Chabad-Lubavitch movement

Main publications/writings

The Tanya

Tanya: Formally titled Likkutai Amarim but universally known as “Tanya” (“The Sages Taught”) it is the magnum opus of Chasidic master Sh’neur Zalman of Laydi and the central text of the CHaBaD branch of Chasidism. Tanya is a large, sprawling fusion of medieval philosophy with Zoharic and Lurianic Kabbalah . It has many teachings regarding the Pleroma, the soul, and reincarnation, among other things. Its most radical teaching is that of “acosmism,” that the world is an illusion (Tanya 320). Its most problematic concept is its endorsement of a kind of metaphysical racism, for it teaches that non-Jewish souls emanate from the Sitra Achra, the realm of evil, and are fundamentally different from Jewish souls.

• See also: https://www.chabad.org/library/tanya/default.htm

Russia

Origins in Lyubavitchi

The Chabad movement was founded in 1775 by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Liozna/Liadi (then part of the Russian Empire). In 1813 the leadership moved to the town of Lyubavichi (Lubavitch), which served as the headquarters of the movement for over 100 years until 1915.

Move to New York and early years

In 1940, the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (the Rayatz), arrived in New York after escaping Nazi-occupied Europe.

He established Chabad headquarters at 770 Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights, Brooklyn neighbourhood, which became the global centre of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement.

Under his leadership, Chabad began rebuilding its institutions in the United States, focusing on Jewish education and outreach to American Jewry.

Following his passing in 1950, his son-in-law Menachem Mendel Schneerson (the seventh Rebbe) assumed leadership and dramatically expanded Chabad's global network of emissaries (shluchim), establishing hundreds of institutions across North America and worldwide.

The movement grew rapidly in Crown Heights, transforming the area into a major Hasidic hub with yeshivot, schools, synagogues, and community organisations.

Tensions with the local African American community in Crown Heights escalated over the years, culminating in the Crown Heights riot of August 1991 following the death of Gavin Cato in a car accident involving a Chabad motorcade.

The riots resulted in the murder of Yankel Rosenbaum and widespread violence, highlighting frictions between the growing Chabad community and surrounding residents.

Crown Heights - 1991

In 1991, a car accompanying Schneerson's motorcade accidentally struck two Guyanese-American children while attempting to catch up to Schneerson's vehicle. One of the children was killed. The incident triggered the Crown Heights riot.

Relationship with Meir Kahane and the Jewish Defense League

Chabad-Lubavitch and Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League (JDL) shared concerns over Jewish security and Soviet Jewry but differed in methods: Chabad emphasised education and outreach, while the JDL pursued militant activism.

In 1988, Kahane raised funds in South Florida where some donors, seeking tax deductions, were instructed to write checks to local Chabad Houses. These were then funneled as "pass through" contributions to Kahane's Jewish Idea in Israel.

This arrangement used Chabad's tax-exempt status to channel support, highlighting reported practical complicity despite ideological differences.

In Palestine

Relationship with the Four Holy Cities

Chabad-Lubavitch has maintained a historic presence in Judaism's Four Holy Cities — Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed (Tzfat), and Tiberias (Tveriah) — dating back to the late 18th century waves of Hasidic immigration from Eastern Europe.

Safed

Early Chabad presence in Safed began with the 1777 Hasidic immigration. Followers established communities and institutions in the city.

Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi supported settlement through fundraising. In the early 1800s, followers of the Tzemach Tzedek built the historic Tzemach Tzedek Synagogue, which served as a central place for prayer, study, and community activities.

The community declined in the 20th century but was revitalised in the early 1970s by the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who sent emissaries led by Rabbi Aryeh Leib Kaplan. Chabad expanded with synagogues, schools, outreach, and other institutions.

Tiberias

Tiberias saw early Chassidic settlement, including by followers associated with Chabad precursors. Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk helped establish a Chassidic community there in the late 18th century.

Chabad maintained a presence amid challenges like earthquakes and poverty. Modern Chabad centres continue religious services and outreach in the city.

Kolel Chabad

Kolel Chabad (also spelled Colel Chabad or Collel Chanad) is the oldest continuously operating Jewish charity for Israel, founded in 1788 by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi.

