Written in Flames

Written in Flames is a pamphlet published in 1987 which listed the names, jobs and addresses of British Corporate directors.

It was accused by the Research Foundation for the Study of Terrorism of encouraging attacks on corporate leaders.

The text below is the introductory preamble and the other expository sections. the links are to the relevant extracts on particular companies.. At the bottom is a pdf of the whole pamphlet.

COMPANY MEN

These companies have all hacked-up their British workforces in the last few years. Have moved factories to countries of cheaper labour, closed down plants, sold their assets. Meanwhile the British state has helped them increase their profits by creating unemployment, cutting state benefits, hatching anti-union laws and increasing police violence. This recession shows clearly what's good for the ruling class is no good for us.

Managers are rewarded for their company's increased profits. They increase profits by making wage cuts, redundancies, by forcing longer hours.

Successful managers get salary increases, share options, directorships, and knighthoods. We fight each other for low wage jobs, jealously guard our overtime and bonuses, or scrape by on state benefits. Here are some of the men who have found success in our repression.

• BAT Industries
• BP
• GEC
• ICI
• Shell Transport and Trading

FORMER BOSSES

Between the empires of the multinationals there Is a cross over of directors. Executives from one company act as advisors to another In the role of non-executive director. After a career In one company, the chairman can expect to retire straight Into the arms of another business empire. Having designed world-wide operations for years, these old men become non-executive chairmen of another giant company. Sniffing at the power they can't live without. Becoming the voice of experience on the board. The men above the petty squabbles of competition. The men who are the carriers of ruling class consciousness.

Sir Kenneth Durham was chairman of Unilever, which he joined after a spell In atomic research. In 1986 he retired. He was 62. Now he's chairman of Woolworth Holdings, which includes B&Q and Comet. He's also director of British Aerospace and of the Morgan Grenfell merchant bank. He's on the advisory committee of the Chase Manhattan Bank. He lives in Buckinghamshire, at Chalmadale, Troutstream Way, Loudwater, Rlckmansworth

Sir Peter Baxendell was the head of Shell Transport and Trading and chairman of the committee which runs the Royal Dutch SheII Group. He retired in '85 when he was 60. Now he's chair of the military and specialist engineering company, Hawker Siddeley, still a director of Shell and Jives in Chelsea : 10 Upper Cheyne Row, SW3

Sir Alex Jarratt spent most of his career In Reed International, managing IPC who pub1tsh most of the popular magazines. He was chair of Reeds for nine years, retiring when he was 61. He flopped straight into the chair of Smiths Industries, a group making defence systems for aerospace, medical equipment and drugs.

He's also on the UK-South Africa Trade Association. He lives at Bam Mead. Fryerning, 1-D-Essex He was dining with the Air Commodore and the Air Chief Marshal at an Air Force banquet at RAF Bentley Priory In February. Also there was the Duke of Kent, the Secretary of State for Defence, and the boss of De la Rue, the security printers, Sir Arthur Norman.

Sir Anthony Tuke is onto his third chairmanship. He's a member of one of the Barclays ruling families and after Wlnchester and Cambridge, he joined the bank, becoming chair in 1973. At the age of 61, he retired. He became chairman of Rio Tinto Zinc. Now he's head of the Savoy Hotel company and 67 years old. He's deputy chair of the Royal Insurance Group and still an RTZ director. He 1tves at Freelands, Wherwel1, near..Andoveer .1n...Hampshire

Sir David Orr, the son of an old Irish rut1ng class family, made his career in Unilever. He was chair from 1974 to '82. Then he took over as head of Inchcape, a company which has its roots in the East Indies trade, founded by the Mackay family, the owners of the P&O Line. Inchcape have a network of franchizes around Singapore and Hong Kong, selling Toyota, owning tea plantations, running shipping fleets. Orr is still an Inchcape director, though no longer chairman. He's also a director of Shell Transport and Trading and of Rio Tinto Zinc. He 1tves at Home Farm House, Shackleford. near Godaiming, in .Surrey and 81 Lyal1 Mews West, Belgravia SW1

Some former chairmen content themselves with an array of smaller directorships.

