Difference between revisions of "Coca Cola"

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==Coca Cola in India- Intoduction==
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==Background==
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The Coca Cola Company was founded in 1886 by pharmacist John Styth Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The Coca-Cola Company advertisies itself as 'the world's leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 brands. The Coca-Cola Company continues to be based in Atlanta and employs 49,000 people worldwide, with operations in over 200 countries'<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/Company_Structure/ Company Structure] Accessed 18th January 2008</ref>.
  
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==People==
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===Board of Directors 2015===
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*[[Muhtar Kent]] | [[Herbert A. Allen]] | [[Ronald W. Allen]] | [[Marc Bolland]] | [[Ana Botín]] | [[Howard G. Buffett]] | [[Richard M. Daley]] | [[Barry Diller]] | [[Helene D. Gayle]] | [[Evan G. Greenberg]] | [[Alexis M. Herman]] | [[Robert A. Kotick]] | [[Maria Elena Lagomasino]] | [[Sam Nunn]] | [[James D. Robinson III]] | [[Peter V. Ueberroth]] | [[David B. Weinberg]] <ref name= "Leaders"> [http://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/coca-cola-leaders Coca-Cola Leaders] ''Coca-Cola'', accessed 10 April 2015 </ref>
  
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Coca Cola has been the leading soft drinks company since 1886 with production being carried out on a world wide scale. The company began production again in India after a sixteen year absence by taking control of the country&#39;s bottling network and soft drink brands. The company claim that their operations in India meet the same standards as their production methods all over the world as they claim that they &#39;refresh people across the globe&#39; [http://www.coca-colaindia.com/about_us/.com]therefore believe that their operations are beneficial to everyone on a world wide scale. However Coca Cola&#39;s practices in India especially in Plachimada, Kerala and Kaladera have come under close scrutiny as it is felt that they are having particularly harmful impacts on these areas. The main concerns are that Coca Cola are using too much ground water in their production which is needed by the local communities and that their methods are contaminating the water that is left for these people. These practices have therefore effected the local environment with the lack of water making land infertile and have had social impacts as contaminated water has resulted in health problems. Coca Cola&#39;s practices have also had political impacts such as local demonstrations against the company but their practices have also had economic impacts with increases in employment. This report will therefore discuss the environmental, social, economic and political impacts of Coca Cola&#39;s practices in India as well as looking at the organisations that Coca Cola is a member of or funds.
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===Senior Operations Leadership 2015===
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*[[Ahmet Bozer]] - President of Coca-Cola International
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*[[Nathan Kalumbu]] - President, Eurasia & Africa group
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*[[James Quincey]] - President, Europe group
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*[[Brian Smith]] - President, Latin America group
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*[[Atul Singh]] - President, Asia Pacific group
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*[[J.Alexander M. Douglas Jr.]] - President, Coca-Cola North America
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*[[Irial Finan]] - President, Bottling Investments Group <ref name= "Leaders"/>
  
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===Senior Functional Leadership 2015===
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[[Alexander B. Cummings]] | [[Bernhard Goepelt]] | [[Ceree Eberly]] | [[Clyde C. Tuggle]] | [[Deryck Van Rensburg]] | [[Ed Steinike]] | [[Kathy N. Waller]] | [[Guy Wollaert]] | [[Irial Finan]] | [[Javier C. Goizueta]] | [[Lisa M. Borders]] | [[Marcos de Quinto]] <ref name= "Leaders"/>
  
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1. http://www.coca-colaindia.com/about_us/
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===Board of Directors===
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In January 2008, the Coca Cola Company report their Board of Directors as comprising<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/board.html Board of Directors] Accessed 18th January 2008</ref>...
  
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* [[E Neville Isdell]] - Isdell is also Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for Coca Cola. He joined Coca Cola in 1966 undertaking a variety of leadership positions throughout the world before taking up his present roles in 2004. In his biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/executivei.html E Neville Isdell] Accessed 18th January 2008</ref>, Isdell is also reported to be...
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:'chairman of the [[U.S.-Russia Business Council]] and chairman of the board of trustees of the [[International Business Leaders Forum]] (IBLF). He is a member of the board of trustees of the [[United States Council for International Business]] and the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]. He is also a member of the Corporate Advisory Board of the [[Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS]]. Isdell serves on the board of directors of [[SunTrust Banks Inc.]] and the [[Commerce Club]] and as a trustee of [[Emory University]]. He is a lifetime trustee of [[Pace Academy]]'.
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* [[Herbert A Allen]] - Director since 1984. Allen's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_20.html Herbert A Allen] Accessed 18th January 2008</ref> describes how he is also President, CEO and a Director of [[Allen and Company Inc]] and a director of [[Convera Corporation]].
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* [[Ronald W Allen]] - Director since 1991. Allen's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_21.html Ronald W Allen] Accessed 18th January 2008</ref> reports that he also serves as Consultant and Advisory Director for [[Delta Air Lines Inc.]], were he was formerly Chairman of the Board, President and CEO between 1987 to 1997). Allen is also a Director of [[Aaron Rents Inc.]]
  
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* [[Cathleen P Black]] - Director since 1993. Black's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_22.html Cathleen P Black] Accessed 18th January 2008</ref> describes how she is also President of [[Hearst Magazines]] (a unit of The [[Hearst Corporation]], a major media and communications company) since 1995 and a director of [[International Business Machines Corporation]] and [[iVillage.com]]. Black previously served as President and CEO (1991 to 1995) and Director (1990, 1991 & 1993) for the [[Newspaper Association of America]].
  
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===Environmental Impact===
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* [[Barry Diller]] - Director since 2002. Diller's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_54.html Barry Diller] Accessed 18th January 2008</ref> describes how he is Chairman of the Board and CEO for [[InterActiveCorp]] ([[IAC]]) since 1995, and a Director for The [[Washington Post Company]]. He previously served as Chairman of the Board and CEO of [[QVC Inc.]] (1992 to 1994) and as the Chairman of the Board and CEO of [[Fox Inc.]] (1984 to 1992). Prior to joining Fox, Diller served ten years as Chairman of the Board and CEO for [[Paramount Pictures Corporation]].
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Plachimada, Kerala and Kaladera on the outskirts of Jaipur are two communities that have fell economically, socially, politically and most arguably environmentally, victim to the power of Coca Cola. The clearly visible physical effect on the environment Coca Cola has cast over such communities is devastating; once fertile, farming communities with lush, moist land now resembles a dry, sandy desert. This is the most obvious environmental impact Coca Cola has had on many Indian communities and is a direct result of a decrease in groundwater resources which many claim Coca Cola exploits [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html]. A second environmental impact Coca Cola has had on its host communities, is that the little water the locals do manage to salvage is found to be contaminated by the waste Coca Cola pour out of their bottling plants continuously [http://www.thehindu.com/2003/10/19/stories/2003101903221000.htm]. Thirdly, Coca Cola have been found to deposit contaminated waste onto land surrounding the plant and also issue it to local farmers as fertilisers [http://www.flonnet.com/fl2209/stories/20050506001204200.htm]. All of these issues will be discussed with reference to Coca Colas environmental policies and the impact it has had on the two communities of Plachimada and Kaladera.
 
  
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* [[Alexis M Herman]] - Director since 2007, former Chairwoman of Coca-Cola's Human Resources Task Force. Herman's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_97.html Alexis M Herman] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> reports that she is also Chair and CEO of [[New Ventures]] LLC, Chair of the [[Toyota]] Diversity Advisory Board and the [[Sodexho]] Business Advisory Board, and on the Board of Directors for [[Cummins Inc.]], [[Entergy Inc.]] and [[MGM Mirage]]. Herman's biography also describes how she previously 'served as America's 23rd Secretary of Labor and the first African American ever to lead the United States Department of Labor'.
  
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Coca Cola implement a single environmental policy known as &#39;eKo&#39;. This is implemented in all of their plants throughout the world including those found in India [http://www.coca.colaindia.com/eKO/introduction.asp]. In theory, it allows them to make environmentally friendly business decisions, but in practice this does not seem to be the case. As stated on their website, Coca Cola&#39;s prime environmental considerations followed in business decisions are;
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* [[Donald R Keough]] - Director since 2004. Keough's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_65.html Donald R Keough] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> reports that he is also Chairman of the Board of [[Allen and Company Inc.]] (previously he was CEO & Director), Director of [[IAC]]/[[InterActiveCorp]], [[Convera]] Corporation and [[Berkshire Hathaway Inc.]]
  
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• Environmental due diligence before acquiring land
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* [[Donald F McHenry]] - Director since 1981. McHenry's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_25.html Donald F McHenry] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> states that he is also Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy and International Affairs at the [[School of Foreign Service]], [[Georgetown University]], a principal owner and president of The [[IRC Group]] LLC, and a Director of [[AT&T]] Corporation and [[International Paper]] Company.
  