Originally established to provide financial support to poor Jews in the Holy Land, particularly in the Four Holy Cities including Hebron, it continues today as a major tzedakah organisation aiding the needy across 'Israel' regardless of background.

Hebron

Hebron served for many years as the headquarters of the Chabad community in Israel. Many early Chassidic immigrants settled there, drawn to the holy site of the Cave of the Patriarchs.

Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi encouraged settlement and support for Hebron’s Jews.

Cohen writes:

In the nineteenth century, Hebron was the center of Chabad Hasidism in the Holy Land. Most of the members of the sect who lived in Palestine were in Hebron, and they constituted a majority of the city’s Ashkenazi Jewish population. That had not always been the case.

As the Hasidic movement became consolidated in Eastern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century, small numbers of its devotees began arriving in the Holy Land. In 1777 several of the movement’s leaders arrived there, with a number of followers and hangers-on. Numbering about 200 in all, they settled in the Galilee and established the Hasidic community in the Land of Israel. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Chabad found itself in conflict with the rest of the Hasidic community for both religious and financial reasons. As a result, some fifteen Chabad families left Safed in the Galilee and settled in Hebron alongside the Sephardi community, which had arrived and integrated itself into the city following the Spanish expulsion in 1492 (Yaari 1960). This took place while the founder and leader of the Chabad movement, Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, author of the philosophical and mystical work Tanya, was still alive. In the generation that followed, his son and successor, Dov-Ber, known as the Mittler (middle) Rebbe, sent more of his followers to Hebron, and in 1845 his daughter, Menuha Rachel Slonim, arrived and came to be known as the “mother of the Ashkenazi Yishuv in Hebron.” Chabad had become the largest Ashkenazi community in the city. And, as in Europe, it stood at the forefront of the fight against Zionism.

However, its relationship with Zionism was complex and became more so.

To advance the fight against Zionism and maskilim —the advocates of Jewish enlightenment inspired by the secularizing and rational trends in Western European culture —the admor of Chabad ordered, on the eve of World War I, the establishment of a Chabad yeshiva in Hebron —in Hebron and not in Jerusalem (Ratzabi 1996, 84; Landau 1985). The yeshiva opened its doors in 1912 in a building known as the Romano House, after the wealthy Turkish-Jewish family that had built it forty years previously. The family had come on hard times and put the property up for sale. Competition for the house was intense —interested buyers included the house’s Arab neighbors, Christian missionaries, and the Alliance Française, which wanted to open a modern school there. But the Chabad community beat the others and celebrated its victory over the gentiles and, in particular, over Zionist and secular Jewish influence. This brings us back to our core question: if the Jewish community in Hebron opposed Zionism, why were the Arabs so upset?

The Hebron 'massacre'

According to Heilman and Friedman:

When Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak returned in August 1929, he was convinced that Palestine was not going to work out as a place to locate a Temimim yeshiva, since Arab riots had broken out in Hebron on August 23 and 24 in which nearly seventy Jews, among whom were students of the newly established Slobodka Yeshiva in Hebron, were murdered—all this shortly after he had visited this city of the forefathers... Indeed, there were some suggestions that the Lubavitcher rebbe’s visit to Hebron may have been a precipitating factor in the subsequent rioting there... There is no hard evidence that the riots were in reaction to the visit. However, the fact that Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak managed to enter holy places inside the mosque over the burial cave of the patriarchs, which at the time were off-limits for Jewish visitors, and thus jar the status quo in the place would surely have antagonized Muslim zealots in Hebron. The 1929 Arab rioters claimed that their actions were precipitated by what they saw as Jewish efforts to disturb the delicate status quo around holy places in the Holy Land.

Schneerson 'departed the Holy Land on Thursday, August 22', a day before violence erupted.

Kfar Chabad

Kfar Chabad is a Chabad-Lubavitch community settlement in central Israel, located in the Central District between Beit Dagan and Lod, under the jurisdiction of the Lod Valley Regional Council.

