Difference between revisions of "Aluminium Federation"

Latest revision as of 23:54, 20 February 2012

This article is part of the Climate project of Spinwatch.

This article is part of the Mining and Metals project of Spinwatch

The Aluminium Federation (ALFED) is the UK trade association for the aluminium industry, based in West Bromwich. It provides technical support and lobbying services in Westminster and in Brussels on behalf of members ranging from smelting companies, recycling companies and end of line products. ^[1] ALFED also run the All-Party Parliamentary Group for the UK Aluminium Industry, which they refer to as 'the Aluminium Federation's All-Party Parliamentary Group'^[2]

Members

Direct members

Alcoa Europe Flat Rolled Products
Bridgnorth Aluminium Ltd
Novelis Europe
Rio Tinto Alcan ^[3]

Associate members

Member associations

Lobbying for industry subsidies

According to their 2009 Annual Report, the ALFED states:

Could our Government and its legislators have done more to protect and assist British manufacturing? The answer is an unequivocal Yes! One thing is for certain, it would have done even less without the strong and persistent voices of the manufacturing Trade Associations, both individually and through groupings such as Metals Forum, of which ALFED is a Member.^[6]

In a parliamentary debate in February 2010 MP Philip Dunne, a member of the ALFED's All-Party Parliamentary Group for the UK Aluminium Industry, noted that 'the Government tried to put in place a rescue package worth some £12 million a year for four years to subsidise energy costs' at the now-closed Anglesey Aluminium smelter, claiming that this massive package had nonetheless failed. He quotes David Bloor, managing director of Anglesey Aluminium who had 'explained to Members at a presentation in December' how carbon targets under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme were driving the industry out of the UK;^[7]

Anglesey Aluminium could not afford to buy power in the UK and reach a breakeven financial position. This is because the worldwide price of aluminium does not include a cost of carbon.^[8]

Another member of the ALFED's all party parliamentary group Albert Owen has supported the heavy subsidisation of the price of electricity to the Anglesey Aluminium smelter, which was affected in January 2009 by EU legislation banning state subsidisation of private companies. He supported a £48 million package to save the smelter, which closed in Sept 09 after the proposal was turned down.^[9]

Effective lobbying led to Business Secretary Peter Mandelson calling Rio Tinto Alcan's chairman to make an unsuccessful personal plea against the closure of the Anglesey Aluminium smelter.^[10]

Lobbying for climate change policy exemptions

ALFED has lobbied hard against the reduction of rebates from the Climate Change Levy to energy intensive industries from 80% to 65%, which will come into effect in 2011. They argue that the aluminium industry has already reduced emissions by 39% since 1990.

On February 2nd 2010 Philip Dunne and Albert Owen of ALFED's All-Party Parliamentary Group for the UK Aluminium Industry raised this issue in a House of Commons debate (see Philip Dunne for more). Two days later an Alfed delegation met the UK business, innovation and skills minister Pat McFadden to discuss this issue and others affecting the industry.^[11]

Though it is true that the industry has become more efficient, aluminium is still the most energy intensive metal to produce and overall emissions from the industry have increased dramatically and will continue to do so as demand for aluminium is predicted to double by 2020.^[12]

ALFED are also lobbying the EU and EC on changes to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme which will for the first time include primary and secondary aluminium smelters in its scope. Their annual report states:

Discussions are ongoing with the EC to confirm that Aluminium is a sector at risk and that it will receive sufficient free-allowances to continue with production in Europe. ALFED will continue to work diligently to ensure that Climate Change legislation is fairly applied and does not create an environment whereby UK Aluminium manufacturing is driven offshore by draconian Carbon Reduction targets.^[13]

A Freedom of Information response from the Department of Energy and Climate Change in May 2010 revealed regular communication between DECC and ALFED on the Climate Change Agreement (CCA). ALFED repeatedly expressed their concern over tighter targets, arguing that due to the economic climate the industry should be considered at risk and exempted from targets^[14]. The response reveals that ALFED have also tried to secure exemptions to the CCA for on-site electricity generation (arguing that more expensive energy could also push them abroad), for secondary smelters (recycling) and for the magnesium sector^[15]

ALFED Chief Exec Will Savage re-stated the carbon leakage argument when he wrote to Energy and Climate Change Secretary Ed Miliband in January 2010 in support of an earlier appeal by Gareth Stace of the Manufacturers Climate Change Group (who spoke to ALFED on the Climate Change Levy in March 2010):

