Patriotic Europeans Against Islamisation of the West

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The slogan on PEGIDA's logo reads 'Away with all the radical trash!' and depicts the flag of Islamic State, the Anti-Fascist network logo, the Communist hammer and sickle, and the Nazi Swastika being thrown in the trash together.

Patriotic Europeans Against Islamisation of the Occident (PEGIDA) is a far-right populist movement in Germany which emerged in late 2014 in Dresden. It opposes what it calls ‘the Islamisation of the West’ and calls for tough immigration policy.

The name is an acronym derived from the German name Patriotische Europäer Gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes ('Patriotic Europeans Against Islamisation of the West').

History

Emergence

PEGIDA began holding weekly demonstrations on Mondays at Schlossplatz square in Dresden[1] in October 2014. Initially attendance figures were in the dozens or hundreds but by December 2014 its rallies were attracting over 10,000 people. The movement’s Facebook page had 44,000 ‘likes’ at the end of 2014[1].

Germany takes in more asylum seekers than any other EU country[2] but PEGIDA’s protests have centred around the east German city of Dresden, the capitol of Saxony, home to neither a large proportion of immigrants (about 2.5%, or 100,000) or a significant Muslim minority (just 0.1%)[2][1]. Der Spiegel linked the emergence of PEGIDA to a general rise in far right protests in Germany in 2014, including 86 attacks on asylum seekers’ hostels between January and September[1].

Writing in mainstream newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, German journalist Peter Carstens drew attention to Dresden's unique historical symbolism, noting that at the end of World War II an Allied air attack killed up to 100,000 people in February 1945.[3] One German scholar noted that neo-Nazi demonstrations had for years taken place on the anniversary of the bombing in the city and argues it is no coincidence that the new movement emerged in Dresden.[4] Other observers say the movement's emergence in Dresden may also be connected to its Communist past and the rapid transformations of recent decades.[5]

Attendees

Attendees at PEGIDA demos appear to include far right activists and football hooligans[6] but reportedly also include members of the public concerned about immigration[7]. Most media outlets called the PEGIDA marches ‘anti-Muslim’, others as ‘anti-immigrant’. The organiser claim to only be against ‘extremism’ but demonstrations have been supported by neo-Nazi groups[2]. Far-right elements identified as having links with PEGIDA include Fist of the East a far right Dresden hooligan group, Hooligans Elbflorenz (Florence on the Elbe, a nickname for Dresden), Skinheads Sächsische Schweiz, a banned far-right organisation[1] and Hooligans Against Salafists (HoGeSa)[1].

One German journalist characterised the attendees as reminiscent of 'a gathering of Saxon craftsmen' and wrote that they were 'Mostly middle-aged men, sturdy types, dressed in outdoor jackets and solid shoes — dressed for all the tasks in construction. Here and there a few older men, all kinds of women, few young people.'[3] A different journalist writing in the same paper suggested the movement was 'deeply middle-class' and the protests themselves 'took a middle-class form (a walk)'[3]

Leadership

According to Der Spiegel, PEGIDA has a ‘middle class leadership’ and at least three key organisers, including founder and leader Lutz Bachmann have prior criminal convictions, including burglary, drug crimes and fraud charges[1]. A translation of a German press agency article on the counterjihad website Gates of Vienna states that Lutz has a 'twelve-person organizational team'.[3] According to some sources, it key organisers were not political active prior to the emergence of the movement.[4]

Ideology

According to The Independent newspaper, PEGIDA’s slogan 'wir sind das Volk' (we are the people), harks back to protests before the fall of the Berlin Wall but ‘Volk’ and ‘Vaterland’ also retain connotations of the Nazi-era. [2][1]. But the group has made efforts to distance itself from the far right, stating that it is against ‘preachers of hate, regardless of what religion’ and ‘radicalism, regardless of whether religiously or politically motivated’[8].

Counterjihad rhetoric

PEGIDA seems to exhibit a counterjihad ideology since organisers reportedly played on fear of Isis and al-Qaedas [6] and it emphasises the preservation of what it calls 'Judeo-Christian Western culture' instead of 'Islamisation' and 'parallel societies with Sharia police'.