It serves as a major centre of Chabad-Lubavitch life in Israel, housing educational institutions, synagogues, and a full-scale replica of 770 Eastern Parkway, the global Chabad headquarters in Brooklyn.

History

Kfar Chabad was established on 21 Iyar 5709 (1949) at the directive of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (the Rayatz).

The site was previously the depopulated Arab village of al-Safiriyya. The first residents were approximately 50-74 families of Chabad chassidim, mostly Holocaust survivors and immigrants from the Soviet Union who had been in displaced persons camps in Europe.

The Rebbe instructed the settlers to build a self-sustaining agricultural community while preserving Chabad traditions. Early residents engaged in farming, raising livestock, and growing citrus and other crops.

The village was officially inaugurated on 12 Tammuz 5709 with a large farbrengen attended by Israeli officials including Levi Eshkol.

Over time, agriculture declined, but Kfar Chabad grew into a thriving residential and educational hub with yeshivot, girls' schools, and community facilities.

Support from Outside 'Israel'

Kfar Chabad has received significant ongoing support from the global Chabad movement, particularly from communities in the United States, Europe, and other centres.

Funding for initial establishment, construction, and development came through the Rayatz and later the seventh Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, with contributions from Chabad supporters worldwide. The village has benefited from philanthropic donations for institutions, housing, and educational programmes.

International Chabad networks continue to provide financial, material, and human resources, including teachers and emissaries, reinforcing its role as a key Chabad stronghold in Israel.

Yitzhar

Yitzhar, a hardline religious settlement in the northern West Bank, has become associated with Chabad-Lubavitch primarily through the activities and influence of Rabbi Yitzchak Ginsburgh, a Chabad-affiliated rabbi who serves as spiritual leader and president of the Od Yosef Chai yeshiva located in the settlement.

Yitzchak Ginsburgh, an American-born rabbi with deep ties to Chabad-Lubavitch (including speaking at Chabad conferences and incorporating Chassidic teachings), has headed or influenced the yeshiva since the late 1980s.

Controversies

The association has drawn criticism due to the yeshiva's role as an ideological centre for radical settler activity. Od Yosef Chai Yeshiva has been linked to the Hilltop Youth and "price tag" attacks — retaliatory violence including arson, vandalism, and assaults against Palestinians and Israeli security forces.

In 2009, rabbis associated with the yeshiva, including Yitzhak Shapira, published Torat HaMelech (The King's Torah), which provided halachic justifications for killing non-Jews under certain circumstances, sparking widespread condemnation for incitement to violence.

Yitzchak Ginsburgh has faced repeated detentions and investigations for incitement, including statements referring to Arabs as a "cancer" and endorsements of controversial texts.

Israeli authorities have conducted raids on the yeshiva, temporarily seized the premises in 2014 following clashes, and imposed funding restrictions due to its alleged role in encouraging extremism.

While Chabad-Lubavitch as an organisation has no formal institutional presence in Yitzhar, Ginsburgh's dual role has led to perceptions of indirect ideological crossover between Chabad's mystical teachings and hardline settler activism.

Critics argue this connection highlights tensions within Chabad between its core outreach mission and associations with extremist elements in the religious Zionist camp.

Itzhak Ginzburg is the head of Od Yosef Chai Yeshiva in Yitzhar, the most extreme rabbinical institution in the West Bank. Officially Ginzburg is a Chabad rabbi, however, most of his followers are known as the “hill dwellers,” young adults of a unique spiritual agenda that combines an ascetic and tough lifestyle with neo-Chassidic tendencies.

Rabbi Yitzhak Shapira, who was detained for questioning by the Shin Bet (Israel Security Agency) in connection with the burning of a mosque in Yasuf, a village near Nablus, is head of the Od Yosef Chai Yeshiva in Yitzhar, and is a disciple of Rabbi Yitzhak Ginsberg, who lives in Kfar Chabad.

Some of the guidelines mentioned at the back of the book in a section entitled "Conclusions - Chapter Five: The Killing of Gentiles in War," include the following: "There is a reason to kill babies [on the enemy side] even if they have not transgressed the seven Noahide Laws [to believe in God, not to commit idolatry, murder, theft or adultery, to set up a legal system, and not to tear a limb from a live animal] because of the future danger they may present, since it is assumed that they will grow up to be evil like their parents."