'Proposals to "lead the way" and move the UK's energy reduction targets from 20% to 30% will hasten the demise of the UK manufacturing and create "Carbon Leakage" to those parts of the world with less energy efficient manufacturing sectors, having completely the opposite effect than that strived for at Copenhagen.'^[16]

In 2000 the ALFED submitted a joint proposal on the proposed Climate Change Levy to the government with The Chemical Industries Association, the British Ceramics Federation, the Paper Federation of Great Britain, the Food & Drink Federation, and the Non-Ferrous Alliance calling. The proposal suggested that energy intensive industries should be given some exemption and trusted instead to work together to "promote an energy-efficient culture" and learn from each other's best practice.^[17]. Their lobbying was successful and led to the 80% rebate on the levy which they achieved.

Failure to meet climate change agreements

In ALFEDs parliamentary breakfast meeting March 23rd 2010 the Aluminium Federation's Immediate Past President Henry Dickinson revealed their concern over the cost of complying with climate change agreements, and showed that they were failing to meet these targets with the 'innovation' and technology methods they promote:

Unfortunately our primary sector has had to buy large amounts of carbon units in the past year as the reduced level of activity and significant extra power associated with pot shutdowns and start-ups has reduced power efficiency and meant that Climate Change Agreement targets could not be met – a double whammy when prices and volumes were sharply reduced and hardly helpful to UK manufacturing. We hope and assume that electrolysis will continue to be exempt from CCL (Climate Change Levy) after 2012, but are braced to expect a reduction in the CCL rebate from 80% to 65% on other energy usage.^[18]

Carbon Capture and Storage

In ALFEDs parliamentary breakfast meeting March 23rd 2010 the Aluminium Federation's Immediate Past President Henry Dickinson said:

Our remaining primary producers at Lynemouth and Lochaber are investing in new power equipment and actively investigating carbon capture & storage. BIS and DECC are fully informed of these activities^[19].

Supplying aluminium for weapons

The link between aluminium and arms is often hidden by aluminium companies. However an estimated 30% of aluminium is used in the 'defence' (arms) industry, making it a 'strategic metal' which is stockpiled by most governments. Dewey Anderson, an ex-Congressman published a little known 1951 text 'Aluminium for Defence and Prosperity' which describes the necessity of large amounts of aluminium for war and how 'more than any other industry, aluminium is dependent on government policies and government actions for more production and consumption'.^[20]

This link between aluminium corporations, governments and war still rings true today. In ALFEDs parliamentary breakfast meeting March 23rd 2010 the Aluminium Federation's Immediate Past President Henry Dickinson describes orders for aluminium to use in the war in Afghanistan:

The rolling sector has seen continuing delays in the aerospace market, but with 4 years worth of orders in hand at Airbus demand remains good. Urgent requirements from the Ministry of Defence for Afghanistan continue to buoy demand, but earlier anticipation and authorisation of such requirements would make life easier for producers!^[21]

Public Affairs

ALFED are active in public affairs matters. In November 2008 the principal guest at their Annual Dinner was former BBC political editor John Sergeant, while in 2009 it was political commentator and journalist Matthew Parris.^[22] They hold an annual lunch for Senior Civil Servants at which ALFED give presentations on key issues affecting the industry (such as climate change and subsidisation).^[23]

ALFED have sponsored an exhibition called the ‘Challenge of Materials’ Gallery at The Science Museum in London since 1997, which contains information on aluminium supplied by ALFED. In March 2009 ALFED’s Public Affairs Committee held a meeting there. In June ALFED's Chief Executive Will Savage and public affairs Exec discussed upping the aluminium based content in the Birmingham science museum and Millenium Point, aiming to access 'families enjoying a day out together and school children studying science through the National Curriculum'.^[24]

Influencing Universities

ALFED have been running a University competition aimed at student designers and engineers called 'the Power of Aluminium' since 2008, which offers a prize of £1500 for designs using aluminium. ^[25]

It also runs (and is expanding) a long-established University lecture programme, co-ordinated by consultant Dr David Harris (ex ALFED Secretary General).^[26]

Accessing politicians

ALFED and the European Aluminium Association held a joint exhibition from 10-14 November 2008 in the Upper Waiting Hall of the House of Commons. The guest of honour at its opening was Minister of State for Wales, the Paul Murphy MP. ^[27]

ALFED also holds an annual parliamentary lunch which 'attracted a record attendance from members of both Houses in May 2009' and was hosted by Baroness Gardner of Parkes, Vice Chair of ALFED's All-Party Parliamentary Group for the UK Aluminium Industry.^[28]

Aluminium- green and clean?

