Difference between revisions of "GlaxoSmithKline"
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| − | [[Glaxo Wellcome]] | + | {{Template:Pharma_Portal_badge}} |
| − | + | [[Glaxo Wellcome]] and [[SmithKline Beecham]] merged in 2001 to become '''GlaxoSmithKline''' plc (GSK), the largest pharmaceutical company in the world. | |
| − | + | Private pharmaceutical companies control the development of new medicines. Profit margins, not global health needs, are what determine the next new drug. GlaxoSmithKline’s corporate motto is ‘committed to improving the quality of human life’<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28 October 2002)</ref>. GSK has shown its commitment by suing the South African Government for trying to supply AIDS victims with medicine they can afford<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4241613,00.html (source: The Guardian, date viewed: 25 October 2002)</ref>, knowingly producing toxic drugs<ref>Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000</ref>, and by emitting more carcinogens than almost any other chemical producer in the UK.<ref>[http://www.foe.co.uk/pubsinfo/infoteam/pressrel/2002/20021023000159.html] source: Friends of the Earth, (Accessed: 25 October 2002)</ref> | |
| − | Industry areas: Prescription Medicines, Vaccines, and Consumer Health Products | + | Industry areas: Prescription Medicines, Vaccines, and Consumer Health Products (i.e. toothpaste, nutritional drinks and over the counter (OTC) medicine). |
| − | + | ==Market share and importance== | |
| − | GlaxoSmithKline is the world’s largest pharmaceutical company. In 2000 GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham had a seven per cent share of the global pharmaceutical market, combined. In addition, the two combined companies accounted for 26 per cent of all vaccine sales, and 1 per cent of all anti-invectives (antibiotics, etc.). | + | GlaxoSmithKline is the world’s largest pharmaceutical company. In 2000 GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham had a seven per cent share of the global pharmaceutical market, combined. In addition, the two combined companies accounted for 26 per cent of all vaccine sales, and 1 per cent of all anti-invectives (antibiotics, etc.).<ref>Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline: Dare to lead, Public Health and Company Wealth, 2001</ref> |
| − | + | ==History== | |
| − | In January 2001 Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc officially merged to become GlaxoSmithKline plc. GSK’s history dates back to 1715, when Plough Court pharmacy, a predecessor to SmithKline Beecham, was opened in London. | + | In January 2001 Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc officially merged to become GlaxoSmithKline plc. GSK’s history dates back to 1715, when Plough Court pharmacy, a predecessor to SmithKline Beecham, was opened in London.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/background.htm] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)</ref> |
| − | Glaxo Laboratories Limited (the predecessor to Glaxo Wellcome) was set up in 1929, with director Alec Nathan. “Nathan formed the company when it was discovered that their dried baby food ‘Glaxo’ was the cause of rickets in children. The first product Glaxo Laboratories Ltd produced was therefore Ostelin, a vitamin D concentrate to replace vitamins that were destroyed in the food drying process.” | + | Glaxo Laboratories Limited (the predecessor to Glaxo Wellcome) was set up in 1929, with director Alec Nathan. “Nathan formed the company when it was discovered that their dried baby food ‘Glaxo’ was the cause of rickets in children. The first product Glaxo Laboratories Ltd produced was therefore Ostelin, a vitamin D concentrate to replace vitamins that were destroyed in the food drying process.”<ref>Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000</ref> |
| − | From the 1930s onwards there was a flurry of mergers and acquisitions. The business of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd expanded greatly with the new market created by the founding of the National Health Service (NHS). | + | From the 1930s onwards there was a flurry of mergers and acquisitions. The business of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd expanded greatly with the new market created by the founding of the National Health Service (NHS).<ref>Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000</ref> And in 1972 Beecham Group Ltd made an unsuccessful bid to buy Glaxo Group Ltd. <ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/background.htm] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)</ref> |
| − | === | + | ==Subsidiaries== |
| − | + | In January 2007, [[Domantis]] (human domain antibody theraputics) became a wholly owned subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline <ref> Domantis [http://www.domantis.com/ Home page] Accessed 2nd January 2008</ref> | |
| − | + | ==Products== | |
| + | <ref>[www.gsk.com http://www.gsk.com/] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 23 October 2002)</ref> | ||
| + | GlaxoSmithKline’s pharmaceuticals include the antidepressant [[Paxil]]/[[Seroxat]], the HIV/AIDS treatment [[Combivir]], [[Zofran]], a treatment for alcoholism, and [[Avandia]], a treatment for Type 2 diabetes. | ||
| − | + | Their Consumer Health Products include Aquafresh Toothpaste, Tums antacid, Nicorette and the ‘nutritonal drinks’ Horlick’s, Lucozade and Ribena. | |
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| − | + | ==People== | |
| − | GlaxoSmithKline, | + | ===Board of Directors=== |
| − | + | As of May 2010:<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/bio-murdoch.htm Board of Directors: James Murdoch], GlaxoSmithKline website, acc 12 May 2010</ref> | |
| − | + | *Professor Sir [[Roy Anderson]] - Non-Executive Director. Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London. | |
| − | + | *Dr [[Stephanie Burns]] - Non-Executive Director. Chairman, president and chief executive officer of [[Dow Corning]]. | |
| − | + | *[[Lawrence Culp]] - Non-Executive Director. President and Chief Executive Officer of [[Danaher Corporation]]. | |
| − | General | + | *Sir [[Crispin Davis]] - Non-Executive Director |
| − | + | *Sir [[Christopher Gent]] - Non-Executive Chairman | |
| − | + | *[[Julian Heslop]] - Chief Financial Officer. Assumed the role of Chief Financial Officer for GlaxoSmithKline in April 2005. | |
| + | *Sir [[Deryck Maughan]] - Non-Executive Director | ||
| + | *[[James Murdoch]], non-executive director. He is the son of [[Rupert Murdoch]] and is Chairman and Chief Executive of [[News Corporation]], Europe and Asia. He is also Non-Executive Chairman of [[BSkyB]] and a member of the Board of News Corporation. He served as Chief Executive Officer of BSkyB from 2003 to 2007 and was also previously Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of [[Star TV]]. He also serves on the Leadership Council of [[The Climate Group]].<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/bio-murdoch.htm Board of Directors: James Murdoch], GlaxoSmithKline website, acc 12 May 2010</ref> | ||
| + | *Dr [[Daniel Podolsky]] - Non-Executive Director. Chief of Gastroenterology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. | ||
| + | *[[Tom de Swaan]] - Non-Executive Director | ||
| + | *Sir [[Robert Wilson]] - Non-Executive Director. Non-Executive Chairman of [[BG Group]]. | ||
| + | *[[Andrew Witty]] - Chief Executive Officer. He assumed this role in May 2008 after being appointed to the the Board in January 2008. | ||
| − | + | As of 2002:<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm Board of Directors] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)</ref> | |
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| − | + | *[[Christopher Hogg]], Chairman. Hogg was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1993. He is Non-executive Chairman of [[Reuters Group]] PLC and [[Allied Domecq]] PLC, and a Non-executive Director of [[Air Liquide]] S.A. | |
| + | *[[J.P. Garnier]], Chief Executive Officer. Garnier became CEO of GSK in 2000. In August 2001 he was listed in the Guardian among the top ten highest paid CEOs, earning £2.5 million per year (including options and bonuses). <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,543692,00.html] Top 10: The chief executives, Wednesday 29 August 2001</ref> He also contributes to the ‘quality of human life’ by sitting on the board of arms manufacturer [[United Technologies]], the maker of the Blackhawk helicopter and other warplanes. <ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)</ref> | ||
| + | *[[John Coome]], Chief Financial Officer. Coombe joined Glaxo Holdings as Group Financial Controller in 1986 and was appointed to the Board in July 1992. His other business appointments include membership of the [[Accounting Standards Board]], Deputy Chairman of The [[Hundred Group of Finance Directors]] and a member of the Code Committee of the [[Takeover Panel]]. | ||
