Difference between revisions of "Areva"

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The Areva Group has a commercial presence in more than 100 countries and manufacturing facilities in 43 countries. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/group-727/partner-to-the-world-s-power-companies-with-offices-around-the-globe.html Areva website:Balanced International Implementation], undated, accessed August 2012. </ref>
 
The Areva Group has a commercial presence in more than 100 countries and manufacturing facilities in 43 countries. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/group-727/partner-to-the-world-s-power-companies-with-offices-around-the-globe.html Areva website:Balanced International Implementation], undated, accessed August 2012. </ref>
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Areva is a key player in the UK's civil nuclear industry, with stakes in the [[Hinkley Point C nuclear power station]], and [[Nuclear Management Partners]] at [[Sellafield]], among others.
  
 
== Overview ==
 
== Overview ==
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The Group's activities are divided into five business groups:  
 
The Group's activities are divided into five business groups:  
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* Mining;
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* Mining
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* Front End Business Group (conversion and enrichment of uranium and fuel assembly manufacture);
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* Front End Business Group (conversion and enrichment of uranium and fuel assembly manufacture)  
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* Reactor and Services (Reactor design and servicing);
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* Reactor and Services (reactor design and servicing)  
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* Back End (Reprocessing and nuclear waste management);
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* Back End (reprocessing and nuclear waste management)  
 
* Renewable Energy. <ref>[http://www.areva.com/scripts/activities/publigen/content/templates/Show.asp?FORCE=Y&P=57&L=EN Areva Website: Areva Operations], accessed July 2012. The organisational structure is actually much more complicated than this. For more information see the chart on page 121 of the [http://www.areva.com/finance/liblocal/docs/doc-ref-2011/DDR%202011%20AREVA_uk.pdf 2011 Reference Document]</ref>  
 
* Renewable Energy. <ref>[http://www.areva.com/scripts/activities/publigen/content/templates/Show.asp?FORCE=Y&P=57&L=EN Areva Website: Areva Operations], accessed July 2012. The organisational structure is actually much more complicated than this. For more information see the chart on page 121 of the [http://www.areva.com/finance/liblocal/docs/doc-ref-2011/DDR%202011%20AREVA_uk.pdf 2011 Reference Document]</ref>  
  
 
===Areva Mining===
 
===Areva Mining===
  
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Areva is the world’s second largest producer of uranium, with a market share of around 16 per cent in 2010. The mining business group covers exploration, extraction and processing of uranium ore and the reclamation of sites after production has finished. The group holds a broad portfolio of mines in operation (Canada, Kazakhstan and Niger), as well as projects under development in Africa. The Mining Business Group generated 14 per cent of Areva’s consolidated revenue in 2011. <ref> Areva, [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-635/mining-uranium-production-yellowcake-exploration-mining-milling.html Areva Website: Mining Business Group] accessed August 2012 and Areva [http://www.areva.com/mediatheque/liblocal/docs/pdf/activites/mines/pdf-areva-mines-UK.pdf ''Discover Mining Activities''], Areva Glossy Brochure 2010, accessed July 2012.</ref>
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Areva is the world’s second largest producer of uranium, with a market share of around 16 per cent in 2010. The mining business group covers exploration, extraction and processing of uranium ore and the reclamation of sites after production has finished. It holds a broad portfolio of operational mines (Canada, Kazakhstan and Niger), as well as projects under development in Africa. The group generated 14 per cent of Areva’s consolidated revenue in 2011. <ref> Areva, [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-635/mining-uranium-production-yellowcake-exploration-mining-milling.html Areva Website: Mining Business Group] accessed August 2012 and Areva [http://www.areva.com/mediatheque/liblocal/docs/pdf/activites/mines/pdf-areva-mines-UK.pdf ''Discover Mining Activities''], Areva Glossy Brochure 2010, accessed July 2012.</ref>
  
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Generating nuclear energy requires uranium as a fuel, which has to be mined. Uranium mining can have catastrophic effects on nearby communities and the environment for thousands of years to come. There are few places where these harmful effects are felt more distinctly than Niger, in West Africa. Niger is one of the world’s poorest countries, ranking last in the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). More than 40 per cent of Niger’s children are underweight for their age; water and access to improved water sources is scarce and almost three quarters of the population are illiterate. Areva extracts precious—and deadly uranium, earning billions but leaving a legacy of environmental pollution and health risks for the citizens of Niger. <ref> Greenpeace,[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2010/AREVA_Niger_report.pdf Left in the Dust: Areva’s Radioactive Legacy in the desert towns of Niger], 2010,Greenpeace, accessed August 2012</ref>
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Generating nuclear energy requires uranium as a fuel, which has to be mined. Uranium mining can have catastrophic effects on nearby communities and the environment for thousands of years. There are few places where these harmful effects are felt more distinctly than Niger, in West Africa. Niger is one of the world’s poorest countries, ranking last in the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). More than 40 per cent of Niger’s children are underweight for their age; water and access to improved water sources is scarce and almost three quarters of the population are illiterate. Areva extracts precious—and deadly uranium, earning billions but leaving a legacy of environmental pollution and health risks for the citizens of Niger. <ref> Greenpeace,[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2010/AREVA_Niger_report.pdf Left in the Dust: Areva’s Radioactive Legacy in the desert towns of Niger], 2010,Greenpeace, accessed August 2012</ref>
  
