Diageo

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'Great people, great brands, holistic performance. That is Diageo.'

Name: Diageo plc www.diageo.com Industry Areas: Alcoholic drinks

Summary

'Every day, everywhere, people enjoy our brands. Together we celebrate life responsibly.'2

Diageo is a British multinational alcohol company, and one of the biggest alcohol companies in the world. It projects an image of itself as a clean, friendly and ethically-oriented company with a commitment to 'corporate social responsibility' (CSR).3 This includes both a professed concern with the harm alcohol can cause, and statements about what a great service the company is providing by producing such well-loved brands As a result, the company manages to gloss over a number of issues for which it has received criticism, such as:

  1. undermining small-scale and independent alcohol production, both in the UK and in East Africa (see Corporate Crimes section of this profile);
  2. assisting a shift towards casualisation of employment terms (see Corporate Crimes section of this profile);
  3. Specific instances of environmental damage and irresponsible marketing (see Corporate Crimes section of this profile);
  4. Diageo's 'ethical' image has also allowed it a significant and increasing role in formulating government policy, both individually and through various alcohol industry bodies. Diageo's networks of links with policy-makers should be especially highlighted (see Influence section of this profile).
  5. Diageo promotes the idea that the major problem of alcohol harm is anti-social behaviour caused by binge-drinking. Many health experts dispute the industry assumption about alcohol harm, suggesting that liver failure caused by sustained drinking, account for the majority of people treated in Accident and Emergency for problems caused by alcohol (see Influence section of this profile).4

Diageo is to play a prominent role in the 2005 G8 Gleneagles Summit. Not only does it own the Gleneagles Hotel where the Summit will take place, it has made its presence felt in determining the policies of the G8. As one of Africa's largest corporations, the company was part of the Business Contact Group of the Commission for Africa, which has essentially recommended a further opening up of markets in Africa to foreign investment (See Corporate Watch report, 'Bringing the G8 Home: Corporate Involvement in and around the G8 in Scotland 2005).

Market share, importance

Diageo PLC is a British multinational alcohol company, selling alcohol in 180 countries, with a substantial presence in 30 countries.5 The company was created in 1997 by the merger of Guinness PLC with Grand Metropolitan PLC (GrandMet). At that stage it was a large multinational with interests in food as well as drink. Today, the company has shed most of its food interests to concentrate on alcohol, acquiring new spirit brands.

In September 2004, Diageo was the 11th largest publicly quoted company in the UK in terms of market capitalisation.6 The company's turnover was £8.89 bn in 2004, with a total profit of £1.87 bn after exceptional items and tax.7 It is the largest spirits company in the world, with many of the leading spirits brands (see section on Products and Projects in this profile). As well as spirits, it is the manufacturer of Guinness, and has a 79% share of the stout sector in Europe.

Number of employees

Various figures are available as to the number of Diageo's employees. These all suggest a reduction in number in the early 2000s, in part due to the company selling many of its non-alcohol divisions. YahooBiz suggests 38,955 employees in June 2003 (down from 62,124 in June 2002).8 Diageo's own website suggests 32,392 for 2004,9 while elsewhere its 'Corporate Responsibility Report' suggests 23,720 in 2004 (as opposed to 24,561 in 2003).10 Whichever figure is accurate, they are employed in numerous small operations across the 180 countries Diageo works in.

History

Diageo PLC was formed with the merger of Guinness PLC, its primary parent company, with Grand Metropolitan PLC (GrandMet), a hotel chain with brewing interests, in 1997. Guinness had already absorbed a number of other companies, including Distillers PLC.

The history of the Guinness family company is celebrated as an important part in the history of Dublin. Arthur Guinness began brewing beer in 1759. He and his family had a reputation for philanthropic activities, which included providing parks and housing for Dublin's poor in the 19th century, when governments relied on private beneficence to enable public services to exist. Diageo’s website celebrates this element of the history of Guinness and links it with its own current policy of social responsibility.11

Diageo's parent companies were involved in a number of controversial and high-profile scandals in the second half of the twentieth century, tarnishing their reputations and perhaps providing an impetus to the re-naming and re-imaging the company underwent when the merger took place. In 1958 Distillers PLC marketed and distributed the drug thalidomide as a treatment for morning sickness, which was found to produce severe deformities in babies.12 In the 1986 'Guinness Affair,' four people including Guinness' former Chief Executive Ernest Saunders were convicted for illegally boosting share prices in a takeover bid (See the Corporate Crimes section of this profile for a more detailed account of these incidents).13

