Difference between revisions of "Allen Dulles"

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[[Image:Allen_w_dulles.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Allen Dulles]]
 
'''Allen Welsh Dulles''' was director of the [[CIA]] from 26 February 1953 to 29 November 1961.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-and-deputy-directors-of-central-intelligence/dulles.html Allen Welsh Dulles], Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.</ref>
 
'''Allen Welsh Dulles''' was director of the [[CIA]] from 26 February 1953 to 29 November 1961.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-and-deputy-directors-of-central-intelligence/dulles.html Allen Welsh Dulles], Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.</ref>
  
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Dulles was born in Watertown, New York in 1893. His grandfather and uncle had both served as US Secretaries of State.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.</ref>  
 
Dulles was born in Watertown, New York in 1893. His grandfather and uncle had both served as US Secretaries of State.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.</ref>  
  
 +
==State Department==
 +
Following the First World War, Dulles served as an American diplomat with the [[American Commission to Negotiate the Peace]] at Versailles. In the 1920s, he served as the chief of the Near Eastern Division at the State Department, and as US representative on various arms conferences.<ref>Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.</ref>
 +
 +
In that capacity, Dulles carefully monitored negotiations over Iraqi oil. In 1924, he told [[Standard Oil of New Jersey|Standard Oil]]'s [[Walter Teagle]] that the concession claimed by the European-backed [[Turkish Petroleum Company]] was invalid.<ref>Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, Pocket Books, 1993, p.201.</ref>
 +
 +
==1930s==
 +
Kees van der Pjil argues that Dulles brothers, along with the Rockefellers, were part of a pro-German state-monopoly tendency within American capitalism, which came to the fore in the interwar-period at the expense of a previously prevailing liberal-internationalist tendency:
 +
::[[Sullivan & Cromwell]], the Wall Street law firm in which they were partners and which they turned into a financial group in the 1930s, was the American agent for [[IG Farben]] and the [[Vereignigte Stahlwerke]], while the brothers were also directors of [[IG Chemical Corp]]. Sullivan & Cromwell had further links with the German [[Schroder Bank]] and with [[Lazard Fréres]]; Allen Dulles was a director of the [[J. Schroder Banking Corporation]] in New York.<ref>Kees van der Pjil, [http://www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/atlanticrulingclass/ The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class], Verso, 1984, p.82.</ref>
 +
 +
In 1935, Dulles and [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]] published ''Can We Be Neutral'', an examination of US neutrality legislation.<ref>Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.</ref>
 +
 +
==World War Two==
 +
In September 1939, Dulles and Fish Armstrong published ''Can America Stay Neutral'', which warned that "no neutrality legislation can give us the advantages of an isolation that does not in fact exist."<ref>Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.</ref>
 +
 +
===Century Group===
 +
At a meeting of the [[Century Group]] on 5 September 1940, Dulles was detailed to chair a committee looking at ways to better co-ordinate British and American production.<ref>Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.110.</ref> Dulles drifted away from the Group after the US-UK Destoyers for Bases Agreement that month, apparently feeling it had served its purpose.<ref>Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.113.</ref>
 +
 +
===Fight For Freedom===
 +
Dulles was a member of the Executive Committee of [[Fight For Freedom]]  drawn up at the [[Century Club]] on 22 April 1941.<ref>Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.169.</ref>
 +
 +
Dulles was among the speakers at the Fight For Freedom Continental Congress on 9-10 October 1941.<ref>Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.229.</ref>
 +
 +
===Co-ordinator of Information===
 +
Dulles headed the New York office of [[William Donovan]]'s [[Office of the Coordinator of Information]], an intelligence agency established in July 1941. Dulles worked out of the same building as [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC), 630 Fifth Avenue. His assistant was [[De Witte Poole]].<ref>Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939-44, Brassey's, 1999, p.51.</ref>
 +
 +
According to one BSC document, Dulles intervened in March 1942 to have the British hold their American propaganda campaign against [[I.G.. Farben]], on the grounds that "this might involve large American companies like [[Standard Oil of New Jersey]], etc., thereby perhaps impairing the war effort." Thomas Mahl's account of this episode notes that Dulles was himself a former attorney for Standard Oil.<ref>Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939-44, Brassey's, 1999, p.100.</ref>
 +
 +
===OSS===
 +
As head of the [[OSS]] station in Berne, Dulles met in February 1943 with [[Frederick Vanden Heuvel]] and [[Walter Schellenberg]] of the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] to discuss peace proposals by elements in the [[SS]]. Dulles allegedly told Prince [[Max Hohenlohe]] that a 'Greater Germany' and a 'Danubian conferederation' would provide a bulwark against Bolshevism.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.168.</ref>
 +
 +
In April 1943, the exiled Russian nationalist Prince [[Anton Turkul]] attempted usuccesfuly to make contact with Dulles.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.198.</ref>
 +
 +
==Postwar==
 