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• Environmental impact assessment before commencing operations
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* [[Sam Nunn]] - Director since 1997. Nunn's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_26.html Sam Nunn] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> reports that he is Co-Chairman and CEO of the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] (since 2001), a Director of [[ChevronTexaco]] Corporation, [[Dell Inc.]], [[General Electric]] Company, [[Internet Security Systems Inc.]] and [[Scientific-Atlanta Inc.]] Nunn's previous involvements include serving as partner in the law firm of [[King and Spalding]] (1997 to 2003) and serving as a member of the [[United States Senate]] (1972 to 1996).
  
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• Ground water and environmental surveys before selecting sites
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* [[James D Robinson]] III - Director since 1975. Robinson's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_28.html James D Robinson] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> describes him as a general partner and co-founder of [[RRE Ventures]], president of [[J D Robinson Inc.]] (a strategic consulting firm) and non-executive chairman of the Board of Directors for [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] (since 1976). He also serves on the Boards of Directors of [[Novell Inc.]], [[Visiprise]] and [[PrimeRevenue]]. Robinson is a member of the [[Business Council]] and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], an honorary trustee of the [[Brookings Institution]] and honorary chairman of the [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]]. Robinson was previously Chairman and CEO of [[American Express]] Company (1977 to 1993), Co-Chairman of the [[Business Roundtable]] and Chairman of the [[Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations]] (ACTPN).
  
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• Diligent compliance with all regulatory environmental  requirements
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* [[Peter V Ueberroth]] - Director since 1986. Ueberroth's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_29.html Peter V Ueberroth] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> reports that he is an investor and Chairman of the [[Contrarian Group Inc.]] (since 1989), Co-Chairman of [[Pebble Beach Company]], Chairman of [[Ambassadors International Inc.]] and a director of [[Hilton Hotels]] Corporation and [[Adecco]] S.A.
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• Ban on purchase of refrigeration equipment containing CFCs
 
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• Installation of Effluent treatment plant at each manufacturing locations
 
  
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• Separate collection and treatment domestic and industrial effluent as per company or local standard
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* [[Jacob Wallenberg]] - Director since January 2008. Wallenberg's biography Coca Cola Company <ref>[http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_98.html Jacob Wallenberg]</ref> describes him as serving as Chairman of the Board for [[Investor AB]], Vice-Chairman of [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB]] (SEB), [[Atlas Copco AB]], [[SAS AB]] and a board member of [[ABB Ltd]], The [[Nobel Foundation]], The [[Stockholm School of Economics]] and The [[Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation]].
  
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• Separate discharge of industrial, domestic and storm water to prevent storm water pollution
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* [[James B Williams]] - Director since 1979. William's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_30.html James B Williams] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> reported that he is also a Director for [[Genuine Parts Company]], [[Georgia-Pacific Corporation]], [[Marine Products Corporation]], [[Rollins Inc.]] and [[RPC Inc.]] Williams previously served as Chairman of the Board and CEO of [[SunTrust Banks Inc.]] (for 5 years up to 1998).
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[http://www.coca-colaindia.com/eKO/introduction.asp]
 
  
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If Coca Cola did take all of these factors into consideration when making business decisions e.g. like where to set up a bottling plant, it would appear the environment of such communities would not be put at risk and indeed if there was a chance it would, they would either not locate there or propose ways of eliminating the potential problems. However, it appears to be that in a considerable number of communities where Cola have bottling plants none of these considerations have been accounted for. This is indeed the situation in Plachimada and Kaladera.
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===Senior Leadership Team===
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In January 2008, Coca Cola's Senior Leadership Team are listed as<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/seniormanagement.html Senior Management] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref>...
  
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* [[Muhtar Kent]] - President & CEO (he will succeed Neville Isdell as CEO on July 1st 2008) with responsibility for oversing all operations of the business, including Bottling Investments. Kent's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_76.html Muhtar Kent] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref> reports that he joined the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1978 and has held a variety of marketing and operations roles throughout his time with the company. From 1999 until his return to The Coca-Cola Company in May 2005, Kent served as President and CEO of the [[Efes Beverage Group]] (Efes is a publicly traded beverage enterprise whose Coca-Cola and beer operations extend from the Adriatic to the Pacific Ocean. They are also the majority shareholder of Turkish bottler [[Coca-Cola Icecek]].
  
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According to Coca Cola, they survey the ground water and environment before selecting the site (as per consideration three above). Plachimada is in the heart of Kerala&#39;s water belt. Its ground water reserves had apparently showed up on satellite surveys done by the company&#39;s prospectors [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html] so it is no surprise Coca Cola selected this as a site for one of their bottling plants. Indeed, according to Cockburn (2005), the site selected was set between two large reservoirs and ten meters south of an irrigation canal. Coca Cola therefore did do a survey of the ground water and with the considerable volume available made the decision to locate there possibly with the intention to exploit the reserves. It has been reported that within six months of the commencement of operations at the plant the villagers witnessed a considerable drop in the level of water available to them [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html]. This led the locals to conclude that Coca Cola was exploiting the groundwater reserves and &#39;taking&#39; what wasn&#39;t theirs [http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/0401csr/csr_behindthemask.pdf]. The situation was also mirrored in Kaladera in the villages surrounding the bottling plant were villagers, social activists and civil rights groups took to the streets to demand the closure of the plant because they claimed Coca Cola was depriving them of water [http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/29/stories/2004092902220500.htm].  
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* [[Ahmet C Bozer]] - President and CEO of the Eurasia Group. Bozer's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_02.html Ahmet C Bozer] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that he has been with Coca Cola since 1990 and served as Managing Director of Coca-Cola Bottlers of Turkey (CCBT) before taking on his current role. Bozer's previous involvements include five years with [[Coopers & Lybrand]] in various audit, consultancy and management roles.
  
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* [[Alexander B Cummings]] - President and CEO, Africa Group (since 2000). Cummings joined Coca Cola in 1997 and his biography<ref>Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_17.html Alexander S Cummings] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that he is also chairman of The [[Coca Cola Africa Foundation]], is on the Boards of the [[African-America Institute]], [[Africare]] and [[Clarke Atlanta University]] and is a member of the [[Executive Leadership Council]]. Cummings previous involvements include undertaking several positions (including Vice President) with The [[Pillsbury]] Company in the U.S. He also served on the Advisory Board of The [[African Presidential Archives and Research Center]] and The [[Corporate Council on Africa]]. Cummings has also previously served on the Advisory Board of The [[Center for Global Development]]'s Commission on U.S. Policy toward Low-Income Poorly Performing States (LIPPS), an 'independent' think tank that advertises itself as being concerned with global poverty and inequality and (through active engagement with the policy community) the encouragement of policy change<ref>Centre for Global Development [http://www.cgdev.org/ Home page] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref>.
  
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The effect of the decrease in water on the land in both areas is devastating. Both areas were once farming communities and now resemble virtual deserts [http://www.killercoke.org/pdf/coke-abuses.pdf] due to the lack of water available for the land. Cockburn (2005) reports how farmers in Plachimada, prior to Cokes arrival, could farm eight acres of rice paddy but now with no water for the paddy this is not possible. This therefore illustrates that the soil is drying out and becoming infertile. The traditionally fertile region of Kaladera is experiencing much the same; this region is known for growing groundnut, wheat and mustard, but these crops rely on rainwater-groundwater combined and since the ground water level is sinking, so too is the number of crops grown as when the water was closer to the surface, there was greater moistness which meant better quality of crops and more of them
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* [[J Alexander M Douglas]] Jr. - President and CEO, North America Group. Douglas has been with the Coca Cola Company since 1988 and took up his current position in 2000. His biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_14.html J Alexander M Douglas] Accessed 22nd Janaury 2008</ref> reports that he serves on the boards of [[Radiant Systems]], [[GS1 US]], the [[YMCA]] of Metro Atlanta and the [[East Lake Foundation]]. He also serves on the Industry Affairs Council of the [[Grocery Manufacturers Association]]. Previously, Douglas worked in a variety of sales and sales management positions for [[Procter & Gamble]].
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[http://www.indiaresource.org/campaigns/coke/2004/risingstruggles.html]. As a result, an increasing amount of land in both areas lies fallow for want of water. Coca Cola have the facilities to use 1,100 cubic meters of water per day to use in their factories [http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/0401csr/csr_behindthemask.pdf], over time, this could result in the villagers having virtually no water for the land and the ground water table falling even further, subsequently reducing the quality of the land even further.
 