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In November 2009, the environmental organisation Greenpeace – working with the French independent laboratory CRIIRAD and the Nigerien NGO network ROTAB – carried out a brief scientific study of the area, measuring the radioactivity of the water, air and earth around the AREVA mining towns. After Greenpeace published some initial findings, Areva had to take action. Some radioactive spots identified by Greenpeace in one mining village were cleaned up. However, Greenpeace said this limited remedy does not diminish the need for a comprehensive study so that all areas can be made safe for the community. <ref> For more information on uranium mining in Niger See [http://www.wise-uranium.org/umopafr.html#NEGEN Wise Uranium Mining Project website]</ref>
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In November 2009, the environmental organisation [[Greenpeace]] – working with the French independent laboratory [[CRIIRAD]] and the Nigerien NGO network [[ROTAB]] – carried out a brief scientific study of the area, measuring the radioactivity of the water, air and earth around the AREVA mining towns. After Greenpeace published some initial findings, Areva had to take action. Some radioactive spots identified by Greenpeace in one mining village were cleaned up. However, Greenpeace said that this limited remedy does not diminish the need for a comprehensive study, so that all areas can be made safe for the community. <ref> For more information on uranium mining in Niger See [http://www.wise-uranium.org/umopafr.html#NEGEN Wise Uranium Mining Project website]</ref>
  
 
===Areva Front End Business Group===
 
===Areva Front End Business Group===
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SET’s minority partners include: [[GDF Suez]] 5 per cent; the Japanese utility [[Kansai]] 2.5 per cent (with Sojitz) ; the South Korean utility [[Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power ]] Co. Ltd (KHNP) 2.5 per cent and the Japanese utilities [[Kyushu Electric Power]] and [[Tohoku Electric Power]] per cent. <ref>[http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-887/tricastin-site-the-georges-besse-ii-enrichment-plant.html Areva website: Tricastin Site: The Georges Besse II Enrichment Plant], accessed July 2012. </ref>
 
SET’s minority partners include: [[GDF Suez]] 5 per cent; the Japanese utility [[Kansai]] 2.5 per cent (with Sojitz) ; the South Korean utility [[Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power ]] Co. Ltd (KHNP) 2.5 per cent and the Japanese utilities [[Kyushu Electric Power]] and [[Tohoku Electric Power]] per cent. <ref>[http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-887/tricastin-site-the-georges-besse-ii-enrichment-plant.html Areva website: Tricastin Site: The Georges Besse II Enrichment Plant], accessed July 2012. </ref>
  
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In order to allow Areva access to Urenco’s high performance uranium enrichment centrifuge technology which is highly sensitive because it could be used to make nuclear weapons, and meet the European Commission's competition requirements, a new company ETC (Enrichment Technology Company) was set up in 2003 with [[Urenco]] and Areva both taking a 50 per cent share. This has allowed Areva to construct the new enrichment plant, Georges Besse II, to replace Eurodif's gaseous diffusion enrichment plant, which has been in operation on the same site since 1978. The 2003 agreement took effect in July 2006. This meant that Areva and Urenco continue to compete for the sale of enrichment services, but ETC is the sole owner of the ultracentrifuge technology which it makes it available to its customers, including Areva.
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To allow Areva access to [[Urenco]]’s high performance uranium enrichment centrifuge technology, (which is highly sensitive because it could be used to make nuclear weapons) and to meet the European Commission's competition requirements, a new company [[ETC]] ([[Enrichment Technology Company]]) was set up in 2003 with Urenco and Areva both taking a 50 per cent share. This has allowed Areva to construct the new enrichment plant, Georges Besse II, to replace Eurodif's gaseous diffusion enrichment plant, which has operated on the same site since 1978. The 2003 agreement took effect in July 2006. This meant that Areva and Urenco continue to compete for the sale of enrichment services, but ETC is the sole owner of the ultracentrifuge technology which it makes it available to its customers, including Areva.
  
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This ultracentrifuge technology is the very same, so-called, peaceful nuclear technology, that has been the subject of disagreements between the West and Iran. The Khan network, built up by Abdul Qaadeer Khan – better known as the father of Pakistan’s bomb – was a global nuclear information network and business with access to this supposedly secret uranium enrichment technology. Using a mixture of legal and illegal transactions involving businesses all over the world, the technology was exported to Libya, North Korea and Iran. <ref>Joop Boer, Henk van der Keur, Karel Koster, Frank Slijper,  A.Q. Khan, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/a-q-khan-urenco-and-the-prol''Urenco and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Technology: The Symbiotic Relation Between Energy and Nuclear Weapons''], Greenpeace International May, 2004.</ref>
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This ultracentrifuge technology is the very same, so-called, peaceful nuclear technology, that has been the subject of disagreements between the West and Iran. The Khan network, built up by [[Abdul Qaadeer Khan]] – better known as the father of Pakistan’s bomb – was a global nuclear information network and business with access to this supposedly secret uranium enrichment technology. Using a mixture of legal and illegal transactions involving businesses all over the world, the technology was exported to Libya, North Korea and Iran. <ref>Joop Boer, Henk van der Keur, Karel Koster, Frank Slijper,  A.Q. Khan, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/a-q-khan-urenco-and-the-prol''Urenco and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Technology: The Symbiotic Relation Between Energy and Nuclear Weapons''], Greenpeace International May, 2004.</ref>
  
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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has sought to prevent Iran from proceeding with its uranium enrichment programme. In what some argue is Western hypocracy, and a “do as I say, not as I do” attitude, there have been no complaints from the IAEA about the way Urenco transferred the technology to Areva.
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The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) has sought to prevent Iran from proceeding with its uranium enrichment programme. In what some argue is Western hypocrisy, and a “do as I say, not as I do” attitude, there have been no complaints from the IAEA about the way Urenco transferred the technology to Areva.
  
