder of the International Institute for Strategic Studies’, ''The Times'', 5 February 1976; pg. 16; Issue 59620; col E</ref> As head of the Institute Buchan developed a reputation for being ‘one of the few Englishmen who can “make himself at home” in the Pentagon’.<ref>The Times, 16 December 1967; pg. 6; Issue 57126; col F</ref>
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===The moral question disappears===
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The Institute had been founded at least partly on the ethical concerns raised by the nuclear arms race; as suggested by the involvement of several church figures. However, the ethical dimension to the Institute’s work proved to be dead at birth. [[Professor Michael Howard]], one of the key figures behind the Institute later recalled that:
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<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%">Although [[Kenneth Grubb]] remained chairman of our council and [[Alan Booth]] our secretary [both of whom were involved in the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs], we quickly found that we could not sustain our obligation to study both the political and the moral dimensions of our subject, as had been our intension.<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref></blockquote>
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 +
===Early focus===
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The Institute initially had a ‘tiny staff’ and was based at ‘rather dinghy offices off the Strand’.<ref>‘Obituary: Professor the Hon Alastair Buchan Founder of the International Institute for Strategic Studies’, ''The Times'', 5 February 1976; pg. 16; Issue 59620; col E</ref> Though dingy they were close to Britain’s major centres of power. As one founding member later recalled, they were ‘conveniently situated between Fleet Street and Whitehall.’<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref>
 +
 +
There the Council held an evening reception on 17 February 1959 to mark the inauguration of the Institute. The reception was attended by several foreign diplomats and British military figures, as well as government Ministers.<ref>''The Times'', 18 February 1959; pg. 12; Issue 54388; col A</ref>
 +
 +
The Institute initial focus was on the publication of its annual report on the Soviet and NATO military build-up, which it called ''The Military Balance''. The first issue was ‘unfortunately replete with errors, having been put together from published sources of widely varying reliability’. After this had been pointed out to Buchan by a CIA man who had joined the Institute, he made a point of checking each publication with the British government.<ref>Raymond L. Garthoff, A Journey Through the Cold War: A Memoir of Containment and Coexistence (Brookings Institution Press, 2001) p.63</ref>
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===Francois Duchene===
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In 1969 Buchan left the Institute and was replaced as Director by [[Francois Duchene]] who headed IISS until 1974. Duchene like Buchan was a former journalist at ''The Economist'', and he had also worked as a Fellow at the [[Ford Foundation]] for two years immediately prior to his appointment.<ref>[ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/francois-duchene-500100.html ‘Obituary: Francois Duchene’], ''The Independent'', 25 July 2005</ref> He had also worked in military intelligence during his national service and was posted to Austria in 1948, then a hub of post-war espionage.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2005/jul/22/guardianobituaries.eu]</ref>
  
 
==Selling the Iraq War==
 
==Selling the Iraq War==
−
 
 
IISS played a key role in furnishing the pretexts for the invasion of Iraq by publishing a dossier on Iraqi WMDs, on 9 September 2002, which was edited by Gary Samore, formerly of the US State Department, and presented by Dr [[John Chipman]], a former Nato fellow.  
 
IISS played a key role in furnishing the pretexts for the invasion of Iraq by publishing a dossier on Iraqi WMDs, on 9 September 2002, which was edited by Gary Samore, formerly of the US State Department, and presented by Dr [[John Chipman]], a former Nato fellow.  
  

Revision as of 08:40, 28 July 2008

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) describes itself as 'the world's leading authority on political-military conflict.Based in London, IISS is registerd as charity in UK, US and Singapore. Founded in 1958 the IISS has strong establishment links, with former US and British government officials among its members. The Foreign Office contributed £100,000 towards the setting up of its headquarters in central London, and the opening was attended by Thatcher and Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, then secretary general of Nato. Its early work focused on nuclear deterrence and arms control and was by its own account "hugely influential in setting the intellectual structures for managing the Cold War."[1]

Origins and history

Initially known just as the Institute for Strategic Studies, IISS was laucnhed in November 1958 with the intension that it would be, as The Economist put it, ‘a Chatham House for Defence’.[2] The day after it’s launch The Guardian headline read, ‘INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDY British Members, U.S. Finance’.[3]