  
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* [[Gary P Fayard]] - Chief Financial Officer & Executive Vice President. Fayard joined Coca Cola in 1994 and took up his current roles in 2003. His biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/executivej.html Gary P Fayard] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that he 'currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Company's two largest public bottling partners, Coca-Cola Enterprises and Coca-Cola FEMSA'. He is a member of the [[American Institute of CPAs]] and serves on the Board of the Atlanta Area Council of the [[Boy Scouts]] and The [[University of Alabama Board of Visitors]]. His previous involvements include serving the [[Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council]], the [[American Assembly]] at [[Columbia University]], the [[Alliance Theater]] and [[American Kidney Foundation]]. Before joining Coca Cola, Fayard spent 19 years with [[Ernst and Young]] where he took on various roles including Partner and Director.
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* [[Irial Finan]] - Executive Vice President of The Coca-Cola Company and President of Bottling Investments and Supply Chain. Finan's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_70.html Irian Finan] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1981 and is is also a Non-Executive Director (and Chairman of the audit committee) for [[eircom plc]].
  
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The little water that is salvaged in these communities has often been found to be contaminated [http://www.thehindu.com/2003/10/19/stories/2003101903221000.htm]. It is reported that Coca Cola has been indiscriminately discharging its waste water into the fields surrounding its plant and sometimes into the rivers, this has resulted in the ground water and soil being polluted [http://www.indiaresource.org/campaigns/coke/index.html]. Indeed in Kerala, the Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB), found hazardous levels of cadmium in water samples taken from two wells close to the bottling plant [http://www.thehindu.com/2003/10/19/stories/2003101903221000.htm].By polluting the rivers, much of the aquatic life would die and habitats surrounding the rivers would be destroyed. Furthermore people who drink from the rivers and wells would be affected, possibly fatally. The contaminated soil combined with the decreasing ground water levels would most certainly result in crops dieing. It can be argued Coca Cola most definitely did not consider their &#39;prime environmental&#39; factors when following through on this decision as this action has and is having a detrimental affect on the environment of Plachimada and Kaladera and many more Indian communities.
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* [[Glenn G Jordan S]] - President and CEO, Pacific Group. Jordan's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_11.html Glenn G Jordan S] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> describes how he joined Coca Cola in 1978 and has undertaken a variety of roles including Executive Vice President for Coca-Cola Latin America and Director of Operations for the Latin America Group.
  
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* [[Geoffrey J Kelly]] - General Counsel and Senior Vice President. Kelly's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_79.html geoffrey J Kelly] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1970 and has 'held a series of positions with increasing responsibility in the Legal departments' of the Coca Cola Company and its subsidiaries.
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* [[Robert P Leechman]] - Chief Customer and Commercial Officer, Vice President. Leechman's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_92.html Robert P Leechman] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1988 and has worked in a variety of positions including the Middle East Division, General Manager for the 2000 Olympics in Australia and President of the Central Europe and Russia Division before taking up his current position in 2005. Prior to joinging Coca Cola, Leechman spent nine years with [[Mars Inc.]]
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* [[Thomas G Mattia]] - Director of Worldwide Public Affairs and Communications and Senior Vice President of The Coca-Cola Company. Mattia's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_87.html Thomas G Mattia] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> describes him as a '35-year veteran of public affairs and communications'. In his current role he is...
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:'responsible for leading the Company's global public affairs and communications, which include corporate communications, media relations, public policy, government relations, corporate reputation, shareowner affairs, executive and employee communications, digital communications and archives. His role also includes leadership of the Company's Public Policy and Corporate Reputation Council and the Bottler Public Affairs Advisory Board'.
  
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Furthermore, Coca Cola have been accused of dumping contaminated waste or &#39;toxic sludge&#39; on surrounding land and also issuing it to farmers as a fertiliser [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html]. The KSPCB carried out tests on the sludge and stated there were dangerous levels of cadmium in it. Following this, another report done at Exeter University in England found not only high levels of cadmium but also high levels of lead in the sludge [http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4719693-111594,00.html]. This sludge therefore contaminated the land even further and was also, on occasion, dumped on the banks of the irrigation canal, subsequently polluting the water. The farmers who used it as a fertiliser later found all of their crops, which were supposed to be nourished, dead and the soil completely contaminated [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html]. This would therefore render the soil unfit to grow more crops. The action of dumping contaminated waste on surrounding land and the banks of the irrigation canal is totally irresponsible and shows no consideration for the negative impact this could have on the environment of the area. Supplying it to farmers as fertiliser is extremely dangerous as it could not only destroy the crops and soil but also enter the food chain, again causing illness to the villagers. Once again, it can be suggested Coca Cola did not assess the impact their actions would have on the environment.
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Mattia also serves on the board of advisors of the [[Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce]] and the board of the [[High Museum of Art]]. He is a trustee of the [[Institute of Public Relations]] and serves on the committee of the [[PR Seminar]]. He is a member of the [[Arthur W Page Society]], the [[International Association of Business Communicators]] (IABC) and the [[Public Relations Society of America]] (PRSA)
  
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Mattia was previously Vice President for [[EDS]], was Head of Public Affairs for the [[Ford Motor Company]] and held executive positions with [[GCI Jennings]], [[Hill and Knowlton]] (where he supported the opening of China's first McDonald's) and [[IBM]]. Prior to this, 'Mattia managed Jimmy Carter's U.S. presidential campaign in Vermont and worked as a reporter for four U.S. newspapers, beginning his career at The [[Trenton Times]] in New Jersey'.
  
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It can be concluded that thus far, Coca Cola have had a negative impact on the environment of its host communities in India, particularly in Plachimada and Kaladera through exploiting the ground water resources, polluting the groundwater and soil and also by dumping contaminated waste on the land.
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* [[Cynthia P McCague]] - Director, Human Resources & Senior Vice President, The Coca-Cola Company. McCague's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_69.html Cynthia P McCague] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that she joined Coca Cola in 1982 and took up her current roles in 2004. Her biography adds that 'prior to joining the Company, Cynthia spent seven years working in manufacturing and local government' but information of who she worked for or what form her roles took are not included.
  
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===Social Impact===
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* [[Dominique Reiniche]] - President, European Union Group. Reiniche's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_75.html Dominique Reiniche] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that she 'has spent 13 years with Coca-Cola in France and Europe, holding various marketing, sales and general management positions'. She sits on the Board of [[ECR Europe]] and the Board of [[CIAA]] (Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries of the EU). Reiniche's previous involvements include working as Director of Marketing and Strategy with [[Kraft Jacobs-Suchard]] and eight years service with [[Procter & Gamble]]. She also served as President of [[UNESDA]] (European Non-Alcoholic Beverage Industry) between 2005 to 2007, 'during which she led the industry to liaise more with the EU authorities, to communicate more broadly the choice of drinks it offers, and to adopt a self-regulatory code'.
  
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* [[José Octavio Reyes]] - President, Latin America Group. Reyes's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_37.html José Octavio Reyes] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1980 and took on his current role in 2002.
  
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Coca Cola&#39;s practices have had serious social impacts particularly on the community who live in Plachimida in the Kerala region of India. These include health problems and considerable damage to the livelihoods of this community. Coca Cola claim that they not only function in ways that will be beneficial to their company but act in ways that will also be beneficial to the health and livelihoods of local people as according to Coca Cola they seek to &#39;improve the quality of life, and foster good will in communities".[http://www2.cocacola.com/ourcompany/pdf/2004_citizenship_report.pdf]
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* [[Danny L Strickland]] - Chief Innovation & Technology Officer, Senior Vice President. Strickland's biography <ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_57.html Danny L Strickland] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> reports that prior to working for Coca Cola, he served [[General Mills]] as Senior Vice President (Innovation, Technology and Quality) and held several research and development, engineering and innovation roles at [[Johnson & Johnson]], [[Kraft Foods]] and The [[Procter & Gamble]] Company.
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However evidence suggests that Coca Cola&#39;s are not fulfilling this promise as Coca Cola&#39;s practices in Kerala seem to have had devastating social impacts on the lives of the communities located near to Coca Cola&#39;s factories.
+
 +
* [[Joseph V Tripodi]] - Chief Marketing and Commercial Officer, Senior Vice President. Tripodi's biography<ref> Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_96.html Joseph V Tripodi] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref> describes how he was previously Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer for [[Allstate Insurance Co.]], Chief Marketing Officer for The [[Bank of New York]] and [[Seagram Spirits and Wine Group]] (1999 to 2002), Executive Vice President for global marketing, products and services for [[MasterCard International]] (1989 to 1998), and served seven years with the [[Mobil Oil Corporation]].
  
 +
===Operating Group Leadership===
 +
In January 2008, Operating Group Leadership personnel are listed as<ref>Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/seniormanagement_operating_group_leadership.html Operating Group Leadership] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref>...
  