 
===Areva Reactors and Services Group===
 
===Areva Reactors and Services Group===
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The Reactors and Services business group combines the nuclear reactor design and construction activities and the products and services activities necessary for the maintenance, operation, modernisation and improvement of power plants. It also includes vessel propulsion nuclear reactor and research reactor activities.  
 
The Reactors and Services business group combines the nuclear reactor design and construction activities and the products and services activities necessary for the maintenance, operation, modernisation and improvement of power plants. It also includes vessel propulsion nuclear reactor and research reactor activities.  
  
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In 2012 there were around 429 reactors around the world, with 59 under construction. <ref> Froggatt, A. and Schneider, M. [http://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/2012MSC-WorldNuclearReport-EN-V2.pdf World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2012], Mycle Schneider Consulting, July 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref> Areva describes itself as a world leader in design. It aims to build one third of the world’s new nuclear capacity. Areva says it has supplied 102 operating or under construction Presssurised Water Reactors. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1669/reactors-services-nuclear-reactors-power-plant-services.html Areva website: The Reactor Services Business Group], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref>  
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In 2012 there were around 429 reactors around the world, with 59 under construction. <ref> Froggatt, A. and Schneider, M. [http://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/2012MSC-WorldNuclearReport-EN-V2.pdf World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2012], Mycle Schneider Consulting, July 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref> Areva describes itself as a world leader in design. It aims to build one third of the world’s new nuclear capacity. Areva says it has supplied 102 operating or under construction Pressurised Water Reactors. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1669/reactors-services-nuclear-reactors-power-plant-services.html Areva website: The Reactor Services Business Group], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref>  
  
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Areva is currently constructing four 1,600MW European Pressurised water Reactors (EPRs) in Finland (Olkiluoto 3) (see below), France (Flamanville 3) and China (Taishan 1 &2). The Olkiluoto-3 project is now five years behind schedule and the original 3.3 billion projected cost has more or less doubled. <ref> Stellfox, D. [http://www.i-nuclear.com/2012/07/17/planned-2014-start-of-olkiluoto-3-off-the-table-tvo-says-on-project-5-years-behind-schedule/ ''Planned 2014 start of Olkiluoto-3 off the table, TVO says, on project 5 years behind schedule''], i-Nuclear 17th July 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref> Since construction started in Finland in 2005 new defects in design and construction have emerged every year, leading to accusations of a willingness to cut corners under cost pressure as well as a lack of quality control. Rather than learning from the mistakes made in this first EPR project, they appear to have been repeated in France and China. <ref> Greenpeace, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2012/EPR/399%20-%20EPR%20reportDEF-LR.pdf  The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money], Greenpeace Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012 </ref>
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Areva is currently constructing four 1,600MW European Pressurised Water Reactors (EPRs) in Finland (Olkiluoto 3) (see below), France (Flamanville 3) and China (Taishan 1 &2). The Olkiluoto-3 project is now five years behind schedule and the original 3.3 billion projected cost has more or less doubled. <ref> Stellfox, D. [http://www.i-nuclear.com/2012/07/17/planned-2014-start-of-olkiluoto-3-off-the-table-tvo-says-on-project-5-years-behind-schedule/ ''Planned 2014 start of Olkiluoto-3 off the table, TVO says, on project 5 years behind schedule''], i-Nuclear 17 July 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref> Since construction started in Finland in 2005 new defects in design and construction have emerged every year, leading to accusations of a willingness to cut corners under cost pressure as well as a lack of quality control. Rather than learning from the mistakes made in this first EPR project, these appear to have been repeated in France and China. <ref> Greenpeace, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2012/EPR/399%20-%20EPR%20reportDEF-LR.pdf  The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money], Greenpeace Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012 </ref>
  
 
Flamanville in northern France was supposed to be up and running by 2012, with construction costs of €3.3bn. The plant is now not expected to open until 2016 and cost €6bn. <ref> Macilister, T. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jul/20/edf-french-nuclear-reactor-delays ''EDF admits French nuclear reactor delayed but says UK projects on target''], Guardian 20th July 2011, accessed August 2012.</ref>  Information on EPR construction in Taishan, China is almost nonexistent. However, documents describing a set of inspections in 2009 and 2010 by Chinese officials identify a set of problems similar to those in Europe ).These included insufficient supervision, insufficient testing of concrete composition, hiring of inexperienced subcontractors, as well as recurring problems with storage and labelling of components. <ref> Greenpeace, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2012/EPR/399%20-%20EPR%20reportDEF-LR.pdf The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money], January 2012, Greenpeace Briefing, accessed August 2012.</ref>  
 
