Difference between revisions of "N officers 3"
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* For N officers with numbers 100 - 299, see [[N_officers_2|N officers part 2]]. | * For N officers with numbers 100 - 299, see [[N_officers_2|N officers part 2]]. | ||
− | * ''Updated | + | * ''Updated 5 January 2018'' |
==N series officers part 3 (>300)== | ==N series officers part 3 (>300)== | ||
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The cover name she used was 'Sandra', she can't recall the surname used, and no record of it was found. | The cover name she used was 'Sandra', she can't recall the surname used, and no record of it was found. | ||
::In 1972 N348 was recruited into the SDS by the then management with no application or formal interview. After a period in the 'Back Office' N348 deployed into Maoist issues, the main group being the Women's Liberation Front. N348 was removed from the field in 1973 following a compromise. | ::In 1972 N348 was recruited into the SDS by the then management with no application or formal interview. After a period in the 'Back Office' N348 deployed into Maoist issues, the main group being the Women's Liberation Front. N348 was removed from the field in 1973 following a compromise. | ||
− | In the next section of the Risk | + | In the next section of the Risk Assessment (3.3), however, it says she was posted in the SDS back office 'late 1971'. Recruitment to SDS 'likely to have been [[Phil Saunders]] (N1251) and N294'. |
:: '''Main group infiltrated:''' Women's Liberation Front (affilliated to the Women's Liberation Movement). The group met at the private house of the 'leader' [name censored]. The main group was a national movement based on women's rights and Maoist teachings. Any direct action appeared focussed on exploitative events, such as Miss World contest and demonstrations. N348 described the faction as vocal but aspirational only and taking part in demonstrations with placards and banners. She witnessed no violence displayed by the group and this is corroborated by the open source research conducted. | :: '''Main group infiltrated:''' Women's Liberation Front (affilliated to the Women's Liberation Movement). The group met at the private house of the 'leader' [name censored]. The main group was a national movement based on women's rights and Maoist teachings. Any direct action appeared focussed on exploitative events, such as Miss World contest and demonstrations. N348 described the faction as vocal but aspirational only and taking part in demonstrations with placards and banners. She witnessed no violence displayed by the group and this is corroborated by the open source research conducted. | ||
::'''Tasking:''' The tasking was aimed at intelligence gathering to manage and resource public order issues. | ::'''Tasking:''' The tasking was aimed at intelligence gathering to manage and resource public order issues. | ||
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(N.B. The [http://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-26437815/miss-world-my-protest-at-1970-beauty-pageant disruption of the Miss World event] broadcasted live on television happened in November 1970, before N348 joined the group a year later.) | (N.B. The [http://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-26437815/miss-world-my-protest-at-1970-beauty-pageant disruption of the Miss World event] broadcasted live on television happened in November 1970, before N348 joined the group a year later.) | ||
− | The Risk | + | The Risk Assessment points out the risk of media intrusion, acknowledging that the use of female officers may heighten interest. There may also 'be a risk of reputation to the MPS in the media or public perception': |
::[I]t could be argued that the deployment of N348 into such a non-violent group was disproportionate and may feed a media angle. | ::[I]t could be argued that the deployment of N348 into such a non-violent group was disproportionate and may feed a media angle. | ||
Revision as of 17:50, 5 January 2018
This article is part of the Undercover Research Portal at Powerbase: investigating corporate and police spying on activists.
Police officers cited in the Undercover Policing Inquiry (UCPI) are generally designated by a cypher / nominal starting with N or HN followed by a number. The practice of assigning these cyphers was begun in by the Metropolitan Police inquiry Operation Herne which investigated the activities of the Special Demonstration Squad undercovers. It was subsequently adopted by Mark Ellison for his Review and the UCPI, both of which draw heavily on the material assembled by Operation Herne. The system appears to have changed in 2017, when the 3 August 2017 rulings and direction of the new Inquiry Chair, John Mitting, began using the 'HN' label, though the associated numbers appear to be unchanged.[1]
- For a general introduction into the cypher system, see N Officers (main page).
