Difference between revisions of "Leo Cherne"

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[[Leo Cherne]] (1912-1999) was an American lawyer, economist and businessman.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
 
[[Leo Cherne]] (1912-1999) was an American lawyer, economist and businessman.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
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 +
Cherne founded the [[Research Institute of America]] in the late 1930s, providing business executives with advice about new deal regulations.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.112.</ref> In 1938 he hired the young [[William Casey]].<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.199.</ref>
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 +
Cherne visited England, France and Germany in early 1945. Travelling undercover as a correspondent for the [[Overseas News Agency]], he was actually surveying the situation for White House assistant [[David Niles]].<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.113.</ref>
  
 
General [[Douglas MacArthur]] took Cherne to Japan at the end of World War Two to advise on the country's economic recovery.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
 
General [[Douglas MacArthur]] took Cherne to Japan at the end of World War Two to advise on the country's economic recovery.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
  
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Cherne became chairman of the [[International Rescue Committee]] in 1951, succeeding [[Reinhold Neibuhr]].<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
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Cherne joined the board of the [[International Rescue Committee]] (IRC) in 1946.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.113.</ref>
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At a dinner announcing the formation of the [[Iron Curtain Refugee Campaign]] in December 1950, right-winger [[Arthur Bliss Lane]] attacked the IRC, accusing Cherne of 'pussyfooting' on communism.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.99.</ref>
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After IRC chairman [[Reinhold Neibuhr]] had a stroke on 16 January, Cherne took over his role.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.112.</ref>At a press conference in April that year, Cherne warned that the IRC would cease functioning by 15 May unles it raised $250,000.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.113.</ref>
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Cherne officially took over as IRC chairman in January 1953.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.112.</ref> Following the election of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], Cherne sought a meeting with the new President's [[CIA]] chief, [[Allen Dulles]], who told him that he had been receiving reports on the IRC from two fellow [[OSS]] veterans on its board, [[William Casey]] and [[Albert Jolis]], but that its work was "somewhat outside the scope of our proper activities."<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.117.</ref>
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 +
Cherne travelled to West Berlin to meet Mayor [[Ernst Reuter]] in the wake of the June 1953 uprising in the East.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.119.</ref>
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Cherne met [[Eisenhower]]s psychological warfare advisor [[C.D. Jackson]] in August 1953. Jackson consulted [[Tom Braden]], who agreed with him in being uncomfortable with Cherne's style.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.117.</ref>
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 +
Cherne visited West Berlin again in October 1953 with [[Richard Salzmann]]. On their return they met [[C.D Jackson]] and urged him to consider possible support and uses for rioters who had escape to West Berlin. Jackson passed on the suggestion to the [[CIA]]'s [[Allen Dulles]] and [[Frank Wisner]].<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.123.</ref>
  
 
Cherne debated Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] on the radio in 1953. Although himself an anti-communist Cherne strongly challenged McCarthy's methods.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
 
Cherne debated Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] on the radio in 1953. Although himself an anti-communist Cherne strongly challenged McCarthy's methods.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
  
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During the Hungarian Uprising of 1956, Cherne travelled to the Hungarian border.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
+
In 1954, Cherne undertook a fact-finding tour of Vietnam. His subsequent cable to the US [[Foreign Operations Administration]] recognised the corruption and weakness of the [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] government , but concluded that US support should continue and that IRC aid could help Diem acquire a popular base.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.148.</ref>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
In 1955, as an executive officer of [[American Friends of Vietnam]] (AFVN), Cherne signed a statement in support of President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]'s plebiscite on his rule.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.167.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Cherne flew to Vienna with IRC President [[Angier Duke Biddle]] on 29 October 1956 as the Hungarian Uprising was unfolding.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.130.</ref> Cherne arrived in Budapest on 1 November, the day [[Imre Nagy]] was announcing Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. He refused to distribute any aid to Nagy's government, although by now it was a multi-party coalition, instead supporting conservative Catholic elements around Cardinal [[József Mindszenty]]. He returned to Austria within three days as Soviet troops entered Budapest in force.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp.133-134.</ref>
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 +
In January  1959, Cherne and IRC board member [[William Fitelson]] visited Cuba on a fact-finding mission in the wake of [[Fidel Castro]]'s takeover. On their return, they reported to the US authorities on Communist strength within the new government.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.185.</ref>
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 +
In April 1960, Cherne and IRC President [[John Richardson Jr.]] met [[CIA]] chief to discuss the potential for projects aimed at refugees from the Caribbean.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.185.</ref> Cherne also wrote to [[United Fruit]] vice-president [[Edmund Whitman]] before the announcement of the IRC Caribbean Refugee Program in July 1960.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.186.</ref> 
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 +
When Vietnamese military officers overthrew the Diem regime in early October 1963, Cherne was among the signatories of an AFVN statement which welcomed "an opportunity for all the Vietnamese people to unite".<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.174.</ref>
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 +
in 1967, Cherne signed the founding statement of the [[Citizens Committee for Peace with Freedom in Vietnam]].<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.181.</ref>
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 +
During the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Cherne travelled to Austria with [[William Casey]] but was blocked by Soviet troops from crossing the Czechoslovak border with food and supplies.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.200.</ref>
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 +
Cherne's support for the Vietnam War led him to oppose [[George McGovern]]'s presidential campaign in 1972, instead serving as vice-chair of [[Democrats for Nixon]]. Nixon would respond by appointing Cherne to the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board] (PFIAB).<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.202.</ref>
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Cherne served on PFIAB from 1973 to 1991. In that capacity, he helped to establish the [[Team B]] panel, headed by [[Richard Pipes]] which accused the [[CIA]] of under-stating Soviet military power in the late 1970s.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
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In 1976, President [[Gerald Ford]] nominated Cherne to the [[Intelligence Oversight Board]] established in the wake of [[Watergate]].<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.202.</ref> This led to increased press interest in his intelligence links, and the ''New York Times'' reported a claim by [[Norman Foundation]] officer [[Frank Weil]] that his organisation had been the conduit for [[CIA]] funds to the IRC. Weill later withdrew the accusation, saying that the CIA funds ad gone elsewhere, and then CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]] officialy denied the report.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp.202-203.</ref>
  