Flamanville in northern France was supposed to be up and running by 2012, with construction costs of €3.3bn. The plant is now not expected to open until 2016 and cost €6bn. <ref> Macilister, T. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jul/20/edf-french-nuclear-reactor-delays ''EDF admits French nuclear reactor delayed but says UK projects on target''], Guardian 20th July 2011, accessed August 2012.</ref>  Information on EPR construction in Taishan, China is almost nonexistent. However, documents describing a set of inspections in 2009 and 2010 by Chinese officials identify a set of problems similar to those in Europe ).These included insufficient supervision, insufficient testing of concrete composition, hiring of inexperienced subcontractors, as well as recurring problems with storage and labelling of components. <ref> Greenpeace, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2012/EPR/399%20-%20EPR%20reportDEF-LR.pdf The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money], January 2012, Greenpeace Briefing, accessed August 2012.</ref>  
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Areva is now working on a smaller 1,100MW PWR reactor jointly with [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] of Japan known as the ATMEA reactor. <ref> [http://areva.com/EN/global-offer-418/atmea1-a-pressurized-water-reactor-for-all-networks.html Areva website: ATMEA-1 Reactor, Areva 1,100MWE Pressurised Water Reactor], undated, accessed July 2012. See also [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=76&storyCode=2062212 The Atmea-1 Reactor], Nuclear Engineering International, 20th April 2012.</ref> This has yet to find any buyers but both Argentina and Jordan are considering this type of reactor. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/news-9423/the-atmea1-reactor-prequalified-in-argentina.html ''The ATMEA-1 reactor pre-qualified in Argentina''], Areva Press Release 12th July 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref>
 
Areva is now working on a smaller 1,100MW PWR reactor jointly with [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] of Japan known as the ATMEA reactor. <ref> [http://areva.com/EN/global-offer-418/atmea1-a-pressurized-water-reactor-for-all-networks.html Areva website: ATMEA-1 Reactor, Areva 1,100MWE Pressurised Water Reactor], undated, accessed July 2012. See also [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=76&storyCode=2062212 The Atmea-1 Reactor], Nuclear Engineering International, 20th April 2012.</ref> This has yet to find any buyers but both Argentina and Jordan are considering this type of reactor. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/news-9423/the-atmea1-reactor-prequalified-in-argentina.html ''The ATMEA-1 reactor pre-qualified in Argentina''], Areva Press Release 12th July 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref>
  
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===Areva’s Back-end Business Group===
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====Areva’s Back-end Business Group====
 
  
 
Areva operates the La Hague reprocessing plant in northern France. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1118/areva-la-hague-recycling-used-fuel.html Areva website: La Hague: Recycling used fuel], undated, accessed July 2012 </ref> Reprocessing involves dissolving spent nuclear waste fuel in nitric acid to separate out plutonium and unused uranium and leaving behind a highly radioactive liquid waste which generates its own heat and has to be constantly cooled. This liquid waste is eventually solidified into glass blocks. After the Sellafield reprocessing plant in Northern England, La Hague discharges the largest amount of liquid radioactive waste into the North East Atlantic. <ref> See [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/nuclear/waste/reprocessing/ Greenpeace International website Reprocessing], 27th June 2006, accessed August 2012.</ref>  The French courts found Areva guilty of illegally importing and storing Australian and other countries’ nuclear waste at La Hague in 2005. <ref>Greenpeace International, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/victory-cogema-guilty ''Victory: Cogema Guilty of Illegal Radioactive Waste''], Press Release, 14 April, 2005.</ref>
 
Areva operates the La Hague reprocessing plant in northern France. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1118/areva-la-hague-recycling-used-fuel.html Areva website: La Hague: Recycling used fuel], undated, accessed July 2012 </ref> Reprocessing involves dissolving spent nuclear waste fuel in nitric acid to separate out plutonium and unused uranium and leaving behind a highly radioactive liquid waste which generates its own heat and has to be constantly cooled. This liquid waste is eventually solidified into glass blocks. After the Sellafield reprocessing plant in Northern England, La Hague discharges the largest amount of liquid radioactive waste into the North East Atlantic. <ref> See [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/nuclear/waste/reprocessing/ Greenpeace International website Reprocessing], 27th June 2006, accessed August 2012.</ref>  The French courts found Areva guilty of illegally importing and storing Australian and other countries’ nuclear waste at La Hague in 2005. <ref>Greenpeace International, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/victory-cogema-guilty ''Victory: Cogema Guilty of Illegal Radioactive Waste''], Press Release, 14 April, 2005.</ref>
  
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Areva is also the world’s largest producer of weapons-useable plutonium (MoX) fuel. To do this the company relies mainly on the Melox plant, located on the Marcoule nuclear site, in the Gard region of France. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1095/melox-operations-production-of-mox-fuel-assemblies.html Areva website: Production of MoX Fuel], undated, accessed July 2012 </ref> This trade in plutonium fuel involves transporting plutonium around the globe. This plutonium, although not “weapons grade”, could still be used to make nuclear weapons, a highly risky strategy. <ref> Any grade of plutonium can be used to make a bomb if you are not too worried about the yield. See[http://www.ccnr.org/plute.html Nonproliferation and Arms control Assessment of Weapons-Usable Fissile Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives], U.S. Department of Energy, 1997, excerpt only, accessed August 2012.</ref>
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Areva is also the world’s largest producer of weapons-useable plutonium (MoX) fuel. To do this the company relies mainly on the Melox plant, located on the Marcoule nuclear site, in the Gard region of France. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1095/melox-operations-production-of-mox-fuel-assemblies.html Areva website: Production of MoX Fuel], undated, accessed July 2012 </ref> This trade in plutonium fuel involves transporting plutonium around the globe. The plutonium, although not “weapons grade”, could still be used to make nuclear weapons, so this is highly risky. <ref> Any grade of plutonium can be used to make a bomb if you are not too worried about the yield. See [http://www.ccnr.org/plute.html Nonproliferation and Arms control Assessment of Weapons-Usable Fissile Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives], U.S. Department of Energy, 1997, excerpt only, accessed August 2012.</ref>
  