- For N officers with numbers <100, see N officers part 1.
- For N officers with numbers 100 - 299, see N officers part 2.
- Updated 5 January 2018
N series officers part 3 (>300)
Cypher | Name | Status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
HN301 | unknown | Minded-to (Nov 2017): Real name name cannot be published;[2] cover name to be published.[3] | SDS UCO. Deployed 1971-76 into the International Socialists (which became subsumed into another [Socialist Workers Party]), and reported on others. No allegations of misconduct against him.[2]
Mitting noted (Nov 2017):[2]
|
N315 | unknown | Witness Protection Unit officer assigned by John Grieve to Lawrence family following wrongful publication of witness details in a Macpherson Report appendix; said they were 'never approached by any member of the MPS or asked for personal information or rumour surrounding the Stephen Lawrence family' (Herne II, 21.2.4-5).[4] | |
N318 | unknown | Real name to be published.[3] | SDS managerial / back office. Deceased. No restriction order applications made.[3] |
HN321 | Bill Lewis | Ruling (Dec 2017): real name cannot be published.[5] | Now in 70s. Deployed against two groups which no longer exist, for one year Sept 1968-Sept 1969; no known allegation of misconduct against him.
A press release of 5 October 2017 stated:[6]
Mitting's 'Minded-To' of August 2017 noted:[7]
An application was maApplication made by the MPS to restrict real and cover names, including an supplementary submission, along with a personal statement and a risk assessment (David Reid) - open versions published in August 2017.[8] Mitting's Minded-To of August 2017 said he was considering release of the cover name but grant an order restricting the real name.[7] Following this, the Metropolitan Police withdrew their application to restrict HN321's cover name, leading it to being published on 5 October 2017, though the application to restrict his real name remained in place.[6][2] In their personal witness statement, HN321 says:[9]
According to his risk assessment:[10]
The application to restrict his real name was heard at the hearing of 21 November. There it was noted that HN321 currently lives outside of the UK and had said they would not return if their real identity was revealed, but is prepared to cooperate with the Inquiry if it wasn't. It was said that he believed he had done nothing wrong during his time undercover, and Mitting took the view the value of HN321's evidence would only go towards the founding of the SDS.[11] Mitting ruled on 5 December 2017 that 'if the Inquiry is recieve anything of value from HN321, it must not publish his real name', and granted the restriction order over the officer's real name.[5] The Restriction Order was published on 8 December 2017. N321 is not a core participant. |
HN322 | unknown | Minded-to (Nov 2017): Real name name cannot be published.[2] | SDS UCO. Now in 70s; had 30-year police career, retiring in mid-1990s. With Special Operations Squad for two months in 1968; in his recollection, he was intended to be deployed against a group (which no longer exists) but was re-allocated to other duties before being deployed. Had no cover name.[2]
Mitting noted (Nov 2017):[2]
Documents released 4 January 2018: Open application for restriction order, Open risk assessment, Open impact statement. His Risk Assessement shows that HN322 did not want to be interviewed by the risk assessors but has submitted a so-called pro-forma, a written statement. '
In his Impact Statement he adds that he asked to been taken off his undercover job as he did not want to be away from home so much nor did he consider himself brave enough to do the work of long term infiltration. His Impact Statement also reveals that the Metropolitan Police applied for a restriction order of his real name before consulting HN322 about it. |
HN323 | unknown | Real name to be used in due course.[1][7] | SDS UCO. Now deceased and no records of cover name have been found. No restriction order application made.[3][7] |
HN325 | unknown | Real name to be published in due course.[1]. No application made.[7] | SDS back office / manager |
HN326 | Douglas Edwards (alias) | Cover name name released[1]. Ruling restricting real name (Dec 2017).[5] | SDS UCO. Currently in 70s and retired; deployed against 3 groups, two of which no longer exist, for 2 1/2 years between 1968-1971.