Current Strategy

Perhaps as a result of these incidents, the merger of 1997 brought about a re-branding and re-imaging of the company. The neutral-sounding and fairly meaningless name ‘Diageo PLC’ was chosen. Diageo explains this name as follows: 'the name "Diageo" combines the Latin word for "day" and the Greek word for "earth". Together, the two words mean celebrating life every day, everywhere.’14 This is captured in another of its catchphrases, 'every day, everywhere, people are enjoying our brands.'15

The company indeed has had much to celebrate in recent years:

  • It has become a world leader in spirits production;
  • It has transformed its image through a huge PR campaign since 1997 and today is viewed as a clean and ethical company, and an enthusiastic proponent of corporate social responsibility (CSR) (see Influence section for more on this);
  • Quite possibly assisted by this PR programme, Diageo has also been successful in building a good relationship with the British government. An ethos of corporate responsibility and self-regulation, and a professed commitment to fighting the harm caused by alcohol, has allowed them, together with other companies and industry-wide organisations, to evade regulation and to be involved in government policy, which has in turn been shaped around the alcohol industry's perception of alcohol and alcohol harm (alcohol as something that helps 'celebrating life every day, everywhere.’16)

Diageo's close ties with government, and strong interests in lobbying it, help make sense of its involvement in the G8 summit of July 2005, which will take place at Gleneagles, a hotel in Perthshire in Scotland owned by Diageo.

Products and Projects

Diageo manages 17 of the world’s top 100 premium spirits brands. Recently it has dropped non-alcohol products, selling Pillsbury, a large US firm producing baked foods and snacks, to General Mills in 2001, and selling Burger King, the fast food giant, in 2002, which has allowed the company to escape the current outcry against fast food. Diageo has bought much of the spirits division of Seagram, previously a major spirits company, and other alcohol brands, entrenching its position as a leader in spirits. This reflects a shift to consolidation evident in the spirits sector in general.1

Diageo's key brands include:

Whisky: Bell’s (UK market leader) Johnnie Walker (global market leader in Scotch whiskey), Johnnie Walker Pure Malt J&B (European market leader in Scotch whiskey), J&B Rare Black and White, Haig, Spey Royal, White Horse, VAT 69, Buchanan’s, Dimple, Old Parr, Windsor Premier, Seagram’s 7 Crown, Seagram’s VO, Crown Royal Canadian Whiskey; Single Malt Scoth Whiskys: Cragganmore, Glenkinchie, Oban, Distillery Malts, Hidden Malts, Cardhu.

Vodka: Smirnoff (40% of global market share), Ciroc, Tanqueray Sterling Vodka.

Gin: Gordon’s (around 50% of UK market share), Tanqueray (US market leader in imported gin), Gilbey’s Gin.

Rum: Captain Morgan (UK market leader in dark rum), Cacique, Brandenburg, Pampero, Myer’s Rum.

Brandy: Bertrams VO Brandy.

Liquers: Bailey’s (UK market leader in liquer), Romana Sambuca, Safari.

Schnapps: Archers, Rumple Minze, Goldschlager, Black Haus.

Tequila: Jose Cuervo (global market leader in Tequila), Don Julio.

Pimms

Ready-to-Drinks (alcopops):Smirnoff Ice (UK alcopop market leader, sharing 50% of market together with Bacardi Breezer), Smirnoff Black Ice, Archer’s Aqua, Bailey's Glide, Ruski, UDL

Beer: Guinness (global stout market leader), Harp, Kilkenny, Tusker, Smithwicks, Red Stripe

Wine: Sterling Vineyards, Piat d’Or, Periquita Wines, Justerini & Brooks Wines, Casillero Wines, Blossom Hill Wines, José de Sousa Wines , Baron Philippe Wines, Barton & Guestier Wines, Beaulieu vineyards

Champagne: Dom Perignon

Aperitif: Picon

Diageo also has two joint ventures with Moet-Hennessey, Hennessey Cognac and Moet Chandon.

Diageo's major competitors include Allied Domecq, Pernod Ricard, and Bacardi.