John Raisman retired from his chairmanship of Shelll UK tn '85. Now he concentrates on directorships in Vickers, the Glaxo drug company, British Telecom and Lloyds Bank. He's 58 and Jives by the Thames. at Netheravon House, Netheravon Rd South. Chiswick, W4

Sir Les1ie Smith who transformed British Oxygen into the transnational BOC Group. left his chairmanship in '85. He's now a director of Cadbury Schweppes and British Gas and chairman of the British Industry Committee on South Africa. It was this 68 year old man who was behind the intensive anti-sanctions lobby of the Thatcher government. He lives at Cookley House, Cookley Green. Swyncombe near. Henley-on-Thames

John Elton went to public school and Cambridge and built up the British Alcan Aluminium company. At 63, no longer chairman, he relaxes at Salternshill farm, Buckler's Hard, near Beaul1eu and goes sailing on The Solent. He also serves on the board .of Consolidated Gold Mines, the mining company with an appalling record in South Africa. He's a director of the Hill Samuel Group which. coincidentally. has a large financial stake in South Africa. Elton's town house is 33 Eaton Mews South, Belgravia SW1

For other bosses the end of their careers in industry may mean that they concentrate on banking directorships.

Sir Donald Barron, was chair of the confectionery company Rowntree Mackintosh from 1966-81. Then he became head of the Midland Bank. retiring this year. at the age of 66. He lives at Greenfield, .Sim Balk Lane, Bishopthorpe, near.York.

Sir Lindsay Alexander, former chair of the shipping company. Ocean Transport and Trading, became, on retirement, deputy chair of Lloyds Bank. He's also a director of British Petroleum and engineers Hawker Siddeley. He Jives at Corton Denham House, Corton Denham... near...Sherbourne in Dorset. He's 67.

Lord Raymond Pennock, ex-CBI head, was chair of the cable makers BICC, retiring to become deputy chair of Plessey electronics In '85. He was an active director In the Morgan Grenfell merchant banking reorganization and is also on the board of the Standard Chartered Bank. He was head of the Channel Tunnel consortium, retiring mid-'87. He lives at 46 Blackheath Park SE3.

Sir Kenneth Corfield (63) was chair of Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) until .85 and in the powerful position of vice president of Its US parent ITT's European section. Now he's a Midland Bank director and lives at 14.Elm. Walk, on Hampstead Heath NW3

THE LAND OWNERS

The landed gentry and county society doesn't seem to have changed since feudal times. lord lieutenants and High Sherrifs still represent the royal power In the shires, as if Robin Hood was still around and mugging travellers on the A1. Like the Squires before them, the magistrates are the local property owners. Chief constables of rural counties can rise Into a world of hunt balls and coming-out parties.

Land-ownership is still the symbol of power. Successful executives, like Weinstock of GEC, buy Wiltshire farm land or Scottish grouse moors. Directors, like Angus of Unilever, may already own farms and estates. Still more retire into country houses.

Not all aristocrats live off the National Trust or sit back collecting their rents. Many are still at the heart of power. Passing on their tricks.

The Barings, as an old banking fami1y, combine nobility with finance. The family of the 6th Baron Ashburton, 89 year old Alexander Baring, is inter-married with the Viscounts Hood and Harcourt.

Alexander's son and heir, Sir John Baring, is chair of the Baring Brothers merchant bank, a director of the Bank of England and of British Petroleum. He's also the receiver-general for Prince Charles' Duchy of Cornwal1. He's 61 and lives at Lake House, Northington, Airesford and Flat 7, 34 Bryanston Square, Marble Arch W1

The 3rd Earl of Cromer is George Baring. He was a page boy to George V, ambassador to Washington, managing director of Barings Bank and chair of IBM (UK). He's still an advisor to the family bank and a director of Shell Transport and Trading.

His brother-in-law, Viscount Rothermere, is chair of the Associated Newspaper Group, who publ1sh the Da1ly Ma1l. George lives in tax exile in Jersey ; Beaufield House, St, Savlour.