According to Mitting (Aug 2017): [7]
No application over his cover name was made[7] and it was formally released in August 2017.[1] The MPS applied in August 2017 for an restriction order over his real name with open versions published bar an additional threat assessment:[8] open application, personal statement, risk assessment (Kevin Shanahan). Their application was heard at hearing of 21 November 2017,[11] and Mitting ruled in its favour on 5 December 2017, saying:[5]
The Restriction Order was made on 8 December 2017. In his personal statement, he wrote:[12]
According to his risk assessment:[13]
See profile for more detailed analysis of his time undercover. He did not use the identity of a dead child. |
HN327 | unknown | Real names to be used in due course.[1] | SDS UCO. Deceased. No record of cover name and no application made in respect of the real name.[7][1] |
HN328 | unknown | Real name to be published in due course.[1] | SDS back office / manager. No restriction order application made.[7] |
HN329 | John Graham (alias) | Cover name released.[1] Ruling: real name cannot be published.[5] | SDS UCO. Now in 70s. Deployed against two groups that no longer exist for one year in 1968-1969. As with HN321, only less concerned about media intrusion.[7]
No application over his cover name was made[7] and it was formally released in August 2017.[1] Though the MPS did applied at the same time for an order to restrict his real name, and provided open personal / impact statement from him alongside a open risk assessment (David Reid).[8] Their application was heard at hearing of 21 November 2017,[11] and Mitting ruled in its favour on 5 December 2017, saying:[5]
The Restriction Order was published on 8 December 2017. For details and analysis of his time undercover see his profile. He has subsequently made appearances on television under his real identity.[14] |
HN330 | unknown | Ruling (Dec 2017): real name to be restricted, cover name can be disclosed.[5] | SDS UCO. Now in 80s; deployed against one group, no longer active, for several weeks in 1968. "He would like to be left in peace". Does not remember the cover names he used, similar considerations apply as HN321.[7] He targeted the Havering, Essex branch of the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign, attending some of their meetings, both public and private. He created a false name and occupation. He ceased his undercover deployment with the Special Operations Squad on 27th October 1968, following the large VSC march which the unit had focused on.[15] See also HN334 who acted as his girlfriend when he was deployed against the VSC.
In an email to the risk assessors he stated:[16]
Though the cover name had not been ascertained in August 2017, there was still intention by the Inquiry to restrict real name,[1] the Metropolitan Police having applied to restrict his real name only, providing supplementary submissions, a personal statement and risk assessment (David Reid) - open versions published.[8] In October 2017, it was noted:[17] When the ‘Minded to’ dated 3 August 2017 was published, the Inquiry did not know HN330’s cover name and HN330 could not remember it. The Inquiry has since received information from another officer which permits HN330’s cover name to be published. Legal representatives of this officer and the Metropolitan Police Service have been notified and, provided that no application for a restriction order in respect of it is received, it will be [released]. The Chair indicated he was still minded to restrict publishing the real name, but would release the cover name, pending any application to restrict it.[3][7] The application on the real name was heard at the hearing of 21 November 2017,[11] with Mitting ruling in favour of restricting the real name on 5 December.[5] The Restriction Order was released on 8 December 2017. In his personal statement, HN330 described the risk assessment process as a 'pantomime' and based on 'hearsay obtained from a former colleague'.[15] He is not a core participant, and has expressed to risk assessors (whom he has declined to meet) "he has the ‘most monumental indifference’ to whether the Inquiry wishes him to give evidence."[18] |
HN331 | unknown | Minded-to (Nov 2017): restrict real name[2] | SDS UCO. Deployed against one group (now defunct) in 1968 & 1969. Cover name is unknown. Killed in road traffic accident in the 1970s leaving a widow and son.
According to Mitting (Nov 2017):[2]
|
HN332 | unknown | Minded-to: restrict real name.[2] | SDS managerial role in the 1970s.