Who, where, how much

Diageo is a UK-based multinational. Its principal brewing locations are in Ireland, the UK, Nigeria, Kenya, Jamaica, Malaysia and Cameroon, though it has bases and markets in 180 countries.

Diageo's sites

Diageo's Head Office: 8 Henrietta Place London W1G 0NB Web: www.diageo.com Email: Company secretary; Investor Relations

Park Royal Site: Cumberland Avenue Park Royal, London NW10 7RR 020 8965 7700

A major site for Diageo is its 'prestige office development' in Park Royal, West London, which is the head office for Diageo Great Britain, and until recently the site of brewing of Guinness for the UK, which is currently being moved to Ireland.1

Diageo Ireland: St James's Gate, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland Tel: 01 643 5438/5683 Fax: 01 408 4814 Email: irish.register@diageo.com

Diageo Scotland ltd: Edinburgh Park 5 Lochside Way Edinburgh Lothian EH12 9DT 0131 519 2000

Diageo Great Britain: Lakeside Drive London NW10 7HQ

For a full list of Diageo's sites around the world, see the company's website: http://www.diageo.com/careers/index.html

Company structure/ownership

Diageo Plc is incorporated as a public limited company in England and Wales. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, as DGE, and on the New York Stock Exchange, as DEO.

Share value

For information about Diageo’s share value see the company's Annual Review.2

According to its Annual Review, Diageo has a total shareholder return (the change in capital value over a period of time of a listed company) of 39%, which makes it rank 6th amongst its competitors.3

Shareholders

Capital Group Companies, Inc. are the only major shareholders, with 123 million ordinary shares (4.01% of the issued ordinary share capital) and no different voting rights. No other major shareholders are listed in Diageo’s Annual Report.

Annual turnover

Turnover in 2004 was £8.89 bn, with total profit £1.87 bn after exceptional items and tax.5 Operating profit before exceptional items and was £1.91 bn in 2004, down from £1.96 bn in 2003. 6

Company officers7

Executive Committee

Paul Walsh Chief Executive Director Diageo's CEO, Paul Walsh was listed by the Guardian as ranking 16th in the top twenty earners in Britain in 2003, with a salary of £3,457,909.8 He joined GrandMet in 1982 going on to become CEO of the Pillsbury Company in 1992. He was appointed to the Diageo Board in 1997 and became its CEO in 2000. His other appointments include Director of the Scotch Whisky Association, Non-Executive Director of Federal Express Corporation9, Non-Executive Director of Centrica PLC (amongst whose brands are British Gas and a number of other suppliers of gas, electricity and telecommunications)10, and Governor of Henley Management Centre.11 Paul Walsh on business in the UK: 'The UK's enterprise culture needs strengthening. We need those who seek to legislate, regulate, or otherwise influence opinion to see business as an inherently good thing, creating prosperity and the foundation on which the institutions of civil society can flourish. We need to change the culture of this country so that enterprise is celebrated.'12

Nick Rose was Finance Director of UDV from 1997 and was appointed to the Diageo board in 1999. His other appointments include Non-Executive Director of Scottish Power13 and Non-Executive Director of Moet Hennessey SNC in France, which has joint ventures with Diageo.14

Other members of the Executive Committee are:

  • Stuart Fletcher - President of Diageo International;
  • Jim Grover - Global Business Support Director;
  • Rob Malcolm - President of Global Marketing Sales and Innovation (who has previously held positions at Proctor and Gamble);
  • Ivan Menezes - President of Diageo North America;
  • Andrew Morgan - President of Diageo Europe;
  • Tim Proctor - General Counsel (who has previously held positions with GlaxoWellcome);
  • Gareth Williams - Human Resources Director.

Board of Directors

James Blyth was appointed as a Non-Executive Director in 1999 and chair in 2000. Lord Blyth's other interests include arms sales: he ran the Defence Export Services Organisation (DESO), the UK Ministry of Defence’s arms export promotion department, from 1981 to 1985, to which he was seconded from Lucas Aerospace ltd, an arms manufacturer.15 DESO's aims are to encourage arms sales by UK companies. It is a forum for arms industry executives to enter the heart of government, through secondments, in order to help the industry sell arms with direct government support.16 In addition Lord Blyth was Non-Executive Director of British Aerospace from 1990 to 1994.17 He has also been Chief Executive of the Plessey Company, and Chair of Boots Company PLC, which he left in 2000 having been Chief Executive since 1987. He is also currently Non-Executive Director of Anixter inc.18 and Vice-Chair of Greenhill inc., a global investment banking firm. Sir Anthony Greener, Chair of Diageo until 2000, announced Lord Blyth's appointment congratulating 'his experience with government,' an 'excellent qualification for the next chair of Diageo,' pointing to the value to the company of a director with experience of working with government,19 given its priorities at that time.