ALFED share in the large scale greening campaigns of the International Aluminium Institute and TheEuropean Aluminium Institute. Their website promotes a number of educational and information services to people outside the industry, including 'on-line education material for schools'^[29].They are active in publishing and disseminating figures on the benefits of aluminium, especially in terms of its green credentials. These claims center on the issues of recyclability, energy savings from lighter aluminium cars and planes, it's use in 'eco building' and the carbon efficiency of the refining and smelting processes due to technological advances and use of 'renewable energy' for power. Some of these claims are examined in more detail in this section:

According to Al Fed's website:

The current recycling rate for aluminium drinks cans in the UK is 52% (2008 figure).

The overall recycling rate for all aluminium packaging (including drinks cans, foil, foil containers and aerosols) is 36% (2008 figure).

Recycling aluminium requires only 5% of the original energy required to produce the primary metal.^[30]'

Although recycling aluminium is indeed 95% more efficient than primary production it still takes the same amount of energy as producing new steel ^[31] Major aluminium producer Alcoa sources only 20% of its aluminium from recycling. Overall recycling rates are 33% and, according to US Aluminium Association figures, going down^[32].

Aluminium is an 'energy bank'. 75% of all the aluminium ever produced is still in use today, having been through countless recycling loops of its lifecycle.^[33]

As well as recycling aluminium using the same energy as producing new steel, the primary smelting process is one of the most energy intensive and polluting industrial processes on earth, earning aluminium the title 'solid electricity' in the industry^[34]. An estimated 5 billion tonnes of bauxite have so far been mined from the earth, creating just less than a billion tonnes of aluminium. If we use Al Fed's figures that 75% are still in use that suggests that around 200,000,000,000 tonnes (200 thousand million tonnes) are currently in landfill and could theoretically be mined and recycled.^[35]

Approximately 30% of aluminium is used for arms manufacture and defense^[36] ^[37]. This fact is disguised in industry figures as 'transport' or 'construction' but is evident in aluminium's status as a 'strategic metal' for the US and UK governments, which is stockpiled for military purposes ^[38].

Electrical power efficiency of primary aluminium smelters worldwide, surveyed by the International Aluminium Institute, improved by 4% between 1990 and 2008.

To date, the UK Primary Aluminium Industry has reduced its emissions by 39%, relative to 1990 levels.

Electricity consumption in primary aluminium smelters has been reduced by one-third since the 1950s and by 7% since 1990.^[39]

Though considerable technological advances have been made aluminium remains a much more carbon intensive metal than other metals, for example steel. Aluminium production accounts for ca. 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions,producing 13.1 tons of CO2 equivalent per ton of aluminium ^[40]. Technological advances have led to 20-25% emissions savings in the smelting process in recent decades but overall emissions are increasing and there is no concrete intention to reduce them. In fact, Alcoa predicts a 20% increase of CO2e emitted per year from ca.335 million tonnes of CO2e in 2000 to ca. 400 million tonnes in 2020^[41].

Over 50% of aluminium is produced worldwide using clean, renewable, hydro-electric power.^[42]

The aluminium industry has historically been linked to the hydro power industry due to the large, cheap and continuous supply of energy needed to refine and smelt aluminium. Due to the low economic return per energy unit, smelting is increasingly geared towards countries developing with low energy and labour costs, and large and powerful rivers which are less politically sensitive to dam than in the Western world^[43]. Hydro power, and particularly the mega hydro projects common for aluminium smelting, have considerable ecological consequences which are particularly well detailed in Patrick McCully's book 'Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of large dams'^[44] These include greenhouse gas emissions from rotting organic matter in reservoirs which are in some cases much higher than for an equivalent gas fired power station ^[45]. These greenhouse gas emissions and other indirect emissions from hydro are not included in industry audits.

Every kilogram of aluminium used in a car's manufacture saves 20 kilograms of CO2 emissions over a vehicle's lifetime.^[46]

This figure does not take account of the increase in emissions from primary processing and smelting when substituting aluminium for steel in cars (see above).