Mitting stated (Nov 2017):[2]
|
HN333 | unknown | SDS UCO. Now in his 70s and retired. Deployed for 9 months in 1968-1969 against a left-wing group (no longer exists). No known allegation of misconduct against him and he neither committed any crimes or took the identity of a dead child as part of his cover. Described his training as 'rudimentary'. Hei infiltrated his target group by answering an advert for people who were following the philosophy of [redacted]. Subsequently attended meetings of this small group. He characterised the group as extremist.[19][7] [20] Their cover name is known.[1]
The MPS applied to restrict the real name only, while N333's designated laywer has applied to restrict the cover name. Other August 2017 application documents: open submissions, personal statement and risk assessment (Graham Walker).[8] "N333 received no specific assurance or guarantee of anonymity by senior officer(s). N333 states that there was only 'implied implication' of future anonymity'.[20] He subsequently went on to have a 'long and distinguished career' in the police.[19] Mitting indicated in his August 2017 that he was Minded-To restrict publishing both real and cover names, stating:[7]
The application on the real name was heard at the hearing of 21 November 2017,[11] with Mitting ruling in favour of restricting the real name on 5 December.[5] The Restriction Order was released on 8 December 2017. In making his ruling, Mitting wrote:[5]
These risks were set out in closed reasons. Mitting also relied on that the 'deployment was short and appears to have been unremarkable', and that other officers could give evidence on similar deployments in the early days of the SDS. Mitting also went ont to say:[5]
HN333 is not a core participant in the Inquiry. | |
HN334 | unknown | Real name cannot be published.[2] | SDS UCO. Currently in 70s. No allegation of misconduct against her. Served with Special Operations Squad 1968-72. 'In 1968 she was deployed for several months against one group - the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign, which no longer exists - as the girlfriend of HN330. Thereafter, according to her own recollection, she performed back office duties only.'[2]
Mitting noted she wished to 'preserve her privacy and that of her family', and it was unlikely that surviving members of the groups she targeted would recall her.[2] |
HN335 | unknown | Real name to be used in due course.[1] | SDS UCO. Deceased. No record of cover name and no application made to restrict real name.[1][7] |
HN336 | unknown | Minded-to: Real name cannot be published; cover name will be published.[2] | SDS UCO. Deployed 1969-1972, targeting the International Marxist Group and British Communist Party, but also providing intelligence on other groups. No allegation of misconduct known. Appeared on 'True Spies' programme under the pseudonym 'Dan' with the approval of senior officers.[2]
Mitting (Nov 2017):[2]
|
HN337 | unknown | Minded-to: Neither real or cover names can be published.[2] | SDS UCO & manager. In his 70s. Deployed against four groups in the 1970s. Later a manager in the SDS in the 1990s where he was responsible for the recruitment and deployment of N81, though played no role in the targeting of the Lawrences.[2]
According to Mitting (Nov 2017):[2]
|
HN338 | unknown | Minded-to: real name cannot be published. [2] | SDS UCO. Cover name and target groups unknown; deployed for a period in 1970 or 1971. Deceased. Mitting is minded-to (Nov 2017) restrict publication of real name to avoid distress to HN338's widow.[2] |
HN339 | unknown | Extension sought to deal with in a future tranche.[3] | |
HN341 | unknown | Minded-to: restrict both cover and real names.[2] | SDS UCO. Deployed in the 1970s against two groups.
Mitting (Nov 2017):
|
HN342 | unknown | Extension sought to deal with in a future tranche.[3] | |
HN343 | unknown | UCPI needs more details before making decision on restricting details.[1] Minded-To: "The real name cannot be published.[7] Cover name to be published.[3] | SDS UCO. In 70s. Deployed into various groups in the early 1970s; past kept secret from everyone his family & social circles.