At the end of World War Two, Dulles rejoined  [[Sullivan & Cromwell]], the New York law firm where his brother [[John Foster Dulles]] was a partner.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.13.</ref>
 
At the end of World War Two, Dulles rejoined  [[Sullivan & Cromwell]], the New York law firm where his brother [[John Foster Dulles]] was a partner.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.13.</ref>
  
−
Dulles briefed a Congressional Committee considering the formation of the [[CIA]].<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.</ref>
+
According to [[Carmel Offie]], Dulles represented [[Nicholas Malaxa]], a Romanian fascist, who sought German citizenship in 1946.<ref>Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.223.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Dulles briefed a Congressional Committee considering the formation of the [[CIA]] on 27 June 1947.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.</ref>
 +
 
 +
In early 1948, Defence Secretary [[James Forrestal]] asked Dulles to compile a secret report on the CIA.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.40.</ref> Forrestal also backed Dulles in calling for CIA control of covert action, in opposition to [[George Kennan]] at the State Department.<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.84.</ref>
 +
 
 +
The [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) emerged as a compromise. Dulles passed up the opportunity to head this body in the belief that he would be appointed CIA director in a Republican administration following the 1948 election.<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.85.</ref>
 +
 
 +
In April 1948, Dulles helped Count [[Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi]] set up the [[American Committee for a Free and United Europe]].<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.227.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Dulles later abandoned Coudenhove-Kalergi and backed [[Joseph Retinger]], becoming vice-chair of the [[American Committee for a United Europe]] (ACUE), which was incorporated in February 1949, and launched a month later. <ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.228.</ref> 
 +
 
 +
In May 1949, Dulles' law firm drew up the legal papers for the creation of the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]].<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.87.</ref> In the same month, he authored an article in the [[New Leader]] calling for a new internal security commission in the United States.<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.132.</ref>
  
 
==CIA Deputy Director for Plans==
 
==CIA Deputy Director for Plans==
−
[[CIA]] director [[Walter Bedell Smith]] appointed Dulles Deputy Director of Plans, responsible for covert operations, on 4 January 1951.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.59.</ref>
+
[[CIA]] director [[Walter Bedell Smith]] appointed Dulles Deputy Director of Plans, responsible for covert operations, on 4 January 1951.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.59.</ref> Shortly afterwards, he met [[Jay Lovestone]] who obtained funds for operations in Finland and Indonesia.<ref>Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.218.</ref>
  
−
In May 1952 Dulles held a secret conference at the Princetown Inn to consider the scope for covert action in Eastern Europe. [[Chip Bohlen]] was among those present.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.70-71.</ref>
+
In March 1951, [[Jay Lovestone]] met Dulles in a failed attempt to gain block grants for the [[Free Trade Union Committee]] (FTUC), thereby strengthening its independence.<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.98.</ref> In the same month, Dulles visited London where he urged [[MI6]] to abandon support for [[Stepan Bandera]]'s Ukrainian guerrilas, something which [[Harry Carr]], head of MI6's Northern Division, refused to do.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.245.</ref>
 +
 
 +
In April 1951, Dulles appointed [[Thomas W. Braden|Thomas Braden]] head of the [[International Organizations Division]], taking control of labour affairs from [[Frank Wisner]]. He told the FTUC to sack [[Carmel Offie]] in return for continued funding.<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.98.</ref>
 +
 