| + | *[[Paul Allaire]], Chairman of Remuneration and Nominations Committee. Born on 21st July 1938, Paul Allaire was appointed to the Board of [[SmithKline Beecham]] as a Non-Executive Director in 1993. He is also Chairman of [[Xerox Corporation]] and a Non-executive Director of [[JP Morgan & Co. Inc]], [[Lucent Technologies]] Inc, [[Sara Lee Corporation]] and [[Priceline.com Inc.]] Food giant Sara Lee is regularly criticised for selling unhealthy food. While Glaxo’s ‘mission statement’ includes ‘enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer’ Sara Lee pleaded guilty in June 2001 to selling bad meat that killed 15 people and caused six miscarriages. He is also on the Board of Trustee of Carnegie Mellon University.<ref>[http://www.marketguide.com GSK Profile] Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8): 53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p. 25.</ref> | ||
| + | *Dr. [[Michele Barzach]], Non-Executive Director. Appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997. Dr. Barzach also works for the [[World Bank]] as Chairman of the External Advisory Panel for Health, Nutrition and Population. She was formerly French Minister of Health and the Family.<ref>[http://www.marketguide.com GSK Profile]</ref> | ||
| + | *[[Roger Hurm]], Non-Executive Deputy Chairman. Born 9th June 1938, Sir Roger was appointed non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome plc in 1996 and Deputy Chairman in 1997. He was also Chairman of [[Marconi Corporation|Marconi]] (formerly [[GEC]]) until he was forced to resign in September 2001 due to the companies collapsing share prices. He is a Non-executive Director of [[ICI]] plc. ICI was number one in the Environment Agency’s 1999 ‘hall of shame’ league table of polluters.<ref>[http://www.marketguide.com/ GSK Profile]; City welcomes Marconi departures but reserves judgement on new regime, Julia Finch, City editor, 5 September 2001</ref> | ||
| + | *[[Peter Job]], Non-Executive Director. Sir Peter Job is a Non-executive Director of GlaxoSmithKline. He was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997 and is a Non-executive Director of [[Schroders]] plc. Sir Peter was awarded a Knight of the British Empire (KBE) by the queen. The honour was received for services to the information and media industry.<ref> http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,546999,00.html ; City welcomes Marconi departures but reserves judgement on new regime, Julia Finch, City editor, Wednesday 5 September 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,546999,00.html ; Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8):53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p. 1044</ref> | ||
| + | *[[John McArthur]], Non-Executive Director. He was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1996. He is a former Dean of the Harvard Business School, and is a Director of BCE Inc., Cabot Corporation, Rohm and Haas Company, Springs Industries Inc. and The AES Corporation.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm Board of Directors] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)</ref> | ||
| + | *[[Donald McHenry]], Non-Executive Director. Born on 13th October 1936, Donald McHenry was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1989. He is a Non-executive director of the [[Coca-Cola]] Company, which has been criticised for its labour and environmental practices and the aggressive marketing of its high-sugar drinks. Other Non-executive Directorships include FleetBoston Financial Corporation and [[AT&T]] Corporation . He previously served as Ambassador and US Permanent Representative to the United Nations. <ref>GSK Profile, [www.marketguide.com http://www.marketguide.com/]; Ethical Consumer 65, June/July 2000 - Research Supplement, pp. 12-13; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black.</ref> | ||
| + | *[[Ian Prosser]], Non-Executive Director. Born 5th July 1943, Ian Prosser was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1999. He is Executive Chairman of the pub owner [[Bass]] PLC. In addition he non-executive Deputy Chairman of [[BP Amoco]] plc, a company criticised for its pollution record He is also a member of the [[CBI President's Committee]], an industry lobby group.<ref>GSK Profile, www.marketguide.com http://www.marketguide.com/>; Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8): 53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p.1687.</ref> | ||
| + | *Dr. [[Ronaldo Schmitz]], Chairman of Audit Committee. Mr. Schmitz was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997. He is also a former member of the Board of Managing Directors of [[Deutsche Bank]] AG and a member of the Supervisory Board of [[Bertelsmann]] AG and the Board of Directors of [[Rohm and Haas]] Company.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)</ref> | ||
| + | *Dr. [[Lucy Shapiro]], Non-Executive Director. Dr. Shapiro was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1996. She is Professor in the Department of Developmental Biology and Director of the Beckman Center at the Stanford University School of Medicine.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002</ref> | ||
| − | + | ===Turnover=== | |
| − | + | In 2001, GlaxoSmithKline had sales totalling £20.5 billion, and before tax profits of £6.2 billion.<ref>GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2001</ref> | |
| − | + | ===Number of Employees=== | |
| − | + | GSK employs 100,000 people, 40,000 of which work in Sales and Marketing.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about/about.htm About] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 28 October 2002</ref> | |
| − | + | ==Influence== | |
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| − | + | ===Education and research=== | |
| − | + | The discovery of new medicines and compounds is primarily done by, publicly funded, universities and institutes. These public institutions then license their patented discovery, for a fee, to a company that then develops the new discovery into a marketable drug. Financially strained universities often view their new discoveries as a fundraising opportunity, and “Scientists are requested to…promote and actively pursue commercialisation of their research findings.”<ref>Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for Neglected Diseases, Sep. 2001</ref> So, instead of doing research to further scientific knowledge, public institutions are pressured to research what can be sold to a company. | |
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| − | + | In addition, ‘Thirteen of the world's leading medical journals have recently (September 2001) mounted an outspoken attack on the rich and powerful drug companies, accusing them of distorting the results of scientific research for the sake of profits. The Lancet, the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and other major journals accused the drug giants of using their money - or the threat of its removal - to tie up academic researchers with legal contracts so that they are unable to report freely and fairly on the results of drug trials’. (Corporate Watch, Profile of the Pharmaceutical Industry-Footnote) | |
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| − | + | ===Public Relations and Lobbying=== | |
| − | + | PR companies that GSK have retained include: | |
| − | + | GSK are currently listed as a client of [[Positif Politics]]<ref> [http://www.appc.org.uk/members/register/register-profile/?company=Positif Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014] ''APPC'', accessed 28 January 2015 </ref> | |
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| − | + | [[Burson Marsteller]]: In February 20001 GlaxoSmithKline selected Burson Marsteller (BM) to handle its launch in two regions.<ref>www.bm.com/whatsnew/2001e.html</ref> BM is a large and powerful public relations company which is adept at creating a positive image for corporations involved in unethical business practices including human rights violations, environmental destruction and animal-testing. Many of these companies have faced public scrutiny and even convictions for their various activities. Further information regarding the company’s activities can be found at: | |
| − | + | http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/magazine/issue2/cw2f2.html | |
| − | + | [[Rick Amme & Associates]] (Media & Crisis Management). Other clients have included Sara Lee Corp., R.J. Reynold Tobacco Co. and Time-Warner Cable<ref> [http://www.amme.com/clients.htm]</ref>. A full list of their clients and the various holes they have helped clients out of can be found at: http://www.amme.com. | |