Affiliations

ALFED is a member of Metals Forum ^[47]

ALFED works with a number of other aluminium bodies including:

Funding

ALFED is funded by member's subscriptions and commercial activities such as delivering training and support services for Members and for the Gulf Aluminium Council. ^[49]

People

ALFED staff as of feb 2012

Will Savage Chief Executive
Tom Siddle Technical Manager
Tony Franchina Technical Executive
Alan Arthur Marketing & Communications Executive
Margaret Lane P.A. to the Chief Executive
Sylvia Battersby Administrator
Ann Gough Administrator
David Harris Technical & Training Advisor (previously Secretary General)
Ken Campbell CCA Advisor
Richard Mahoney Consultant (previously Public Affairs Executive)
Oliver Carpenter PR Adviser^[50]
Brian Thorneycroft Consultant^[51]

Former staff

Geoff Doyle Technical Advisor ^[52]
Geoff Budd^[53]
Gerald Howell President in 1983. Possible associations with Hawker Siddeley arms company, a founding member of BAe Systems.^[54]
A R Woodward Technical Advisor ^[55]
L P Matthews^[56]
Gordon Polson Secretary General 2005- Previously director general of the National Association of Steel Stockholders ^[57]
Rebecca Ashby
Mark Askew
Brian Glover
David Keevil
Ron Moult
Justin Ratcliffe
Gillian Robinson^[58]
Eileen Chipperfield
Annelli Gilbert^[59]

ALUMINIUM FEDERATION COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN

T Smith Occupational Health and Safety. Alcoa Europe Mill Products
S D MacVicker Public Affairs. Bridgnorth Aluminium Ltd ^[60]

Members of ALFED council in 2010

Colin Davies ALFED president as of January 2010. Alcoa Europe (Sales Director responsible for Alcoa’s flat rolled products Aerospace and Defence sales into Europe, the Middle East, South America and Russia.) ^[61]
Wyn Jones OBE. ALFED Vice-President Alcan Aluminium UK Ltd / Aluminium Primary Producers Association
J A Hopper ALFED Vice-President. GK Systems Limited / Aluminium Finishing Association
D R Webb ALFED Vice-President. Metalweb plc / Aluminium Stockholders Association
Joan Chesney- ex ALFED President. Novelis UK Ltd / Direct Member
G Ashmead Powdertech Ltd / Aluminium Finishing Association
David Bloor Anglesey Aluminium Metal Ltd / Aluminium Primary Producers Association
M Brookes Aleris Recycling (Swansea) Ltd / Aluminium Alloy Manufacturing and Recycling Association
R P Hindley Aluminium Packaging and Recycling Organisation
D Humphries Sapa Profiles UK Limited / Aluminium Extruders Association
S D MacVicker Bridgnorth Aluminium Ltd / Aluminium Rolled Products Manufacturers Association
F H Phillips Silberline Ltd / Aluminium Powder and Paste Association
L C Shaw Metalweb plc / Aluminium Stockholders Association
J C Tomlinson Birmingham Powder Coatings Ltd / Aluminium Finishing Association
D M Webb Hydro Aluminium Extrusions Ltd / Aluminium Extruders Association ^[62]

Members of ALFED council in 2011

Colin Davies President. (Alcoa Global Rolled Products)
Carl Tomlinson Vice President. Birmingham Powder Coatings
Derek Webb Vice President. (Metalweb plc)
Simon MacVicker ALFED Public Affairs Committee Chairman (Bridgnorth Aluminium)
Giles Ashmead (Powdertech Ltd, and Aluminium Finishing Assoc)
James Booth (Smiths Metal Centres) and Aluminium Stickholders Association
Mark Brookes, Aleris Recycling (Swansea)
Joan Chesney, Novelis UK
Henry Dickinson, Norton Aluminium
Rick Hindley, Aluminium Packaging and Recycling Organisation
[Henry Ibberson]] Mil-Ver Metal Company
Brian King, Anglesey Aluminium
John McCabe Alcan UK
Adrian Platt Befesa Salt Slags
Fraser Phillips Silberline
Derrick Webb Hydro Aluminium Extrusions^[63]

Former Council members

Jon Pither 2001, President. Also a former managing director of Amari plc, and a former director of Selection Trust plc, and the London Metal Exchange. A council member of the Confederation of British Industry.^[64]

2007:

Joan Chesney President. Novelis Europe / Direct Member
John Cutler Bridgnorth Aluminium Ltd /Direct Member / Aluminium Rolled Products Manufacturers Association / ALFED Immediate Past President
Henry Dickinson Norton Aluminium Ltd / Aluminium Alloy Manufacturing and Recycling Association / ALFED Vice President
Wyn Jones Alcan Smelting & Power UK / Aluminium Primary Producers Association / ALFED Vice-President
J A Hopper G K Systems Ltd / Aluminium Finishing Association / ALFED Vice-President
D R Webb metalweb plc / Aluminium Stockholders Association / ALFED Vice-President
C S Davies Alcoa European Flat Rolled Products
David Bloor Anglesey Aluminium Metal Ltd /Aluminium Primary Producers Association
H Hagen Hydro Aluminium Extrusion UK /
R Hindley Aluminium Packaging Recycling Organisation
N P B Kendal Nicholl Food Packaging Ltd /Aluminium Foil Container Manufacturers Associations
C Lawrence Sapa Profiles, Banbury /Aluminium Extruders Association
M A Sartain The Brock Metal Company /Aluminium Alloy Manufacturing and Recycling Association
C Tomlinson Birmingham Powder Coatings Ltd /Aluminium Finishing Association
K R Weston Blackburns Metals Ltd / Aluminium Stockholders Association ^[65]

Past Presidents

R L P Berry CBE 1974 Alcoa of Great Britain Limited
Ian Dick 1975 High Duty Alloys Limited
D A Pinn 1976 Alcan Aluminium (UK) Limited
L S F Charles1977 The British Aluminium Company Limited
D F McN Alford1978 Century Aluminium Company Limited
B K Fitton 1979 Birmid Qualcast Limited
D Fredjohn MBE 1980 Alusuisse (UK) Limited
D Morton 1981 Alcan Aluminium Limited
O R Norland 1982 Alcoa of Great Britain Limited
Gerald Howell 1983 HDA Forgings Limited
J P Pither 1984-85 Century Aluminium Company Limited
R L Cowdell 1986 CEGO (Engineering) Limited
A C AylesburyOBE 1986-88 Alcoa Manufacturing (GB) Limited
J J Sangster 1989-90 Hydro Aluminium Precision Extruders Limited
J Schothorst 1990 Alusuisse-Lonza (UK) Limited
D M Ritchie 1991-92 British Alcan Aluminium plc
B C Turner 1993-94 RioTinto RTZ Pillar Building Products Limited
L A Garfield 1995-96 Thyssen Garfield Limited
J G Speirs CBE 1997-98 Norsk Hydro UK Limited
Paul Rata 1999- 2001 British Alcan Aluminium plc
Jim Morrison 2002-2003 Bernhard Metals
John Cutler 2004-5 Bridgnorth Aluminium
Joan Chesney 2006-7 Novelis Europe ^[66]
Henry Dickinson 2008-9 Norton Aluminium Ltd / Aluminium Alloy

Manufacturing and Recycling Association. ^[67]