 +
In May 1952 Dulles held a secret conference at the Princetown Inn to consider the scope for covert action in Eastern Europe. [[Charles Bohlen]] was among those present.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.70-71.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Project Ultra===
 +
Dulles and [[Frank Wisner]] were briefed on [[Project Artichoke]], the CIA's experimental program on the use of LSD and other drugs for interrogation purposes on 12 May 1952. Dulles approved an expanded program, [[MK-Ultra|Project Ultra]], a few months later.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.73-74.</ref>
  
 
==CIA Director==
 
==CIA Director==
 
Dulles was appointed Director of the CIA in the new [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] administration on 26 February 1953.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-and-deputy-directors-of-central-intelligence/dulles.html Allen Welsh Dulles], Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.</ref><ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.78-79.</ref>
 
Dulles was appointed Director of the CIA in the new [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] administration on 26 February 1953.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-and-deputy-directors-of-central-intelligence/dulles.html Allen Welsh Dulles], Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.</ref><ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.78-79.</ref>
 +
 +
Dulles gave [[James Angleton]] responsibility for two areas in addition to his counterintelligence responsibilities, liason with Israel and running [[Jay Lovestone]].<ref>Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.247.</ref>
 +
 +
In a letter to Eisenhower in May 1954, CIA officer [[Jim Kellis]] wrote that Dulles was "a ruthless, ambitious and utterly incompetent government administrator.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.123.</ref>
  
 
Dulles was reappointed as CIA director following the election of [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961. According to Tim Weiner, this was influenced by [[Joseph Kennedy]]'s awareness that Dulles had been told by [[J. Edgar Hoover]] about a World War Two-era sexual relationship between the new president and a suspected German spy.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.191.</ref>  
 
Dulles was reappointed as CIA director following the election of [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961. According to Tim Weiner, this was influenced by [[Joseph Kennedy]]'s awareness that Dulles had been told by [[J. Edgar Hoover]] about a World War Two-era sexual relationship between the new president and a suspected German spy.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.191.</ref>  
  
 
Dulles retired as head of the CIA in September 1961.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.206.</ref>
 
Dulles retired as head of the CIA in September 1961.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.206.</ref>
 +
 +
 +
 +
===Congress for Cultural Freedom===
 +
In late 1954, [[Sidney Hook]] obtained $10,000 for the [[American Congress for Cultural Freedom]] after a meeting with Dulles.<ref>Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.112.</ref>
 +
 +
===Iran===
 +
On 18 February 1953, Dulles met the new British [[MI6]] chief, Sir [[John  Sinclair]], who briefed him on [[Operation Boot]], Britain's plan to overthrow the Iranian Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]]. Sinclair proposed [[Kim Roosevelt]] as field commander for the project, which Dulles renamed [[Operation Ajax]].<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.95.</ref>
 +
 +
Dulles' warning of a communist threat in Iran was initially rebuffed by Eisenhower at a [[National Security Council]] meeting on 4 March. However, on 18 March [[Frank Wisner]], passed on Dulles' initial approval to Roosevelt and [[Montague Woodhouse]]. Dulles dismissed the CIA station chief in Tehran, [[Roger Goiran]], for opposing a coup.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.96-97.</ref>
 +
 +
Dulles was among those present at the meeting chaired by his brother, [[John Foster Dulles]] which gave final approval for the coup.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.587.</ref>
 +
 +
Dulles travelled to Europe during the operation itself, where he bumped into the Shah, who had fled to Rome.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.101-103.</ref>
 +
 +
Following the coup, Dulles' law firm [[Sullivan & Cromwell]] negotiated the redivision of Iran's oil reserves to the advantage of US companies. [[British Petroleum]], an old client of the firm, was assisted with the takeover of [[Standard Oil of Ohio]] by way of compensation.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.595.</ref>
 +
 +
===Guatemala===
 +
Dulles approved [[Operation Success]], the CIA plan to overthrow the government of Guatemala, on 9 December 1953. He appointed [[Al Haney]] as field commander and [[Tracey Barnes]] as head of political warfare.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.107.</ref>
 +
 +
===Syria===
 +
In October 1956, Dulles and [[Richard Helms]] met [[Dick White]] and [[George Kennedy Young]] in London to discuss plans for a coup in Syria. White and Young did no mention Britain's impending attempt to retake the Suez canal.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.637.</ref>
 +
 +
===Hungary===
 +
On 1 November 1956, during the Hungarian uprising, Dulles wrongly briefed Eisenhower that "armed force could not effectively be used" by the Soviet Union.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.151.</ref> On 5 November, however, he told the president that the Soviets were ready to send 250,000 troops to Egypt to defend the Suez Canal.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.152.</ref>
 +
 +
===Indonesia===
 +
Eisenhower ordered the CIA to overthrow the [[Sukarno]] government on 25 September 1957.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.170.</ref>Dulles failed to obey the President's order that no American personnel were to be involved, and CIA pilots began bombing in support of US-backed rebels on 19 April 1958. Hower, American pilot [[Al Pope]] was captured on 18 May. Dulles ordered the operation stood down the next day.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.175-176.</ref>
 +
 +
===Japan===
 +
Dulles had a secret meeting in his office 6 February 1959 with Japanese Prime Minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]], a convicted war criminal, and according to Tim Weiner, a recruited CIA agent.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.139.</ref>
  