 
Forty one reactors worldwide have been loaded with MOX fuel assemblies since the beginning of the 1970s: 36 of these are in Europe (21 in France, 10 in Germany, three in Switzerland and two in Belgium), one is in the United States and four are in Japan. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1095/melox-operations-production-of-mox-fuel-assemblies.html Areva website: Production of MoX Fuel], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref> Thus Areva is transporting plutonium that could be used in weapons around the globe. Plutonium can be separated from MoX fuel relatively easily. <ref> The USDoE says: “…it is important to understand that fresh MOX fuel remains a material in the most sensitive category because plutonium suitable for use in weapons could be separated from it relatively easily.”U.S. Department of Energy, Nonproliferation and Arms control Assessment of Weapons-Usable Fissile Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives, (1997), page 84. (not on the web)</ref>
 
Forty one reactors worldwide have been loaded with MOX fuel assemblies since the beginning of the 1970s: 36 of these are in Europe (21 in France, 10 in Germany, three in Switzerland and two in Belgium), one is in the United States and four are in Japan. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1095/melox-operations-production-of-mox-fuel-assemblies.html Areva website: Production of MoX Fuel], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref> Thus Areva is transporting plutonium that could be used in weapons around the globe. Plutonium can be separated from MoX fuel relatively easily. <ref> The USDoE says: “…it is important to understand that fresh MOX fuel remains a material in the most sensitive category because plutonium suitable for use in weapons could be separated from it relatively easily.”U.S. Department of Energy, Nonproliferation and Arms control Assessment of Weapons-Usable Fissile Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives, (1997), page 84. (not on the web)</ref>
  
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Areva’s Logistics division carries out the packaging and transport of nuclear materials. <ref>[http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1193/logistics-nuclear-transportation-packaging-design-and-logistics.html Areva Website: Nuclear transportation, packaging design and logistics], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref>  Areva is also part owner of  [[Pacific Nuclear Transport]] Ltd along with [[International Nuclear Services]], a subsidiary of the UK [[Nuclear Decommissioning Authority]] and Japanese nuclear companies. Its fleet of nuclear transport ships is managed by [[Serco Group.]] <ref> [http://www.pntl.co.uk/about-pntl/ PNTL website], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref>  
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Areva’s Logistics division carries out the packaging and transport of nuclear materials. <ref>[http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-1193/logistics-nuclear-transportation-packaging-design-and-logistics.html Areva Website: Nuclear transportation, packaging design and logistics], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref>  Areva owns 12.5 per cent of  [[Pacific Nuclear Transport]] Ltd with the rest being owned by [[International Nuclear Services]], a subsidiary of the UK [[Nuclear Decommissioning Authority]] and Japanese nuclear companies. Its fleet of nuclear transport ships is managed by [[Serco Group.]] <ref> [http://www.pntl.co.uk/about-pntl/ PNTL website], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref>  
  
 
The Back-End Business Group also carries out decommissioning and clean-up work.
 
The Back-End Business Group also carries out decommissioning and clean-up work.
  
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==People==
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===Areva’s Renewable Energy Business Group.===
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* [[Anne Lauvergeon]] | [[Euan Baird]] | [[Spencer Abraham]] | [[Armand Laferrère]]
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AREVA is developing a portfolio of activities based on four renewable energies: wind energy, bioenergy, solar power and hydrogen power, as well as energy storage. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-404/renewable-energies-wind-solar-biomass-hydrogen-and-energy-storage.html Areva Website: The Renewable Energies Business Group], undated, accessed July 2012. </ref>
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==Areva in the UK==
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===Shareholder in Hinkley Point C new nuclear project===
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In October 2013 the UK government struck a long-awaited deal to build the first nuclear power plant in 20 years at [[Hinkley Point C]]. [[EDF Energy]] will be the majority shareholder in the project, holding 45-50 per cent of equity. Areva will hold 10 per cent and two Chinese state firms 30-35 per cent. The new plant is expected to be built by 2023, although still needs to be cleared by the [[European Commission]].
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===Nuclear Management Partners===
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Areva is part of [[Nuclear Management Partners]] (NMP), a consortium of American company [[URS]], British company [[AMEC]] and [[Areva]]. The NMP consortium manages and operates the [[Sellafield]] site in Cumbria, as well as Capenhurst in Cheshire and the engineering design capability based at Risley in Warrington on behalf of the UK’s [[Nuclear Decommissioning Authority]] (NDA). <ref>[http://www.sellafieldsites.com/about-us/nuclear-management-partners Sellafield Ltd website], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref> Under NMP, [[Sellafield Ltd]] is responsible for delivering decommissioning, reprocessing and nuclear waste management activities on behalf of the NDA at Sellafield and Capenhurst.
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===MoX proposal===
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Areva has also submitted a proposal to the British government to build a new plutonium MoX fuel fabrication plant at Sellafield. <ref> Webb, T. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/feb/07/mox-plant-recycled-plutonium MoX proposal would pay firms to use recycled plutonium], ''Guardian'' 7 February 2012.</ref> Currently the UK’s stockpile of 100 tonnes of plutonium, which could be used to make nuclear weapons, is stored at Sellafield. The government has been consulting on what to do with it. The preliminary view is that it should be converted to MoX and used as a fuel for reactors despite the nuclear proliferation worries of many. Areva has pointed to its track record of operating the Melox plant in France. <ref> DECC, [http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/consultations/plutonium/plutonium.aspx Consultation on Management of the UK’s Plutonium Stocks], DECC December 2011, accessed August 2012.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Nuclear Waste Management===
 +
===Drigg repository===
 +
Areva is also part of the UK [[Nuclear Waste Management]] Ltd (UKNWM) consortium, along with [[URS]], [[Studsvik UK]] and [[Serco Assurance]]. This runs [[LLW Repository]] Ltd on behalf of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), which manages the national Low Level Waste Repository near Drigg in West Cumbria and oversees the national Low Level Waste programme. UKNWM has held the contract to run LLW Repository Ltd since 1st April 2008. <ref> [http://www.llwrsite.com/about-us LLW Repository Ltd website], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref> The NDA awarded the consortium a five-year extension on its contract from 31st March 2013.  <ref> [http://www.nda.gov.uk/news/5yr-extension-to-uknwm.cfm NDA awards 5 year extension to International Consortium UKNWM to manage and operate LLW Repository Ltd], NDA, 27 March 2013 </ref>
 +
 