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| − | + | In 2003 Pharmafocus report that '[[Cohn & Wolfe]] has been hired by GlaxoSmithKline to help NiQuitin CQ win the overall number one spot in the smoking cessation market' <ref> Pharmafocus [http://www.pharmafocus.com/cda/focusH/1,2109,21-0-0-JUN_2003-focus_news_detail-0-76718,00.html NiQuitin PR steps up a gear with Cohn & Wolfe] Accessed 6th December 2007</ref>. | |
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| − | + | [[Kimmons & Kimmons]] is a lobbying firm led by a former lobbyist for pharmaceuticals giant [[GlaxoSmithKline]]. | |
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| − | + | In November 2007 Brand Republic announced that David Daley, GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) Senior External Communications Manager left to take on the role of Chief Operating Officer with The [[Health Protection Agency]] (HPA)<ref> Brand Public [http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/767468/GSK%E2%80%99s-Daley-join-Health-Protection-Agency/ GSK’s Daley to join Health Protection Agency] Accessed 6th December 2007</ref>. | |
| − | In | ||
| − | + | Before merging to become GSK, [[SmithKline Beecham]] and [[Glaxo Wellcome]] are listed as clients for business intelligence firm [[Business Insights]].<ref> Business Insights [http://globalbusinessinsights.com/content/rbhc0019m.pdf Patient Power: The shift towards more informed, more powerful consumers of drugs] Accessed 5th February 2008</ref> | |
| − | GSK | ||
| − | == | + | In 2008, GSK is listed as a client of [[Innovex]]<ref> Innovex [http://www.innovexcareers.com/content_static/c_ourcustomers.asp?session_id={212F403D-EE9F-433B-A03A-E66AB35FB45E} Our Customers] Accessed 12th February 2008</ref> and The [[Gorlin Group]]<ref>, The Gorlin Group [http://www.gorlingroup.com/ Clients] Accessed 20th March 2008</ref> and [[Four Communications]].<ref>[http://www.appc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/appc_register_1_september_2008_to_30_november_2008_update_170209.pdf Register Entry for 1 September 2008 to 30 November 2008] ''APPC'', accessed 28 January 2015 </ref> |
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| + | GSK is also listed as a client of Russian firm [[Mikhailov and Partners]].<ref> Public Relations Organisation International [http://www.proi.com/partners/profiles/mikhailov.htm Mikhailov and Partners] Accessed 13th February 2008</ref>. | ||
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| + | In 2008, GSK is listed as a member of the [[American Benefits Council]]<ref>American Benefits Council [http://www.americanbenefitscouncil.org/about/memberlist.cfm Memberships] Accessed 26th February 2008</ref> and the [[International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations]].<ref>International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations [http://www.ifpma.org/About_Us/about_mem_europe.aspx Members] Accessed 11th March 2008</ref> | ||
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| + | The Centre for Responsive Ethics report the following firms hired to lobby on behalf of GSK in 2007<ref>The Centre for Responsive Ethics [http://www.opensecrets.org/lobbyists/clientsum.asp?txtname=GlaxoSmithKline&year=2007 Lobbying/GlaxoSmithKline] Accessed 11th March 2008</ref>: | ||
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| + | * [[Bockorny Group]] - $180,000 | ||
| + | * [[Wheat Government Relations]] - $100,000 | ||
| + | * [[Walker, Martin & Hatch]] - $90,000 | ||
| + | * [[Barbour, Griffith & Rogers]] - $80,000 | ||
| + | * [[BKSH & Associates]] - $80,000 | ||
| + | * [[Dutko Worldwide]] - $78,000 | ||
| + | * [[Health Policy Alternatives Inc]] - $46,100 | ||
| + | * [[DC Navigators]] - $45,000 | ||
| + | * [[Cornerstone Government Affairs]] - $40,000 | ||
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| + | Other agencies hired previous to 2007 (during the period 1999-2006) are reported as... | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Hogan & Hartson]] | ||
| + | * [[Kent & O'Connor]] | ||
| + | * [[DC Navigators]] | ||
| + | * [[Bergner, Bockorny et al]] | ||
| + | * [[Bockorny Petrizzo Inc]] | ||
| + | * [[Arent, Fox et al]] | ||
| + | * [[Skadden, Arps et al]] | ||
| + | * [[Capitol Assoc]] | ||
| + | * [[Parry, Romani et al]] | ||
| + | * [[Troutman Sanders]] | ||
| + | * [[Kessler & Assoc]] | ||
| + | * [[Haake & Assoc]] | ||
| + | * [[Swidler, Berlin et al]] | ||
| + | * [[Anders, Jeffrey M]] | ||
| − | === | + | ===Government and the Corporate Purse=== |
| − | The | + | The Centre for Responsive Ethics report the following political donations by GSK<ref>The Centre for Responsive Ethics [http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.asp?ID=D000000133 Donor Profiles/GlaxoSmithKline] Accessed 11th March 2008</ref>: |
| + | * 2007-2008 $533,167 (43% Democrats, 57% Republicans) - note:full figures not yet available for this cycle. | ||
| + | * 2005-2006 $1,110,101 (30% Dems, 69% Repubs) | ||
| + | * 2003-2004 $1,086,567 (30% Dems, 71% Repubs) | ||
| + | * 2001-2002 $1,526,938 (19% Dems, 81% Repubs) | ||
| + | * 1999-2000 $1,878,893 (16% Dems, 84% Repubs) | ||
| − | + | Lobbying expenditure breaks down as follows<ref>The Centre for Responsive Ethics [http://www.opensecrets.org/lobbyists/clientsum.asp?txtname=GlaxoSmithKline&year=2007 Lobbying/GlaxoSmithKline] accessed 11th March 2008</ref>: | |
| + | * 2007 - $3,620,000 (Full figures not yet collated) | ||
| + | * 2006 - $991,000 | ||
| + | * 2005 - $4,860,000 | ||
| + | * 2004 - $4,900,000 | ||
| + | * 2003 - $2,900,000 | ||
| + | * 2002 - $4,100,000 | ||
| + | * 2001 - $4,540,000 | ||
| + | * 2000 - $1,500,000 | ||
| + | * 1999 - $2,740,000 | ||
| − | == | + | ==Affiliations== |
| − | + | GlaxoSmithKline is a member of [[Forum for the Future]] <ref>Forum of the Future [http://www.forumforthefuture.org.uk/partners Partners] Accessed 2nd January 2008</ref>, which advertises itself as a charity working in the area of sustainable development. | |
| − | [[ | + | GSK are reported to be a principle funder and Business Forum member for the [[Social Market Foundation]] in 2005/06.<ref>Social Market Foundation [http://www.smf.co.uk/assets/files/annual_reports/Annual%20Report%202005%2006.pdf Annual Report 2005/06] Accessed 6th March 2008</ref> |
| − | http://www. | ||
| − | [[ | + | It is also a member of the UK HM Treasury [[Business Forum on Tax and Competitiveness]]. |
| + | [[GlaxoSmithKline]] has been a donor to the [[Science Media Centre]] from 2003-2013.<ref>SMC, [http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/about-us/funding/ Funding], accessed 29 September 2013. See also [[Science Media Centre - Funding]]</ref> | ||
===Patient Groups=== | ===Patient Groups=== | ||
| − | During 2006, | + | During 2006, GSK provided financial support to the following UK patient groups: |
*[[Action Cancer]] | *[[Action Cancer]] | ||
*[[Action on Addiction]] | *[[Action on Addiction]] | ||
| Line 168: | Line 215: | ||
*[[UK Forum of Europa Donna]] | *[[UK Forum of Europa Donna]] | ||
*[[UK Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Support Association ]] | *[[UK Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Support Association ]] | ||
| − | *[[The Venus Appeal]] | + | *[[The Venus Appeal]]<ref>GSK [http://www.gsk.com/responsibility/cr_issues/patient-groups/uk-patient-organisations.htmPatient organisations, Working with UK and European patient groups: UK Groups] Accessed March 2007.</ref> |
==Corporate crimes== | ==Corporate crimes== | ||
===Animal Welfare=== | ===Animal Welfare=== | ||
| − | GlaxoSmithKline uses animal testing and vivisection in its drug research. In | + | GlaxoSmithKline uses animal testing and vivisection in its drug research. In its company policy on animal testing GSK “acknowledges that it has a moral responsibility to ensure best practice in the humane treatment of laboratory animals.”<ref>www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28 October 2002)</ref> In spite of this, GSK’s testing practices are often cruel, and the tests themselves completely unnecessary. |
| − | GSK’s animal testing policy claims “Non-medical Consumer Healthcare products…are never tested on animals unless there is a specific demand for this from national governments.” | + | GSK’s animal testing policy claims “Non-medical Consumer Healthcare products…are never tested on animals unless there is a specific demand for this from national governments.”<ref>www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28 October 2002)</ref> Yet, the Animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in August 2000 listed SmithKline Beecham as a company that manufactured animal tested products. These were personal health care and household products that were not required by US law to be tested on animals. SmithKline Beeecham’s animal testing policy at the time also stated that testing would only be carried out if required by law.<ref>Consumer Products Companies That Test on Animals [http://www.peta-online.org/ PETA website], 23 August 2000), as sited in Ethical Consumer Research Supplement, February/march 2001</ref> |