As well as being Senior Non-Executive Director of Diageo Clive Hollick has numerous interests. An active Labour Party member, he was a founding trustee of the Institute for Public Policy Research, a 'centre-left' think-tank that has been very influential on New Labour's policies.20 His work at the IPPR included establishing and being a member of the IPPR's Commission on Public Policy and British Business, which reported in 1997 and 'was subsequently influential in setting Labour's business policy for its first term.'21 The IPPR also organised a forum on responsible drinking in May 2004 which was hosted by Diageo and included speakers from Diageo as well as from government ministries, including Tony Blair.22 Lord Hollick was also a member of the House of Lords Committee on Science and Technology 1995-6, a special advisor to the President of the Board of Trade and the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry 1997-8, and an advisor to successive leaders of the Labour party since 1987, including Margaret Becket and Peter Mandelson. In 2000 he established a cross-party and business group 'Britain in Europe' campaigning for UK's adoption of the Euro.

Lord Hollick is Chief Executive of United Business Media PLC, an international business information group with publishing, broadcasting and market research businesses. He was Managing Director of MAI Plc, a major international media and financial services group which merged with United News and Media PLC in 1996. He is chair of London's South Bank Centre.23 From 1995-7 he was a non-executive Director of Channel 5 Television Group Ltd.24 He is a Governor of the London School of Economics.25

In 1998 Lord Hollick was placed as ranking 32nd in a 'power list' put together by Fulcrum TV, and voted by a panel, of 'Britain's most powerful people'.26

  • Rodney Chase Rodney Chase retired as Senior Non-Executive Director at the 2004 AGM. He has also been Non-Executive Director of Tesco PLC and Deputy Group Chief Executive of BP PLC.
  • Maria Lilja Non-Executive Director of Diageo

Maria Lilja is a Non-Executive Director of Diageo. She was head of American Express Europe 1996-2000. She is also Non-Executive Chair of Mandator AB and Non-Executive Director of Bilia AB, Intrum Justitia AB, Observer AB and Poolia AB, all in Sweden.

  • Keith Oates A Non-Executive Director before retiring at the 2004 AGM, who was also Senior Advisor to Coutts Bank, Monaco, Deputy chair of Marks and Spencers PLC before 1999, a BBC Governor, and Non-Executive Director of BT PLC;

Jonathan Symonds, Non-Executive Director, is also a member of the Accounting Standards Board, joint Chair of the Business Tax Forum, and Chair of the 100 group of Finance Directors. He is also Chief Financial Officer of AstraZeneca PLC,27 which he joined in 1997. Before that he was a partner at KPMG.

William Shanahan Non-Executive Director A Non-Executive Director, William Shanahan has also been President of the Colgate-Palmolive company since 1992.28 He was appointed Non-Executive Director of Diageo in 1999.

Todd Stitzer Non-Executive Director Todd Stitzer, a Non-Executive Director appointed in 2004, is also Chief Executive of Cadbury Schweppes PLC, a role he was appointed to in 2003.29

Paul Walker Non-Executive Director Paul Walker, a non-executive director, is chief executive of the Sage Group PLC,30 which he joined in 1984, and a non-executive director of MyTravel Group PLC.31

Subsidiaries

Diageo has 296 listed subsidiaries, many of which have 'Diageo' in their name, including,

Gleneagles Hotels Ltd32 33

Gleneagles Hotel Auchterarder Perthshire, PH3 1NF

The Gleneagles hotel will be the venue for the G8 summit hosted by Diageo in July 2005. 34

Brighton Grand Hotel Company Ltd

Haagendazs UK [1]35

6 The Market The Piazza London WC2E 8RA

Haagendazs is a large American company producing ice cream. Some of their products have been investigated for GM products (see 'Corporate Crimes' section).36

Auditors

Diageo's auditors are KPMG Audit Plc [2]