−
The main complaint made against Coca Cola is that they are depleting much needed ground water in Kerala to use in their factories. This has meant that many people are unable to draw enough water from their wells which has had obvious social impacts particularly for women in Kerala who are forced to travel on foot to collect water. They must then carry back heavy jugs of water as according to A Cockburn &#39;women in Plachimada have to walk a 4-kilometer round trip to get drinkable water, toting the big vessels on hip or head&#39;
+
<b>Africa Group</b> - [[Alexander B Cummings]] Jr.  
−
[http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html] with this water not lasting long as it must be used for drinking, cooking and washing. The journey can therefore often take all day as available water can be so far away therefore it can leave women in Kerala feeling exhausted especially as they are not able to drink a sufficient amount of water during the journey as it is needed for the whole family.
+
East and Central Africa Business Unit: [[Nathan Kalumbu]]
 +
Nigeria Business Unit: [[Cem Kumral]]
 +
North and West Africa Business Unit: [[Curtis A Ferguson]]
 +
South Africa Business Unit: [[William Egbe]] (Bill)
  
 +
<b>Eurasia Group</b> - [[Ahmet C Bozer]]
 +
Adriatic & Balkans Business Unit: [[Nikos Coumettis]]
 +
India Business Unit: [[Atul Singh]]
 +
Middle East Business Unit: [[Rafik El Toukhi]]
 +
Russia, Ukraine & Belarus Business Unit: [[Clyde C Tuggle]]
 +
Southern Eurasia Business Unit: [[Selcuk Erden]]
 +
Turkey Business Unit: [[Ahmet Burak]]
  
−
It is not only the lack of water that is having social impacts on the effected communities as it is also the quality of the water that is effecting people&#39;s lives. The poor quality of water has had consequences on people&#39;s health therefore they are forced to travel to get clean water. It has been claimed by the communities in Kerala that the water that remains in their wells has a horrible taste and has a hard consistency which means that no one can drink it or even use it to cook with. It has been that reported that people have experienced illnesses due to drinking the water &#39;as while the water used to be fine to drink, now what is left at the bottom of the well gives them sever stomach pains and headaches&#39; [http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/0401csr/csr_casestudy3india.pdf] which shows that Coca Cola&#39;s practices may have polluted the water which has led to these health problems.
+
<b>European Union Group</b> - [[Dominique Reiniche]]
 +
Central & Southern Europe Business Unit: [[Michael Holm Johansen]]
 +
Germany Business Unit: [[Beatrice Guillaume-Grabisch]]
 +
Iberian Business Unit: [[Marcos de Quinto]]
 +
Northwest Europe & Nordics Business Unit: [[Michael A Clarke]]
  
 +
<b>Latin America Group</b> - [[José Octavio Reyes]]
 +
Brazil Business Unit: [[Brian J Smith]]
 +
Latin Center Business Unit: [[Xiemar Zarazúa]]
 +
Mexico Business Unit: [[James R Quincey]]
 +
South Latin Business Unit: [[Francisco Crespo Benítez]]
  
−
It is not only polluted water that has effected people&#39;s health as Coca Cola gave many farmers sludge claiming that it would be good for their land. However all this sludge did was cause illness and infections as according to A Cockburn &#39;aside from stinking so badly it made old folk and children sick, people coming in contact with it got rashes and kindred infections and the crops which it was supposed to nourish died.&#39; [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html]. Whereas as Coca Cola claimed this sludge was safe and would be a useful fertiliser lab tests on the sludge found it had high levels of cadmium which is particularly harmful to pregnant women.
+
<b>North America Group</b> - [[J Alexander M Douglas]] Jr.  
 +
Canada Business Unit: [[Vincent R Timpano]], [[Melody Justice]]
  
 +
<b>Pacific Group</b> - [[Glenn G Jordan S]] and [[Paul K Etchells]]
 +
China Business Unit: [[Steve K W Chan]] and [[Douglas Jackson]]
 +
Japan Business Unit:  [[Masahiko Uotani]] and [[Dan Sayre]]
 +
Philippines Business Unit: [[Alexander P M von Behr]] and [[Kandy Anand]]
 +
Southeast & West Asia Business Unit: [[Manuel Arroyo]]
  
−
The water appears to be of such a poor quality in certain parts of Kerala that people have been unable to use it for cooking as when rice is cooked it becomes hard and therefore difficult to eat. In the past families where able to save food by cooking rice in the morning and leaving some for the rest of the day. However this is no longer possible as using this water to cook the rice has made it inedible after a few hours. This has meant that families have to spend more money on food then they used to as they can no longer cook rice that will last all day and many families are unable to do afford this. This could have serious consequences for people&#39;s health as they may suffer malnutrition if they cannot afford to buy more food.  
+
===Corporate Functional Leadership===
 +
In January 2008, Corporate Functional Leadership personnel are listed as<ref>Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/seniormanagement_corporate_leadership.html Corporate Leadership] Accessed 21st January 2008</ref>...
  
 +
* [[Harry L Anderson]]
 +
* [[Jean-Michel R Arès]]
 +
* [[Carol Crofoot Hayes]]
 +
* [[Ingrid Saunders Jones]]
 +
* [[David M Taggart]]
 +
* [[Kathy N Waller]]
 +
* [[Steve M Whaley]]
 +
* [[Jerry S Wilson]]
  
−
People have also been unable to wash with the water as it has been reported that it results in health problems. According to A Cockburn &#39; to wash in it was to get skin rashes, a burning feel on the skin. It left their hair greasy and sticky&#39;
+
==Subsidiaries & Alliances==
−
[http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html] which shows how the polluted water is having serious consequences for people&#39;s health. Furthermore in a developing country such as India where diseases spread rapidly it is vital that communities have clean water to wash in so this can be avoided.
 
  
 +
* [[Coca-Cola Bottlers of Turkey]] (CCBT). CCBT was formed in 1998 as a joint venture between The Coca-Cola Company, The [[Anadolu Group]] and [[Özgörkey]] Companies<ref>Coca Cola Company [http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_02.html Ahmet C Bozer] Accessed 22nd January 2008</ref>.
  
−
Coca Colas practices have also effected the livelihoods of many farmers in Kerala as they do not have enough water to irrigate their land properly. Farmers has always been able cope with the fact that the area had low rainfall but since Coca Cola began to take the already limited water supply &#39;crops have failed and jobbing agricultural labourers have been forced further a field to look for employment&#39;
+
According to Transnationale.org<ref> Transnationale.org [http://www.transnationale.org/companies/coca_cola.php Companies] Accessed 24th January 2008</ref>, Coca Cola created The [[Beverage Institute for Health and Wellness]] in 2004, 'a research institute created by the company with the goal of countering criticism about their role of soft drinks in the obesity epidemic'. They are also reported to be a member of the advisory group of [[Green Business Network]] and to have donated 1 million USA dollars to the [[American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry]] in 2003. In 2007, Coca Cola is reported to have donated $20 million to nature conservation association [[WWF]] in a partnership agreement.
−
[http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/0401csr/csr_casestudy3india.pdf].
 
−
The lack of water has therefore led to farmers being unable to sell their produce or use it to feed their own families. This could lead to farmers being put out of business as they will have no source of income. This is also a long term problem as it may take some time before crops begin to grow again during this time farmers will be forced to look for a source of income elsewhere
 
  
−
19.http://www2.cocacola.com/ourcompany/pdf/2004_citizenship_report.pdf
+
* [[Beverage Partners Worldwide]] In 1991 Coca-Cola and [[Nestlé]] formed Coca-Cola and Nestlé
 +
Refreshments in order to expand both companies’ position in the ready-to-drink tea category. In 2001, the joint venture was renamed Beverage Partners Worldwide<ref> Richard Girard (2005) [http://www.polarisinstitute.org/files/Coke%20profile%20August%2018.pdf Corporate Profile - Coca-Cola Company: Inside the Real Thing] Polaris Institute. Accessed 26th January 2008</ref>
  
−
20.http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html
+
==Public Relations and Lobbying==
 +
In January 2008 Coca Cola is listed as a client for French PR firm [[I&E]]<ref> I&E [http://www.i-e.fr/#clients Clients] Accessed 17th January 2008</ref>
 +
They are also listed with Russian firm [[Mikhailov and Partners]]<ref> Public Relations Organisation International [http://www.proi.com/partners/profiles/mikhailov.htm Mikhailov and Partners] Accessed 13th February 2008</ref>, Dutch firm [[Van Luyken Communicatie Adviseurs]]<ref>Public Relations Organisations International[http://www.proi.com/partners/profiles/vanLuyken.htm Van Luyken Cummunicatie Adviseurs] accessed 13th February 2008</ref>, Spanish firm [[Inforpress]]<ref> Public Relations Organisation International [http://www.proi.com/partners/profiles/inforpress.htm Inforpress] accessed 13th February 2008</ref> and Scottish firms [[Real PR]]<ref>Real PR [http://www.real-pr.co.uk/real-experience.asp Real Experience] Accessed 6th May 2008</ref> and [[Scott Porter Research and Marketing Ltd]]<ref>Scott Porter Research and Marketing Ltd [http://www.scottporter.co.uk/clients.htm Clients] Accessed 6th May 2008</ref>.
  
