American Enterprise Institute

Founded in 1943 and located in Washington, D.C., the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) is the Godfather of Washington neo-conservative lobby groups - America's richest, largest and most influential think tank. It is also regarded as one of the Bush administration's closest allies.

It has the CEOs of both pharmaceutical giant Merck and of The Dow Chemcial Company, as well as the Vice President of Exxon, among the many corporate figures on its Board of Trustees.

Several of the leading lights of the Bush administration, most notably Vice President Dick Cheney, directly connect to AEI, which also rents office space to the Project for the New American Century (PNAC). Founded in 1997, PNAC has been agitating since its inception for war with Iraq. Like PNAC, the AEI is regarded as a major promoter of President Bush's war-agenda.

AEI has some fifty resident scholars and fellows augmented by a network of more than a hundred adjunct scholars. Among its scholars are Roger Bate, Newt Gingrich, James Glassman (of Tech Central Station) and Richard Perle.

Criticism of NGO's

In June 2003 AEI held a day-long seminar on 'NGO influence and accountability', entitled Nongovernmental Organizations: The Growing Power of an Unelected Few. Among the speakers at the Washington seminar was Gary Johns of the Institute of Public Affairs which had launched a corporate newsletter called NGO Watch two years earlier. Other contributors included Fred Smith of the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) and Roger Bate of AEI, IEA, ESEF, IPN, SDN etc. According to Bate, ' NGOs definitely provide benefits in the short run. But I would argue in the long run their influence is nearly always malign, either through their own political acts directly or via aid agencies.' Some commentators saw a profound irony in that fact that AEI is itself an 'unelected' NGO with a truly remarkable degree of influence.

Following on from the seminar, AEI and the Federalist Society launched NGOWATCH.ORG - 'an effort to bring clarity and accountability to the burgeoning world of NGOs'. The writer Melanie Klein describes it as in truth, 'a McCarthyite blacklist, telling tales on any NGO that dares speak against Bush administration policies or in support of international treaties opposed by the White House.' Its launch, Klein noted, coincided with a push by the Bush administration to get NGOs 'to do a better job of linking their humanitarian assistance to U.S. foreign policy' - an effort overseen by USAID and its director Andrew Natsios. Bush to NGOs: Watch Your Mouths

AEI also produces The American Enterprise, 'an influential policy magazine' which, like other AEI publications, is 'distributed widely to government officials and legislators, business executives, journalists, and academics; its conferences, seminars, and lectures are regularly covered by national television.'

Pro-Biotech work

In June 2003 AEI hosted a conference Biotechnology, the Media and Public Policy, which brought together probably the largest gathering of leading GM lobbyists assembled outside of the Biotechnology Industry Organization's annual conventions. June 12 2003 Biotechnology, the Media and Public Policy

Speakers

9:00 - Introduction - Jon Entine, AEI

9:05 - Opening Address - Lester Crawford, Food and Drug Administration

9:45 - Panel I - Biodiplomacy and Public Perception

Moderator: Tim Friend, USA Today

Panelists:Vivian Moses, CropGen

Robert Paarlberg, Wellesley College

C. S. Prakash, AgBioWorld

Javier Verastegui, CamBio Tec-Canada

Noon

Luncheon

12:20 p.m. - Keynote Speaker - Andrew S. Natsios, USAID

1:30 - Panel II - Emerging Challenges for Commercializing Biotechnology

Moderator: Justin Gillis, Washington Post

Panelists: Rob Horsch, Monsanto

Joseph McGonigle, Aqua Bounty

Patrick Moore, Greenspirit

Martina Newell-McGloughlin, University of California

3:15 - Panel III - GMOs and Communications Issues

Moderator: Jon Entine, AEI

Panelists: Jay Byrne, v-Fluence, Inc.

Carol Tucker Foreman, Consumer Federation of America's Food Policy Institute

Tony Gilland,Institute of Ideas

Thomas Hoban, North Carolina State University

Doug Powell, Agnet

Papers developed out of several of the contributions to the conference were subsequently published in The American Enterprise (March 2004) under the heading BIOTECH BOUNTY. These half a dozen articles included:

Let Them Eat Precaution By Jon Entine, an AEI fellow who tells his readers that 'It's high time genetically modified products got their fair shot in the marketplace.'