The inquiry has noted:[7]
Application from MPS to restrict real name only. Open versions of documents not yet published pending final application.[8] |
HN344 | unknown | UCPI needs more details before making decision on restricting details.[3] | |
HN345 | unknown | Minded-to: real name to be restricted; cover name to be published.[2]
Previously thought to be deceased but since discovered to be alive.[8] UCPI granted extension until 1 September 2017 to submit anonymity application.[1][7] |
SDS UCO. Deployed for six months in 1971, though not against anyone specific groups - reported on several including those opposed to apartheid. Deployment ceased when his probationary period in Special Branch was terminated. "There is a difference between his recollection of the reason for termination and that recorded in his personnel file. He left the Metropolitan Police Service soon after." No known allegation of misconduct.[2]
Mitting (Nov 2017):[2]
|
HN346 | unknown | Minded-to: Real name to be published.[3] | SDS. Deceased. No cover name known and no restriction order application has been made.[3] |
HN347 | unknown | Minded-to: Real name cannot be published;[2] cover name to be published[3] | SDS UCO. In his 70s. Deployed against the Irish National Liberation Solidarity Front 1971-1973.[2]
Mitting (Nov 2017):[2]
|
HN348 | unknown | Minded-to: Real name cannot be published.[2] | SDS UCO. In her 70s. Deployed 1972-1973 against a non-violent group. Cover name not recalled and no official record of it exists - though she recalls one element of the name which will be published.[2]
Mitting (Nov 2017):[2]
Documents released 4 January 2018: Open application for restriction order, Open risk assessment, Open impact statement. The cover name she used was 'Sandra', she can't recall the surname used, and no record of it was found.
In the next section of the Risk Assessment (3.3), however, it says she was posted in the SDS back office 'late 1971'. Recruitment to SDS 'likely to have been Phil Saunders (N1251) and N294'.
(N.B. The disruption of the Miss World event broadcasted live on television happened in November 1970, before N348 joined the group a year later.) The Risk Assessment points out the risk of media intrusion, acknowledging that the use of female officers may heighten interest. There may also 'be a risk of reputation to the MPS in the media or public perception':
What the comprise entailed is not exactly clear, it seems that the 'leader' of the group was aware that N348 was a police officer, but not that she was an undercover infiltrating the group. In the Risk Assessment it says: '[Name] has had the last 45 years to expose N348 but to date has not done so if she was in fact aware N348 was also a UCO'. In her Impact Statement, N348 states: 'I would be embarrassed about her finding out about me being an undercover officer'. She is also worried about her current colleagues who don't even know she was a police officer, she's worried her reputation would be tainted. |
HN353 | unknown | Extension sought to move to a future tranche; full extent of restriction sought is unknown.[3] | |
N367 | unknown | Further information required before Inquiry can proceed with the application.[3] | SO15 / CTC from 2006, Det. Sgt; point of contact for ex-SDS officers. Was contacted by N81 in this capacity but was accused of having 'an agenda to belittle SDS' (Ellison, 253).[21] |
N406 | Barry McDowell | Special Branch officer who moved to Racial and Violent Crime Task Force (CO24 / under John Grieve) and was appointed as a liaison between the two units 1998/1999 (Herne II, 21.1.6; Ellison, multiple pages).[4][21] | |
N519 | Marco Jacobs (alias) | Cover name confirmed.[22] | NPOIU UCO |
N587 | unknown | Author of the SDS Annual Report in 1985 (Herne II, 18.1).[4] | |
HN593 | unknown | Minded to: real name to be published (no restriction order application made)[3] | SDS management / back-office. Deceased.[3] |
N596 | Rod Richardson (alias) | Cover name Confirmed.[23] | NPOIU UCO |
HN1251 | unknown | Real name to be published in due course.[1] | SDS back office / manager. No application for a restriction order made.[7] |
HN1668 | unknown | Real name to be published in due course.[3] | SDS back office / manager. No application for a restriction order made.[3] |
HN2152 | unknown | Real name to be published in due course.[3] | SDS back office / manager. No application for a restriction order made.[3] |
HN3093 | unknown | Real name to be published in due course.[3] | SDS back office / manager. No application for a restriction order made.[3] |
HN3095 | unknown | Real name to be published in due course.[3] | SDS back office / manager. No application for a restriction order made.[3] |
- For N officers with numbers <100, see N officers part 1.
- For N officers with numbers 100 - 299, see N officers part 2.