===Failing Global Health Needs=== | ===Failing Global Health Needs=== | ||
| − | 14 Million people die each year from infectious diseases, most of them in developing countries. | + | 14 Million people die each year from infectious diseases, most of them in developing countries. <ref>World Health Organisation, The World Health Report 2000 (Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Neglected Diseases, September 2001)</ref> The medical treatments available are often archaic and ineffective, especially for so-called ‘neglected diseases’ (Malaria, Tuberculosis, Sleeping Sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis), whose victims are almost exclusively from developing countries and poor. These diseases are linked with poverty and unsanitary living conditions; new drugs are desperately needed. |
| − | At present, private pharmaceutical companies control the development of new medicines. People in Developing countries, who make up 80 per cent of the world’s population, only represent about 20 per cent of worldwide medicine sales. | + | At present, private pharmaceutical companies control the development of new medicines. People in Developing countries, who make up 80 per cent of the world’s population, only represent about 20 per cent of worldwide medicine sales.<ref>Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Neglected Diseases, September 2001</ref> Since these people are relatively poor, GlaxoSmithKline, along with other major pharmaceutical companies, do not see it as profitable to develop medicines for their needs, and do negligible research into medicines which would help them. “Of all annual health related research, only 0.2 per cent is spent on pneumonia, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis-three poverty related ailments which account for 18 per cent of the global disease burden.”(Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline, 2001).<ref>Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline: Dare to Lead, Public Health and Company Wealth, 2001</ref> This failure, in effect, kills untold numbers of people every year. It is the fault of the pharmaceutical industry putting their company profits above the lives of people, but it is also the fault of governments and other bodies like the United Nations for depending on market forces to provide people with basic necessities. |
===Environmental Issues=== | ===Environmental Issues=== | ||
| − | GlaxoSmithKline owns dozens of chemical plants all over the world. | + | GlaxoSmithKline owns dozens of chemical plants all over the world. According to the Factory Watch website, GSK’s chemical plant in Ulverston is one of the most carcinogenic polluters in the UK. Factory Watch’s information, compiled from Environment agency data, looked at over 1,500 factories nation-wide. The Ulverston site was ranked number three on Factory Watch’s list, emitting 773 tonnes of carcinogens in 2001, 10 per cent of the national total.<ref>[http://www.foe.co.uk/pubsinfo/infoteam/pressrel/2002/20021023000159.html] (source: Friends of the Earth, date viewed: 25 October 2002)</ref> |
| − | + | In September 1992 the Ulverston site (then owned by Glaxo Wellcome) dumped several toxic chemicals in the river Leven, without authorisation. The chemicals included trichloroethylene, chloroform, and chlorobenzene.<ref>Friends of the Earth, Factory Watch press release, 8 February 1999</ref> | |
| − | + | Also, in May 1994, the Ulverston site discharged, again without authorisation, 1,350m3 of “ineffectively treated effluent”. The company was required by law to notify the authorities within 24 hours, but they didn’t until six days later.<ref>ENDS Report 292, May 1999, pp. 33-34</ref> | |
| − | + | ===Intimidating critics=== | |
| − | + | In November 2007, The United States Senate Committee on Finance (Committee) issued a report detailing GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) intimidation of an independent scientist (Dr John Buse) who began voicing concern of Avandia (a drug GSK manufactures to control glucose levels in diabetics) in 1999<ref> United States Senate Committee on Finance (2007) [http://finance.senate.gov/press/Bpress/2007press/prb111507a.pdf The Intimidation of Dr. John Buse and the Diabetes Drug Avandia] Accessed 6th December 2007</ref>. The drug was linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and GSK tried to silence Dr Buse by complaining to his superiors and threatening a lawsuit. It is estimated that Avandia caused approximately 83,000 excess heart attacks since coming on the market. | |
| + | |||
| + | The Committee also reported how a GSK official had stated how: | ||
| + | :‘Our chances on having Buse reflect our views and messages will be enhanced greatly if we tell him what they are rather than relying on him to development on his own accord via examining data…. There is no evidence that Dr. Buse will come to these views without some guidance and support. Of course care will need to be taken to work any overview pieces in a way that appears academic rather than too commercial to enhance the probability that Dr. Buse will adopt our views as his own’. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Committee conclude by stating how they believe that the stifling of expression through intimidation is a pattern of behaviour by pharmaceutical executives and prevalent throughout the pharmaceutical industry. | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see Powerbase page [[GlaxoSmithKline Silencing Critics Through Intimidation]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Secrecy around antidepressant drug Seroxat increasing suicidal behaviour=== | ||
| + | In March 2008, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) reported the findings of their investigation into the antidepressant drug Seroxat<ref>Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency [http://www.mhra.gov.uk/NewsCentre/Pressreleases/CON014152 GSK investigation concludes] Accessed 28th March 2008</ref>. The investigation was undertaken with a view to a potential criminal prosecution for breach of drug safety legislation as GSK had failed to inform the MHRA of information it had on the safety of Seroxat in under 18’s. GSK had undertaken clinical trials in 2003 which confirmed that Seroxat was ineffective and inappropriate for young people under the ages of 18. The trials showed that there is a higher risk of suicidal behaviour if young people were treated with Seroxat than if they received a placebo. This is concerning news as GSK had known of this for years yet had failed to disclose it. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Professor Kent Woods, MHRA Chief Executive, said: | ||
| + | :“I remain concerned that GSK could and should have reported this information earlier than they did. All companies have a responsibility to patients, and should report any adverse data signals to us as soon as they discover them. This investigation has revealed important weaknesses in the drug safety legislation in force at the time'. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The report states that 'there is no realistic prospect of a conviction in this case' as 'legislation in force at the time was not sufficiently strong or comprehensive as to require companies to inform the regulator of safety information when the drug was being used for, or tested outside its licensed indications'. In view of this the MHRA claim to be taking 'immediate steps to ensure the law is strengthened further, so that there can be no doubt as to companies’ obligations to report safety issues'. How this will be achieved (or how effective it will be) remains to be seen. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The company may not have been legally 'obliged' to divulge the information in the past. However the findings of their trials flies in the face of GSK own stated 'mission' which is advertised as 'to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer'. It also renders their 'Responsibility' to 'patient safety' commitments as little more that rhetoric and spin. For example, statements such as... | ||
| + | * 'Ensuring patient safety is extremely important and we take the safety of all our medicines and medical devices very seriously'. | ||
| + | * Their stated 'role' to 'collect, investigate and proactively evaluate information relating to side effects of medicines for the purpose of protecting patients and advising on drug safety'. | ||