 +
===CAS Restoration Partnership===
 +
Areva is also part of the [[CAS Restoration Partnership]] with French firm [[Areva]] and [[Serco]].
 +
 
 +
In October 2013 CASRP was among four groups that submitted a final bid for one of the UK's largest public contracts - a 14-year £7billion nuclear decommissioning contract at the 12 sites run by [[Magnox]] and [[Research Sites Restoration]]. <ref> [http://www.cnplus.co.uk/news/sectors/infrastructure/energy/race-for-7bn-nuclear-job-down-to-four/8653901.article ]''Construction News'' 3rd Oct 2013, acc 17 October 2013 </ref>
 +
 
 +
===GDA for reactors at Hinkley Point and and possibly Wylfa===
 +
Areva has been working with French nuclear firm [[EDF]], which is hoping to build 4 EPR reactors at Hinkley Point and Sizewell. They have a joint application for a Generic Assessment Design (GDA) in the UK, a process to evaluate the design of reactors being considered for construction in the UK. <ref> [http://www.epr-reactor.co.uk/scripts/ssmod/publigen/content/templates/Show.asp?P=57&L=EN UK EPR Generic Design Assessment website], undated, accessed July 2012. </ref>
 +
 
 +
Areva has also been in discussions with other European utilities that are considering building new reactors in the UK, but have yet to decide which reactor type to build. This includes [[NuGen]] - a joint venture between [[GDF Suez]], and [[Iberdrola]] - which is considering building new reactors at the Moorside site next to Sellafield. NuGen expects to decide in 2015 whether to go ahead or not. <ref> [http://www.nugeneration.com/faqs.html#Q9 NuGen website], undated, accessed July 2012. </ref>
 +
 
 +
Areva also has been talking to [[Horizon Nuclear Power]], which was originally a joint venture between [[E.ON]] and [[RWE]]. Although Horizon has yet to agree which reactor-type to deploy, Areva has undertaken studies to support the deployment of two EPR reactors on Horizon’s Wylfa site on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/scripts/group/publigen/content/templates/show.asp?P=1439&L=EN Areva website: United Kingdom], undated, accessed July 2012. </ref> Horizon’s German owners, RWE and E.ON, announced in March 2012 that they would abandon their plans to build new nuclear capacity at Wylfa and at Oldbury in Gloucestershire, and put up Horizon Nuclear Power for sale. An Areva spokesman confirmed in July that it would bid for Horizon “with Chinese utilities, probably CGNPC [[China Guangdong Nuclear Power Corp]], and other players.” <ref> Stellfox, D. [http://www.i-nuclear.com/2012/07/13/areva-confirms-bid-for-horizon-but-westinghouse-geh-rosatom-remain-coy/ ''Areva confirms bid for Horizon, but Westinghouse, GEH, Rosatom remain coy''] i-Nuclear 13 July 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref> However Areva and CGNPC pulled out of the running in October 2012. ''The Guardian'' reported that,
 +
 
 +
:Areva and CGNPC have suspended their interest in the planned sale of Horizon
 +
Nuclear Power and did not submit a bid," an Areva spokeswoman said, adding that the
 +
company was still committed to new nuclear in the UK through other avenues. <ref> Terry Macalister and Adam Vaughan, British nuclear plans suffer blow as Chinese investors pull out, ''The Guardian'', Wednesday 3 October 2012 18.50, acc 5 October 2012 </ref>
  
−
==Main Countries==
+
==Other countries==
  
−
Areva operates around the globe including in the following countries.
+
Areva operates around the globe including in the following countries:
  