Its manifesto also lists policies including integration, 'sexual self-determination' and stopping the 'almost obsessive' movement against gendered German language. It reportedly also calls for the immediate deportation of asylum seekers with criminal convictions[2][1]. Many people on demonstrations waved German flags. Some PEGIDA banners bore the slogan ‘Non-violent and United Against Faith Wars on German Soil’ (‘Gewaltfrei & Vereint Gegen Glaubenskriege auf Deutschem Boden'). Der Spiegel reported that many of those involved in the PEGIDA protests don't believe the official statistics regarding the numbers of Muslims or immigrants but ‘are convinced that a cartel of politicians and "main-stream media" are audaciously misleading the public over the true state of affairs’[1].

Activities

<youtube size="medium" align="right" caption="German protests against growing 'Islamisation'">tz_SfJz-ztM</youtube> PEGIDA began holding weekly demonstrations in Dresden on Mondays in October 2014.

  • A march in Dresden on 8 December attracted approximately 10,000 people. An anonymous PEGIDA speaker reportedly invoked Martin Luther King Jr., beginning his speech with the words ‘I have a dream’, saying he hoped for ‘peaceful coexistence’ but calling for acceptance of what he described as ‘the hard reality that we are in a state of war’[1].
  • A march in Dresden on 1 December 2014 attracted approximately 7,500 people.[5]
  • A march in Dresden on 15 December 2014 attracted between 10,000 and 15,000 people. Around 5,700 attended a counter-demonstration[7].
  • A march in Dresden on 22 December 2014 attracted more than 17,000 people[2]; some estimates put the number at as many as 20,000.

Copycat protests in Germany

Der Spiegel reported that the PEGIDA movement spawned ‘many clones’.[1] Small copycat protests took place in 2014 other German cities such as West Dusseldorf[6], Chemnitz[4] Kassel and Würzburg but these only had a few hundred supporters[1].

In December 2014 the newspaper that PEGIDA protests were planned Cologne, Düsseldorf and Unna in 2015[1]. On 5 January 2015 there were protests in Dresden, Berlin and Cologne. The protests in Berlin and Cologne drew only a few hundred supporters.

The Berlin variant called itself BAERGIDA (also spelled BÄRGIDA or BERGIDA)

The Cologne demonstration using the name KOEGIDA (or KÖGIDA).

A Düsseldorf demonstration and Facebook group used the name DÜGIDA.[4]

In Kassel, a Faecbook group with the name KAGIDA and similar variants appeared in Bonn, Darmstadt and elsewhere.[4]

In Leipzig a first protest was planned for 12 January 2015 under the name LEGIDA[9]

Copycat protests in France

The PEGIDA protest also inspired French anti-Islam activists to take to the streets. On 1 January 2015 the Gates of Vienna blog reported that 18 January 2015 was the date organisers in France has chosen to call for ‘anti-Islamisation’ rallies across the country.[3]

Copycat protests in the UK

On 1 January 2015 a Pegida UK facebook page was set up. It had over 3,000 'likes' one week later. The page claimed to be for Europeans who 'dislike radical Islam' but the tag given to the page was 'Patriots of Europe against Islam'. A post on 6 January 2015 stated that 'ultimately the aim is to organize (sic) peaceful protests' but no date or located had been announced.[10]

Responses

Political responses in Germany

According to The Independent newspaper, the leaders of PEGIDA have reportedly been labelled ‘Nazis in pinstripes’ by opponents (this quote has variously been attributed to Thomas Opperman of Germany’s Social Democrat SPD party [3] and Ralf Jäger of the same party) [1].

Meanwhile Angela Merkel’s Christian Democrats (CDU) were said to have offered ‘mixed’ responses with some urging understanding for the march’s motivations [6]. Saxony Interior Minister Markus Ulbig of the CDU said: ‘We cannot label 10,000 people as right-wing extremists. That creates more problems than it solves’, adding that there were many "middle-class citizens" among the demonstrators, ‘and you can't toss them all into the same Neo-Nazi pot’[1]. However Merkel herself strongly criticised the movement in her New Year's speech, saying 'their hearts are cold and often full of prejudice, and even hate'.[11].