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Cherne was a friend of former [[CIA]] chief [[William Casey]] and served on the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] from 1973 to 1991. In that capacity, he helped to establish the [[Team B]] panel, headed by [[Richard Pipes]] which accused the [[CIA]] of under-stating Soviet military power in the late 1970s.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
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The ''New York Times'' story was revived in 1980 when [[Jimmy Carter|President Carter]] considered Cherne for a position on the [[Board for International Broadcasting]], the body which took over control of [[Radio Free Europe]] and [[Radio Liberty]] from the [[CIA]]. Although the ''Times'' once again retracted the story, Cherne declined further consideration for the post.<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.203.</ref>  
  
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Cherne was a lifelong Democrat until 1980, when he joined [[Democrats for Reagan]], because of the candidates's position on national security.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
+
In 1980 Cherne joined [[Democrats for Reagan]], because of the candidate's position on national security.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
  
 
In 1984, Cherne was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
 
In 1984, Cherne was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
  
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Cherne retired as Chairman of the IRC in 1991.
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Cherne retired as Chairman of the IRC in 1991.<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
  
 
==Affiliations==
 
==Affiliations==
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*[[International Rescue Committee]] - Chairman 1951-1991
 
*[[International Rescue Committee]] - Chairman 1951-1991
 
*[[Freedom House]]
 
*[[Freedom House]]
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*[[American Friends of Vietnam]]
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*[[Citizens Committee for Peace with Freedom in Vietnam]]
 
*[[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]], Member 1973 - 1991, chairman during [[George H.W. Bush]] administration.
 
*[[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]], Member 1973 - 1991, chairman during [[George H.W. Bush]] administration.
  
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===Connections===
 
===Connections===
 
*[[William Casey]]<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
 
*[[William Casey]]<ref>Michael T. Kaufman, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/14/nyregion/leo-cherne-leader-of-agency-for-refugees-is-dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=1 Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86], New York Times, 14 January 1999.</ref>
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*[[Thomas Dooley]]<ref>Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp.155-156.</ref>
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==

Revision as of 06:50, 7 March 2010

Leo Cherne (1912-1999) was an American lawyer, economist and businessman.[1]

Cherne founded the Research Institute of America in the late 1930s, providing business executives with advice about new deal regulations.[2] In 1938 he hired the young William Casey.[3]

Cherne visited England, France and Germany in early 1945. Travelling undercover as a correspondent for the Overseas News Agency, he was actually surveying the situation for White House assistant David Niles.[4]

General Douglas MacArthur took Cherne to Japan at the end of World War Two to advise on the country's economic recovery.[5]

Cherne joined the board of the International Rescue Committee (IRC) in 1946.[6]

At a dinner announcing the formation of the Iron Curtain Refugee Campaign in December 1950, right-winger Arthur Bliss Lane attacked the IRC, accusing Cherne of 'pussyfooting' on communism.[7]

After IRC chairman Reinhold Neibuhr had a stroke on 16 January, Cherne took over his role.[8]At a press conference in April that year, Cherne warned that the IRC would cease functioning by 15 May unles it raised $250,000.[9]

Cherne officially took over as IRC chairman in January 1953.[10] Following the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Cherne sought a meeting with the new President's CIA chief, Allen Dulles, who told him that he had been receiving reports on the IRC from two fellow OSS veterans on its board, William Casey and Albert Jolis, but that its work was "somewhat outside the scope of our proper activities."[11]