 
===China===
 
===China===
  
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Areva has been seeking nuclear cooperation with the Chinese encompassing the entire nuclear fuel cycle, including reactor construction. It is competing with Westinghouse for Generation III reactor orders. Areva recently extended its bid to build four EPR units until the end of 2006. Areva disputed reports in the French media at the end of October 2006 that it had abandoned hope of being chosen over Westinghouse to supply four third-generation PWRs for construction at Sanmen and Yangjiang, however it subsequently lost the bid. <ref>''Platts Nuclear News Flashes'', Monday, 30 October, 2006.</ref>
+
Areva has been seeking nuclear cooperation with the Chinese encompassing the entire nuclear fuel cycle, including reactor construction. It is competing with [[Westinghouse]] for Generation III reactor orders. Areva has been present in China for more than 20 years, and has 30 local offices and production sites. The group employs 3400 people in the country, and has participated in building 11 of China’s 17 nuclear plants.
 +
 
 +
On 26 November  2007, Areva and the [[China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company]] (CGNPC) signed a series of agreements worth an overall €8 billion to build two EPR reactors, supply all necessary equipment and services, and create an engineering joint venture. Excavation started in August 2008 and the first concrete was poured in September 2009. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/mediatheque/liblocal/docs/pdf/activites/reacteurs-services/reacteurs/pdf-TSN-project-update-january-2011/index.html#/42/ Areva website: Taishan 1&2 Progress of the Works], January 2011, accessed July 2012. </ref>
 +
 
 +
The two reactors are expected to be commissioned in late 2013 and 2014, respectively. This means Taishan 1 and 2 could actually be the first EPR reactors to begin operation, because Olkiluoto 3 in Finland and Flamanville-3 in France are both behind schedule. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/news-8353/china-first-concrete-poured-for-second-taishan-epr-reactor.html ''China: First Concrete Poured for Second Taishan EPR Reactor''], Areva Press Release 22 April 2010, accessed July 2012.</ref>
 +
 +
The project is being managed by the [[Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture Company]] (TNPJVC: a joint venture owned  70 per cent by CGNPC and 30 per cent by EDF), with technical support provided by local Areva teams. <ref> [http://areva.com/EN/operations-2404/china-taishan-12.html#tab=tab3 Areva website: Taishan 1&2 China], undated, accessed July 2012.</ref>
 +
 
 +
In June 2012, Areva also teamed up with CGNPC in a potential bid for the UK-based [[Horizon]] nuclear project, which was put up for sale in March by German utilities [[RWE]] and [[E.ON]] in the wake of Germany's decision to phase out all nuclear power after the Fukushima accident. "The Chinese may see Horizon as a way of acquiring a relatively cheap option on developing nuclear capacity and expertise in Europe if the conditions are favourable," said [[David Stokes]], a director at consultancy [[Timera Energy]] told Reuters news agency. "The (UK) government is likely to welcome new interest from well capitalised Chinese utilities, particularly given an absence of other obvious strategic bidders." <ref> [http://www.china.org.cn/business/2012-06/20/content_25693825.htm ''China may get major stake in UK Nuke Project'',] China.org 20 June 2012 </ref>
  
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In February 2007, however, Areva admitted it was in "advanced discussions" with the [[China Guangdong Nuclear Power Corporation]] (CGNPC), its Chinese partner, on the sale of two third generation nuclear reactors. The French press reported that the deal between Areva and CGNPC called for the establishment of a global partnership that would include the supply of uranium. <ref>''Agence France Presse'', "Areva in 'Advanced Discussions' on Nuclear Reactor Sale to China: Source", Paris, 1 February, 2007.</ref>
+
===Finland===
  
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CGNPC chose Areva's EPR design for its Taishan nuclear power plant in China, and the two companies have founded an engineering joint venture in China. <ref> Reuters, [http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/06/19/nuclear-horizon-sale-idINL5E8HJ9M220120619 UPDATE 1-Western firms tap China cash to bid for UK nuclear], June 19, 2012, accessed  21 June 2012 </ref>
+
In April 2005 construction work began on Olkiluoto-3 in Finland - the first EPR to start construction anywhere in the world. The EPR design is the world’s largest nuclear reactor, and one of the most complex.  
  
−
In June 2012 Areva also teamed up with CGNPC in a potential bid for the UK-based [[Horizon]] nuclear project, which was put up for sale in March by German utilities RWE and E.ON in the wake of Germany's decision to phase out all nuclear power after the Fukushima accident.  
+
According to [[Greenpeace]] the complexity of the reactor and the constant pressure to reduce costs have led to systematic cutting of corners and to cover-ups of defects including: substandard concrete quality and quality monitoring; hiring inexperienced and incompetent subcontractors;  working without approved blueprints and guidelines; substandard quality of welding work, due to a lack of training and oversight, as well as a lack of mandatory specifications for welding procedures, skipping mandatory quality controls and tests; and deliberately covering up structural defects. <ref> Greenpeace, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2012/EPR/399%20-%20EPR%20reportDEF-LR.pdf The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money], Greenpeace Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012. </ref>
  
