Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)

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Hasidic dynasty from Munkács (Mukachevo, now in Ukraine), led since the 1960s from Borough Park, Brooklyn

Hasidic dynasties
Overview

Hasidic dynasties | Haredi and Hasidic groups in the US | Chabad-Lubavitch movement

Dynasties

Belz | Biala | Bobov | Boyan | Breslov | Chabad-Lubavitch | Chernobyl | Dushinsky | Ger | Karlin-Stolin | Lelov | Munkacs | Nadvorna | Pupa | Rachmastrivka | Sadigura | Sanz-Klausenburg | Sassov | Satmar | Shomer Emunim | Skver | Slonim | Spinka | Toldos Aharon | Toldos Avraham Yitzchak | Tosh | Vizhnitz

Founders and early masters

Baal Shem Tov | Dov Ber of Mezeritch | Elimelech of Lizhensk | Shneur Zalman of Liadi | Nachman of Breslov | Moshe Leib of Sassov

Present-day rebbes

Aaron Teitelbaum | Zalman Teitelbaum | Yissachar Dov Rokeach | Yaakov Aryeh Alter | Yisroel Hager | Ben Zion Aryeh Leibish Halberstam | David Twersky | Boruch Meir Yaakov Shochet

20th-century rebbes

Joel Teitelbaum | Aharon Rokeach | Menachem Mendel Schneerson

Politics and communal bodies

Agudat Yisrael | United Torah Judaism | Degel HaTorah | Edah HaChareidis | Neturei Karta | Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations

Places

Uman | Stamford Hill | Williamsburg, Brooklyn | Kiryas Joel, New York | Bnei Brak | Beitar Illit | Modi'in Illit

United Kingdom

Satmar institutions in the UK | Belz Communities | Satmar Kolel

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Munkács (Munkatch, Munkacz)
Founded 1882 (Heilman); Rabinowicz gives 1880 Munkács, Hungary (now Mukachevo, Ukraine)
Founder Zvi Elimelech Shapira (1783–1841), as ancestor; Shlomo Shapira (1832–1893), who re-established the court in Munkács
Leader Rebbe Moshe Yehuda Leib Rabinovich (born 1940)
Headquarters Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York
Type Hasidic dynasty
Languages Notes

Munkács (also Munkatch or Munkacz) is a Hasidic dynasty named after the town of Munkács, now Mukachevo in south-western Ukraine. It traces its line to Zvi Elimelech Shapira (1783–1841), author of Bnai Yisosschor, and was rebuilt in the town by his grandson Shlomo Shapira.[1][2][3] Under Chaim Elazar Shapira, the Minchas Elazar, it became known for its opposition to Zionism and to any change in religious practice.[4][5][6]

After Chaim Elazar's death in 1937 his son-in-law Boruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinovich ("Boruchel") became rebbe. He fled to Palestine in 1944, later moved to Brazil and gave up the leadership; the Hasidim then crowned his teenage son Moshe Leib while his father was still alive.[7][8][9] Rabinowicz calls Boruchel the only rebbe in the history of Hasidism to have abdicated.[10] Moshe Leib has led the court from Borough Park, Brooklyn, since about 1969, and his brother Yitzchak Yaakov leads a court under the Dynov title.[11][12][13]

The sociologist Samuel Heilman describes the dynasty's 20th-century history as an "Oedipal challenge" between a father who abdicated and a son who took the crown.[1]

History

Origins

In 1941 Munkács had 13,488 Jewish residents, about 42.7 per cent of the town. It belonged to Czechoslovakia between the wars and was taken into Hungary in November 1938.[1] Rabinowicz gives the same population figure and describes the pre-war town as the "Jerusalem of Hasidism", with some 30 synagogues, nine Talmud Torahs, Hebrew schools and a Hebrew and Yiddish press.[14][15]

Zvi Elimelech Shapira served in Munkács before moving in 1825 to Dynów in Poland, where he became known as the Dynover Rebbe. He called modernising Jews descendants of the "mixed multitude", and Heilman links the dynasty's later stance against modernisers to him.[1][2] Rabinowicz says he was rabbi of Munkács from 1825 to 1829.[16] Of his sons, Elazar (died 1865) became rebbe of Łańcut, and David (died 1874) stayed in Dynów as its rebbe.[2][3]