 
===Cuba===
 
===Cuba===
−
Eisenhower agreed to train a covert paramilitary unit to overthrow [[Fidel Castro]] at a meeting with Dulles and [[Richard Bissell]] on 18 August 1960.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.</ref>
+
On 11 September 1959, [[Richard M. Bissell Jr|Richard Bissell]] sent Dulles a memo proposing the elimination of [[Fidel Castro]]. Dulles crossed out the word ''elimination'', replaced it with ''removal from Cuba'' and approved the proposal.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.180.</ref>
 +
 
 +
On 8 January 1960, Dulles ordered Bissell to organise a task force to overthrow Castro.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.180.</ref>
  
−
At a meeting with President-Elect Kennedy on 18 November 1960, Dulles and Bissell failed to tell Kennedy that Eisenhower had not given final approval for an invasion of Cuba.
+
Dulles briefed Vice-President [[Richard Nixon]] on the CIA's covert operations in Cuba on 2 March 1960.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.181.</ref> He and Bissell presented detailed plans to Eisenhower and Nixon on 17 March. These called for the infiltration of agents into Cuba rather than an outright invasion.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.181.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Eisenhower agreed to train a covert paramilitary unit to overthrow Castro at a meeting with Dulles and Richard Bissell on 18 August 1960.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.</ref> In the same month, Dulles allowed Bissell to take out a Mafia contract on Castro.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.186.</ref>
 +
 
 +
At a meeting with President-Elect Kennedy on 18 November 1960, Dulles and Bissell failed to tell Kennedy that Eisenhower had not given final approval for an invasion of Cuba.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.191.</ref>
  
 
On 22 April 1961, following the the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy ordered Dulles to step up coverage of Cuban operations in the United States, an activity outside the [[CIA]]'s charter. Dulles told the [[Maxwell Taylor|Taylor]] inquiry the same day: "I'm first to recognize that I don't think that the [[CIA]] should run paramilitary operations."<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.204.</ref>  
 
On 22 April 1961, following the the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy ordered Dulles to step up coverage of Cuban operations in the United States, an activity outside the [[CIA]]'s charter. Dulles told the [[Maxwell Taylor|Taylor]] inquiry the same day: "I'm first to recognize that I don't think that the [[CIA]] should run paramilitary operations."<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.204.</ref>  
  
−
A report by the CIA Inspector General [[Lyman Kirkpatrick]] concluded that Dulles had failed to keep the Eisenhower or Kennedy accurately informed about the operation. Dulles destroyed all but a single copy of the report, which was locked away for 40 years.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.206.</ref>
+
A report by the CIA Inspector General [[Lyman Kirkpatrick]] concluded that Dulles had failed to keep Eisenhower or Kennedy accurately informed about the operation. Dulles destroyed all but a single copy of the report, which was locked away for 40 years.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.206.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Tibet===
 +
Eisenhower approved an operation to support Tibetan guerrillas against the Chinese following a briefing by Dulles and [[Desmond FitzGerald]] in February 1960.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.349.</ref>
  