Cherne travelled to West Berlin to meet Mayor Ernst Reuter in the wake of the June 1953 uprising in the East.[12]

Cherne met Eisenhowers psychological warfare advisor C.D. Jackson in August 1953. Jackson consulted Tom Braden, who agreed with him in being uncomfortable with Cherne's style.[13]

Cherne visited West Berlin again in October 1953 with Richard Salzmann. On their return they met C.D Jackson and urged him to consider possible support and uses for rioters who had escape to West Berlin. Jackson passed on the suggestion to the CIA's Allen Dulles and Frank Wisner.[14]

Cherne debated Senator Joseph McCarthy on the radio in 1953. Although himself an anti-communist Cherne strongly challenged McCarthy's methods.[15]

In 1954, Cherne undertook a fact-finding tour of Vietnam. His subsequent cable to the US Foreign Operations Administration recognised the corruption and weakness of the Ngo Dinh Diem government , but concluded that US support should continue and that IRC aid could help Diem acquire a popular base.[16]


In 1955, as an executive officer of American Friends of Vietnam (AFVN), Cherne signed a statement in support of President Ngo Dinh Diem's plebiscite on his rule.[17]

Cherne flew to Vienna with IRC President Angier Duke Biddle on 29 October 1956 as the Hungarian Uprising was unfolding.[18] Cherne arrived in Budapest on 1 November, the day Imre Nagy was announcing Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. He refused to distribute any aid to Nagy's government, although by now it was a multi-party coalition, instead supporting conservative Catholic elements around Cardinal József Mindszenty. He returned to Austria within three days as Soviet troops entered Budapest in force.[19]

In January 1959, Cherne and IRC board member William Fitelson visited Cuba on a fact-finding mission in the wake of Fidel Castro's takeover. On their return, they reported to the US authorities on Communist strength within the new government.[20]

In April 1960, Cherne and IRC President John Richardson Jr. met CIA chief to discuss the potential for projects aimed at refugees from the Caribbean.[21] Cherne also wrote to United Fruit vice-president Edmund Whitman before the announcement of the IRC Caribbean Refugee Program in July 1960.[22]

When Vietnamese military officers overthrew the Diem regime in early October 1963, Cherne was among the signatories of an AFVN statement which welcomed "an opportunity for all the Vietnamese people to unite".[23]

in 1967, Cherne signed the founding statement of the Citizens Committee for Peace with Freedom in Vietnam.[24]

During the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Cherne travelled to Austria with William Casey but was blocked by Soviet troops from crossing the Czechoslovak border with food and supplies.[25]

Cherne's support for the Vietnam War led him to oppose George McGovern's presidential campaign in 1972, instead serving as vice-chair of Democrats for Nixon. Nixon would respond by appointing Cherne to the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board] (PFIAB).[26]

Cherne served on PFIAB from 1973 to 1991. In that capacity, he helped to establish the Team B panel, headed by Richard Pipes which accused the CIA of under-stating Soviet military power in the late 1970s.[27]

In 1976, President Gerald Ford nominated Cherne to the Intelligence Oversight Board established in the wake of Watergate.[28] This led to increased press interest in his intelligence links, and the New York Times reported a claim by Norman Foundation officer Frank Weil that his organisation had been the conduit for CIA funds to the IRC. Weill later withdrew the accusation, saying that the CIA funds ad gone elsewhere, and then CIA director George H.W. Bush officialy denied the report.[29]

The New York Times story was revived in 1980 when President Carter considered Cherne for a position on the Board for International Broadcasting, the body which took over control of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty from the CIA. Although the Times once again retracted the story, Cherne declined further consideration for the post.[30]

In 1980 Cherne joined Democrats for Reagan, because of the candidate's position on national security.[31]

In 1984, Cherne was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan.[32]

Cherne retired as Chairman of the IRC in 1991.[33]

Affiliations

Conferences

Connections

Notes

  1. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  2. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.112.
  3. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.199.
  4. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.113.
  5. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  6. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.113.
  7. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.99.
  8. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.112.
  9. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.113.
  10. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.112.
  11. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.117.
  12. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.119.
  13. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.117.
  14. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.123.
  15. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  16. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.148.
  17. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.167.
  18. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.130.
  19. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp.133-134.
  20. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.185.
  21. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.185.
  22. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.186.
  23. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.174.
  24. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.181.
  25. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.200.
  26. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.202.
  27. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  28. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.202.
  29. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp.202-203.
  30. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.203.
  31. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  32. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  33. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  34. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Leo Cherne, Leader of Agency For Refugees, Is Dead at 86, New York Times, 14 January 1999.
  35. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp.155-156.
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