The British members

The ‘British members’ were a collection of 20 politicians, journalists, academics, and former military men; as well as a few figures from the Church of England. Many of the founding members were members of a Chatham House group which was studying disarmament issues.[4]

The decision to form the group stems from a Chatham House pamphlet On Limiting Nuclear War. The pamphlet had been produced by Pat Blackett, a Nobel physicist who had advised the UK government on ‘operational theory’ (e.g. game theory); Denis Healey, then Labour spokesman on Foreign Affairs; Richard Goold Adams, a journalist turned businessman; and Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Buazzard, the former head of Naval Intelligence. They subsequently organised a conference ‘The Limitations of War in the Nuclear Age’ at the London office of the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs. There it was agreed that they should establish a think-tank modelled on Chatham House, but focused solely on military-strategic issues. Pat Blackett was replaced by the Chatham House expert Professor Michael Howard, and along with some figures from the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, these men started putting together the personnel for the would be think-tank.[5]

The US finance

The ‘U.S. finance’ behind the new institute was a grant of $150,000 from the Ford Foundation to fund the institute for its first three years.[6] The International Affairs Division of the Ford Foundation which provided this funding was at that time headed by an important post-war propagandist called Shepard Stone. A former New York Times journalist, Stone had joined the Ford Foundation in 1952, prior to which he had worked as the Director of Public Affairs of the American High Commission in Germany. There his main task had been to channel secret payments to editors and journalists to ensure they propagated American interests.[7] At the Ford Foundation Stone worked with Joseph Slater who according to The Times was the driving force behind supporting the Institute.[8] Slater – who later set up the Aspen Institute – had worked at the High Commission with Stone where both men had served under John J. McCloy, who was now chairman of the Ford Foundation. The aim of these former state propagandists was to win over Europeans who sought independence from Soviet and American control. According to one author, Stone hoped to ‘consolidate the Atlantic alliance, above all by abolishing the weak link in the West’s armory - the “neutralists,” those intellectuals who were disaffected by the Soviet Union but who were unwilling to align themselves with the United States’.’[9]

The first director

The British man who was appointed to head this operation was Alistair Buchan, the diplomatic and defence correspondent of The Observer. His father John Buchan was a novelist, barrister and MP who had worked for the British War Propaganda Bureau during the First World War, as well as a war correspondent for The Times.[10] Alistair Buchan was an Old Etonian and Oxford graduate who had worked as assistant editor of The Economist from 1948 to 1951[11] when he became the Washington correspondent for The Observer. In Washington Buchan had made ‘a wide range of contacts in American political, academic and journalistic circles which were to prove a valuable asset when he became the first Director of the Institute’.[12] As head of the Institute Buchan developed a reputation for being ‘one of the few Englishmen who can “make himself at home” in the Pentagon’.[13]

The moral question disappears

The Institute had been founded at least partly on the ethical concerns raised by the nuclear arms race; as suggested by the involvement of several church figures. However, the ethical dimension to the Institute’s work proved to be dead at birth. Professor Michael Howard, one of the key figures behind the Institute later recalled that:

Although Kenneth Grubb remained chairman of our council and Alan Booth our secretary [both of whom were involved in the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs], we quickly found that we could not sustain our obligation to study both the political and the moral dimensions of our subject, as had been our intension.[14]

Early focus

The Institute initially had a ‘tiny staff’ and was based at ‘rather dinghy offices off the Strand’.[15] Though dingy they were close to Britain’s major centres of power. As one founding member later recalled, they were ‘conveniently situated between Fleet Street and Whitehall.’[16]

There the Council held an evening reception on 17 February 1959 to mark the inauguration of the Institute. The reception was attended by several foreign diplomats and British military figures, as well as government Ministers.[17]

The Institute initial focus was on the publication of its annual report on the Soviet and NATO military build-up, which it called The Military Balance. The first issue was ‘unfortunately replete with errors, having been put together from published sources of widely varying reliability’. After this had been pointed out to Buchan by a CIA man who had joined the Institute, he made a point of checking each publication with the British government.[18]

Francois Duchene

In 1969 Buchan left the Institute and was replaced as Director by Francois Duchene who headed IISS until 1974. Duchene like Buchan was a former journalist at The Economist, and he had also worked as a Fellow at the Ford Foundation for two years immediately prior to his appointment.[19] He had also worked in military intelligence during his national service and was posted to Austria in 1948, then a hub of post-war espionage.[20]

Selling the Iraq War

IISS played a key role in furnishing the pretexts for the invasion of Iraq by publishing a dossier on Iraqi WMDs, on 9 September 2002, which was edited by Gary Samore, formerly of the US State Department, and presented by Dr John Chipman, a former Nato fellow.