Kahanism in Palestine

Leading up to the 2009 elections, the Jewish National Front (known as Hayil after its Hebrew acronym), headed by a long-time Kach party activist Baruch Marzel, allied with Eretz Yisrael Shelanu, a new party founded by Chabad Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo. The joint list ran as part of the National Union, with Michael Ben-Ari, its representative, taking the fourth spot on the alliance's list. The National Union won four seats, allowing Ben-Ari to enter the Knesset.

In the UK

See Chabad-Lubavitch UK

In Ukraine

Shmuel Kaminetsky, a Chabad rabbi born in Israel, rebuilt the local Jewish community according to a simple motto: Whatever it takes. Sometimes he borrowed, convincing 10 rabbis-in-training from Morristown, N.J., and Montreal to come to Dnipro for a year. Sometimes he charmed, such as when he persuaded Jews from Boston, London, Miami and elsewhere to commit millions of dollars to programs for the sick, the poor and the young in a city they barely knew, in a region the world had given up on. Sometimes he brokered, like when he secured medical treatment for a local crime boss in return for a hands-off policy toward Jews.

The miraculous results are visible today at the Menorah Center, a marble-clad collection of kosher restaurants, communal and religious buildings, a luxury hotel, and a youth hostel. Its boosters say that it is the largest multifunction Jewish complex in Europe.

In Russia

A JTA report in 2008 states:

The mayor of Moscow recognized the president of a Chabad-led umbrella group for his efforts developing the city. Alexander Boroda, the head of the Federation of Jewish Communities, developed a sprawling complex in the Marina Roscha district that includes the largest synagogue and Jewish community center in Eastern Europe, a medical and charity center, and an educational complex. Plans call for a Museum of Tolerance in the district dedicated to Jewish history with a focus on Russia.

Mayor Yury Luzhkov noted Boroda’s “great contribution to the development of the construction industry in Moscow and many years of dedicated work,” according to the federation’s Web site. Luzhkov has deep connections to the booming real estate and development industries of Moscow. His wife, Yelena Baturina, Russia’s only female billionaire, heads one of the largest construction companies in the capital. Real estate analysts say it is nearly impossible to gain ground for any major development project without the city government’s blessing.

Baturina features at 160 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2022 with a reported wealth of £1.133 billion.

• Berel Lezar – Chabad Rabbi, Moscow… https://www.torahcafe.com/torahcafemobile/video/ca01bcba8

‘we are the Jewish establishment in Russia. There’s no Jewish Federation. We are the Jewish Federation. There’s no ADL, |We are the ADL. There’s no AJC, we are the AJC. Judaism in Russia is run 98% by Chabad.’ Rabbi Dovid Eliezrie.

• https://www.jpost.com/israel/leviev-losses-force-chabad-to-fundraise-locally

Many former Soviet oligarchs, some who have been drawn back to Judaism through Chabad, have become supporters and donors including Mikhail Mirilashvili of Georgia, Ukrainian billionaire Gennadiy Bogolyubov, Alexander Granovsky from Ukraine and Alexander Mashkevich. Although he is not Jewish, Tevfik Arif, a Kazak-Turkish real estate investor and partner in Doyen Group, has become one of the largest single donors to the Chabad Center of Port Washington in Long Island, the community where he owns a residence.

The religious movement has also found supporters among the most successful American business leaders. Ronald Perelman, American billionaire and philanthropist of Revlon fame, has become a close friend and follower of Rabbi Avrohom Shemtov, the director of the Philadelphia Lubavitcher Center. Perelman has made numerous donations to Chabad and has a building dedicated in his name at the University of Pennsylvania, the Ronald O. Perelman Center for Jewish Life-Lubavitch House. Other prominent American Chabad donors include: American investor and billionaire Michael Steinhardt, heir to Estee Lauder Companies Ronald Lauder and Shaya Boymelgreen.

Globally, Australian tycoon Joseph Gutnick, South African billionaire Nathan Kirsh, and Eduardo Elsztain, Argentina's largest real-estate developer, are all well-known supporters of Chabad.