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Press Release: 'Minded to' note, ruling and directions in respect of anonymity applications relating to former officers of the Special Demonstration Squad, Undercover Policing Public Inquiry (UCPI.org.uk), 3 August 2017 (accessed 3 August 2017).
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 In the matter of section 19 (3) of the Inquiries Act 2005 Applications for restriction orders in respect of the real and cover names of officers of the Special Operations Squad and the Special Demonstrations Squad ‘Minded to’ note 2, Undercover Policing Inquiry, 14 November 2017 (accessed 15 November 2017)
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 Counsel to the Inquiry's Explanatory note to accompany the 'Minded-To' Note (2) in respect for restrictions over the real and cover names of officers of the Special Operations Squad and the Special Demonstration Squad, Undercover Policing Inquiry, 14 November 2017 (accessed 15 November 2017).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mick Creedon, Operation Herne: Report 2 - Allegations of Peter Francis, Metropolitan Police Service, March 2014.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Sir John Mitting, Applications for restriction orders in respect of the real and cover names of officers of the Special Operations Squad and the Special Demonstration Squad: Ruling, Undercover Policing Inquiry, 5 December 2017 (accessed 9 December 2017).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Undercover Policing Inquiry, Press Notice: No cover name anonymity sought in respect of HN321, UCPI.org.uk, 5 October 2017 (accessed 10 October 2017).
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 John Mitting, In the matter of section 19(3) of the Inquiries Act 2005 Applications for restriction orders in respect of the real and cover names of officers of the Special Operations Squad and the Special Demonstrations Squad ‘Minded to’ note, Undercover Policing Public Inquiry (UCPI.org.uk), 3 August 2017 (accessed 5 August 2017).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 David Barr & Kate Wilkinson, Counsel to the Inquiry's explanatory note to accompany the 'Minded to' note in respect of applications for restrictions over the real and cover names of officers of the Special Operations Squad and the Special Demonstration Squad, Undercover Policing Public Inquiry (UCPI.org.uk), 3 August 2017 (accessed 5 August 2017).
- ↑ 'NH321', Open personal witness statement of N321 (redacted), Metropolitan Police Service, 30 March 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk).
- ↑ David Reid, HN321 Open Risk Assessment, Metropolitan Police Service, 31 May 2015 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Transcript of hearing of 21 November 2017, Undercover Policing Inquiry, 21 November 2017.
- ↑ 'HN326', Open personal statement of HN326, Metropolitan Police Service, 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk).
- ↑ Kevin Shanahan, Open risk assessment for HN326, Metropolitan Police Service, 31 May 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk)
- ↑ 'HN329', Open personal statement, Metropolitan Police Service, 30 March 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk).
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 HN329, Open personal statement (redacted), Metropolitan Police Service, April 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk).
- ↑ David Reid, HN330 open risk assessment, Metropolitan Police Service, 31 May 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk).
- ↑ Sir John Mitting, Supplementary 'Minded-To', Undercover Policing Inquiry, 23 October 2017 (accessed 23 October 2017 via UCPI.org.uk).
- ↑ David Reid, HN330 open risk assessment (redacted), Metropolitan Police Service, 31 May 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk)
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 'HN333', Open personal statement (redacted), Metropolitan Police Service, 25 May 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk)
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Graham Walker, HN333 Open risk assessment, Metropolitan Police Service, 2 May 2017 (accessed via UCPI.org.uk)
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Mark Ellison, Possible corruption and the role of undercover policing in the Stephen Lawrence case, Stephen Lawrence Independent Review, Vol. 1, Gov.UK, March 2014
- ↑ Update on anonymity applications - N519 (“Marco Jacobs”), Undercover Policing Public Inquiry (UCPI.org.uk), 10 November 2016 (accessed 5 August 2017).
- ↑ No anonymity sought for undercover identity ‘Rod Richardson’, Undercover Policing Public Inquiry (UCPI.org.uk), 15 December 2016 (accessed 5 August 2017).