The 7th Baron Camoys, Ralph Stonor, made his career in banking, becoming vice chair of Barclays Merchant Bank from '84-86. His fam1ly trace their title back to the 15th Century. Really it was started up by Queen Victoria to reward her courtiers. Ralph, who's 47, lives at the ancestral home of Stonor House set in its own deer park, near Henley-on- Thames He's still a Barclays Bank director

The 29th Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, Robert Lindsey, was Heath's Foreign Minister from '72-74. His fam1ly goes back to the 14th Century. He's the vice chair of Sun Alliance insurance company and a director of the National Westminster Bank: At 60, he divides his time between Balcarres, Colinsburgh, in..Fyfe. the family seat, and 107 Frognal, Hampstead NW3, his town house

The 10th Viscount Boyne is a lord in Waiting. He's also a director of the National Westminster Bank. At 57, Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, who comes from an Irish 18th Century family, lives at Burwarton House, Bridgenorth Shropshire

61 year old lord Thomas Ashton, 3rd Baron, an Oxfordshire landowner and magistrate, is a Barclays Bank director. He lives at .Fir Farm, Upper Slaughter, Bourton-on-the-Water , in the Cotswotds

Sir Richard Butler (58) is ex-president of the National Farmers Union and has been high sherrif and deputy lieutenant of Essex. He's the son of Baron Butler and his brother is Minister for Northern Ireland in the Thatcher cabinet. Richard is a National Westminster director and Jives at Penny Pot, Halstead, .in.Essex.

THE ARMED FORCES

Recruits to the high ranks of the armed forces tend to come from ml1ttary families who have tradltional1y sent their sons Into the services. This tends to isolate the armed forces from other sections of the ruling class. However, some young men designed for a service career, took a different path.

Richard Lloyd. the chairman of Hill Samuel's merchant bank, was born son and heir to Major Sir Guy Lloyd, baronet. and was sent to Wellington military college. He married the daughter of a brigadier. Although he went Into banking. he hasn't strayed too far away from the services. As well as being a director of Legal and General Assurance. he's also on the board of the tank makers Vickers and the Spitfire Scheme Nomlness company. He's 59 and Jives at Sundridge Place, Sundridge. Sevenoaks, Kent.

Sir David Steel, former chairman of British Petroleum, 15 the son of General Arthur Steel and married the daughter of Major-General Price. But after training to be a solicitor, he joined the legal department of BP. He's now, at 11, a director of merchant bankers Kleinwort Benson. He lives at 51-0nslow Square, South Kensington SW1

Charles Tidbury, the son and son-in-law of brigadiers, was chair of Whitbread from'12-84. On retirement, he became director of Barclays Bank, Mercantile Credit, the Nabisco food and drinks chain and Vaux breweries. He lives at Crocker Hill Farm, Forest Lane, Wickham, in Hampshire and 22 Ursula Street, Battersea SW11.

Sir John Harvey-Jones, the former ICI boss, came from a Raj family and was sent to Dartmouth Naval Col1ege. He joined ICI after serving w1th naval Intelligence.

Military families are the backbone of the land-owning class. Many directors from the traditional, public school background, like Timothy Bevan of Barclays and Patrlck Sheehy of BAT, will have served their obligatory term In a Guards regiment. And many old war horses end up with directorships through their position In county life.

John Henderson, son of Major Henderson, went to Eton, Cambridge, was ADC to Montgomery. He's vice lord lieutenant of Berkshire, lives at West Woodhay House, Inkpen, near Newbury, and is a director of Barclays Bank.

For James Ramsden, 1t was the political wing of the MOD which drew him Into company life. He's the son of Captain Ramsden and son-in-law of Colonel Sir Charles Ponsonby, baronet. After commanding the Kings Rifles, he became a Conservative MP. He was Minister of Defence for the Army and Secretary of State for War in '63-64. Now he's a director and former deputy chair of the Prudential Corporation, the insurance giant, and an ex-director of STC. He 11ves at Old.Sieningford Hall, near Ripon, in North Yorkshire.