• https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/the-happy-go-lucky-jewish-group-that-connects-trump-and-putin-215007/

Role in the Gaza genocide

During the genocide that began in October 2023, individual Chabad-Lubavitch-affiliated soldiers and chaplains within the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) engaged in several symbolic religious activities in Gaza, which drew both praise within religious circles and criticism for their implications amid the conflict.

Chabad House in Gaza

In December 2023, a group of religious IDF soldiers, many affiliated with Chabad-Lubavitch, transformed a damaged building in Beit Hanoun, northern Gaza, into an informal "first Chabad House in Gaza." They hung a sign and circulated photos of the site, which included religious items.

Chabad officials stated that the initiative was soldier-led and not officially organised or authorised by the global Chabad-Lubavitch movement.

Printing of the Tanya

In January 2024, IDF Chaplain Rabbi Ezzy Morgenstern and Chabad emissary Mendy Ofen, together with soldiers, printed 100 copies of the Tanya (the foundational text of Chabad) in Khan Yunis, Gaza. Additional printings reportedly occurred in Rafah and other areas.

This followed the historical practice initiated by the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe of printing the Tanya in locations where Jews are present, including during previous military operations.

Chabad Patches and Flags

Some IDF soldiers in Gaza and elsewhere have worn "Moshiach" (Messiah) patches associated with Chabad messianic elements, featuring imagery linked to the Lubavitcher Rebbe or the Third Temple. The IDF has issued bans on unauthorised morale and religious patches, including some Messianic symbols.

Moshiach flags and patches have appeared on uniforms and vehicles, reflecting broader trends among religious soldiers.

Foreign Chabad-Affiliated Fighters

Chabad houses worldwide, including in North East London, have supported IDF soldiers through fundraising and care packages. In one case, a UK Chabad centre was cautioned by British authorities for raising funds for an individual IDF soldier, as charities are prohibited from supporting foreign military personnel.

Individual Chabad-affiliated foreign nationals have served in the IDF, consistent with broader patterns of Jews outside occupied Palestine volunteering, though no large-scale organised Chabad foreign fighter units have been documented.

These activities reflect strong support among many Chabad members for Israel's military efforts but remain the actions of individuals or small groups rather than official policy of the global movement.

Allegations of criminal involvement involving Chabad-related individuals

Allegations of financial crimes, fraud, and other misconduct have been made against some individuals affiliated with Chabad-Lubavitch institutions. Chabad sources often describe such cases as isolated actions by individuals.

Money laundering allegations

In November 2007, Israeli police arrested Yosef Aharonov, leader of the "Young Chabad" movement, along with several associates on suspicion of embezzling around $60 million in donated funds, tax evasion, and money laundering. The investigation involved raids in Kfar Chabad.

In the United States, Rabbi Yisroel Goldstein of Chabad of Poway was involved in a scheme where donors wrote checks to Chabad institutions as a "pass through" for tax-deductible contributions later funneled elsewhere. He pleaded guilty to related fraud and money laundering charges.

Fraud allegations

Rabbi Yisroel Goldstein of Chabad of Poway pleaded guilty in 2020 to tax fraud and wire fraud in a multi-million-dollar scheme involving sham donations and corporate matching programs. Co-conspirators included his brother and Rabbi Yehuda Hadjadj of Chabad at UCSD, who also pleaded guilty. Goldstein was sentenced to prison time.

In 2017, the Ninth Circuit upheld a False Claims Act finding against Chabad of California for misappropriating federal grant funds intended for security cameras.

Involvement in sexual abuse cases

Several cases involving Chabad-affiliated individuals or institutions have emerged, particularly in Australia and the United States:

• In Melbourne, Australia, the Yeshivah Centre (Chabad) faced scrutiny during the 2015 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse for alleged cover-ups of abuse by teachers in the 1980s–1990s. Senior rabbis, including Yitzchok Groner, were criticised for their handling of complaints.

• In 2012, Chabad-Lubavitch rabbi Moshe Keller in Brooklyn was sentenced to probation for molesting a 15-year-old boy.