 
===Congo===
 
===Congo===
−
At a meeting of the [[National Security Council]] on 18 August 1960, Eisenhower ordered Dulles to eliminate the Prime Minister of the Congo, [[Patrice Lumumba]].<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.</ref>
+
At a meeting of the [[National Security Council]] on 18 August 1960, Eisenhower ordered Dulles to eliminate the Prime Minister of the Congo, [[Patrice Lumumba]].<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.</ref> At another NSC meeting on 21 September, Dulles told Eisenhower that [[Joseph Mobutu]] was "the only man in the Congo able to act with firmness".<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.189.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Dominican Republic===
 +
In January 1961, Dulles presided over a special group within the US government which agreed to support the assassination of [[Rafael Trujillo]], the US-backed dictator of the Dominican Republic.<ref>Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.198.</ref>
  
 
==Affiliations==
 
==Affiliations==
 
*[[Sullivan & Cromwell]]
 
*[[Sullivan & Cromwell]]
 +
*[[IG Chemical Corp]]
 +
*[[J. Schroder Banking Corporation]]
 
*[[Century Group]]
 
*[[Century Group]]
 
*[[Fight For Freedom Committee]]
 
*[[Fight For Freedom Committee]]
Line 39: Line 141:
 
*[[American Committee for a United Europe]]
 
*[[American Committee for a United Europe]]
 
*[[National Committee for a Free Europe]]
 
*[[National Committee for a Free Europe]]
 +
*[[Overseas Consultants]]
 
*[[Central Intelligence Agency]]
 
*[[Central Intelligence Agency]]
 
*[[Council on Foreign Relations]]
 
*[[Council on Foreign Relations]]
Line 44: Line 147:
 
===Connections===
 
===Connections===
 
*[[John Foster Dulles]] - Brother
 
*[[John Foster Dulles]] - Brother
 +
*[[Eleanor Dulles]] - Sister
 +
*[[Fritz Molden]] - Son-in-law
 +
====OSS Geneva contacts====
 +
*[[Noel Field]] - Contact with German Communists.
 +
*[[Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz]]
 +
*Dr [[Wilhelm Hoegner]]
 +
*[[Hans Bernd Gisevius]]
 +
*[[Adam von Trott du Solz]]
 +
*Prince [[Max von Hohenlohe]]
 +
*[[Fritz Kolbe]]
 +
*[[Eduard Waetjen]]
 +
*[[Theodor Struenck]]
  
 
==External Resources==
 
==External Resources==
 
*NameBase [http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01?Na=Dulles,+Allen+W. DULLES ALLEN WELSH]
 
*NameBase [http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01?Na=Dulles,+Allen+W. DULLES ALLEN WELSH]
 
*History Commons [http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=allen_welsh_dulles Profile: Allen Welsh Dulles]
 
*History Commons [http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=allen_welsh_dulles Profile: Allen Welsh Dulles]
 +
*Eric Lichtblau, [http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/us/in-cold-war-us-spy-agencies-used-1000-nazis.html?ref=world&_r=0&referrer= In Cold War, U.S. Spy Agencies Used 1,000 Nazis], ''New York Times'', 26 October 2014.
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 14:41, 27 October 2014

Allen Dulles

Allen Welsh Dulles was director of the CIA from 26 February 1953 to 29 November 1961.[1]

Background

Dulles was born in Watertown, New York in 1893. His grandfather and uncle had both served as US Secretaries of State.[2]

State Department

Following the First World War, Dulles served as an American diplomat with the American Commission to Negotiate the Peace at Versailles. In the 1920s, he served as the chief of the Near Eastern Division at the State Department, and as US representative on various arms conferences.[3]