| + | * 'to ensure patient interest is served through the prompt detection of a potential safety issue with one of our drugs so that appropriate communication with regulators occurs, and then, following evaluation, decisions can be made and action taken'. | ||
| − | + | GSK also state that 'patients must discuss with their doctors the risks of experiencing side effects from medicines and that the benefit they receive from a medication should outweigh the risk'. Yet how can they do that if the side affects (such as an increase in suicidal behaviour) are not disclosed to the doctors, patients or even the regulators. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | [[Seroxat]] is referred to in an article on [[MSI]]'s website (MSI is a UK based healthcare marketing consultancy which is part of [[Cello Plc]]) which advocates [http://www.msi.co.uk/article-read.php?DL_ID=37&from=articles 'Drug Repurposing'] in order to 'extend drug use into new indications to preserve or extend the value of a pharmaceutical brand'<ref> MSI [http://www.msi.co.uk/article-read.php?DL_ID=37&from=articles 'Drug Repurposing'] Accessed 13th May 2008</ref>. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | ==EU Lobbying== | |
| − | + | GSK were among the top spending British based companies on EU lobbying in Brussels in 2014, spending between €600,000 and €700,000.<ref> [http://lobbyfacts.eu/news/29-01-2015/finance-industry-uks-biggest-lobbyist-brussels Finance industry is UK's biggest lobbyist in Brussels] ''Lobby Facts'', 26 January 2015, accessed 3 February 2015 </ref> They also have 8 lobbyists with European Parliament passes, allowing the bearer virtually unlimited access to the Parliament's buildings.<ref> [http://lobbyfacts.eu/reports/staffing/companies?page=2 Companies declaring the most lobbyists] ''Lobby Facts'', 26 January 2015, accessed 3 February 2015 </ref> | |
| − | + | ==Further Information and Resources== | |
| − | Ethical Consumer | + | #Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is an international humanitarian aid organisation that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 80 countries. |
| + | #Oxfam; Oxfam's campaign is calling for world trade rules to be changed, see more or email: or call 01865 312610. | ||
| + | #Open Secrets: Campaigning to make generic drugs more widely available at: [http://www.opensecrets.org/payback/issue.asp?issueid=GD1] | ||
| + | #The Ecologist Magazine | ||
| + | #Ethical Consumer | ||
Which? style guide to ethical shopping plus critical information about brands and corporations. | Which? style guide to ethical shopping plus critical information about brands and corporations. | ||
| + | #Environmental Working Group: Not-for-profit environmental research organization dedicated to improving public health and protecting the environment by reducing pollution in air, water and food. | ||
| + | #South African Treatment Action: Treatment Action Campaign: Fighting for affordable treatment for people with HIV. | ||
| − | + | ==References, Resources and Contact== | |
| − | + | ===Contact=== | |
| + | ====Headquarters in the UK==== | ||
| − | + | :GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, | |
| − | + | :GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd. | |
| + | :980 Great West Road, | ||
| + | :Brentford, | ||
| + | :Middlesex, TW8 9GS | ||
| + | United Kingdom | ||
| + | :Tel: +44 (0)20 88047 2700 | ||
| − | == | + | =====Postal address===== |
| + | :GlaxoSmithKline, | ||
| + | :Glaxo Wellcome UK Ltd., | ||
| + | :Stockley Park West, | ||
| + | :Uxbridge, | ||
| + | :Middlesex, UB11 1BT | ||
| − | + | ====United States==== | |
| − | + | :GlaxoSmithKline | |
| − | + | :5 Moore Drive | |
| − | + | :P.O. Box 13398 | |
| − | + | :Research Triangle Park | |
| − | + | :NC 27709 | |
| − | + | :Phone: +1 888 825 5249 | |
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| + | ===External Links=== | ||
| + | * MSI [http://www.msi.co.uk/article-read.php?DL_ID=37&from=articles 'Drug Repurposing'] Accessed 13th May 2008 | ||
| − | [[Category:Pharmaceutical Industry]] | + | ===References=== |
| − | [[Category: Transnational Corporations]] | + | <references/> |
| + | [[Category:Pharmaceutical Industry]][[Category: Transnational Corporations]][[Category: Big Pharma]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Science Media Centre]][[Category:EU Lobbying]][[Category:Health]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:36, 26 February 2015
|
This article is part of the Pharma_Portal project of Spinwatch. |
Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged in 2001 to become GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK), the largest pharmaceutical company in the world.
Private pharmaceutical companies control the development of new medicines. Profit margins, not global health needs, are what determine the next new drug. GlaxoSmithKline’s corporate motto is ‘committed to improving the quality of human life’[1]. GSK has shown its commitment by suing the South African Government for trying to supply AIDS victims with medicine they can afford[2], knowingly producing toxic drugs[3], and by emitting more carcinogens than almost any other chemical producer in the UK.[4]
Industry areas: Prescription Medicines, Vaccines, and Consumer Health Products (i.e. toothpaste, nutritional drinks and over the counter (OTC) medicine).
Contents
GlaxoSmithKline is the world’s largest pharmaceutical company. In 2000 GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham had a seven per cent share of the global pharmaceutical market, combined. In addition, the two combined companies accounted for 26 per cent of all vaccine sales, and 1 per cent of all anti-invectives (antibiotics, etc.).[5]
History
In January 2001 Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc officially merged to become GlaxoSmithKline plc. GSK’s history dates back to 1715, when Plough Court pharmacy, a predecessor to SmithKline Beecham, was opened in London.[6]
Glaxo Laboratories Limited (the predecessor to Glaxo Wellcome) was set up in 1929, with director Alec Nathan. “Nathan formed the company when it was discovered that their dried baby food ‘Glaxo’ was the cause of rickets in children. The first product Glaxo Laboratories Ltd produced was therefore Ostelin, a vitamin D concentrate to replace vitamins that were destroyed in the food drying process.”[7]
From the 1930s onwards there was a flurry of mergers and acquisitions. The business of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd expanded greatly with the new market created by the founding of the National Health Service (NHS).[8] And in 1972 Beecham Group Ltd made an unsuccessful bid to buy Glaxo Group Ltd. [9]
Subsidiaries
In January 2007, Domantis (human domain antibody theraputics) became a wholly owned subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline [10]
Products
[11] GlaxoSmithKline’s pharmaceuticals include the antidepressant Paxil/Seroxat, the HIV/AIDS treatment Combivir, Zofran, a treatment for alcoholism, and Avandia, a treatment for Type 2 diabetes.
Their Consumer Health Products include Aquafresh Toothpaste, Tums antacid, Nicorette and the ‘nutritonal drinks’ Horlick’s, Lucozade and Ribena.
People
Board of Directors
As of May 2010:[12]
- Professor Sir Roy Anderson - Non-Executive Director. Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London.
- Dr Stephanie Burns - Non-Executive Director. Chairman, president and chief executive officer of Dow Corning.
- Lawrence Culp - Non-Executive Director. President and Chief Executive Officer of Danaher Corporation.
- Sir Crispin Davis - Non-Executive Director
- Sir Christopher Gent - Non-Executive Chairman
- Julian Heslop - Chief Financial Officer. Assumed the role of Chief Financial Officer for GlaxoSmithKline in April 2005.
- Sir Deryck Maughan - Non-Executive Director
- James Murdoch, non-executive director. He is the son of Rupert Murdoch and is Chairman and Chief Executive of News Corporation, Europe and Asia. He is also Non-Executive Chairman of BSkyB and a member of the Board of News Corporation. He served as Chief Executive Officer of BSkyB from 2003 to 2007 and was also previously Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Star TV. He also serves on the Leadership Council of The Climate Group.[13]
- Dr Daniel Podolsky - Non-Executive Director. Chief of Gastroenterology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
- Tom de Swaan - Non-Executive Director
- Sir Robert Wilson - Non-Executive Director. Non-Executive Chairman of BG Group.
- Andrew Witty - Chief Executive Officer. He assumed this role in May 2008 after being appointed to the the Board in January 2008.
As of 2002:[14]
- Christopher Hogg, Chairman. Hogg was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1993. He is Non-executive Chairman of Reuters Group PLC and Allied Domecq PLC, and a Non-executive Director of Air Liquide S.A.