Winnipeg

A CBC report, from October 2020, stated that the Chabad community in Los Angeles provided support to a Jewish couple who faked an antisemitic attack on their cafe in Winnipeg, Canada. In April 2019, the Cafe had allegedly been vandalized with anti-Semitic graffiti the night before Passover but 6 days later the Police said that they "believed the whole event was staged and the family members were charged." Records of the trial show that the Cafe had mounting financial pressure but the couple who owned the Cafe denied staging the crime. The defence said that the family had since lost their business and home and were "ostracized in Winnipeg in general and within the Jewish community as well." The family remained in America due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

People

Rebbes

• Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Alter Rebbe) 1745-1813
• Dovber Schneuri (Mitteler Rebbe) 1773-1827
• Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (Tzemach Tzedek)1789-1866
• Shmuel Schneersohn (Maharash) 1834-1882
• Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (Rashab) 1860-1920
• Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (Rayatz) 1880-1950
• Menachem Mendel Schneerson (the Rebbe) 1902-94

Hebron

• Menucha Rochel Slonim (1798–1888) was a daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of Chabad.
• Her husband's last name was originally Griver, a descendant of Rabbi Moses Isserles
• Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, brother-in-law of Menucah.
• Rabbi Mordechai Dov Slonim, Rabbi Yehuda Leib Slonim both sons of Rabbi Ya’akov Slonim and Rebbetzin Menucha Rochel Slonim
• Rebbetzin Moshke Devora Epstein - daughter of Yehuda Leib Slonim.
• Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Slonim/Jacob Joseph Slonim was the chief Ashkenazi rabbi during the 1929 Hebron 'massacre'.
• Eliezer Dan Slonim, spoke fluent Arabic, was a member on the city council and a director of the Anglo-Palestine Bank.
• Shlomo Slonim (1928-2014) was the grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Slonim and son of Eliezer Dan Slonim. Shlomo Slonim went on to join the Irgun Tzvai Leumi, the Haganah, and the Israel Defense Forces. He worked for Bank Leumi for almost 50 years,

Shluchim

• Yitzchok Schochet

Others

• Yitzhak Ginsburgh

Global presence

Country	No. of branches
Chabad Lubavitch of USA	1274
Chabad Lubavitch of Israel	663
Chabad Lubavitch of France	176
Chabad Lubavitch of Canada	116
Chabad Lubavitch of Russia	93
Chabad Lubavitch of Australia	66
Chabad Lubavitch of England	65
Chabad Lubavitch of Ukraine	52
Chabad Lubavitch of Argentina	51
Chabad Lubavitch of Brazil	43
Chabad Lubavitch of South Africa	22
Chabad Lubavitch of Germany	20
Chabad Lubavitch of Italy	17
Chabad Lubavitch of Netherlands	15
Chabad Lubavitch of Caribbean	15
Chabad Lubavitch of Austria	14
Chabad Lubavitch of China	13
Chabad Lubavitch of Kazakhstan	11
Chabad Lubavitch of Switzerland	8
Chabad Lubavitch of Thailand	8
Chabad Lubavitch of Mexico	7
Chabad Lubavitch of Belarus	6
Chabad Lubavitch of Hungary	6
Chabad Lubavitch of Morocco	6
Chabad Lubavitch of Spain	6
Chabad Lubavitch of Uzbekistan	6
Chabad Lubavitch of Panama	6
Chabad Lubavitch of Belgium	5
Chabad Lubavitch of Greece	4
Chabad Lubavitch of Japan	4
Chabad Lubavitch of Cyprus	4
Chabad Lubavitch of Colombia	4
Chabad Lubavitch of Crimea	3
Chabad Lubavitch of Scotland	3
Chabad Lubavitch of Sweden	3
Chabad Lubavitch of Azerbaijan	3
Chabad Lubavitch of Vietnam	3
Chabad Lubavitch of Bulgaria	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Georgia	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Lithuania	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Poland	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Romania	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Slovakia	2
Chabad Lubavitch of India	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Nepal	2
Chabad Lubavitch of New Zealand	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Nigeria	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Chile	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Peru	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Venezuela	2
Chabad Lubavitch of Croatia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Czech Republic	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Denmark	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Estonia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Finland	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Iceland	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Ireland	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Latvia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Luxembourg	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Malta	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Moldova	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Monaco	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Montenegro	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Norway	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Portugal	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Serbia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Cambodia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Korea	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Kyrgyzstan	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Laos	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Singapore	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Taiwan	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Armenia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of North Cyprus	1
Chabad Lubavitch of New Caledonia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Angola	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Congo	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Ghana	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Ivory Coast	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Mauritius	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Rwanda	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Tunisia	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Uganda	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Costa Rica	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Ecuador	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Guatemala	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Paraguay	1
Chabad Lubavitch of Uruguay	1
Chabad Albania	1
Total	2886