Reaping the Biotech Harvest By Lester Crawford, head of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA regulates GM foods in the US although, in reality, it is currently largely a voluntary process.

How Much Should We Worry about Biotech? By Tony Gilland and Carol Foreman Gilland is part of the notorious LM-network. His piece trots out the standard LM line about 'the worrying European trend of emotional and psychological, rather than rational, responses to concerns about biotechnology'. Carol Foreman 'encourages us to love not fear biotech products'. The author was an outspoken lobbyist on behalf of Monsanto's genetically engineered cattle drug rBGH before returning to the Consumer Federation of America (CFA)!

Battle for Biotech Progress By Patrick Moore - 'A Green activist warns that the anti-science, anti-human obstructions of environmentalists must be resisted.' Not everyone would recognise someone who helps front a Canadian logging industry financed group as the AEI's 'a green activist' but the article typically trades on Moore's previous connection with Greenpeace, even though it ended nearly two decades ago. Moore writes, 'Imagine an advertising campaign that showed graphic images of blind children in Africa, explained Vitamin A deficiency, introduced Golden Rice, and demonstrated how Greenpeace's actions are preventing the delivery of this cure. Imagine another ad that showed impoverished Indian cotton farmers, explained Bt cotton, and presented the statistics for increased yield, reduced pesticide use, and better lives for farmers - followed by the clear statement that activists are to blame for the delayed adoption of the technology.'

Technology That Will Save Billions From Starvation By C. S. Prakash and Gregory Conko. Prakash and Conko founded the AgBioWorld campaign. Conko works for AEI's young cousin the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) which has Dow Chemical among its funders. AgBioWorld has had links to Monsanto's PR operations, particularly its Internet PR firm Bivings Group. Aaron deGrassi, at the Institute of Development Studies, exposed in a report on GM and Africa how Prakash had promoted the benefits of Monsanto's GM sweet potato project in Kenya when he had no actual knowledge of the data. The recent publication of that data has shown the project has been a complete failure with the GM sweet potato outperformed by the conventional sweet potato which it was supposed to be replacing beacause of its 'miserable' performance.

The timing of the AEI's conference and of BIOTECH BOUNTY fits perfectly into the Bush administration's trade agenda and its WTO case on GMOs - a case that it could not get one African country to support (Egypt initially leant its name then withdrew), even though it was launched in the name of Africa. The principal orator at the launch was CS Prakash.

Address: 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036

Web Address: www.aei.org

Overview: The AEI "is dedicated to preserving and strengthening the foundations of freedom, limited government, private enterprise, vital cultural and political institutions, and a strong foreign policy and national defense" .

America's richest and most important think tank is an integral part of the Neo-Conservative revolution, and umbilically tied to the Bush Administration and its leading luminaries. It rents office space to the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), the neo-conservative think tank that is seen as pushing the Bush agenda, including the war in Iraq. There is a cross over in staff between the AEI, the PNAC, and the Bush Administration. Worryingly for its critics, the AEI is, along with the Heritage Foundation, the most cited of the American think tanks.

Funding: The AEI is one of America's richest think tanks. In 2002, it received some $18.22 million in income, of which 36 came from individuals; 23% came from corporations, and 22% from foundations. The remaining 19 per cent came from publications and sales .

Between 1985 and 2002, the AEI received some $29,928,933 in 243 grants from the following 10 conservative foundations : Castle Rock Foundation Earhart Foundation, Smith-Richardson Foundation, John M. Olin Foundation Sarah Scaife Foundation Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation Carthage Foundation Philip M McKenna Foundation Scaife Family Foundation JM Foundation

Corporate supporters have included: General Electric Foundation, Amoco, Kraft Foundation, Ford Motor Company Fund, General Motors Foundation, Eastman Kodak Foundation, Metropolitan Life Foundation, Proctor & Gamble Fund, Shell Companies Foundation, Chrysler Corporation, Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, General Mills Foundation, Pillsbury Company Foundation, Prudential Foundation, American Express Foundation, AT&T Foundation, Corning Glass Works Foundation, Morgan Guarantee Trust, Smith-Richardson Foundation, Alcoa Foundation, and PPG Industries

Between 1998 and 2003, the AEI received some $925,000 from Exxon Mobil

Key Personnel:

Links to the Bush Administration:

On the 26th February 2003 President Bush was the keynote speaker at the American Enterprise Institute. He enthused that, at the AEI, "some of the finest minds of our nation are at work on some of the greatest challenges to our nation. You do such good work that my administration has borrowed twenty such minds. I want to thank them for their service" .