- J.P. Garnier, Chief Executive Officer. Garnier became CEO of GSK in 2000. In August 2001 he was listed in the Guardian among the top ten highest paid CEOs, earning £2.5 million per year (including options and bonuses). [15] He also contributes to the ‘quality of human life’ by sitting on the board of arms manufacturer United Technologies, the maker of the Blackhawk helicopter and other warplanes. [16]
- John Coome, Chief Financial Officer. Coombe joined Glaxo Holdings as Group Financial Controller in 1986 and was appointed to the Board in July 1992. His other business appointments include membership of the Accounting Standards Board, Deputy Chairman of The Hundred Group of Finance Directors and a member of the Code Committee of the Takeover Panel.
- Paul Allaire, Chairman of Remuneration and Nominations Committee. Born on 21st July 1938, Paul Allaire was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-Executive Director in 1993. He is also Chairman of Xerox Corporation and a Non-executive Director of JP Morgan & Co. Inc, Lucent Technologies Inc, Sara Lee Corporation and Priceline.com Inc. Food giant Sara Lee is regularly criticised for selling unhealthy food. While Glaxo’s ‘mission statement’ includes ‘enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer’ Sara Lee pleaded guilty in June 2001 to selling bad meat that killed 15 people and caused six miscarriages. He is also on the Board of Trustee of Carnegie Mellon University.[17]
- Dr. Michele Barzach, Non-Executive Director. Appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997. Dr. Barzach also works for the World Bank as Chairman of the External Advisory Panel for Health, Nutrition and Population. She was formerly French Minister of Health and the Family.[18]
- Roger Hurm, Non-Executive Deputy Chairman. Born 9th June 1938, Sir Roger was appointed non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome plc in 1996 and Deputy Chairman in 1997. He was also Chairman of Marconi (formerly GEC) until he was forced to resign in September 2001 due to the companies collapsing share prices. He is a Non-executive Director of ICI plc. ICI was number one in the Environment Agency’s 1999 ‘hall of shame’ league table of polluters.[19]
- Peter Job, Non-Executive Director. Sir Peter Job is a Non-executive Director of GlaxoSmithKline. He was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997 and is a Non-executive Director of Schroders plc. Sir Peter was awarded a Knight of the British Empire (KBE) by the queen. The honour was received for services to the information and media industry.[20]
- John McArthur, Non-Executive Director. He was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1996. He is a former Dean of the Harvard Business School, and is a Director of BCE Inc., Cabot Corporation, Rohm and Haas Company, Springs Industries Inc. and The AES Corporation.[21]
- Donald McHenry, Non-Executive Director. Born on 13th October 1936, Donald McHenry was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1989. He is a Non-executive director of the Coca-Cola Company, which has been criticised for its labour and environmental practices and the aggressive marketing of its high-sugar drinks. Other Non-executive Directorships include FleetBoston Financial Corporation and AT&T Corporation . He previously served as Ambassador and US Permanent Representative to the United Nations. [22]
- Ian Prosser, Non-Executive Director. Born 5th July 1943, Ian Prosser was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1999. He is Executive Chairman of the pub owner Bass PLC. In addition he non-executive Deputy Chairman of BP Amoco plc, a company criticised for its pollution record He is also a member of the CBI President's Committee, an industry lobby group.[23]
- Dr. Ronaldo Schmitz, Chairman of Audit Committee. Mr. Schmitz was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997. He is also a former member of the Board of Managing Directors of Deutsche Bank AG and a member of the Supervisory Board of Bertelsmann AG and the Board of Directors of Rohm and Haas Company.[24]
- Dr. Lucy Shapiro, Non-Executive Director. Dr. Shapiro was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1996. She is Professor in the Department of Developmental Biology and Director of the Beckman Center at the Stanford University School of Medicine.[25]
Turnover
In 2001, GlaxoSmithKline had sales totalling £20.5 billion, and before tax profits of £6.2 billion.[26]
Number of Employees
GSK employs 100,000 people, 40,000 of which work in Sales and Marketing.[27]
Influence
Education and research
The discovery of new medicines and compounds is primarily done by, publicly funded, universities and institutes. These public institutions then license their patented discovery, for a fee, to a company that then develops the new discovery into a marketable drug. Financially strained universities often view their new discoveries as a fundraising opportunity, and “Scientists are requested to…promote and actively pursue commercialisation of their research findings.”[28] So, instead of doing research to further scientific knowledge, public institutions are pressured to research what can be sold to a company.
In addition, ‘Thirteen of the world's leading medical journals have recently (September 2001) mounted an outspoken attack on the rich and powerful drug companies, accusing them of distorting the results of scientific research for the sake of profits. The Lancet, the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and other major journals accused the drug giants of using their money - or the threat of its removal - to tie up academic researchers with legal contracts so that they are unable to report freely and fairly on the results of drug trials’. (Corporate Watch, Profile of the Pharmaceutical Industry-Footnote)
Public Relations and Lobbying
PR companies that GSK have retained include:
GSK are currently listed as a client of Positif Politics[29]
Burson Marsteller: In February 20001 GlaxoSmithKline selected Burson Marsteller (BM) to handle its launch in two regions.[30] BM is a large and powerful public relations company which is adept at creating a positive image for corporations involved in unethical business practices including human rights violations, environmental destruction and animal-testing. Many of these companies have faced public scrutiny and even convictions for their various activities. Further information regarding the company’s activities can be found at: http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/magazine/issue2/cw2f2.html
Rick Amme & Associates (Media & Crisis Management). Other clients have included Sara Lee Corp., R.J. Reynold Tobacco Co. and Time-Warner Cable[31]. A full list of their clients and the various holes they have helped clients out of can be found at: http://www.amme.com.
In 2003 Pharmafocus report that 'Cohn & Wolfe has been hired by GlaxoSmithKline to help NiQuitin CQ win the overall number one spot in the smoking cessation market' [32].
Kimmons & Kimmons is a lobbying firm led by a former lobbyist for pharmaceuticals giant GlaxoSmithKline.
In November 2007 Brand Republic announced that David Daley, GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) Senior External Communications Manager left to take on the role of Chief Operating Officer with The Health Protection Agency (HPA)[33].
Before merging to become GSK, SmithKline Beecham and Glaxo Wellcome are listed as clients for business intelligence firm Business Insights.[34]
In 2008, GSK is listed as a client of Innovex[35] and The Gorlin Group[36] and Four Communications.[37]
GSK is also listed as a client of Russian firm Mikhailov and Partners.[38].
In 2008, GSK is listed as a member of the American Benefits Council[39] and the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations.[40]
The Centre for Responsive Ethics report the following firms hired to lobby on behalf of GSK in 2007[41]:
- Bockorny Group - $180,000
- Wheat Government Relations - $100,000
- Walker, Martin & Hatch - $90,000
- Barbour, Griffith & Rogers - $80,000
- BKSH & Associates - $80,000
- Dutko Worldwide - $78,000
- Health Policy Alternatives Inc - $46,100
- DC Navigators - $45,000
- Cornerstone Government Affairs - $40,000
Other agencies hired previous to 2007 (during the period 1999-2006) are reported as...
- Hogan & Hartson
- Kent & O'Connor
- DC Navigators
- Bergner, Bockorny et al
- Bockorny Petrizzo Inc
- Arent, Fox et al
- Skadden, Arps et al
- Capitol Assoc
- Parry, Romani et al
- Troutman Sanders
- Kessler & Assoc
- Haake & Assoc
- Swidler, Berlin et al
- Anders, Jeffrey M
Government and the Corporate Purse
The Centre for Responsive Ethics report the following political donations by GSK[42]:
- 2007-2008 $533,167 (43% Democrats, 57% Republicans) - note:full figures not yet available for this cycle.