−
21.http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/0401csr/csr_casestudy3india.pdf
+
According to Transnationale.org<ref> Transnationale.org [http://www.transnationale.org/companies/coca_cola.php Companies] Accessed 24th January 2008</ref>, Coca Cola have enlisted the help of the following PR agencies...
 +
* [[Momentum]], part of the [[Interpublic]] Group of Companies, 'was awarded Coke’s promotions and retail account for the summer launch of its new low calorie cola in 2004'.
 +
* [[GCI Group]] - 2004
 +
* [[Lexis PR]], the 'UK firm charged to recover from the disastrous launch of Dasani in England' in 2004.
  
−
22.http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html
+
India Resource<ref> India Resource [http://www.indiaresource.org/campaigns/coke/ Campaign to Hold Coca-Cola Accountable] Accessed 24th January 2008</ref> report that [[Perfect Relations]] were hired by Coca Cola to develop a new image for the company in India.  
  
−
23.http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn04162005.html
+
The Polaris Institute<ref> Richard Girard [http://www.polarisinstitute.org/files/Coke%20profile%20August%2018.pdf Corporate Profile - Coca Cola Company: Inside the Real Thing] The Polaris Institute. August 2005. Accessed 26th January 2008</ref> confirm GCI, Lexis PR and Perfect Relations as PR firms acting on behalf of Coca Cola and add the involvement of [[Cohn, Overstreet and Parrish]].
  
−
24.http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/0401csr/csr_casestudy3india.pdf
+
[[Weber Shandwick]] are reported to have represented Coca Cola with [[Alex Woolfall]] serving as the lead person for their client<ref> Chime Communications [http://chime-plc.typepad.com/news/2007/05/alex_woolfall_h.html ALEX WOOLFALL HEADS ISSUES & CRISIS PRACTICE AT BELL POTTINGER GROUP] Accessed 27th February 2008</ref>.  
  
−
===Economic Impact===
+
In 2008, Coca Cola is listed as a member of the [[American Benefits Council]]<ref>American Benefits Council [http://www.americanbenefitscouncil.org/about/memberlist.cfm Memberships] Accessed 26th February 2008</ref>, they are also listed as a client for lobbying firm [[Williams and Jensen]]<ref>Williams and Jensen [http://www.williamsandjensen.com/clients.asp Clients] Accessed 12th March 2008</ref>
−
===Lobbying and Political===
 
−
The Coca-Cola bottling plants which occupy a large number of areas in India have created a great deal of tension and anger among local residents. These tensions have arisen as a direct result of the large quantities of water being extracted each day by this multinational. Local residents are being deprived of this basic amenity due to the sheer greed of Coca-Cola. The stress caused by this lack of water has forced communities to take action and has lead to a number of demonstrations across India where Coca-Cola bottling plants inhabit. Such demonstrations have taken place at the Kerala plant, the Kala Dera plant and in Mehdiganj on numerous occasions and with varying outcomes. The people of these areas which are being overtaken by Coca-Cola have demonstrated both peacefully and more forcefully in an attempt to convey their feelings towards this multinational. Coca-Cola in India has been subject to numerous protests, standing accused of creating water shortages, pollution of the land and water, distributing toxic waste as fertiliser and selling drinks with high levels of pesticides throughout the Indian market [http://www.indiaresource.org/]. The fight against Coca-Cola has expanded further than India into the USA and the European Union which are some of Coca-Colas largest markets. Amit Srivastave of the India Resource Centre had stated that &#39;We will make it increasingly difficult for Coca-Cola to do business in the US and EU, as well as in emerging markets, such as India and Brazil, until it cleans up its act in India&#39; [http://www.indiaresource.org/]. Killer Coke is one organisation which has launched its fight against Coca-Cola and aims to highlight the unethical activities of this multinational in a bid to boycott this soft drink.
 
  
−
One of Coca-Colas bottling plants is situated in Plachimada in Kerala in southern India. In1999 Hindustan Coca-Cola applied for a licence to build a bottling plant and this was granted. By the year 2000 this 40 acre bottling plant was up and running and employed some 70 permanent workers and 150-250 casual workers. It was around this time when residents began to notice a change in their water and the surrounding environment [http://www.sasnet.lu.se/plachimada.pdf]. The struggle against this plant by local residents started in April 2002, when the local community were becoming increasingly weary of the exploits of the Coca-Cola factory and the detrimental affect it was having on their environment. They decided that action needed to be taken in order to replenish their water supplies and improve the environment overall. On the 9th of June 2002 local tribes set up camp directly outside the Coca-Cola factory gates, with further protest rallies taking place at night. In order for these tribes to get their opinions heard, they dumped the foul smelling waste, which Coca-Cola had previously dumped in the residents&#39; fields, at the front gates of the factory. Throughout this entire event the police presence was strongly felt and the occasion quickly became violent as a result of police officials provoking protesters with the use of bad language. Furthermore one protester was severely beaten at the front gates who had not been behaving in such a manner which would justify this beating. Following this a total of almost 130 protesters were arrested 30 of who were woman and a shocking 9 of them being children. This protest had been relatively peaceful until police officials began threatening protesters with violent attacks which prompted bad feeling throughout the event. Evidence from Kerala has shown that the police are on the side of Coca-Cola and so work to protect their image, rather than the well being of their citizens [http://www.indiaresource.org/].
+
Coca Cola FEMSA is listed as a client of [[MWW Group]] in 2008<ref>MWW Group [http://www.mww.com/index.php?p=clients&s=1 Clients] Accessed 18th March 2008</ref>.
 +
Coca Cola are also Members of the [[European Sponsorship Association]]
 +
*[[5WPR]]
  
−
Further evidence of police brutality was shown on 28th of May 2002 when 11 activists were arrested at a campaign rally in nearby Vanditavalam. A further 9 people were arrested from those protesting at the front gates of the Coca-Cola plant. Despite these arrests and horrific violence at the events these protests were not held in vain. On the 9th of March 2004 the Coca-Cola bottling plant was closed down after the local village council refused to renew its licence to operate. Since this time the plant has remained closed, however the local people continue to battle this multinational for a permanent closure. They also have further demands such as compensation for losses incurred and for those protesters who have charges against them to be dropped. These demands have been heard throughout further protests such as that on the 15th of January 2005 where almost 1000 people turned out to block the gates of the plant. R Ajayan from the Plachimada Solidarity Committee has been quoted as saying &#39;Planchimada is not just a local issue, but a global one. It shows how large multinationals get away with profiting at the expense of people&#39; This group went on to further emphasis the strength of communities who do not allow themselves to be walked over by multinationals such as Coca-Cola [http://www.indiaresource.org/].
+
*As of 2014 Coca-Cola are listed as a client of [[Blue Rubicon]].<ref> [http://www.appc.org.uk/members/register/register-profile/?company=Open%20Road/Blue%20Rubicon Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014] ''APPC'', accessed 28 January 2015 </ref>
  