The armaments Industry has, by necessity, a close relationship with the military. Many young officers and cadets have become sidetracked this way.

Sir Peter Matthews, the son of Major Alec Matthews, became managing director of Vickers in 1970 and chairman from '80-84. Then he was chair of the valve-makers Pegler-Hattersley and is now director of Lloyds Bank and the Sun Alliance Assurance Company. He's on the Armed Forces Pay Review Board. At 65, he lives at Ladycross House, .Dormansland .in Surrey.

The 2nd Viscount Caldecote, Robert Inskip, went to Royal Naval College at Greenwich and then joined Vickers. He crossed over to the military suppliers GEC and ended up as chair of the naval supplying Delta Group from '72-82. Now at 70, he's a director of Lloyds Bank and lives at Orchard Cottage, South Harting, Petersfield In Hampshire

At times, this affair between the military, the politicians and the armaments companies can seem like a conspiracy. An Army Board Dinner on 13th November '86, at the state apartments of the Royal Hospital Chelsea. The Minister of State for the Armed Forces presided over a banquet at which the guests were General Sir Nigel Bagnail, Chief of General Staff, General Sir Roland Guy, Adjutant General, Lt-Col Sir Charles Huxtable, commander of the training establishments, Sir Colin Fielding, controller of research and nuclear programme – Cheviots Rosemount Drive, Bickley, Kent - Sir Robert Andrew, permanent secretary at the Northern Ireland Office, Robin Leigh-Pemberton, the Governor of the Bank of England, Sir Peter Matthews, as we've seen, former head of Vickers, Sir Godfrey Messervy, chair and chief executive of Lucas Industries, the electronics and aerospace company, and Sir Alistair Frame, chairman of uranium suppliers, Rio Tinto Zinc

CIVIL SERVANTS

There are two parts to the civil service. There's the under-paid disciplinarians who do menial jobs like payout benefits. And then there's the other lot who form the permanent government to this country. They're the fast stream. recruited from Oxford and Cambridge and carefully chosen for their good manners and lack of brains. Trained In the old civil service technique of never giving a straight answer and never rocking the boat. Ruling Britain in secrecy. top civil servants become used to power and intrigue. They become devious men. And getting on to retirement. they will be eagerly bidded-for by the companies. They bring a lifetime’s knowlege of the tricks of the State.

Sir Peter Carey. formerly permanent secretary to the Department of Industry from '73-83, Is now chairman of the agribusiness company Dalgety, and. In early '87 was running Morgan Grenfell merchant banking group In the absence of a chief executive. He's also a director of the telecom company. Cable and Wireless and at 64. l1ves at Rose Cottage, .67 Church Road, Wimbledon SW19.

Sir Douglas Wass : permanent secretary to the Treasury from '73-83 and joint head of the Home Civil Service. He joined the Treasury after Cambridge and was a director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). On retirement he became a director of Barclays Bank, the bank note printers De la Rue, Equity and Law Life Assurance company and consultant to accountants Coopers & Lybrand. He's 64 and lives at 6 Dora Road.. Wimbledon Park SWI9.

Sir Michael Palliser, with an Admiral for a father and a background in Wellington military col1ege, Oxford and the Coldstream Guards had little choice but to join the Foreign Office. He was permanent secretary there from '75-82. In 1983 he became director of BAT Industries, of the animal feed and health food group Booker, of Shel1 Transport and Trading and the McVities to Pizzaland, United Biscuits chain. As If that wasn't enough, in '84 he became chair of Samuel Montagu, the merchant bank owned by the Midland. He's 65 and lives at l2b Wedderbum Road, Hampstead NW3.

Lord John Hunt was Cabinet Secretary from '73-79. Now he's chairman of the Prudential Corporation and of the Banque National de Paris. He's a director of Unilever and of IBM(UK). He's 68 and lives at 8 Wool Road, Wimbledon SW20.