His grandson Shlomo Shapira, a disciple of Hayim Halberstam of Sanz, left the rabbinical court of Strzyżów and re-established the court in Munkács in 1882, when about 4,000 Jews lived there. He opposed the Haskalah and Hungarian Neolog Judaism.[3] Rabinowicz, who calls him the founder of the dynasty, dates his move to Munkács to 1880. He gives his birth as Hanukkah 1831 and his dates as 1831–1893 on one page, but his death as 21 Sivan 1883 on another; Heilman gives 1832–1893.[15][17][16][2]

Shlomo's son Tzvi Hirsch Shapira, author of Darchei Tshuvah, was a leading voice of Hungarian separatist Orthodoxy. He barred his Hasidim from schools that taught in Hungarian, and the authorities removed him as town rabbi because he did not speak the language.[3] Heilman dates his death to 1913. Rabinowicz says he was born in Strzyżów on 11 Tammuz 1850, was appointed rabbi on 5 June 1893 and died on 16 Tishri 1914, and calls Darke Teshuvah the standard reference work on Yoreh De'ah.[2][3][18]

Chaim Elazar Shapira

Chaim Elazar Shapira, the only son of Tzvi Hirsch, became head of the rabbinical court in 1903 and formally succeeded his father as rebbe a year after his father's death.[3] Heilman gives his dates as 1871–1937 and his birthplace as Strzyżów; Rabinowicz gives his birth as 5 Tevet 1872.[2][3][19] Rabinowicz says he had to pass a Hungarian-language examination before his appointment as rabbi was confirmed.[20]

He was strongly opposed to Zionism. Heilman writes that he called the 1917 Balfour Declaration a "tragedy" of idol worship, believed only the Messiah could end the exile, and denounced secularists, reformers and Zionists.[4] Rabinowicz describes his campaigns against the Zionist Jewish Party and the Hebrew gymnasium in Munkács, his backing for the Czech Agrarian Party, and a 1922 declaration at Czap against both Agudat Yisrael and the Zionists, which Yoel Teitelbaum endorsed.[6][21][22] He also feuded with the Belzer Rebbe, who lived in Munkács from 1918 for three years.[23][24] Heilman notes his reputation for foresight: in 1915 he told his Hasidim not to flee the advancing Russian army, which never entered the town.[4]

In 1922, Rabinowicz says, Chaim Elazar founded the Darke Teshuvah yeshiva in memory of his father; it drew about 250 students.[25][26] In 1930 he made a 13-day journey to the Holy Land, largely to meet the kabbalist Shlomo Eliezer Alfandari.[27][28][29] Heilman notes speculation that he hoped to see Alfandari revealed as the Messiah.[30]

Succession: Chaim Elazar to Boruchel

Chaim Elazar's first marriage, to Chaya Chasya, was childless, and under pressure from his Hasidim he divorced her at the end of 1905.[31] Heilman dates his remarriage, to Rachel Perl, daughter of the Komarno Rebbe, to October 1906; Rabinowicz gives 1907.[31][19] Their only child, Chaya Frima Rivka, was born about eight years later.[31]

In 1926 Frima, aged 11, was betrothed to the 12-year-old Boruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinovich, son of Nosson David Rabinovich, the late rebbe of Parczew, of the Biala dynasty; his mother came from the Munkács family.[32] Rabinowicz dates the engagement to 2 Sivan 1926 at Rzeszów and gives Boruchel's birth as 6 Tishri 1914 in Parczew.[33][27] The couple married in Munkács in March 1933 at a wedding attended by tens of thousands and recorded on film. Rabinowicz dates it to 17 Adar 1933 and says Nehemia Shapira of Sasov officiated.[32][29]

Heilman is inconsistent about the date of the succession. On one page he writes that Chaim Elazar died of melanoma in 1936 and that the 23-year-old Boruchel's succession was accepted; a few lines later he refers to "the transition in 1937". His own list of rebbes gives Chaim Elazar's dates as 1871–1937.[2][7] Rabinowicz dates the death to 2 Sivan 1937, at the age of 65.[34] According to one account reported by Heilman, the Spinka Rebbe, Yitzchak Eisik Weiss, handed Boruchel a kvittel at the cemetery as a sign of acceptance.[7] According to Rabinowicz, Boruchel was later elected rabbi of Munkács with 606 of 670 votes and enlarged the Darke Teshuvah yeshiva to more than 300 students.[34][35]

Heilman writes that Boruchel's widowed mother-in-law held much of the power in the household, and that her husband's will made Boruchel successor "on the condition that he will follow the ways of Munkács". Boruchel inherited debts and adversaries, and spent much time in Budapest.[36][37][38]