In that capacity, Dulles carefully monitored negotiations over Iraqi oil. In 1924, he told Standard Oil's Walter Teagle that the concession claimed by the European-backed Turkish Petroleum Company was invalid.[4]

1930s

Kees van der Pjil argues that Dulles brothers, along with the Rockefellers, were part of a pro-German state-monopoly tendency within American capitalism, which came to the fore in the interwar-period at the expense of a previously prevailing liberal-internationalist tendency:

Sullivan & Cromwell, the Wall Street law firm in which they were partners and which they turned into a financial group in the 1930s, was the American agent for IG Farben and the Vereignigte Stahlwerke, while the brothers were also directors of IG Chemical Corp. Sullivan & Cromwell had further links with the German Schroder Bank and with Lazard Fréres; Allen Dulles was a director of the J. Schroder Banking Corporation in New York.[5]

In 1935, Dulles and Hamilton Fish Armstrong published Can We Be Neutral, an examination of US neutrality legislation.[6]

World War Two

In September 1939, Dulles and Fish Armstrong published Can America Stay Neutral, which warned that "no neutrality legislation can give us the advantages of an isolation that does not in fact exist."[7]

Century Group

At a meeting of the Century Group on 5 September 1940, Dulles was detailed to chair a committee looking at ways to better co-ordinate British and American production.[8] Dulles drifted away from the Group after the US-UK Destoyers for Bases Agreement that month, apparently feeling it had served its purpose.[9]

Fight For Freedom

Dulles was a member of the Executive Committee of Fight For Freedom drawn up at the Century Club on 22 April 1941.[10]

Dulles was among the speakers at the Fight For Freedom Continental Congress on 9-10 October 1941.[11]

Co-ordinator of Information

Dulles headed the New York office of William Donovan's Office of the Coordinator of Information, an intelligence agency established in July 1941. Dulles worked out of the same building as British Security Coordination (BSC), 630 Fifth Avenue. His assistant was De Witte Poole.[12]

According to one BSC document, Dulles intervened in March 1942 to have the British hold their American propaganda campaign against I.G.. Farben, on the grounds that "this might involve large American companies like Standard Oil of New Jersey, etc., thereby perhaps impairing the war effort." Thomas Mahl's account of this episode notes that Dulles was himself a former attorney for Standard Oil.[13]

OSS

As head of the OSS station in Berne, Dulles met in February 1943 with Frederick Vanden Heuvel and Walter Schellenberg of the Sicherheitsdienst to discuss peace proposals by elements in the SS. Dulles allegedly told Prince Max Hohenlohe that a 'Greater Germany' and a 'Danubian conferederation' would provide a bulwark against Bolshevism.[14]

In April 1943, the exiled Russian nationalist Prince Anton Turkul attempted usuccesfuly to make contact with Dulles.[15]

Postwar

At the end of World War Two, Dulles rejoined Sullivan & Cromwell, the New York law firm where his brother John Foster Dulles was a partner.[16]

According to Carmel Offie, Dulles represented Nicholas Malaxa, a Romanian fascist, who sought German citizenship in 1946.[17]

Dulles briefed a Congressional Committee considering the formation of the CIA on 27 June 1947.[18]

In early 1948, Defence Secretary James Forrestal asked Dulles to compile a secret report on the CIA.[19] Forrestal also backed Dulles in calling for CIA control of covert action, in opposition to George Kennan at the State Department.[20]

The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) emerged as a compromise. Dulles passed up the opportunity to head this body in the belief that he would be appointed CIA director in a Republican administration following the 1948 election.[21]

In April 1948, Dulles helped Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi set up the American Committee for a Free and United Europe.[22]

Dulles later abandoned Coudenhove-Kalergi and backed Joseph Retinger, becoming vice-chair of the American Committee for a United Europe (ACUE), which was incorporated in February 1949, and launched a month later. [23]

In May 1949, Dulles' law firm drew up the legal papers for the creation of the National Committee for a Free Europe.[24] In the same month, he authored an article in the New Leader calling for a new internal security commission in the United States.[25]