Diplomats are also very popular with the companies. Sir Peter Ramsbotham, former ambassador to USA, governor of Bermuda, son of a governor-general of Ceylon and heir to the 2nd Viscount Soulbury, is a director of Lloyds Bank and the Commercial Union insurance company. He's 68 and Jives in Hampshire, East Lane, Ovington, Airesford.

So what directorship will Sir Anthony Acland get when he stops being permanent secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth' Office? His brother, Major-General Sir John Acland of Feniton Court, Honiton, Devon, Is already a director of Allied Breweries (Allied Lyons). The Prime Minister's permanent secretary, Nigel Wicks, was a British Petroleum executive for ten years before joining the Treasury. He's already a director of the IMF. Sir Michael Quinlan, permanent secretary at the Employment Department, is a governor of Henley Management College, a position he shares with many directors. Sir Alex Jarratt, now chair of Smiths Industries and former chair of Reed International, who started off in the civil service, is chairman of the college.

POLITICIANS

.The United Kingdom Company. is a phrase used by Tory MPs and anarchists al1ke to describe the comp11cated relationship between British capital and the British state. At its simplest, it means that the foreign and internal pol1cies of the state act to further the interests of British companies and defend the state's own power. Sometimes, the two contradict each other. The detailed involvement of state with capital can be traced through the Docklands and New Town Development Corporations, Enterprise Boards and Economic Development Committees. Through the lobbying of Whitehall by the Institute of Directors and the CBI, or by combinations of companies, as in the Tobacco Industry. Individual MPs represent the interests of particular companies and many MPs hold directorships. This is most obvious when senior politicians are acquired by the companies when they leave the office of Minister.

James Prior, who quit Thatcher's cabinet in '84 after being secretary of state for Northern Ireland, became chair of GEC and director of Barclays Bank, United Biscuits and Sainsbury’s. He's still an MP at 60 and lives near Lowestoft, at Old.Hall, Brampton .in...Suffolk and.in..Belgravia, 36-Morpeth Mansions, SW1

Lord Robert Carr, Heath's home secretary from '72-74 was chairman of the John Dale company while still an MP. Now he's a director and former chair of the Prudential Corporation, and on the boards of Cadbury Schweppes and Securicor. He moved from his house in Barnet because the Angry Brigade blew it up. He now. lives at The Old Rectory, Farmington, near Northleach, Cheltenham , in... G1oucestershire.

Lord Anthony Barber, Heath's Chancellor of the Exchequer, was chair of the Standard Chartered Bank from leaving office in '74 up to '86. He's also a government appointed director of British Petroleum and lives at 15-Montpeller Square, Knightsbridge SW7.

Lord Thomas Boardman, Heath's Minister for Industry, became vice chair of Allied Breweries, a director of the property company MEPC and then chair of the National Westminster Bank. He's 68 and lives at The Manor House, Welford, Northamptonshire and 29 Tufton Court, Tufton Street SW1, his Westminster flat

Some directors have a special relationship with government. They become political favourites. Sir John Cuckney has mixed a career of directorships with many public appointments. He was involved in the MOD while still a director of Brooke Bond. He was the Thatcher government's choice for the chairmanship of Westland hel1copter plant, which he guided through political scandal. He's also chair of the Royal Insurance Group and John Brown shipyards, and director of the Midland Bank and Touche Remnant financiers. He lives in Westminster, to be near his Whitehall chums: 6 Marsham Court, Marsham Street SW1

Derek Rayner of Marks & Spencer was brought into the administration by a Conservative government to promote efficiency. More recently, Sir Robin Ibbs, a director of ICI, was seconded to the Cabinet Office from '80-82 as head of the central policy review staff. In '83, he became advisor to the PM on efficiency. His reputation of having Thatcher's confidence has made him a particularly influential director. He lives at.32 St Leonards Terrace, Chelsea SW3.

Sir John Sparrow, a Morgan Grenfell director, succeeded Robin Ibbs in the cabinet office as head of policy review. He's also a director of Short Brothers, the Belfast firm currently supplying the Contras with arms, and of the Coalite Group. He's on the Peterborough Development Corporation. He lives in Buckinghamshire, at The Oaks, Manor Lane, Gerrards Cross.