References

  1. *^ Paul Walsh, Diageo CEO, The London Business School Summit on Global Leadership, 28.06.04 http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R495.pdf - viewed 18.01.05
  2. *^ Diageo website: http://www.diageo.com/pageengine.asp?site_id=0&section_id=0&page_id=1015 - viewed 24.01.05
  3. *^ Diageo website, http://www.diageo.com
  4. *^ Jo Revill, 'Mid-life drinkers who booze at home risk disease,' The Observer, 23.01.05;http://observer.guardian.co.uk/politics/story/0,,1396586,00.html - viewed 07.02.05
  5. *^ Julia Finch, 'Brewing a set of Standards,' The Guardian 17.11.03, http://society.guardian.co.uk/givinglist/story/0,10994,1087122,00.html - viewed 25.01.05
  6. *^ Diageo Annual Report 2004, http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R531.pdf p. 12 - viewed 24.01.05
  7. *^ Diageo Annual Report 2004, http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R531.pdf - p.26 - viewed 24.01.05
  8. *^ http://uk.biz.yhoo.com/p/d/dge.1.html - viewed 02.01.05
  9. *^ http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=DEO - viewed 02.01.05
  10. *^ Diageo website http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R532.pdf p.16 - viewed 02.01.2005
  11. *^ Diageo website http://www.diageo.com/pageengine.asp?status_id=3000&page_id=22&site_id=3&section_id=24. - viewed 24.01.05
  12. *^ Diageo website http://www.diageo.com/pageengine.asp?menu_id=4&section_id=; Thalidomide UK, http://www.thalidomideuk.com/ - viewed 04.02.05
  13. *^ Mike Verdin, ‘Guinness Four fail in fight for acquittal,’ BBC News Online 21.12.01 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1723136.stm - viewed 26.11.04
  14. *^ Diageo Careers, http://www.diageo-careers.com/WhoWeAre-DidYouKnow.asp+distiller+diageo&hl=en - viewed 26.11.04
  15. *^ Paul Walsh, Diageo CEO, The London Business School Summit on Global Leadership, 28.06.04 http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R495.pdf - viewed 18.01.05
  16. *^ Diageo Careers, http://www.diageo-careers.com/WhoWeAre-DidYouKnow.asp+distiller+diageo&hl=en - viewed 26.11.04
  17. *^ Keynote reports; Diageo annual review 2004, http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R531.pdf - p.5 - viewed 20.01.05
  18. *^ 'Diageo announces plan to move Guinness® brewing from GB to Ireland' 15.04.2004 http://www.diageo.com/pageengine.asp?menu_id=0&site_id=1&section_id=2&page_id=1129 last viewed 05.05.05
  19. *^ Diageo Annual Review 2004, http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R530.pdf - p.84-162 - viewed 24.01.05
  20. *^ Diageo Annual Review 2004, http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R530.pdf - p.5 - viewed 24.01.05
  21. *^ Diageo Annual Report 2004, http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R531.pdf - p.26 - viewed 24.01.05
  22. *^ Diageo Annual Report 2004, http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R531.pdf - viewed 24.01.05
  23. *^ Information about the officers can be found at Diageo's website http://www.diageo.com/pageengine.asp?menu_id=0&site_id=2&section_id=8&page_id=58; and in Who's Who 2004
  24. *^ Guardian press release, 26.08.04,
  25. *{{note|http://www.guardian.co.uk/pressoffice/pressrelease/story/0,,1294243,00.html viewed 24.01.05
  26. *^ Federal Express: 942 South Shady Grove Road, Memphis, Tennessee 38120, 901-369-3600; http://www.fedex.com; 14, Place Sainte Gudule, B-1000 Brussel, ++32 (0)2 515 88 00; UK contacts: http://www.fedex.com/gb/contact/
  27. *^ Centrica http://www.centrica.co.uk; Millstream, Maidenhead Rd, Windsor, SL4 5GD; Tel: 01753 494 000; Fax: 01753 494 001