Contact

Aluminium Federation

National Metalforming Centre

47 Birmingham Road

West Bromwich,

West Midlands

B70 6PY

Telephone: +44 (0)121 601 6363

Fax: +44 (0)870 138 9714

E-Mail: alfed@alfed.org.uk

Website: www.alfed.org.uk

External Resources

Notes

↑ Aluminium Federation homepage Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Aluminium Federation, News 'An extraordinary Parliamentary week for Alfed Accessed 17/05/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ Aluminium Federation Our Associations Accessed 02/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ Philip Dunne, Hansard, House of Commons, 2nd Feb 2010 : Column 275 - 279 'Aluminium Industry' Accessed 06/04/10
↑ Philip Dunne, Hansard, House of Commons, 2nd Feb 2010: Column 275 - 279 'Aluminium Industry' Accessed 06/04/10
↑ Alex Stevenson Election focus: Ynys Mon Politics.co.uk website. Accessed 07/04/10
↑ Charles Miranda, 'Rio cuts kill off island economy' The Daily Telegraph (Australia). December 28, 2009
↑ 'Alfed lobbies UK government over energy policy' Metal Bulletin Weekly. February 15, 2010. Accessed 16/04/10
↑ Jaap Krater and Miriam Rose, 'Development of Iceland’s geothermal energy potential for aluminium production– a critical analysis',In: Abrahamsky, K. (ed) (2009). Sparking a World-wide Energy Revolution: Social Struggles in the Transition to a Post-Petrol World. AK Press, Edinburgh.
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ DECC, Freedom of Information response to Miriam Rose. 15/06/10
↑ Email from DECC to ALFED 'Aluminium target review meeting minutes, Sept 23 2008.'DECC, Freedom of Information response to Miriam Rose. 15/06/10
↑ Will Savage. Letter to Ed Milliband ALFED's Chief Executive writes to the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change 12 January 2010. Accessed 16/04/10
↑ FURTHER ATTACKS ON CLIMATE CHANGE LEVY UK. Environment News. March 29, 2000
↑ ALFED website, News Parliamentary Breakfast Meeting. Tuesday, 23 March 2010. Introduction by the Aluminium Federation Immediate Past President,Mr Henry Dickinson, Managing Director, Norton Aluminium Ltd Accessed 17/05/10
↑ ALFED website, News Parliamentary Breakfast Meeting. Tuesday, 23 March 2010. Introduction by the Aluminium Federation Immediate Past President, Mr Henry Dickinson, Managing Director, Norton Aluminium Ltd Accessed 17/05/10
↑ Das, S. and Padel, F. 2010,'Out of this earth: East India Adivasis and the aluminium cartel' Orient Blackswan
↑ ALFED website, News Parliamentary Breakfast Meeting. Tuesday, 23 March 2010. Introduction by the Aluminium Federation Immediate Past President,Mr Henry Dickinson, Managing Director, Norton Aluminium Ltd Accessed 17/05/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ Aluminium Federation homepage Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Aluminium Federation, aluminium A -Z Letters A to E Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Das, S. and Padel, F. 2010,'Out of this earth: East India Adivasis and the aluminium cartel' Orient Blackswan
↑ Institute, C.R., 2006. Aluminum can sales and recycling in the US 1996-2006 Accessed 12-12-2008
↑ Aluminium Federation, aluminium A -Z Letters A to E Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Switkes, G. 2005. Foiling the aluminium industry: a toolkit for communities, activists, consumers, and workers. International Rivers, Berkeley, CA. Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Das, S. and Padel, F. 2010,'Out of this earth: East India Adivasis and the aluminium cartel' Orient Blackswan
↑ Clapham, M., UK Parliament, House of Commons. 1998. Rio Tinto Corporation. Early day motion 1194.HMSO, London.
↑ Das, S. and Padel, F. 2010,'Out of this earth: East India Adivasis and the aluminium cartel' Orient Blackswan
↑ Anderson, Dewey (1951) Aluminium for Defence and Prosperity. Washington, US Public Affairs Institute.
↑ Aluminium Federation, aluminium A -Z Letters A to E Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Jaap Krater and Miriam Rose, 'Development of Iceland’s geothermal energy potential for aluminium production– a critical analysis',In: Abrahamsky, K. (ed) (2009). Sparking a World-wide Energy Revolution: Social Struggles in the Transition to a Post-Petrol World. AK Press, Edinburgh.
↑ Overbey, R., 2005. Sustainability, what more should companies do? Alcoa Conference Board Session on Sustainability. Alcoa.Accessed 12-12-2008
↑ Aluminium Federation, aluminium A -Z Letters A to E Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Switkes, G. 2005. Foiling the aluminium industry: a toolkit for communities, activists, consumers, and workers. International Rivers, Berkeley, CA. Accessed 02/04/10
↑ Patrick McCully, 2001 'Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams' Zed Books.
↑ Fearnside,P.M, 2006 'Greenhouse gas emissions from hydro-electric dams: reply to Rosa et al', Climatic Change 75:1-2
↑ Aluminium Federation, aluminium A -Z Letters A to E Accessed 02/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED website Links Accessed 16/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ 'ALFED Staff' accessed 21 August 2011
↑ ALFED 2011 Annual Report Accessed 20/02/2012
↑ Aluminium Federation Staff Accessed 02/04/10
↑ EAA homepage TALAT general background Accessed 14/05/10
↑ Glasgow British Alcan Archive. Howell, Gerald (1983b) Letter to A.R Woodward, G.W Budd and L.P Matthews. 10th May. UGD 347 21/26/14.
↑ EAA homepage TALAT general background Accessed 14/05/10
↑ Glasgow British Alcan Archive. Howell, Gerald (1983b) Letter to A.R Woodward, G.W Budd and L.P Matthews. 10th May. UGD 347 21/26/14.
↑ Packaging Magazine 'Aluminium Federation - Appointment May 5,2005
↑ Internet Archive, ALFED website 1999. Personnel Accessed 14/05/10
↑ Internet Archive, ALFED website 2003. Personnel Accessed 14/05/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED website NEW ALUMINIUM FEDERATION PRESIDENT ELECTED 14 December 2009. Accessed 16/04/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10
↑ ALFED 2011 Annual Report Accessed 20/02/2012
↑ AAP Company News 'Fourth Quarter Activities Report' February 5, 2001, Monday
↑ ALFED Annual Report 2007 Accessed 14/05/10
↑ ALFED Annual Report 2007 Accessed 14/05/10
↑ ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[1] Aluminium Federation homepage Accessed 02/04/10