However, Alexander Gauland, one of the leaders of the ‘fast-growing’ Eurosceptic party Alternative for Germany (AfD) however, declared his party ‘the natural allies of this movement’ and announced his intention to attend a Dresden protest on 15 December 2014.[6]

The far-right National Democratic Party (NPD) also appeared to welcome the protests which, according to Der Spiegel, it saw as ‘a chance to take their worldview directly to the middle class’[1].

Security establishment response in Germany

One the eve of one PEGIDA march, Germany’s most senior policeman is reported to have noted 'a visible rise in xenophobic crime countrywide', including growing number of anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish incidents.[6] Germany’s domestic security agencies were said to be monitoring a number of groups including Hooligans Against Salafists (HoGeSa)[1].

Grassroots responses: anti-PEGIDA protests

Anti-PEGIDA protests have taken place or been planned in Würzberg, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt,[1] Dresden,[7] Munich and Cologne. Thousands of anti-fascist protesters on the counter-demonstrations have used the anti-Nazi slogan “nie wieda” - never again [2]. When on 5 January 2015 the PEGIDA protests spread to Berlin and Cologne (drawing only a few hundred supporters in these cities) they were opposed by much larger anti-PEGIDA protests which also took place in Stuttgart and Dresden[8]. In Cologne the famous cathedral turned off its lights to show it did not support the 'anti-Islamisation' protest.

People

  • Lutz Bachmann – founder and leader
  • Dr Karl Schmitt, a former CDU activist, reportedly organised the copycat 'BAERGIDA' demonstration in Berlin[12]

Sweden

  • Henrik Ronnquist founder of the Swedish branch of PEGIDA, who denies the organisation is racist and says he wants thousands upon thousands of Swedes to vocally oppose the 'Islamisation' of the country. [13]

Affiliations

Resources

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 The End of Tolerance? Anti-Muslim Movement Rattles Germany, Spiegel Online International, 21 December 2014, accessed 5 January 2015
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Lizzie Dearden, Germany anti-Islam protests: 17,000 march on Dresden against 'Islamification of the West', The Independent, 23 December 2014, accessed 5 Jan 2015
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Baron Bodissey,Refusing the Islamization of France, Gates of Vienna, 1 January 2015, accessed 5 January 2015
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Anti-Islamization protests expand in Germany, DW.de, 7 December 2014, accessed 6 January 2015
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alison Smale, In German City Rich With History and Tragedy, Tide Rises Against Immigration, New York Times, 7 December 2014, accessed 6 January 2015
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Adam Withnall, Germany sees 'visible rise' in support for far-right extremism in response to perceived 'Islamisation' of the West, The Independent, 15 December 2014, accessed 5 Jan 2015
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Adam Withnall, Dresden march: Germans warned not to heed 'Nazis in pinstripes' as 10,000 turn out for 'anti-Islam' protest, The Independent, 16 December 2014, accessed 5 Jan 2015
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Thousands of Germans protest against anti-Islam rallies, Daily Mail, 5 January 2015, accessed 5 January 2015
  9. ↑ Finding PEGIDA, Gates of Vienna, 27 December 2014, accessed 5 January 2015
  10. ↑ Screengrab of Pegida UK's facebook page on 7 January 2015, Powerbase, 7 January 2015
  11. ↑ Merkel criticizes anti-Islam PEGIDA movement in New Year's speech, DW.de, 31 December 2014, accessed 6 January 2015
  12. ↑ Anti-Islam demos spread to Berlin, The Local, 5 January 2015, accessed 6 January 2015.
  13. ↑ Baron Bod Sweden: "We want thousands against the Islamisation of Sweden," says Swedish PEGIDA founder, YouTube, published 5 January 2015, accessed 7 January 2015
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