−
Additional protests have been organised in other Coca-Cola bottling plants across India, one of which being in Mehdiganj in northern India. Here on the 30th of November 2005 over 800 members of the community gathered at the plants gates to insist the plant be closed imminently. This protest however, was not the first to occur in this area but comes a year after a major protest took place in the same area. This previous protest turned violent and witnessed the detention of 350 people out of the total of 1,500 who joined in the march and rally against the soft drink giant Coca-Cola. Further charges against these protesters have also been carried out which has further angered the people who already feel exploited by this multinational. As a result of this unhappiness further demonstrations have taken place in an attempt to have these charges dropped. On the 6th of January 2005, demonstrators marched towards the front gates of the plant in Mehdiganj with their moves covered in black ribbons and their hands tied to protest against the extreme charges brought against campaigners at the previous march [http://www.indiaresource.org/]. This protest was conducted in silence and protesters were unarmed, however they were stopped by a 100 strong group of policemen when they were 300 metres away from the front gates. Nandlal Master of Lok Samiti, one of the major organisers of the protest said that &#39;While a big multinational like Coca-Cola makes many attempts to stop the non-violent people&#39;s movement, the people will not give up their struggle&#39; [http://www.indiaresource.org/]. This shows the sheer determination by communities who feel that these protests are the only way to get their communities back in their hands and away from multinationals.
+
==Affiliations==
 +
*[[American Chamber of Commerce EU Committee]]<ref>[http://www.eucommittee.be/Pages/prof9.htm]</ref>
 +
*[[World Business Council for Sustainable Development]]<ref>[http://www.wbcsd.ch/aboutus/members.htm]</ref>
 +
*[[Business in the Community]] <ref>[http://www.bitc.org.uk/members_list.html] </ref>
 +
*The [[Conference Board]]<ref>[http://www.conference-board.org/whoweare/members.cfm] [http://www.conference-board.org/memberservices/councilsDetailUS.cfm?Council_ID=73]
 +
</ref>
 +
:*[[Council of Marketing Executives II]] (The Conference Board)<ref>[http://www.conference-board.org/memberservices/councilsDetailUS.cfm?Council_ID=46]
 +
</ref>
 +
:*[[Council of Financial Executives]] (The Conference Board)
 +
:*[[Performance Improvement Council]] (The Conference Board)
 +
:*[[Council on Work Force Diversity II]] (The Conference Board)
 +
:*[[Council of Financial Executives]] (The Conference Board)
 +
:*[[Council for Business Development and Integration Executives]] (The Conference Board)
 +
*[[European Policy Centre]]<ref>[http://www.theepc.be/membership/list.asp?SEC=membership]</ref>
 +
*[[International Chamber of Commerce]]<ref>[http://www.iccwbo.org/home/intro_icc/links_to_member_companies.asp]</ref>
 +
*[[International Life Sciences Institute]]<ref>[http://www.ilsi.org/about/Assembly_of_Members.pdf]</ref>
 +
*[[Business for Social Responsibility]]<ref>[http://www.bsr.org/Meta/MemberList.cfm[http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?documentID=1846]</ref>
 +
*[[United States Council for International Business]]
 +
*[[CSR Europe]]<ref>[http://www.csreurope.org/csr_europe/aboutus/aboutusbtobnetwork.htm]</ref>
 +
*[[Corporate Council on Africa]]<ref>[http://www.africacncl.org/About_CCA/members.asp]</ref>
 +
*[[CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution]]
 +
*[[Public Affairs Council ]]<ref>[http://www.pac.org/join/listmem.htm]</ref>
 +
*[[International Business Leaders Forum]]<ref>[http://www.pwblf.org/csr/csrwebassist.nsf/content/f1b2a3.html]
 +
</ref>
 +
*The [[Cato Institute]]<ref>[http://www.cato.org/]</ref>
 +
*[[Keep America Beautiful ]]<ref><[http://www.kab.org/sponsor1.cfm]</ref>
 +
*[[American Council on Science and Health]]
 +
*[[Center for Consumer Freedom]]
 +
*[[European Food Information Council]]
  
−
In addition to protests in Kerala and Mehdiganj protests have also been held in Kala Dera in Rajasthan, north India. In December 2005 over 1,500 campaigners marched to their Coca-Cola bottling plant to protest and demand its closure. Yet again local police intervened and carried out almost 200 arrests. The story in Kala Dera is a familiar one. The community is suffering from great water shortages and pollution of groundwater and soil, which has a massive impact on their livelihoods [http://www.indiaresource.org/]. These problems are being caused due to the activities of Coca-Cola and the way in which they have taken over the land in this community. One key organiser of this protest made his feelings very clear about this multinational &#39;Coca-Cola is looting our natural resources, resources that belong to the public&#39; he continued by stating that the water they are using is a basic need for the people and that Coca-Cola is depriving them of this necessity [http://www.indiaresource.org/].  
+
===Sponsoring Israel Herzliya Conference 2008===
 +
In 2008, The [[Central Bottling Company Ltd]], which is associated with the Coca Cola company sponsored the 8th [[Herzliya Conference]] in Israel<ref>The Annual Herzliya Conference Series: on the Balance of Israel's National Security (2008) [http://www.herzliyaconference.org/Eng/_Uploads/2154ExecutiveSummaryEnglish.pdf Conference Conclusions]. Accessed 12th August 2008</ref>.
  
−
There has been much debate both across the US and in countries throughout the EU regarding the sale of Coca-Cola products in schools and University campuses. People are becoming more aware of the atrocities which Coca-Cola carries out on a daily basis across many third world countries including India. Killer Coke is one organisation which is at the forefront in attempting to educate people on this matter and to eradicate the sales of their products. They tiresomely campaign to inform the public about the conditions in their plants, stating in their website that &#39;Coca-Cola continues to rake in billions each year, yet the frightening conditions at the Coke plants remain unchanged&#39; [http://www.corporatecampaign.org/killer-coke/who.htm]. This statement highlights the sheer contempt Killer Coke has for Coca-Cola. Loyola Academy in Illinois is one school which has campaigned to ban the sale of Coca-Cola in their cafeteria. The students held presentations and informed other students about the indecent activities which Coca-Cola carries out, in a bid to drum up support for signatures for their petition. The students received 108 signatures of support on their first night of campaigning alone (http://loyolarevolution.blogspot.com/). This is just one example of events which are held to help ban the sales of Coca-Cola. Coke Free Coalition is one group of students from The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) who is attempting to remove all Coca-Cola products from their campus. They strongly feel that this multinational is portraying a wholesome image, a company who cares deeply about the communities in which it operates, which is far from the truth. Coke Free Coalition feels that by having their products on campuses they are supporting the violations which Coca-Cola is responsible for [http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/news/articles.asp?id=36132]. Furthermore in December the University of Michigan announced a temporary suspension of its contract with Coca-Cola. This boycott is clearly becoming more widespread, which can only be a good thing if we are to encourage Coca-Cola to clean up its act.
+
==Law Firms==
 +
In 2005, the India Resource Centre report that law firm [[Daniel & Gladys]] who represented the Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited (a subsidiary of the Atlanta based Coca-Cola company) threatened a law suit against Mr. Sharad Haksar (an Indian Photographer) for displaying a billboard depicting coca cola and empty water pumps (Coca cola stands accused of causing water shortages in India).
  
−
===Conclusion===
+
The [[Polaris Institute]] list the following as acting on behalf of Coca Cola <ref>Richard Girard [http://www.polarisinstitute.org/files/Coke%20profile%20August%2018.pdf Corporate Profile - Coca Cola Company: Inside the Real Thing] The Polaris Institute. August 2005. Accessed 26th January 2008</ref>...
−
The Coca Cola company seeks "to benefit and refresh everyone it touches" [http://www2.coca-cola.com/], however from this report it can be suggested this is not the case for the people of India. Indeed, Coca Cola contaminates, poisons and devastates everyone it touches in India.
+
* [[White and Case]] – reported to be representing Coke in the Colombia lawsuit taking place in Miami
 +
* [[King and Spalding]] LLP – Georgia
 +
* [[Brinks, Hofer, Gilson and Lione]] - Chicago
  
−
==Organisations of which Coca Cola is a member or funds==
+
==Lobbying firms==
−
Coca-Cola is a worldwide organisation which has extended its activities to help fund and become a part of different organisations around the world. One such organisation is [[Camp Coca-Cola]], which is a year round programme of leadership training and community service. It also offers a Summer Camp programme which includes a number of exciting yet testing activities. [[Camp Coca-Cola]] aims to challenge its members to see the world more openly as a place where they can make a difference. It is run by professionals who are dedicated to providing a unique and worthwhile experience to those who attend. Attendance is decided through nominations by local schools and community organisations on the basis that those who are chosen are dedicated to learning and are open to new life experiences. Coca-Cola fund this project which they feel is beneficial to the communities it serves and Camps have been specially set up all over America [http://www.campcocacola.com/parent_faq.htm]. Organisations such as Camp Coca-Cola have been set up in an attempt by Coca-Cola to improve its overall image and to increase its ability to boost its own long term profits.
+
===Former lobbying firms===
 +
*[[APCO Worldwide]]<ref> [http://www.appc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/appc_register_1_september_2008_to_30_november_2008_update_170209.pdf Register Entry for 1 September 2008 to 30 November 2008 ] ''APPC'', accessed 28 January 2015 </ref>
  
−
A further extension of Coca-Cola&#39;s work is &#39;[[Coca-Cola Africa]]&#39;. This organisation is said to be committed to the future of the African continent and to the well being of its people and communities, and furthermore to its economic development. This statement stands in stark contrast to the activities which Coca-Cola have already been accused of in India. Such atrocities which have been previously mentioned in this report contradict the philosophy of &#39;Coca-Cola Africa&#39;. This particular organisation which Coca-Cola initiated was set up to educate and distribute information about the dangers of HIV and AIDS. It places particular attention on the treatment of individuals who suffer from such diseases, and furthermore harshly criticises the discrimination of these unfortunate people [http://www.africacncl.org/HIV_AIDS/get_involved/profiles/coca_cola.asp].
+
==Affiliations==
 +
Coca Cola has been a donor to the [[Science Media Centre]] since 2010. <ref>SMC, [http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/about-us/funding/ Funding], accessed 29 September 2013. See also [[Science Media Centre - Funding]]</ref>
  
−
One additional organisation of Coca-Cola is the [[Coca-Cola Foundation]] which is said to be the &#39;philanthropic arm&#39; of the Coca-Cola Company. It focuses on education and the advancement of cultural diversity. Its main activities include the offering of scholarships, the building of schools and libraries and the donation of books. It aims to help and support people through higher education who lack both financial and personal support [http://orgs.takingitglobal.org/464]. It appears that Coca-Cola put a great deal of effort into initiating organisations and programmes to help extend the education of citizens around the world, more specifically in America and in Africa. Despite the ever growing number of these programmes which are available it is difficult for Coca-Cola to mask the shocking activities they carry out each day in the small communities in India where they operate their bottling plants. Coca-Cola may indeed help fund educational programmes in America, but this is of little consolation to the many villages in India, who are left suffering at the hands of this multinational.
+
==Resources==
 +
Powerbase [[Coca Cola, CSR and Human Rights]]
  
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<FONT FACE="Helvetica">[[American Chamber of Commerce EU Committee]]</TD>
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[[Category:Food and Agriculture Industry]]
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[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
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<FONT FACE="Helvetica">[http://www.eucommittee.be/Pages/prof9.htm]</TD>
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Latest revision as of 14:23, 12 July 2016

Background

The Coca Cola Company was founded in 1886 by pharmacist John Styth Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The Coca-Cola Company advertisies itself as 'the world's leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 brands. The Coca-Cola Company continues to be based in Atlanta and employs 49,000 people worldwide, with operations in over 200 countries'[1].