[2] Aluminium Federation, News 'An extraordinary Parliamentary week for Alfed Accessed 17/05/10

[3] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[4] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[5] Aluminium Federation Our Associations Accessed 02/04/10

[6] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[7] Philip Dunne, Hansard, House of Commons, 2nd Feb 2010 : Column 275 - 279 'Aluminium Industry' Accessed 06/04/10

[8] Philip Dunne, Hansard, House of Commons, 2nd Feb 2010: Column 275 - 279 'Aluminium Industry' Accessed 06/04/10

[9] Alex Stevenson Election focus: Ynys Mon Politics.co.uk website. Accessed 07/04/10

[10] Charles Miranda, 'Rio cuts kill off island economy' The Daily Telegraph (Australia). December 28, 2009

[11] 'Alfed lobbies UK government over energy policy' Metal Bulletin Weekly. February 15, 2010. Accessed 16/04/10

[12] Jaap Krater and Miriam Rose, 'Development of Iceland’s geothermal energy potential for aluminium production– a critical analysis',In: Abrahamsky, K. (ed) (2009). Sparking a World-wide Energy Revolution: Social Struggles in the Transition to a Post-Petrol World. AK Press, Edinburgh.

[13] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[14] DECC, Freedom of Information response to Miriam Rose. 15/06/10

[15] Email from DECC to ALFED 'Aluminium target review meeting minutes, Sept 23 2008.'DECC, Freedom of Information response to Miriam Rose. 15/06/10

[16] Will Savage. Letter to Ed Milliband ALFED's Chief Executive writes to the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change 12 January 2010. Accessed 16/04/10

[17] FURTHER ATTACKS ON CLIMATE CHANGE LEVY UK. Environment News. March 29, 2000

[18] ALFED website, News Parliamentary Breakfast Meeting. Tuesday, 23 March 2010. Introduction by the Aluminium Federation Immediate Past President,Mr Henry Dickinson, Managing Director, Norton Aluminium Ltd Accessed 17/05/10

[19] ALFED website, News Parliamentary Breakfast Meeting. Tuesday, 23 March 2010. Introduction by the Aluminium Federation Immediate Past President, Mr Henry Dickinson, Managing Director, Norton Aluminium Ltd Accessed 17/05/10

[20] Das, S. and Padel, F. 2010,'Out of this earth: East India Adivasis and the aluminium cartel' Orient Blackswan

[21] ALFED website, News Parliamentary Breakfast Meeting. Tuesday, 23 March 2010. Introduction by the Aluminium Federation Immediate Past President,Mr Henry Dickinson, Managing Director, Norton Aluminium Ltd Accessed 17/05/10

[22] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[23] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[24] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[25] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[26] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[27] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[28] ALFED, Annual Report 2009 Accessed 07/04/10

[29] Aluminium Federation homepage Accessed 02/04/10

[30] Aluminium Federation, aluminium A -Z Letters A to E Accessed 02/04/10

[31] Das, S. and Padel, F. 2010,'Out of this earth: East India Adivasis and the aluminium cartel' Orient Blackswan

[32] Institute, C.R., 2006. Aluminum can sales and recycling in the US 1996-2006 Accessed 12-12-2008

[33] Aluminium Federation, aluminium A -Z Letters A to E Accessed 02/04/10

[34] Switkes, G. 2005. Foiling the aluminium industry: a toolkit for communities, activists, consumers, and workers. International Rivers, Berkeley, CA. Accessed 02/04/10

[35] Das, S. and Padel, F. 2010,'Out of this earth: East India Adivasis and the aluminium cartel' Orient Blackswan

[36] Clapham, M., UK Parliament, House of Commons. 1998. Rio Tinto Corporation. Early day motion 1194.HMSO, London.

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