One of them was his Vice President, Dick Cheney, who is a signatory of the original PNAC document and was a Visiting Fellow at the AEI from 1993 -2000. Lynne Cheney, his wife is a still a senior fellow at the AEI. Treasury Secretary John Snow was also at the AEI, although briefly. Paul O'Neil an ex-AEI board member is also a secretary of the Treasury. AEI's ex-Vice President, John Bolton is the Under-secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs. Bolton has been described as "the administration's designated treaty killer. Since his nomination (which was opposed by Secretary of State Colin Powell), Bolton's reputation as a rabid opponent of international agreements and loose-lipped critic of foreign regimes has become the stuff of legend, at times hampering the State Department's ability to undertake negotiations".

Other AEI Republican alumni include Lawrence B. Lindsey, now an Assistant to the President for Economic Policy; Director, National Economic Council. Richard Perle, considered one of AEI's top star's - a hawk's hawk - is yet another PNAC signatory is an AEI scholar and was Chairman of the Defense Policy Board at the Pentagon until he resigned in March 2003. Both the AEI and PNAC are linked into the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq, which was the center of the PR campaign to invade Iraq in 2003. Perle is a member of that Committee.

President Bush's ex-speech-writer, David Frum, is there too, as is R. Glenn Hubbard, having served for two years as chairman of Bush's Council of Economic Advisers. Other AEI staff serve on government commissions. Leon Kass chairs the President's Council on Bioethics. Michael Ledeen and Arthur Waldron are on the U.S.-China Security Review Commission, and Allan Meltzer, Eric Engen, and Kevin Hassett advise congressional committees on economic policy.

Dave Wursmer, Vice-President Dick Cheney's Middle Eastern Advisor at the Vice President's office is an ex-AEI scholar and described as a "neocon ideologue". He is married to Meyrav Wurmser, the director of Middle East studies at the right-wing Hudson Institute .

A quick look at the AEI events looks at the ongoing close ties between the AEI and the Republican Administration. In early January 2004, Bush and Cheney's 04 Campaign manager, Ken Mehlman addressed the AEI, as did the U.S. Secretary of Education, Rod Paige.

Officers:

Christopher DeMuth - President - lawyer and economist served in the Nixon and Reagan administrations and senior advisor to the Bush 2000 Election Campaign. On the Board of the Smith Richardson Foundation, which funds many right wing think tanks. David Gerson - Executive Vice President Montgomery B. Brown - Vice President, Publications Danielle Pletka -Vice President, Foreign and Defense Policy Studies

The Board of Trustees

Bruce Kovner - Chairman of Board - Chairman Caxton Associates, LLC Lee Raymond - the CEO of Exxon Mobil; Tully M. Friedman - from the law firm Friedman Fleischer & Lowe LLC, whose clients have included Boise Cascade, Clorox, Occidental Petroleum, Shell and Unocal amongst others . Gordon M. Binder - Managing Director, Coastview Capital, LLC venture capital firm specialising in lifesciences. Was Chief Executive Officer of Amgen, the world's largest biotech company, from 1988 through 2000. Binder has been Chairman of both BIO, the biotechnology industry trade association, and PhRMA, the pharmaceutical industry trade association . Harlan Crow - Crow Holdings who is a backer of Bill Hill the republican District Attorney in Texas, Christopher DeMuth - President, American Enterprise Institute Morton H. Fleischer - Chairman and CEO, Spirit Finance Corporation Christopher B. Galvin - Motorola; Raymond V. Gilmartin - Merck; Harvey Golub - Chairman and CEO, Retired, American Express Company Robert F. Greenhill - Chairman, Greenhill & Co., LLC Roger Hertog - Vice Chairman, Alliance Capital Management Corporation Martin M. Koffel - Chairman and CEO, URS Corporation John A. Luke Jr- Chairman and CEO, MeadWestvaco Corporation L. Ben Lytle - Chairman Emeritus, Anthem, Inc. Alex J. Mandl - CEO, Gemplus International SA Robert A. Pritzker - President and CEO, Colson Associates, Inc. J. Joe Ricketts - Chairman and Founder, Ameritrade Holding Corporation George R. Roberts - Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Kevin B. Rollins - President and CEO - Dell, Inc. John W. Rowe - Chairman and CEO, Exelon Corporation Edward B. Rust Jr. - Chairman and CEO, State Farm Insurance Companies William S. Stavropoulos - Chairman, President, and CEO, The Dow Chemical Company Wilson H. Taylor - Chairman Emeritus, CIGNA Corporation Marilyn Ware - Chairman Emeritus, American Water James Q. Wilson - Pepperdine University