The dossier was immediately seized on by Bush and Blair administrations as providing "proof" that Saddam was just months away from launching a chemical and biological, or even a nuclear attack. Large parts of the IISS document were subsequently recycled in the now notorious Downing Street dossier, published with a foreword by the Prime Minister, the following week.[21]

Unlike the British Government, IISS later claimed it made mistakes in its dossier about the extent of the Iraqi threat. It commissioned an independent assessment by Rolf Ekeus, a former head of United Nations arms inspectors in Iraq. Samore and Chipman now claim their dossier had caveats about Iraq's supposed WMD arsenal which the Government insisted on removing from intelligence assessments - leading to "sexing up" accusations.[22] However, in his interview with BBC on the day of the publication of the report, such caveats are conspicuously absent. [23]

Pushing the bombing of Iran

In April 2006 The Institute was involved in briefing the media in which the BBC reported that Iran was 'on course' to develop nuclear weapons in 'three years'. On being challenged the Institute backed down slightly.[24] On 12 September 2007, IISS once again suggested Iran could have a nuclear weapon by 2009-2010, an estimate which is shared neither by the IAEA or US intelligence. It also went on to issue unsubstantiated warnings of a threat from a new and deadlier al-Qaida.[25]

Principals

President, President Emeritus and Vice-Presidents

The council

other associates

Contact, resources and notes

contact

Notes

  1. ↑ IISS About us
  2. ↑ The Economist, 29 November 1958
  3. ↑ The Guardian, 28 November 1958
  4. ↑ Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard Page 158
  5. ↑ Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard Page 158
  6. ↑ ‘Strategic Studies Institute Formed. Mr. Alastair Buchan First Director’, The Times, 28 November 1958; pg. 6; Issue 54320; col F
  7. ↑ David M. Oshinsky, ‘Bagman for Democracy ‘,New York Times, 15 July 2001
  8. ↑ The Times, 13 November 1967; pg. 5; Issue 57097; col E
  9. ↑ John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006) p.174
  10. ↑ National Archives Famous names in the First World War John Buchan MP
  11. ↑ ‘At Home in the Pentagon’, The Times, 16 December 1967; pg. 6; Issue 57126; col F
  12. ↑ ‘Obituary: Professor the Hon Alastair Buchan Founder of the International Institute for Strategic Studies’, The Times, 5 February 1976; pg. 16; Issue 59620; col E
  13. ↑ The Times, 16 December 1967; pg. 6; Issue 57126; col F
  14. ↑ Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard Page 158
  15. ↑ ‘Obituary: Professor the Hon Alastair Buchan Founder of the International Institute for Strategic Studies’, The Times, 5 February 1976; pg. 16; Issue 59620; col E
  16. ↑ Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard Page 158
  17. ↑ The Times, 18 February 1959; pg. 12; Issue 54388; col A
  18. ↑ Raymond L. Garthoff, A Journey Through the Cold War: A Memoir of Containment and Coexistence (Brookings Institution Press, 2001) p.63
  19. ↑ [ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/francois-duchene-500100.html ‘Obituary: Francois Duchene’], The Independent, 25 July 2005
  20. ↑ [1]
  21. ↑ Kim Sengupta, Iraq Occupation Made World Less Safe, Pro-War Institute Says Studies , The Independent, May 26, 2004
  22. ↑ Kim Sengupta, Iraq Occupation Made World Less Safe, Pro-War Institute Says Studies , The Independent, May 26, 2004
  23. ↑ BBC Interview with John Chipman, 9 September 2002
  24. ↑ The BBC, Iran and the Bomb The Cat's Blog, Wednesday, April 12, 2006
  25. ↑ Richard Norton-Taylor,Al-Qaida has revived, spread and is capable of a spectacular The Guardian, September 13, 2007
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