  28. *^ Henley Management Centre, http://www.henleymc.ac.uk; Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, RG9 3AU 01491 571454; Fax: 0 1491 571635; email: enquiries@henleymc.ac.uk
  29. *^ Paul Walsh, Diageo CEO, The London Business School Summit on Global Leadership, 28.06.04 http://www.diageo.com/download%5C3000---R495.pdf - viewed 18.01.05
  30. *^ Scottish Power; 1 Atlantic Quay, Glasgow, G2 8SP; http://www.scottishpower.com
  31. *^ Moet Hennessey Louis Vuitton, 65 Avenue Edouard Vaillant, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France http://www.lvmh.com
  32. *^ http://www.hemscott.co.uk/guru_online_test_drive/ind_dir_biog.htm - viewed 18.01.05; Campaign Against the Arms Trade, http://www.caat.org.uk/information/publications/other/political-influence-0403.pdf - viewed 18.01.05
  33. *^ To view the DESO website: http://www.deso.mod.uk/policy.htm - viewed 18.01.05 For more on DESO: Campaign Against the Arms Trade, http://www.caat.org.uk/information/publications/other/political-influence-0403.pdf - viewed 18.01.05
  34. *^ Campaign Against the Arms Trade, http://www.caat.org.uk/information/magazine/0204/brothers-in-arms.php++lord+blyth+mod&hl=en - viewed 29.11.04
  35. *^ Anixter European HQ 1 York Rd, Uxbridge UB9 1RN, 01895 818181, europe@anixter.com, UK HQ 1st Floor, Wellington House, 4-10 Cowley Rd Uxbridge UB8 2XW 01895 276800, infomktg@anixter.com
  36. *^ Diageo News Release, 7 October 1999, 'Board Appointments at Diageo' http://www.diageo.com/pageengine.asp?menu_id=0&site_id=2&section_id=9&page_id=382
  37. *^ Institute for Public Policy Research,
  38. *{{note|www.ippr.org.uk/about/index.php?current=trustees - viewed 08.02.05
  39. *^ Institute for Public Policy Research, http://www.ippr.org.uk/research/index.php?current=28&detail=history - viewed 29.11.04
  40. *^ Julia Finch, 'Drink Firm's Shock for Bingers,' The Guardian, 09.10.04, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,,1323368,00.html - viewed 10.02.05
  41. *^ http://www.culture.gov.uk/global/press_notices/archive_2002/dcms23_2002.htm?month=February&properties=archive_2002%2C%2Fglobal%2Fpress_notices%2Farchive_2002%2F%2C - viewed 29.11.04
  42. *^ Channel 5, 22 Long Acre, London WC2E 9LY http://www.channel5.co.uk
  43. *^ http://www.mynottinghill.co.uk/nottinghilltv/celebs&gossip-lord-hollick.htm- -viewed 18.01.05
  44. *^ The Power List, Fulcrum TV, http://www.fulcrumtv.com/power.htm -viewed 05.05.2005
  45. *^ AstraZeneca PLC, 15 Stanhope Gate, London W1K 1LN, 020 7304 5000, http://www.astrazeneca.co.uk
  46. *^ Colgate-Palmolive http://www.colgate.com
  47. *^ Cadbury Schweppes PLC, 25 Berkeley Sq., London W1J 6HB, 0800 279 9640, http://www.cadburyschweppes.com http://www.cadburyschweppes.com/EN/feedback/feedback.aspx?dept=Todd%20Stitzer - viewed 08.02.05
  48. *^ The Sage Group PLC, North Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE13 9AA, 0191 294 3000, http://www.sage.co.uk/home.asp
  49. *{{note|31 MyTravel Group, Parkway Business Centre, 300 Princes Rd., Manchester M14 7QU, 0161 232 0066 http://www.mytravelgroup.com,
  50. *^ http://fame.bvdep.com/cgi/template.dll?context=33Y78C&tpl=reportframe&bitnr=14627&pushlink=0 - viewed 01.12.05
  51. *^ Gleneagles website, http://www.gleneagles.com - viewed 24.01.05
  52. *^ Grampian TV, 10.06.04, http://northtonight.grampiantv.co.uk/content/default.asp?page=s1_1_1&newsid=4038 - viewed 24.01.05
  53. *^ http://fame.bvdep.com/cgi/template.dll?context=33Y78C&tpl=reportframe&bitnr=513278&pushlink=0 - viewed 01.12.05
  54. *^ http://www.btinternet.com/-clairejr/foodcomp/foodcomp.html - viewed 10.10.04
  55. *^ KPMG website, http://www.kpmg.com/ - viewed 08.02.05
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