- 2005-2006 $1,110,101 (30% Dems, 69% Repubs)
- 2003-2004 $1,086,567 (30% Dems, 71% Repubs)
- 2001-2002 $1,526,938 (19% Dems, 81% Repubs)
- 1999-2000 $1,878,893 (16% Dems, 84% Repubs)
Lobbying expenditure breaks down as follows[43]:
- 2007 - $3,620,000 (Full figures not yet collated)
- 2006 - $991,000
- 2005 - $4,860,000
- 2004 - $4,900,000
- 2003 - $2,900,000
- 2002 - $4,100,000
- 2001 - $4,540,000
- 2000 - $1,500,000
- 1999 - $2,740,000
Affiliations
GlaxoSmithKline is a member of Forum for the Future [44], which advertises itself as a charity working in the area of sustainable development.
GSK are reported to be a principle funder and Business Forum member for the Social Market Foundation in 2005/06.[45]
It is also a member of the UK HM Treasury Business Forum on Tax and Competitiveness.
GlaxoSmithKline has been a donor to the Science Media Centre from 2003-2013.[46]
Patient Groups
During 2006, GSK provided financial support to the following UK patient groups:
- Action Cancer
- Action on Addiction
- African HIV Policy Network
- Asthma UK
- Auditory Verbal UK
- Beating Bowel Cancer
- Brainwave
- British Liver Trust
- British Lung Foundation
- British Red Cross
- British Retinitis Pigmentosa Society
- Cancerbacup
- The Cancer Campaigning Group
- Cancer Counselling Trust
- Cancer Research UK
- Centre of African Families Positive Health
- The Crescent Support Group
- Cruse Bereavement Care
- C-R-Y
- Cystic Fibrosis Trust
- Deafness Research UK
- Diabetes UK
- Doctors Support Line
- Down's Syndrome Association
- Epilepsy Action
- Great Lakes African Integration Network
- HIV Scotland
- Intercontinental Charity Organisation
- The ITP Support Association
- Jo’s Trust
- Macmillan Cancer Support
- Meningitis Research Foundation
- Migraine Action Association
- Mouth Cancer Foundation
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Muscular Dystrophy Campaign
- Myasthenia Gravis Association
- National AIDS Trust
- National Autistic Society
- NAM
- National Endometriosis Society
- National Society for Epilepsy
- The Parkinson's Disease Society
- The Patients Association
- Plus VE
- Positively Women
- Princess Royal Trust for Carers
- QUIT
- REACT
- Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability
- Royal National Institute for the Blind
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation
- SANE
- Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
- Shaw Trust
- Speakability
- Terrence Higgins Trust
- The Tim Reeve Charitable Trust
- Treloar Trust
- UK Coalition of People Living with HIV and AIDS
- UK Forum of Europa Donna
- UK Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Support Association
- The Venus Appeal[47]
Corporate crimes
Animal Welfare
GlaxoSmithKline uses animal testing and vivisection in its drug research. In its company policy on animal testing GSK “acknowledges that it has a moral responsibility to ensure best practice in the humane treatment of laboratory animals.”[48] In spite of this, GSK’s testing practices are often cruel, and the tests themselves completely unnecessary.
GSK’s animal testing policy claims “Non-medical Consumer Healthcare products…are never tested on animals unless there is a specific demand for this from national governments.”[49] Yet, the Animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in August 2000 listed SmithKline Beecham as a company that manufactured animal tested products. These were personal health care and household products that were not required by US law to be tested on animals. SmithKline Beeecham’s animal testing policy at the time also stated that testing would only be carried out if required by law.[50]
Failing Global Health Needs
14 Million people die each year from infectious diseases, most of them in developing countries. [51] The medical treatments available are often archaic and ineffective, especially for so-called ‘neglected diseases’ (Malaria, Tuberculosis, Sleeping Sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis), whose victims are almost exclusively from developing countries and poor. These diseases are linked with poverty and unsanitary living conditions; new drugs are desperately needed.
At present, private pharmaceutical companies control the development of new medicines. People in Developing countries, who make up 80 per cent of the world’s population, only represent about 20 per cent of worldwide medicine sales.[52] Since these people are relatively poor, GlaxoSmithKline, along with other major pharmaceutical companies, do not see it as profitable to develop medicines for their needs, and do negligible research into medicines which would help them. “Of all annual health related research, only 0.2 per cent is spent on pneumonia, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis-three poverty related ailments which account for 18 per cent of the global disease burden.”(Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline, 2001).[53] This failure, in effect, kills untold numbers of people every year. It is the fault of the pharmaceutical industry putting their company profits above the lives of people, but it is also the fault of governments and other bodies like the United Nations for depending on market forces to provide people with basic necessities.
Environmental Issues
GlaxoSmithKline owns dozens of chemical plants all over the world. According to the Factory Watch website, GSK’s chemical plant in Ulverston is one of the most carcinogenic polluters in the UK. Factory Watch’s information, compiled from Environment agency data, looked at over 1,500 factories nation-wide. The Ulverston site was ranked number three on Factory Watch’s list, emitting 773 tonnes of carcinogens in 2001, 10 per cent of the national total.[54]
In September 1992 the Ulverston site (then owned by Glaxo Wellcome) dumped several toxic chemicals in the river Leven, without authorisation. The chemicals included trichloroethylene, chloroform, and chlorobenzene.[55]
Also, in May 1994, the Ulverston site discharged, again without authorisation, 1,350m3 of “ineffectively treated effluent”. The company was required by law to notify the authorities within 24 hours, but they didn’t until six days later.[56]
Intimidating critics
In November 2007, The United States Senate Committee on Finance (Committee) issued a report detailing GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) intimidation of an independent scientist (Dr John Buse) who began voicing concern of Avandia (a drug GSK manufactures to control glucose levels in diabetics) in 1999[57]. The drug was linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and GSK tried to silence Dr Buse by complaining to his superiors and threatening a lawsuit. It is estimated that Avandia caused approximately 83,000 excess heart attacks since coming on the market.
The Committee also reported how a GSK official had stated how:
- ‘Our chances on having Buse reflect our views and messages will be enhanced greatly if we tell him what they are rather than relying on him to development on his own accord via examining data…. There is no evidence that Dr. Buse will come to these views without some guidance and support. Of course care will need to be taken to work any overview pieces in a way that appears academic rather than too commercial to enhance the probability that Dr. Buse will adopt our views as his own’.
The Committee conclude by stating how they believe that the stifling of expression through intimidation is a pattern of behaviour by pharmaceutical executives and prevalent throughout the pharmaceutical industry.
For more details see Powerbase page GlaxoSmithKline Silencing Critics Through Intimidation
Secrecy around antidepressant drug Seroxat increasing suicidal behaviour
In March 2008, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) reported the findings of their investigation into the antidepressant drug Seroxat[58]. The investigation was undertaken with a view to a potential criminal prosecution for breach of drug safety legislation as GSK had failed to inform the MHRA of information it had on the safety of Seroxat in under 18’s. GSK had undertaken clinical trials in 2003 which confirmed that Seroxat was ineffective and inappropriate for young people under the ages of 18. The trials showed that there is a higher risk of suicidal behaviour if young people were treated with Seroxat than if they received a placebo. This is concerning news as GSK had known of this for years yet had failed to disclose it.
Professor Kent Woods, MHRA Chief Executive, said:
- “I remain concerned that GSK could and should have reported this information earlier than they did. All companies have a responsibility to patients, and should report any adverse data signals to us as soon as they discover them. This investigation has revealed important weaknesses in the drug safety legislation in force at the time'.