Holocaust

In July 1941 Boruchel, a Polish citizen, was deported from Munkács with his eldest son Zvi Hirsch Nosson Dovid ("Duchu"). They escaped at Jagielnica and hid in Galicia before returning to Hungary in September 1941.[39][40] Rabinowicz says they were sent towards Kamenets-Podolski with 8,000 other Jews.[41] In Budapest Boruchel tried to rescue Polish and Slovak Jews. Heilman says that in spring 1943 he worked with the aristocrat Erzsébet Szapáry to include Polish Jews in a temporary quota for non-Jewish Polish immigrants, provided they hid their Jewish identity.[40] Rabinowicz says he was in contact with Michael Dov Weissmandl of the Slovak Working Group and helped Aharon Rokeach of Belz and his brother escape.[35]

In February 1944 Boruchel told his Hasidim that he was leaving for the Holy Land. In March, at the Great Synagogue of Budapest, he urged his listeners to follow him.[42] The family left via Istanbul, where a daughter was born; Rabinowicz says nine immigration certificates were obtained through Jacob Landau and Hayyim Moshe Shapira.[43][44] The deportation of Munkács's Jews began on 11 May 1944. The last train left on 23 May; Rabinowicz gives 24 May. Boruchel's mother-in-law, who had refused to leave, died at Auschwitz.[43][15]

Palestine and Israel

In Palestine Boruchel had almost no following. His first wife died of tuberculosis a year after their arrival; Rabinowicz dates her death to 27 Nisan 1945, in a sanatorium in Hadera.[45][46][44] He appeared with David Ben-Gurion and Golda Meir at a Tel Aviv protest against the British White Paper.[46] In 1946 he sought the post of chief rabbi of Tel Aviv. Heilman says the bid failed because of opposition from Belz and Ger Hasidim and from Zionists, including a letter in Davar by Chaim Kugel, headed "Is it conceivable?".[47][48] Rabinowicz says the post went to Isser Yehuda Unterman.[44] Heilman writes that the Munkács Hasidim now saw him as too Zionist to be their rebbe.[48]

He then married Yehudit Wallhaus, his children's nanny, at a small ceremony in Ra'anana. Rabinowicz dates the marriage to 1947 and says it caused great controversy among Munkács Hasidim.[49][50][44][51]

Brazil and abdication

A five-month visit to the United States in 1947 failed to rebuild a following.[50][52] In 1951 Boruchel took a rabbinic post in São Paulo, which Heilman describes as in effect abdicating. There he served as the city's Orthodox "chief rabbi" and as a mohel, took a university degree in philosophy and psychology, and taught philosophy at the University of São Paulo.[8][53] Rabinowicz says he gained a master's degree in philosophy and oversaw local kashrut and shechita, including meat exported to Israel.[51] Efforts by Munkács Hasidim in New York in 1952 and 1954 to bring him back failed.[54]

Moshe Leib becomes rebbe

Eliezer Sorotzkin of the Telshe Yeshiva persuaded Boruchel to send his sons Chaim Elazar and Moshe Leib to Telshe near Cleveland, Ohio; Yitzchak Yaakov followed a year later.[55] In 1954 a delegation led by the old gabbai Chaim Dov-Ber Greenfeld ("Chaim Ber") and Binyomin Wulliger began looking for a successor among the sons.[56] Duchu was ruled out, and Chaim Elazar refused; he later studied at the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva.[56][57] On 3 Shevat 5719 (12 January 1959) Chaim Ber and Wulliger offered the crown at Telshe to the third son, Moshe Leib, and he accepted.[9] Boruchel opposed the idea and wanted his son to go to college.[58][59]

A match was arranged by the son-in-law of the Satmar Rebbe. On 7 April 1962 Moshe Leib married Nechama Perl Bernstein of Jerusalem, and Yoel Teitelbaum of Satmar officiated. Heilman says Teitelbaum mentored the young man and wanted Munkács as a satellite of Satmar.[60][61][62] At the wedding Boruchel attacked Chaim Ber and stopped the dancing with a tirade, and left early.[63][64] On the following Sabbath Chaim Ber announced "we have a new rebbe".[64] Rabinowicz writes that Moshe Leib has a strong affinity with Satmar's ideology and was a close friend of Yoel Teitelbaum.[13]