Bribery and patronage also, play their part.

The magazine Private Eye hinted at a link between the Hanson Trust's £50,000 funding of the Tory Party and Lord Hanson receiving his life peerage. Perhaps it'd be closer to say that Hanson's asset stripping is exactly what the '80s Tory ,government would reward. But when the government was trapped in the embarrassing Westland Affair, Hanson bought up West land shares, losing money, to allow the government to do what it wanted and se I I the company to the US. Just afterwards the Monopol1es and Mergers Committee gave the go ahead to Hanson's bid for the Imperial Group while blocking his competitor's bid

LAWYERS AND JUDGES

Barristers and judges live In a world of their own. The barristers sitting at banquets In the Inns Of Court. The circuit judges lodging in manor houses, waited-on by servants. The law is saturated with the values of traditional wealth.

Many barristers use their law experience as a way Into pol1tlcs or Into a company career. Many of the directors In this booklet had their training as barristers.

Mark Littman Is a good example. A barrister from '47, he stopped practising In the late 60s to become director of RIo Tlnto line and then deputy chair of British Steel a post he held tll1 '19. Now he's working as a barrister again while sU11 holding directorships of RTZ, Granada, the Burton Group and the US Amerada Hess Corporation.

To get promotion and especlal1y to be considered for selection as judges, barristers have tocl1ng to the accepted values of the law. The number of barristers who wll1 go against these unwritten rules, who will take risky cases Is very few. A barrister with an eye to the future. will be considering what wl11 please someone like Mark Littman. who Is on the Senate of the Inns of Court and an Influential figure. He's 67 and lives at 79..Chester Square. Belgravia SW.L

Some barristers use their law training as a route to power through pol1tlcs or the companies. And some become judges. High Court. circuit judges and recorders are chosen by the lord Chancellor - a Cabinet Minister. Appeal Court judges and law lords are chosen by the Prime Minister. Their choices are made with the advice of cabinet members who were former barristers and with the guidance of the top civil servants In the Chance11or's department.

Barristers gain power as Judges through their former colleagues who found power through other parts of the state. The power of judges to interpret the law is the same as the administration’s power to make laws. The background of the judges then, is the same as the other heads of the ruling class.

Although they have no obvious links with the companies or the administration, it's no surprise to find judges passing the sentences, creating the ban conditions which exactly suit the needs of the police, the Home Office, or, more distantly, the strategies of the state and the companies.

Nearly all the law Lords and Appeal Court judges are from an Oxford or Cambridge background. Many are from public schools like Marlborough and Charterhouse. At the lord Mayor's Banquet, top politicians, heads of the Church, selected aristocrats, and law lords and appeal court judges sit next to -distinguished guests from the Civil Service, commerce and industry-. Here is the ruling class at one table.

The London clubs provide another setting for the discreet mixing of the judiciary with their class mates.

And on 3rd November '86, the lord Chancellor and six of the thirteen appeal court judges and many high court judges were at a reception at Claridges. Also invited to this judicial banquet was a man with no legal connections at an, Sir Anthony Tuke, former chair of Barclays Bank, former chair of Rio Tinto Zinc and now chair of the Savoy Hotel which owns Claridges.

CLUB MEMBERS

The gentlemen's clubs, clustered In the West End of London, are an important part of the background of shared social life which reinforces the network of directors.

These exclusive clubs provide convenient havens for the rul1ng class in the heart of their company town. Neo-classical buildings with coffee rooms, bars, dining halls, dominated by stately portraits and guttering chandeliers. An elite male membership, fine food and wines, the silence libraries, the rustle of newspapers, the murmur of deals made.

Membership of these clubs starts at £400 a year and depends on being proposed and seconded by members and being agreed by an election committee. The clubs may have a membership of between 500 to 1,000 so directors belonging to the same club can't be assumed to know each other social1y. But the clubs exist for that very purpose.