The report states that 'there is no realistic prospect of a conviction in this case' as 'legislation in force at the time was not sufficiently strong or comprehensive as to require companies to inform the regulator of safety information when the drug was being used for, or tested outside its licensed indications'. In view of this the MHRA claim to be taking 'immediate steps to ensure the law is strengthened further, so that there can be no doubt as to companies’ obligations to report safety issues'. How this will be achieved (or how effective it will be) remains to be seen.
The company may not have been legally 'obliged' to divulge the information in the past. However the findings of their trials flies in the face of GSK own stated 'mission' which is advertised as 'to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer'. It also renders their 'Responsibility' to 'patient safety' commitments as little more that rhetoric and spin. For example, statements such as...
- 'Ensuring patient safety is extremely important and we take the safety of all our medicines and medical devices very seriously'.
- Their stated 'role' to 'collect, investigate and proactively evaluate information relating to side effects of medicines for the purpose of protecting patients and advising on drug safety'.
- 'to ensure patient interest is served through the prompt detection of a potential safety issue with one of our drugs so that appropriate communication with regulators occurs, and then, following evaluation, decisions can be made and action taken'.
GSK also state that 'patients must discuss with their doctors the risks of experiencing side effects from medicines and that the benefit they receive from a medication should outweigh the risk'. Yet how can they do that if the side affects (such as an increase in suicidal behaviour) are not disclosed to the doctors, patients or even the regulators.
Seroxat is referred to in an article on MSI's website (MSI is a UK based healthcare marketing consultancy which is part of Cello Plc) which advocates 'Drug Repurposing' in order to 'extend drug use into new indications to preserve or extend the value of a pharmaceutical brand'[59].
EU Lobbying
GSK were among the top spending British based companies on EU lobbying in Brussels in 2014, spending between €600,000 and €700,000.[60] They also have 8 lobbyists with European Parliament passes, allowing the bearer virtually unlimited access to the Parliament's buildings.[61]
Further Information and Resources
- Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is an international humanitarian aid organisation that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 80 countries.
- Oxfam; Oxfam's campaign is calling for world trade rules to be changed, see more or email: or call 01865 312610.
- Open Secrets: Campaigning to make generic drugs more widely available at: [10]
- The Ecologist Magazine
- Ethical Consumer
Which? style guide to ethical shopping plus critical information about brands and corporations.
- Environmental Working Group: Not-for-profit environmental research organization dedicated to improving public health and protecting the environment by reducing pollution in air, water and food.
- South African Treatment Action: Treatment Action Campaign: Fighting for affordable treatment for people with HIV.
References, Resources and Contact
Contact
Headquarters in the UK
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare,
- GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd.
- 980 Great West Road,
- Brentford,
- Middlesex, TW8 9GS
United Kingdom
- Tel: +44 (0)20 88047 2700
Postal address
- GlaxoSmithKline,
- Glaxo Wellcome UK Ltd.,
- Stockley Park West,
- Uxbridge,
- Middlesex, UB11 1BT
United States
- GlaxoSmithKline
- 5 Moore Drive
- P.O. Box 13398
- Research Triangle Park
- NC 27709
- Phone: +1 888 825 5249
External Links
- MSI 'Drug Repurposing' Accessed 13th May 2008
References
- ↑ [1] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28 October 2002)
- ↑ http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4241613,00.html (source: The Guardian, date viewed: 25 October 2002)
- ↑ Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000
- ↑ [2] source: Friends of the Earth, (Accessed: 25 October 2002)
- ↑ Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline: Dare to lead, Public Health and Company Wealth, 2001
- ↑ [3] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)
- ↑ Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000
- ↑ Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000
- ↑ [4] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)
- ↑ Domantis Home page Accessed 2nd January 2008
- ↑ [www.gsk.com http://www.gsk.com/] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 23 October 2002)
- ↑ Board of Directors: James Murdoch, GlaxoSmithKline website, acc 12 May 2010
- ↑ Board of Directors: James Murdoch, GlaxoSmithKline website, acc 12 May 2010
- ↑ Board of Directors (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)
- ↑ [5] Top 10: The chief executives, Wednesday 29 August 2001
- ↑ [6] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)
- ↑ GSK Profile Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8): 53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p. 25.
- ↑ GSK Profile
- ↑ GSK Profile; City welcomes Marconi departures but reserves judgement on new regime, Julia Finch, City editor, 5 September 2001
- ↑ http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,546999,00.html ; City welcomes Marconi departures but reserves judgement on new regime, Julia Finch, City editor, Wednesday 5 September 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,546999,00.html ; Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8):53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p. 1044
- ↑ Board of Directors (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)
- ↑ GSK Profile, [www.marketguide.com http://www.marketguide.com/]; Ethical Consumer 65, June/July 2000 - Research Supplement, pp. 12-13; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black.
- ↑ GSK Profile, www.marketguide.com http://www.marketguide.com/>; Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8): 53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p.1687.
- ↑ [http://www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002)
- ↑ [7] (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 2 November 2002
- ↑ GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2001
- ↑ About (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 28 October 2002
- ↑ Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for Neglected Diseases, Sep. 2001
- ↑ Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014 APPC, accessed 28 January 2015
- ↑ www.bm.com/whatsnew/2001e.html
- ↑ [8]
- ↑ Pharmafocus NiQuitin PR steps up a gear with Cohn & Wolfe Accessed 6th December 2007
- ↑ Brand Public GSK’s Daley to join Health Protection Agency Accessed 6th December 2007
- ↑ Business Insights Patient Power: The shift towards more informed, more powerful consumers of drugs Accessed 5th February 2008
- ↑ Innovex Our Customers Accessed 12th February 2008
- ↑ , The Gorlin Group Clients Accessed 20th March 2008
- ↑ Register Entry for 1 September 2008 to 30 November 2008 APPC, accessed 28 January 2015
- ↑ Public Relations Organisation International Mikhailov and Partners Accessed 13th February 2008
- ↑ American Benefits Council Memberships Accessed 26th February 2008
- ↑ International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations Members Accessed 11th March 2008
- ↑ The Centre for Responsive Ethics Lobbying/GlaxoSmithKline Accessed 11th March 2008
- ↑ The Centre for Responsive Ethics Donor Profiles/GlaxoSmithKline Accessed 11th March 2008
- ↑ The Centre for Responsive Ethics Lobbying/GlaxoSmithKline accessed 11th March 2008
- ↑ Forum of the Future Partners Accessed 2nd January 2008
- ↑ Social Market Foundation Annual Report 2005/06 Accessed 6th March 2008
- ↑ SMC, Funding, accessed 29 September 2013. See also Science Media Centre - Funding
- ↑ GSK organisations, Working with UK and European patient groups: UK Groups Accessed March 2007.
- ↑ www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28 October 2002)
- ↑ www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28 October 2002)
- ↑ Consumer Products Companies That Test on Animals PETA website, 23 August 2000), as sited in Ethical Consumer Research Supplement, February/march 2001
- ↑ World Health Organisation, The World Health Report 2000 (Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Neglected Diseases, September 2001)
- ↑ Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Neglected Diseases, September 2001
- ↑ Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline: Dare to Lead, Public Health and Company Wealth, 2001
- ↑ [9] (source: Friends of the Earth, date viewed: 25 October 2002)
- ↑ Friends of the Earth, Factory Watch press release, 8 February 1999
- ↑ ENDS Report 292, May 1999, pp. 33-34
- ↑ United States Senate Committee on Finance (2007) The Intimidation of Dr. John Buse and the Diabetes Drug Avandia Accessed 6th December 2007
- ↑ Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency GSK investigation concludes Accessed 28th March 2008
- ↑ MSI 'Drug Repurposing' Accessed 13th May 2008
- ↑ Finance industry is UK's biggest lobbyist in Brussels Lobby Facts, 26 January 2015, accessed 3 February 2015
- ↑ Companies declaring the most lobbyists Lobby Facts, 26 January 2015, accessed 3 February 2015