People

Board of Directors 2015

Senior Operations Leadership 2015

Senior Functional Leadership 2015

Alexander B. Cummings | Bernhard Goepelt | Ceree Eberly | Clyde C. Tuggle | Deryck Van Rensburg | Ed Steinike | Kathy N. Waller | Guy Wollaert | Irial Finan | Javier C. Goizueta | Lisa M. Borders | Marcos de Quinto [2]

Board of Directors

In January 2008, the Coca Cola Company report their Board of Directors as comprising[3]...

  • E Neville Isdell - Isdell is also Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for Coca Cola. He joined Coca Cola in 1966 undertaking a variety of leadership positions throughout the world before taking up his present roles in 2004. In his biography[4], Isdell is also reported to be...
'chairman of the U.S.-Russia Business Council and chairman of the board of trustees of the International Business Leaders Forum (IBLF). He is a member of the board of trustees of the United States Council for International Business and the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He is also a member of the Corporate Advisory Board of the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS. Isdell serves on the board of directors of SunTrust Banks Inc. and the Commerce Club and as a trustee of Emory University. He is a lifetime trustee of Pace Academy'.
  • Ronald W Allen - Director since 1991. Allen's biography[6] reports that he also serves as Consultant and Advisory Director for Delta Air Lines Inc., were he was formerly Chairman of the Board, President and CEO between 1987 to 1997). Allen is also a Director of Aaron Rents Inc.
  • Alexis M Herman - Director since 2007, former Chairwoman of Coca-Cola's Human Resources Task Force. Herman's biography[9] reports that she is also Chair and CEO of New Ventures LLC, Chair of the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board and the Sodexho Business Advisory Board, and on the Board of Directors for Cummins Inc., Entergy Inc. and MGM Mirage. Herman's biography also describes how she previously 'served as America's 23rd Secretary of Labor and the first African American ever to lead the United States Department of Labor'.

Senior Leadership Team

In January 2008, Coca Cola's Senior Leadership Team are listed as[17]...

  • Muhtar Kent - President & CEO (he will succeed Neville Isdell as CEO on July 1st 2008) with responsibility for oversing all operations of the business, including Bottling Investments. Kent's biography[18] reports that he joined the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1978 and has held a variety of marketing and operations roles throughout his time with the company. From 1999 until his return to The Coca-Cola Company in May 2005, Kent served as President and CEO of the Efes Beverage Group (Efes is a publicly traded beverage enterprise whose Coca-Cola and beer operations extend from the Adriatic to the Pacific Ocean. They are also the majority shareholder of Turkish bottler Coca-Cola Icecek.
  • Ahmet C Bozer - President and CEO of the Eurasia Group. Bozer's biography[19] reports that he has been with Coca Cola since 1990 and served as Managing Director of Coca-Cola Bottlers of Turkey (CCBT) before taking on his current role. Bozer's previous involvements include five years with Coopers & Lybrand in various audit, consultancy and management roles.
  • Irial Finan - Executive Vice President of The Coca-Cola Company and President of Bottling Investments and Supply Chain. Finan's biography[24] reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1981 and is is also a Non-Executive Director (and Chairman of the audit committee) for eircom plc.
  • Glenn G Jordan S - President and CEO, Pacific Group. Jordan's biography[25] describes how he joined Coca Cola in 1978 and has undertaken a variety of roles including Executive Vice President for Coca-Cola Latin America and Director of Operations for the Latin America Group.
  • Geoffrey J Kelly - General Counsel and Senior Vice President. Kelly's biography[26] reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1970 and has 'held a series of positions with increasing responsibility in the Legal departments' of the Coca Cola Company and its subsidiaries.
  • Robert P Leechman - Chief Customer and Commercial Officer, Vice President. Leechman's biography[27] reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1988 and has worked in a variety of positions including the Middle East Division, General Manager for the 2000 Olympics in Australia and President of the Central Europe and Russia Division before taking up his current position in 2005. Prior to joinging Coca Cola, Leechman spent nine years with Mars Inc.
  • Thomas G Mattia - Director of Worldwide Public Affairs and Communications and Senior Vice President of The Coca-Cola Company. Mattia's biography[28] describes him as a '35-year veteran of public affairs and communications'. In his current role he is...
'responsible for leading the Company's global public affairs and communications, which include corporate communications, media relations, public policy, government relations, corporate reputation, shareowner affairs, executive and employee communications, digital communications and archives. His role also includes leadership of the Company's Public Policy and Corporate Reputation Council and the Bottler Public Affairs Advisory Board'.

Mattia also serves on the board of advisors of the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and the board of the High Museum of Art. He is a trustee of the Institute of Public Relations and serves on the committee of the PR Seminar. He is a member of the Arthur W Page Society, the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) and the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA)

Mattia was previously Vice President for EDS, was Head of Public Affairs for the Ford Motor Company and held executive positions with GCI Jennings, Hill and Knowlton (where he supported the opening of China's first McDonald's) and IBM. Prior to this, 'Mattia managed Jimmy Carter's U.S. presidential campaign in Vermont and worked as a reporter for four U.S. newspapers, beginning his career at The Trenton Times in New Jersey'.

  • Cynthia P McCague - Director, Human Resources & Senior Vice President, The Coca-Cola Company. McCague's biography[29] reports that she joined Coca Cola in 1982 and took up her current roles in 2004. Her biography adds that 'prior to joining the Company, Cynthia spent seven years working in manufacturing and local government' but information of who she worked for or what form her roles took are not included.
  • Dominique Reiniche - President, European Union Group. Reiniche's biography[30] reports that she 'has spent 13 years with Coca-Cola in France and Europe, holding various marketing, sales and general management positions'. She sits on the Board of ECR Europe and the Board of CIAA (Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries of the EU). Reiniche's previous involvements include working as Director of Marketing and Strategy with Kraft Jacobs-Suchard and eight years service with Procter & Gamble. She also served as President of UNESDA (European Non-Alcoholic Beverage Industry) between 2005 to 2007, 'during which she led the industry to liaise more with the EU authorities, to communicate more broadly the choice of drinks it offers, and to adopt a self-regulatory code'.
  • José Octavio Reyes - President, Latin America Group. Reyes's biography[31] reports that he joined Coca Cola in 1980 and took on his current role in 2002.

Operating Group Leadership

In January 2008, Operating Group Leadership personnel are listed as[34]...

Africa Group - Alexander B Cummings Jr. East and Central Africa Business Unit: Nathan Kalumbu Nigeria Business Unit: Cem Kumral North and West Africa Business Unit: Curtis A Ferguson South Africa Business Unit: William Egbe (Bill)

Eurasia Group - Ahmet C Bozer Adriatic & Balkans Business Unit: Nikos Coumettis India Business Unit: Atul Singh Middle East Business Unit: Rafik El Toukhi Russia, Ukraine & Belarus Business Unit: Clyde C Tuggle Southern Eurasia Business Unit: Selcuk Erden Turkey Business Unit: Ahmet Burak

European Union Group - Dominique Reiniche Central & Southern Europe Business Unit: Michael Holm Johansen Germany Business Unit: Beatrice Guillaume-Grabisch Iberian Business Unit: Marcos de Quinto Northwest Europe & Nordics Business Unit: Michael A Clarke

Latin America Group - José Octavio Reyes Brazil Business Unit: Brian J Smith Latin Center Business Unit: Xiemar Zarazúa Mexico Business Unit: James R Quincey South Latin Business Unit: Francisco Crespo Benítez

North America Group - J Alexander M Douglas Jr. Canada Business Unit: Vincent R Timpano, Melody Justice

Pacific Group - Glenn G Jordan S and Paul K Etchells China Business Unit: Steve K W Chan and Douglas Jackson Japan Business Unit: Masahiko Uotani and Dan Sayre Philippines Business Unit: Alexander P M von Behr and Kandy Anand Southeast & West Asia Business Unit: Manuel Arroyo

Corporate Functional Leadership

In January 2008, Corporate Functional Leadership personnel are listed as[35]...