Later life of Boruchel

Heilman says Boruchel returned to Israel in 1963 and worked in the state rabbinate in Holon, later moving to Petach Tikva. Rabinowicz says he stayed in Brazil for 15 years and became chief rabbi of Holon in 1964. Rabinowicz adds that in 1968 he founded a short-lived institute for rabbinic training in Tel Aviv.[12][65][51] A dispute over the dynasty's library and heirlooms divided the family. In a December 1980 letter Boruchel barred his sons Chaim Elazar and Moshe Leib and their families from his funeral and grave.[65][66] Rabinowicz lists the collection, which included a Torah scroll attributed to the Baal Shem Tov and tefillin of the Bnai Yisosschor.[51][67] Boruchel died in Petach Tikva on 26 December 1997 (27 Kislev); Rabinowicz says he was buried the next day in the Segula cemetery.[66][13] Heilman notes that Munkács Hasidim do not mark his yahrzeit.[66] Chaim Ber died on 3 November 1984.[66]

Rebbes

Rebbes of Munkács
Rebbe Dates Notes
Zvi Elimelech Shapira (Bnai Yisosschor) 1783–1841 Rebbe in Munkács, later Dynów.[2]
Shlomo Shapira (Shem Shlomo) 1832–1893 (Heilman); 1831–1893 or died 1883 (Rabinowicz) Grandson of Zvi Elimelech; re-established the court in 1882 (Heilman) or 1880 (Rabinowicz).[2][3][15][16]
Tzvi Hirsch Shapira (Darchei Tshuvah) 1850–1913 (Heilman); died 1914 (Rabinowicz) Son of Shlomo.[2][18]
Chaim Elazar Shapira (Minchas Elazar) 1871–1937 (Heilman's list; his text also gives 1936 for the death); 1872–1937 (Rabinowicz) Only son of Tzvi Hirsch.[2][7][19][34]
Boruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinovich 1914–1997 Son-in-law of Chaim Elazar; gave up the leadership in Brazil.[2][8][66]
Moshe Yehuda Leib Rabinovich born 1940 Third son of Boruchel; offered the leadership in 1959 and became rebbe after his 1962 wedding.[2][9][64]

Borough Park court

After 1969 Moshe Leib moved the court from Williamsburg to Borough Park and founded a primary school.[11] One New York newspaper called him the ultra-Orthodox community's most influential rabbi in government affairs. Heilman writes that he quietly intervened for Hasidic Jews in trouble with the law.[11][68] When Heilman wrote, Moshe Leib was 74; his sons Chaim Elazar and Yerucham Fishel are involved in the court, and Heilman says the next succession is not settled.[66]

Rabinowicz lists the institutions of Moshe Leib and his brother Yitzchak Yaakov, writing in 2000:[13][10]

  • the Darke Teshuva and Minhat Elazar yeshivas and Kollel Nahlat Yisrael;
  • the Minhat Elazar Center in Bnei Brak, Kollel Tiferet Tzvi and Bate Munkacz in Mea Shearim, and a beit midrash on Rehov Yoel in Jerusalem;
  • shtiblech in Montreal, Los Angeles and north London;
  • the Bet Frimet girls' school and high school, and the Mazkeret Frimet bikur cholim (sick-visiting) organisation in New York.

Registered organisations

The organisations below carry the Munkács name (or that of Frima, Boruchel's first wife) and are recorded in IRS data published by ProPublica's Nonprofit Explorer. All but one (Hoitzuas Emes Ohr Torah Munkacs) are recorded with the IRS foundation code for churches, and ProPublica shows no Form 990 filings for any of them, so no financial figures are published.

US tax-exempt organisations with the Munkács name
Organisation EIN Address (register) IRS ruling
Rabbinical Seminary of Munkacs 11-6102295 4706 14th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219 December 1967[69]
Machneh Munkacs 14-6048724 54 Bushville Swan Lake Road, Swan Lake, NY 12783 May 1968[70]
Congregation Kahal Adas Yisrael Munkacs 22-7286734 5202 13th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219 December 1970[71]
United Munkacser Yeshivos 23-7193852 4706 14th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219 December 1972[72]
Munkacs Torah Academy Inc 11-2541086 4706 14th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219 October 1980[73]
The Seminary of Munkacs Inc 11-2590807 4706 14th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219 April 1982[74]
Congregation Gemiles Chesed of Munkacs 11-2676118 1417 49th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11219 June 1984[75]
Bikur Cholim Mazkereth Frima Munkac 11-2862379 1417 49th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11219 August 1987[76]
Mosdos Munkacs 11-3022317 1377 42nd Street, Brooklyn, NY 11219 November 1990[77]
Cong Minchas Eluzer D Munkatch 11-3342049 PO Box 190892, Brooklyn, NY 11219 November 1996[78]
Munkacs Heritage Center 11-3476584 1372 47th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11219 July 1999[79]
Reb Meir Baal Hanes Kolel Munkasch 11-3517729 1417 49th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11219 January 2000[80]
Hoitzuas Emes Ohr Torah Munkacs Inc 88-2817813 5520 13th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219 November 2022[81]