Resources

• https://newvoices.org/2008/09/23/0001-4/
• http://en.hebron.org.il/history/520
• https://www.yu.edu/sites/default/files/2018-09/Berger_David-1.pdf
• https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/3898647/jewish/Rabbi-Zev-Dov-Slonim-83-Leading-Rabbi-in-Jerusalem.htm
• https://s3.amazonaws.com/ou.org/publications/ja/5763/5763fall/JUSTBETW.PDF
• https://jewishaction.com/letters/13648/
• http://holywar.org/jewishtr/micsam.htm
• 1988 documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFSVAueBY9U
• Reviewed by Allan C. Brownfeld https://www.wrmea.org/000-march/book-review-jewish-fundamentalism-in-israel.html

See also

• Jewish Educational Media
• Chabad-Lubavitch UK
• Failed Messiah

Books and articles

• Berger, David The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference The Littmann Library of Jewish Civilization. 2001, Pages 195.
• Berman, E. (2009). Voices of outreach: The construction of identity and maintenance of social ties among Chabad‐Lubavitch Emissaries. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 48(1), 69-85.
• Bilu, Y. (2020). With Us More Than Ever: Making the Absent Rebbe Present in Messianic Chabad. Stanford University Press.
• Blondheim, M., & Katz, E. (2016). Religion, communications, and Judaism: the case of digital Chabad. Media, Culture & Society, 38(1), 89-95.
• Bloom, S. G. (2000). Postville: A clash of cultures in heartland America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
• Cohen, Hillel, 1929: Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2015.
• Cohen-Almagor, Raphael, Limits to Freedom of Speech : The Case of Incitement Les certitudes du droit Certainty and the Law, Les Editions Themis. Universite de Montreal Faculti de draft Centre de recherche en droit public
• Dein, S. (2001). What really happens when prophecy fails: The case of Lubavitch. Sociology of religion, 62(3), 383-401.
• Dein, S., & Dawson, L. L. (2008). The ‘Scandal’of the Lubavitch Rebbe: Messianism as a response to failed prophecy. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 23(2), 163-180.
• Ehrlich, A. M. (2004). The Messiah of Brooklyn: understanding Lubavitch hasidism past and present (Vol. 3). KTAV Publishing House, Inc..
• Elior, R. (1998). The Lubavitch Messianic Resurgence: The Historical and Mystical Background 1939-1996. In Toward the Millennium (pp. 383-408). Brill.
• Etkes, I. (2014). Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady: The Origins of Chabad Hasidism. Brandeis University Press.
• Ferziger, A. S. (2013). From Lubavitch to lakewood: the Chabadization of American orthodoxy. Modern Judaism, 33(2), 101-124.
• Fishkoff, S. (2005). The Rebbe's army: Inside the world of Lubavitch-Chabad. New York: Schocken.
• Friedman, R. I. (1990). The false prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane; from FBI informant to Knesset member. Hill.
• Katz, M. B. (2010). The visual culture of Chabad. Cambridge University Press.
• Hirschhorn, S. Y. (2017). City on a hilltop: The participation of Jewish-American immigrants within the Israeli settler movement, 1967–1987.Harvard University Press.
• Limonic, L. (2021). The Role of Transnational Actors in the Growth of Chabad-Lubavitch among Argentine Jews. Contemporary Jewry, 41(4), 843-857.
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