Council of Academic Advisers:

The Council includes Jeremy Rabkin, Professor of Government Cornell University, a known climate sceptic and Elliot Cohen, described as the "most influential neocon in academe," and scholar of military affairs based at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. A signatory of Project for the New American Century and a member of the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq .

Scholars / Fellows (not a full list) includes

Roger Bate - one of the leading UK contrarians - originally from the right-wing think tank the Institute of Economic Affairs in the UK, which he still works at. Bate co-founded the European Science and Environment Forum in 1994 (see below), which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by Philip Morris. In later years Bate has also been involved with the International Policy Network (see below) and is also an adjunct scholar of the CEI (see below). Robert Bork - Nominated to the Supreme Court by Reagan in 1987. He is the co-founder of the Federalist Society (see below) and current co-chair of its Board of visitors. He is also a distinguished fellow at the Hudson Institute (see below) . Newt Gingrich - influential ex-Republican Speaker of the House James K Glassman - Host, www.Tech Central Station.com (see below) Chairman of Progress for America - was Trustee of Reason Foundation until 2000 Michael Greve - Cofounder and executive director, Center for Individual Rights, 1989-2000; Board Member of CEI Robert Hahn - Senior fellow, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy (see below), Stephen Hayward - AEI's Environment Scholar -is director of the Center for Environmental Studies at the Pacific Research Institute in San Francisco (see below) Jeane Kirkpatrick - ambassador to the United Nations during the Reagan administration Irving Kristol - "the so-called godfather of the neoconservative movement" who wrote the book the "Reflections of a Neoconservative" in 1983. Awarded the Presidentail Medal of Freedom in July 2002, by President Bush . Ben J. Wattenberg - an AEI fellow is also on the Board of Governors of the conservative Smith Richardson Foundation.

Areas of Interest:

Foreign Policy: Avid proponent of the war on Iraq. Climate: Avid critic of the Kyoto protocol. Domestic Policy: AEI sees the growing "threat" of NGOs as a problem, and set up NGOWatch with the Federalist Society for Law and Public policy Studies in June 2003 (see below).

Climate:

The AEI one of the leading climate sceptic think tanks in the US. A host of its "experts" write on climate-related issues, including James Glassman (see below) who attack the Kyoto Protocol arguing repeatedly that "The main problem with Kyoto, is that it is a drastic solution to a problem that may not exist" . The experts dismiss climate change, the need for any action that will hurt the US economy and also the corresponding need to increase CAF standards. The AEI has also brought over Bjorn Lomborg, the author of the Sceptical Environmentalist to attack the Kyoto Protocol .

James Glassman, the AEI scholar is an outspoken critic of Kyoto and a climate sceptic. He works extremely closely with Dr. Sallie Baliunas, one of the world's most prominent climate sceptic scientists, who is a co-host of Glassman's Tech Central Station . Baliunas tries to give the air of an impartial academic as a "Harvard Astrophysicist", but this is quite clearly not the case.

In May 2001, Reps. John Peterson, R-Pa., and Jo Ann Emerson, R-Mo., sponsored a special briefing for Capitol Hill Representatives and Staff on The Unsettled Science of Global Climate Change, with a video documentary produced by Tech Central Station.com. Both Glassman and Baliunas appeared at the briefing .