CIA Deputy Director for Plans

CIA director Walter Bedell Smith appointed Dulles Deputy Director of Plans, responsible for covert operations, on 4 January 1951.[26] Shortly afterwards, he met Jay Lovestone who obtained funds for operations in Finland and Indonesia.[27]

In March 1951, Jay Lovestone met Dulles in a failed attempt to gain block grants for the Free Trade Union Committee (FTUC), thereby strengthening its independence.[28] In the same month, Dulles visited London where he urged MI6 to abandon support for Stepan Bandera's Ukrainian guerrilas, something which Harry Carr, head of MI6's Northern Division, refused to do.[29]

In April 1951, Dulles appointed Thomas Braden head of the International Organizations Division, taking control of labour affairs from Frank Wisner. He told the FTUC to sack Carmel Offie in return for continued funding.[30]

In May 1952 Dulles held a secret conference at the Princetown Inn to consider the scope for covert action in Eastern Europe. Charles Bohlen was among those present.[31]

Project Ultra

Dulles and Frank Wisner were briefed on Project Artichoke, the CIA's experimental program on the use of LSD and other drugs for interrogation purposes on 12 May 1952. Dulles approved an expanded program, Project Ultra, a few months later.[32]

CIA Director

Dulles was appointed Director of the CIA in the new Dwight D. Eisenhower administration on 26 February 1953.[33][34]

Dulles gave James Angleton responsibility for two areas in addition to his counterintelligence responsibilities, liason with Israel and running Jay Lovestone.[35]

In a letter to Eisenhower in May 1954, CIA officer Jim Kellis wrote that Dulles was "a ruthless, ambitious and utterly incompetent government administrator.[36]

Dulles was reappointed as CIA director following the election of John F. Kennedy in 1961. According to Tim Weiner, this was influenced by Joseph Kennedy's awareness that Dulles had been told by J. Edgar Hoover about a World War Two-era sexual relationship between the new president and a suspected German spy.[37]

Dulles retired as head of the CIA in September 1961.[38]


Congress for Cultural Freedom

In late 1954, Sidney Hook obtained $10,000 for the American Congress for Cultural Freedom after a meeting with Dulles.[39]

Iran

On 18 February 1953, Dulles met the new British MI6 chief, Sir John Sinclair, who briefed him on Operation Boot, Britain's plan to overthrow the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Sinclair proposed Kim Roosevelt as field commander for the project, which Dulles renamed Operation Ajax.[40]

Dulles' warning of a communist threat in Iran was initially rebuffed by Eisenhower at a National Security Council meeting on 4 March. However, on 18 March Frank Wisner, passed on Dulles' initial approval to Roosevelt and Montague Woodhouse. Dulles dismissed the CIA station chief in Tehran, Roger Goiran, for opposing a coup.[41]

Dulles was among those present at the meeting chaired by his brother, John Foster Dulles which gave final approval for the coup.[42]

Dulles travelled to Europe during the operation itself, where he bumped into the Shah, who had fled to Rome.[43]

Following the coup, Dulles' law firm Sullivan & Cromwell negotiated the redivision of Iran's oil reserves to the advantage of US companies. British Petroleum, an old client of the firm, was assisted with the takeover of Standard Oil of Ohio by way of compensation.[44]

Guatemala

Dulles approved Operation Success, the CIA plan to overthrow the government of Guatemala, on 9 December 1953. He appointed Al Haney as field commander and Tracey Barnes as head of political warfare.[45]

Syria

In October 1956, Dulles and Richard Helms met Dick White and George Kennedy Young in London to discuss plans for a coup in Syria. White and Young did no mention Britain's impending attempt to retake the Suez canal.[46]

Hungary

On 1 November 1956, during the Hungarian uprising, Dulles wrongly briefed Eisenhower that "armed force could not effectively be used" by the Soviet Union.[47] On 5 November, however, he told the president that the Soviets were ready to send 250,000 troops to Egypt to defend the Suez Canal.[48]

Indonesia

Eisenhower ordered the CIA to overthrow the Sukarno government on 25 September 1957.[49]Dulles failed to obey the President's order that no American personnel were to be involved, and CIA pilots began bombing in support of US-backed rebels on 19 April 1958. Hower, American pilot Al Pope was captured on 18 May. Dulles ordered the operation stood down the next day.[50]