Dynov

Boruchel's youngest son, Yitzchak Yaakov, also tried to set himself up as a rebbe. In the 1980s, from Ditmas Avenue in Kensington, Brooklyn, he used the name "Munkács/Flatbush", which Heilman says challenged his brother's position and strained relations between the brothers.[68][12] He later took the title "Dynover Rebbe", after Zvi Elimelech Shapira's town of Dynów, and moved to Williamsburg in 2008. Heilman says this led to a reconciliation with Moshe Leib and drew some Satmar Hasidim who wanted to avoid the feud between Aaron and Zalman Teitelbaum.[12] Rabinowicz, writing in 2000, already calls him rebbe of Dynov, in Flatbush.[13]

Relations with Satmar

Heilman says Yoel Teitelbaum once remarked publicly on how few heirs the Shapira family had compared with his own, which hurt Chaim Elazar; Teitelbaum later regretted it after his own children died. Heilman presents Teitelbaum's mentoring of Moshe Leib as a form of penance.[61][62] Boruchel resented the fact that many former Munkács Hasidim had joined Satmar, and his 1947 fundraising in Chicago was overshadowed by a visit from Teitelbaum.[52][62]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 26.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 27.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 28.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 29.
  5. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 260.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 264.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 33.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 49.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 56.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 290.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 64.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 66.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 289.
  14. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 253.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 254.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 256.
  17. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 255.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 257.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 258.
  20. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 259.
  21. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 265.
  22. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 266.
  23. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 269.
  24. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 270.
  25. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 262.
  26. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 263.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 273.
  28. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 274.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 282.
  30. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 32.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 30.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 31.
  33. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 272.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 283.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 284.
  36. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 35.
  37. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 36.
  38. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 37.
  39. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 38.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 39.
  41. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 285.
  42. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 40.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 41.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 286.
  45. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 42.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 43.
  47. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 44.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 45.
  49. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 46.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 47.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 287.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 48.
  53. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 51.
  54. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 50.
  55. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 52.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 54.
  57. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 55.
  58. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 57.
  59. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 58.
  60. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 59.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 60.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 61.
  63. ↑ Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 62.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 63.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 67.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 68.
  67. ↑ Tzvi Rabinowicz, Hasidism in Israel: A History of the Hasidic Movement, Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 288.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Samuel C. Heilman, "Munkács: An Oedipal Challenge" in Who Will Lead Us? The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, ISBN 9780520277236, p. 65.
  69. ↑ ProPublica, Rabbinical Seminary Of Munkacs Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-6102295, accessed 27 October 2026.
  70. ↑ ProPublica, Machneh Munkacs Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 14-6048724, accessed 27 October 2026.
  71. ↑ ProPublica, Congregation Kahal Adas Yisrael Munkacs Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 22-7286734, accessed 27 October 2026.
  72. ↑ ProPublica, United Munkacser Yeshivos Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 23-7193852, accessed 27 October 2026.
  73. ↑ ProPublica, Munkacs Torah Academy Inc Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-2541086, accessed 27 October 2026.
  74. ↑ ProPublica, The Seminary Of Munkacs Inc Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-2590807, accessed 27 October 2026.
  75. ↑ ProPublica, Congregation Gemiles Chesed Of Munkacs Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-2676118, accessed 27 October 2026.
  76. ↑ ProPublica, Bikur Cholim Mazkereth Frima Munkac Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-2862379, accessed 27 October 2026.
  77. ↑ ProPublica, Mosdos Munkacs Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-3022317, accessed 27 October 2026.
  78. ↑ ProPublica, Cong Minchas Eluzer D Munkatch Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-3342049, accessed 27 October 2026.
  79. ↑ ProPublica, Munkacs Heritage Center Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-3476584, accessed 27 October 2026.
  80. ↑ ProPublica, Reb Meir Baal Hanes Kolel Munkasch Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 11-3517729, accessed 27 October 2026.
  81. ↑ ProPublica, Hoitzuas Emes Ohr Torah Munkacs Inc Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File data), EIN 88-2817813, accessed 27 October 2026.
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