The following month, Glassman interviewed Baliunas for the American Spectator magazine and then the two jointly wrote an article for the Weekly Standard arguing that "Bush is Right on Global Warming." He also appeared as a panellist at an AEI event called US Climate Policy, along with Robert Litan, from the AEI-Brookings Institute Joint Center, and known climate sceptic Gregg Easterbrook amongst others. The key-note speaker was another climate sceptic US Senator Chuck Hagel.

Hagel, once considered a running mate for President Bush, is a joint sponsor of the "Byrd Hagel" climate resolution. Passed 95 - 0 in the US Senate in June 1997, it requires developing countries to be to be involved in the control of the greenhouse gas emissions and argued that the US should not ratify Kyoto if it resulted "in serious harm to the economy of the United States" .

By January 2002, Baliunas had become a co-host of Tech Central Station, which is jointly funded by Exxon, and in the Summer of 2002, Glassman and Baliunas attacked the move by the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee headed by Senator Jeffords. Called Bill S.556, it would have set limits for carbon dioxide emissions. The Pair labelled it a "Backdoor Kyoto", saying that: "At stake is nothing less than the health of the U.S. economy - critical at a time of sluggish business, high unemployment and a terrorist threat that requires increased production and stability" .

Over a year later the two were working again to try to scupper US domestic initiatives on climate. In October 2003 Senators McCain and Joseph Lieberman tried to introduce the Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 (S. 139) to establish mandatory greenhouse gas reductions in the United States. Glassman and the "Tech Central Station Science Foundation" mobilised against the CSA undertaking a cost analysis prepared by Charles River Associates. Glassman put forward himself and arch climate sceptic Dr. Sallie Baliunas, from the George C. Marshall Institute forward for comment as "TCS experts" .

Said Glassman: "The cost analysis of McCain-Lieberman reinforces what we've come to learn about global warming policy measures since Kyoto. We do know that they'll be very costly and damaging to the U.S. economy, and we don't know if they'll have any measurable effect on the earth's climate" .

Between 1-12 December 2003 there was the ninth Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, or COP 9 in Milan, The month before, the AEI held a meeting on climate and Kyoto. The speaker's list is extremely interesting and shows some of the key climate sceptics together, including Glassman, Baliunis, Roger Bate and Margo Thorning, from the American Council for Capital Formation. A month earlier Thorning's data had been used by President Putin's economic advisor Mr Illarionov to argue against Russia's ratification of Kyoto.

Other people present at the conference were Art Green from Exxon Mobil and Gerd-Rainer Weber, from the German Coal Mining Association. Weber is a member of ESEF (See below). Paula Dobriansky, under secretary of State for global affairs, who gave the key-note speech. Dobriansky, who is another of the Project for the New American Century signatories, was an adjunct fellow at the right-wing Hudson Institute (see below) She was also Bob Dole's 1996 Presidential Campaign, Foreign Policy Coordinator. Dobriansky attacked the Kyoto Protocol both at the conference and in The Financial Times, ten days later. On 4th December Russia announced it would not sign Kyoto in its present form. In the words of its opponents, Kyoto is dead.

The irony of the continuing sceptics was all too apparent in an article published on Tech Central Station on 8th January and written by Roger Bate. "It said that "The truth is that we still don't know that the warmer summers of recent years are due to man's handiwork. The variation could be natural and there's no saying that the current trend will continue. "

This was the same day that an international team of scientists published the first comprehensive study into the effect of higher temperatures on the natural world in the scientific journal Nature. They predicted that over the next fifty years climate change could drive a quarter of land animals and plants - some one million species - into extinction .

1 http://www.iccfglobal.org/Library/abouticcf.html 2 http://www2.europarl.eu.int/lobby/lobby.jsp?lng=en&sort=byname&index=T 3 http://web.archive.org/web/20021105063912/http://www.iccfglobal.org/ 4 http://www.iccfglobal.org/ 5 http://www.iccfglobal.org/Library/links.html 6 http://www.iccfglobal.org/Library/ICCFbod.htm 7 http://www.iea.org.uk/record.jsp?type=release&ID=61 http://www.brugesgroup.com/about/columnists.live?person=5; http://politics.guardian.co.uk/thinktanks/page/0,10538,527156,00.html

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