Japan

Dulles had a secret meeting in his office 6 February 1959 with Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi, a convicted war criminal, and according to Tim Weiner, a recruited CIA agent.[51]

Cuba

On 11 September 1959, Richard Bissell sent Dulles a memo proposing the elimination of Fidel Castro. Dulles crossed out the word elimination, replaced it with removal from Cuba and approved the proposal.[52]

On 8 January 1960, Dulles ordered Bissell to organise a task force to overthrow Castro.[53]

Dulles briefed Vice-President Richard Nixon on the CIA's covert operations in Cuba on 2 March 1960.[54] He and Bissell presented detailed plans to Eisenhower and Nixon on 17 March. These called for the infiltration of agents into Cuba rather than an outright invasion.[55]

Eisenhower agreed to train a covert paramilitary unit to overthrow Castro at a meeting with Dulles and Richard Bissell on 18 August 1960.[56] In the same month, Dulles allowed Bissell to take out a Mafia contract on Castro.[57]

At a meeting with President-Elect Kennedy on 18 November 1960, Dulles and Bissell failed to tell Kennedy that Eisenhower had not given final approval for an invasion of Cuba.[58]

On 22 April 1961, following the the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy ordered Dulles to step up coverage of Cuban operations in the United States, an activity outside the CIA's charter. Dulles told the Taylor inquiry the same day: "I'm first to recognize that I don't think that the CIA should run paramilitary operations."[59]

A report by the CIA Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick concluded that Dulles had failed to keep Eisenhower or Kennedy accurately informed about the operation. Dulles destroyed all but a single copy of the report, which was locked away for 40 years.[60]

Tibet

Eisenhower approved an operation to support Tibetan guerrillas against the Chinese following a briefing by Dulles and Desmond FitzGerald in February 1960.[61]

Congo

At a meeting of the National Security Council on 18 August 1960, Eisenhower ordered Dulles to eliminate the Prime Minister of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba.[62] At another NSC meeting on 21 September, Dulles told Eisenhower that Joseph Mobutu was "the only man in the Congo able to act with firmness".[63]

Dominican Republic

In January 1961, Dulles presided over a special group within the US government which agreed to support the assassination of Rafael Trujillo, the US-backed dictator of the Dominican Republic.[64]

Affiliations

Connections

OSS Geneva contacts

External Resources

Notes

  1. ↑ Allen Welsh Dulles, Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.
  2. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.
  3. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.
  4. ↑ Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, Pocket Books, 1993, p.201.
  5. ↑ Kees van der Pjil, The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class, Verso, 1984, p.82.
  6. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.
  7. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.
  8. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.110.
  9. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.113.
  10. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.169.
  11. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.229.
  12. ↑ Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939-44, Brassey's, 1999, p.51.
  13. ↑ Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939-44, Brassey's, 1999, p.100.
  14. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.168.
  15. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.198.
  16. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.13.
  17. ↑ Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.223.
  18. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.
  19. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.40.
  20. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.84.
  21. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.85.
  22. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.227.
  23. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.228.
  24. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.87.
  25. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.132.
  26. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.59.
  27. ↑ Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.218.
  28. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.98.
  29. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.245.
  30. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.98.
  31. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.70-71.
  32. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.73-74.
  33. ↑ Allen Welsh Dulles, Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.
  34. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.78-79.
  35. ↑ Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.247.
  36. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.123.
  37. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.191.
  38. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.206.
  39. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.112.
  40. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.95.
  41. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.96-97.
  42. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.587.
  43. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.101-103.
  44. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.595.
  45. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.107.
  46. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.637.
  47. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.151.
  48. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.152.
  49. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.170.
  50. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.175-176.
  51. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.139.
  52. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.180.
  53. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.180.
  54. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.181.
  55. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.181.
  56. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.
  57. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.186.
  58. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.191.
  59. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.204.
  60. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.206.
  61. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.349.
  62. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.
  63. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.189.
  64. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.198.
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