They're the symbol of a class and serve to unite it.

Certain clubs are popular with particular professions or groups. Whites is known as the aristocrats' club so it's no surprise to find Lord Cowdray of Pearsons printing and banking company and the Earl of Inchcape, Kenneth Mackay, president of the trading group Inchcape, both dining there. Life peers like Lord Keith, head of STC, the US-owned cable company, also belong to the nobles' club. And men like Robert Henderson, chair of Kleinwort Benson bankers, who is related to the land-owning class, like to hob nob with titled gents.

The Garrick Club is popular with judges and barristers. law lords Fraser and Griffiths both claim membership in their Who's Who entries. So does at least one Appeal Court judge and several High Court and Circuit judges. Barrister, Mark Littman, a Rio Tinto Zinc director, also uses the Garrick. Kit McMahon, the new boss of the Midland Bank, and Peter Ramsbotham, former diplomat now Lloyds Bank director, have no legal connections, but both frequent the judges' club.

Not all judges go to the Garrick. His Honour Judge Paul Baker, a Circuit judge , was the chairman of the Athenaeum in '86. lord Denning, former Master of the RoJ1s goes there. So does law Lord Scarman. The Athenaeum is also very popular with the top Civil Servants. Sir Robert Armstrong, cabinet secretary and head of the Home Civ1J Service, Sir Cliive Whitmore, permanent under secretary at the Ministry of Defence, and the permanent secretaries for Education and Health and Social Security all go there.

They might easily find themselves dining next to Kenneth Durham, former Unilever chair, of John Harvey-Jones, ex-head of ICI, at the Athenaeum Club table. Peter Holmes, boss of Shell, may find it convenient to socialize with the heads of state administration and the judiciary. The chair of Lloyds Bank, Sir Jeremy Morse, the former head of the Midland, Sir Donald Barron, and the past Governor of the Bank of England, Lord Gordon Richardson, may find something more than an excellent wine cellar tempts them to use their Athenaeum club membership.

Other clubs like Brooks; favoured by Lord Hanson of the Hanson Trust and Sir Anthony Acland of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, or the Reform, frequented by Barclays new boss, John Quinton and the permanent secretary at the Treasury, Sir Peter Mjddleton, show the same coincidence in membership.

BANKERS AND FINANCIERS

There's meant to be a big division between the City and the companies. between finance capital and production. In fact there Isn't any rigid division.

Many companies - l1ke British Petroleum - have whole departments playing the stock market dealing In currencies and bonds. Commodity brokers S&W Berrisford, who own the Sl1ver Spoon sugar-beet refiners, British Sugar. are among the most profitable of UK companies, buying and selling sugar, coffee and speculating on the futures market. Companies like Burtons and Marks & Spencer, owning their own credit card schemes, want to set up their own banks. Small manufacturing Industries set up property companies to make the most of their assets and every company uses Its pension fund as finance capital

A conglomerate like BAT Industries - orlglnal1y a manufacturing Industry - bought Allied Dunbar and Eagle Star Insurance. In this way, one of the most successful of financiers. Mark Weinberg has become a company man. This South African born barrister made his name as managing director of Abbey Life and Hambro Life Assurance companies. He was personal1y paid £10 million for the sale of Alied Dunbar. He's 56 and lives at .11-Addlson Road, Hol1and Park, W14

The Banks grew up alongside the first merchant adventurers and trading companies. Making money from the slave trade and creating the new slavery of the British Empire. Bankers are drawn from this Imperial ruling class. In their background are pubic schools and Guards regiments.

We're always being told that the City Is a place of young whizz kids driving sports cars and making £200.000 a year. the deregulation of the City has opened-up an English club to foreign banks and many City firms are coming under American Australian or Japanese owners.

But the Club Is still there and still In control. And the foreign banks and rich young professionals will make sure that nothing real1y changes. Because they want to join It.

Resources

• I-Spy Productions Written in Flames: Naming the British Ruling Class London: Hooligan Press ISBN 1869802071. Undated, but published in 1987.