Subsidiaries & Alliances

According to Transnationale.org[37], Coca Cola created The Beverage Institute for Health and Wellness in 2004, 'a research institute created by the company with the goal of countering criticism about their role of soft drinks in the obesity epidemic'. They are also reported to be a member of the advisory group of Green Business Network and to have donated 1 million USA dollars to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry in 2003. In 2007, Coca Cola is reported to have donated $20 million to nature conservation association WWF in a partnership agreement.

Refreshments in order to expand both companies’ position in the ready-to-drink tea category. In 2001, the joint venture was renamed Beverage Partners Worldwide[38]

Public Relations and Lobbying

In January 2008 Coca Cola is listed as a client for French PR firm I&E[39] They are also listed with Russian firm Mikhailov and Partners[40], Dutch firm Van Luyken Communicatie Adviseurs[41], Spanish firm Inforpress[42] and Scottish firms Real PR[43] and Scott Porter Research and Marketing Ltd[44].

According to Transnationale.org[45], Coca Cola have enlisted the help of the following PR agencies...

  • Momentum, part of the Interpublic Group of Companies, 'was awarded Coke’s promotions and retail account for the summer launch of its new low calorie cola in 2004'.
  • GCI Group - 2004
  • Lexis PR, the 'UK firm charged to recover from the disastrous launch of Dasani in England' in 2004.

India Resource[46] report that Perfect Relations were hired by Coca Cola to develop a new image for the company in India.

The Polaris Institute[47] confirm GCI, Lexis PR and Perfect Relations as PR firms acting on behalf of Coca Cola and add the involvement of Cohn, Overstreet and Parrish.

Weber Shandwick are reported to have represented Coca Cola with Alex Woolfall serving as the lead person for their client[48].

In 2008, Coca Cola is listed as a member of the American Benefits Council[49], they are also listed as a client for lobbying firm Williams and Jensen[50]

Coca Cola FEMSA is listed as a client of MWW Group in 2008[51]. Coca Cola are also Members of the European Sponsorship Association

Affiliations

Sponsoring Israel Herzliya Conference 2008

In 2008, The Central Bottling Company Ltd, which is associated with the Coca Cola company sponsored the 8th Herzliya Conference in Israel[68].

Law Firms

In 2005, the India Resource Centre report that law firm Daniel & Gladys who represented the Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited (a subsidiary of the Atlanta based Coca-Cola company) threatened a law suit against Mr. Sharad Haksar (an Indian Photographer) for displaying a billboard depicting coca cola and empty water pumps (Coca cola stands accused of causing water shortages in India).

The Polaris Institute list the following as acting on behalf of Coca Cola [69]...

Lobbying firms

Former lobbying firms

Affiliations

Coca Cola has been a donor to the Science Media Centre since 2010. [71]

Resources

Powerbase Coca Cola, CSR and Human Rights

Notes

  1. ↑ Coca Cola Company Company Structure Accessed 18th January 2008
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Coca-Cola Leaders Coca-Cola, accessed 10 April 2015
  3. ↑ Coca Cola Company Board of Directors Accessed 18th January 2008
  4. ↑ Coca Cola Company E Neville Isdell Accessed 18th January 2008
  5. ↑ Coca Cola Company Herbert A Allen Accessed 18th January 2008
  6. ↑ Coca Cola Company Ronald W Allen Accessed 18th January 2008
  7. ↑ Coca Cola Company Cathleen P Black Accessed 18th January 2008
  8. ↑ Coca Cola Company Barry Diller Accessed 18th January 2008
  9. ↑ Coca Cola Company Alexis M Herman Accessed 21st January 2008
  10. ↑ Coca Cola Company Donald R Keough Accessed 21st January 2008
  11. ↑ Coca Cola Company Donald F McHenry Accessed 21st January 2008
  12. ↑ Coca Cola Company Sam Nunn Accessed 21st January 2008
  13. ↑ Coca Cola Company James D Robinson Accessed 21st January 2008
  14. ↑ Coca Cola Company Peter V Ueberroth Accessed 21st January 2008
  15. ↑ Jacob Wallenberg
  16. ↑ Coca Cola Company James B Williams Accessed 21st January 2008
  17. ↑ Coca Cola Company Senior Management Accessed 21st January 2008
  18. ↑ Coca Cola Company Muhtar Kent Accessed 21st January 2008
  19. ↑ Coca Cola Company Ahmet C Bozer Accessed 22nd January 2008
  20. ↑ Coca Cola Company Alexander S Cummings Accessed 22nd January 2008
  21. ↑ Centre for Global Development Home page Accessed 22nd January 2008
  22. ↑ Coca Cola Company J Alexander M Douglas Accessed 22nd Janaury 2008
  23. ↑ Coca Cola Company Gary P Fayard Accessed 22nd January 2008
  24. ↑ Coca Cola Company Irian Finan Accessed 22nd January 2008
  25. ↑ Coca Cola Company Glenn G Jordan S Accessed 22nd January 2008
  26. ↑ Coca Cola Company geoffrey J Kelly Accessed 22nd January 2008
  27. ↑ Coca Cola Company Robert P Leechman Accessed 22nd January 2008
  28. ↑ Coca Cola Company Thomas G Mattia Accessed 22nd January 2008
  29. ↑ Coca Cola Company Cynthia P McCague Accessed 22nd January 2008
  30. ↑ Coca Cola Company Dominique Reiniche Accessed 22nd January 2008
  31. ↑ Coca Cola Company José Octavio Reyes Accessed 22nd January 2008
  32. ↑ Coca Cola Company Danny L Strickland Accessed 22nd January 2008
  33. ↑ Coca Cola Company Joseph V Tripodi Accessed 22nd January 2008
  34. ↑ Coca Cola Company Operating Group Leadership Accessed 21st January 2008
  35. ↑ Coca Cola Company Corporate Leadership Accessed 21st January 2008
  36. ↑ Coca Cola Company Ahmet C Bozer Accessed 22nd January 2008
  37. ↑ Transnationale.org Companies Accessed 24th January 2008
  38. ↑ Richard Girard (2005) Corporate Profile - Coca-Cola Company: Inside the Real Thing Polaris Institute. Accessed 26th January 2008
  39. ↑ I&E Clients Accessed 17th January 2008
  40. ↑ Public Relations Organisation International Mikhailov and Partners Accessed 13th February 2008
  41. ↑ Public Relations Organisations InternationalVan Luyken Cummunicatie Adviseurs accessed 13th February 2008
  42. ↑ Public Relations Organisation International Inforpress accessed 13th February 2008
  43. ↑ Real PR Real Experience Accessed 6th May 2008
  44. ↑ Scott Porter Research and Marketing Ltd Clients Accessed 6th May 2008
  45. ↑ Transnationale.org Companies Accessed 24th January 2008
  46. ↑ India Resource Campaign to Hold Coca-Cola Accountable Accessed 24th January 2008
  47. ↑ Richard Girard Corporate Profile - Coca Cola Company: Inside the Real Thing The Polaris Institute. August 2005. Accessed 26th January 2008
  48. ↑ Chime Communications ALEX WOOLFALL HEADS ISSUES & CRISIS PRACTICE AT BELL POTTINGER GROUP Accessed 27th February 2008
  49. ↑ American Benefits Council Memberships Accessed 26th February 2008
  50. ↑ Williams and Jensen Clients Accessed 12th March 2008
  51. ↑ MWW Group Clients Accessed 18th March 2008
  52. ↑ Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014 APPC, accessed 28 January 2015
  53. ↑ [1]
  54. ↑ [2]
  55. ↑ [3]
  56. ↑ [4] [5]
  57. ↑ [6]
  58. ↑ [7]
  59. ↑ [8]
  60. ↑ [9]
  61. ↑ [http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?documentID=1846
  62. ↑ [10]
  63. ↑ [11]
  64. ↑ [12]
  65. ↑ [13]
  66. ↑ [14]
  67. ↑ <[15]
  68. ↑ The Annual Herzliya Conference Series: on the Balance of Israel's National Security (2008) Conference Conclusions. Accessed 12th August 2008
  69. ↑ Richard Girard Corporate Profile - Coca Cola Company: Inside the Real Thing The Polaris Institute. August 2005. Accessed 26th January 2008
  70. ↑ Register Entry for 1 September 2008 to 30 November 2008 APPC, accessed 28 January 2015
  71. ↑ SMC, Funding, accessed 29 September 2013. See also Science Media Centre - Funding
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