−
:"The Chinese may see Horizon as a way of acquiring a relatively cheap option on developing nuclear capacity and expertise in Europe if the conditions are favourable," said David Stokes, a director at consultancy [[Timera Energy]] told Reuters news agency. "The (UK) government is likely to welcome new interest from well capitalised Chinese utilities, particularly given an absence of other obvious strategic bidders."
+
In virtually all cases of quality problems, Areva’s own inspectors have failed to detect violations or have tried to cover them up. As far back as 2006, the Finnish nuclear regulator said that the number of problems was so high that it is possible that not all of them have been detected. Defects left in the final structures can either initiate a nuclear accident, or fail under accident conditions, making matters worse. <ref name="Greenpeace"> Greenpeace, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2012/EPR/399%20-%20EPR%20reportDEF-LR.pdf The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money], Greenpeace Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012. </ref>
 +
 +
In October 2011, after six years of construction, the owner of the Olkiluoto 3 in Finland announced that the project would be five years late. An estimate commissioned by the French parliament put the current cost of Olkiluoto 3 at €6.6 m, €3.6 m more than originally estimated. The investors of the first EPR project in Finland were supposed to be shielded from cost overruns. Regardless, Areva has taken the Finnish investors to court to get them to cover the ballooning costs.<ref name="Greenpeace"/>
  
−
===Finland===
+
In July 2012 the Areva-[[Siemens]] consortium which is building Olkiluoto-3 won a partial judgment for €125 million from Finnish utility [[Teollisuuden Voima Oyj]] ([[TVO]]) in July 2012. The judgment came from the Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce and requires TVO to release €100 million owed to the consortium, but withheld over contract disputes. Areva said the money was withheld “in contravention of contractual provisions.” With accrued interest, TVO has to pay €125 million, plus unspecified legal expenses incurred by the consortium. <ref> Stellfox, D. [http://www.i-nuclear.com/2012/07/05/areva-siemens-win-e125-million-from-tvo-over-ol3-but-e2-billion-is-in-dispute/ ''Areva-Siemens win €125 million from TVO over OL3, but €2 billion is in dispute''], i-Nuclear 5th July 2012, accessed August 2012. </ref>
 +
 
 +
TVO now says the reactor won’t be ready to produce electricity in 2014 (it should have opened in 2009). Areva has taken at least €2.7 billion in write-downs on the project. <ref> Stellfox, D [http://www.i-nuclear.com/2012/07/17/planned-2014-start-of-olkiluoto-3-off-the-table-tvo-says-on-project-5-years-behind-schedule/ Planned 2014 start of Olkiluoto-3 off the table, TVO says, on project 5 years behind schedule], i-Nuclear 17 July 2012, accessed August 2012. </ref> In June 2011 these problems resulted in the dismissal of the long-time CEO of Areva, [[Anne Lauvergeon]]. <ref> Harkonen, J. [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2011/New%20problems%20in%20Olkiluoto%20_%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.pdf New Problems in Olkiuoto], Greenpeace 21st July 2011, accessed August 2012.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Areva is also pursuing mining exploration and development programmes in Finland. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-666/prospection-identifying-new-uranium-deposits.html Areva website The Exploration of New Mining Resources], undated, accessed August 2012. For more information about uranium prospecting in Finland See [http://www.wise-uranium.org/upfi.html WISE uranium project website]</ref>
 +
 
 +
===United States===  
  
−
==== Problems With Quality Control====
+
====EPR Reactors====
  
−
Olkiluoto-3 is the world’s only one of Areva’s EPR reactor design which is currently under construction, although another one is planed at Flamanville in Northern France. Areva has admitted that the project is now a year behind schedule, only one year after the start of construction, and is now not expected to come on stream until 2010. Philippe Knoche was appointed to manage the construction project in October 2006 having previously been manager of the reprocessing plant at La Hague. <ref>''Platts Nuclear News Flashes'', Monday, 30 October, 2006.</ref> On top of this, the Finnish regulator has admitted major problems in quality control, raising safety concerns.
+
Areva says it is leading the U.S. nuclear renaissance –investing $250 million in research and development of the U.S. EPR reactor. Almost 5000 US employees work at 34 sites across the country. Areva is number one supplier of nuclear energy products and services in the US; its sales revenue there for 2010 was US $2.2 Billion.
  
−
===="Incapable of Delivering Its Promises"====
+
In 2005 Areva launched UniStar Nuclear LLC <ref> [http://www.unistarnuclear.com/about_history.html Unistar Nuclear website: History] accessed August 2012. </ref> with US utility [[Constellation Energy]] <ref> [http://www.constellation.com/pages/default.aspx Constellation Energy website] accessed August 2012. </ref> to plan new reactors using the EPR design. In August 2007,  EDF , took over the baton from Areva and joined Constellation in forming UniStar Nuclear Energy by acquiring a half-interest in the business. In October 2010 Constellation pulled out of negotiations for a US government loan guarantee to build an EPR at Calvert Cliffs in Maryland because the costs were too high, creating too much risk for the Baltimore-based utility. <ref> Katz, A & Polson, J. [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-09/constellation-drops-maryland-nuclear-plant-loan-denting-edf-s-u-s-plans.html ''Constellation Drops Nuclear Plant, Denting EDF's U.S. Plans''], Bloomberg 10th October 2010, accessed August 2012.</ref>  In November 2010, EDF became the sole owner of UniStar Nuclear Energy after acquiring Constellation's 50 percent interest in the business. <ref> Walker, P. [http://www.cityam.com/news-and-analysis/edf-and-us-partner-end-nuclear-row ''EDF and US Partner end Nuclear Row''], City AM 28th October 2010, accessed August 2012.</ref>
  
−
Areva announced a massive loss in their profits for the first half of 2006 with income from nuclear operations falling from 373 million Euros to 73 million Euros, due to the contract for the Finnish reactor. Nuclear opponents claim that the Finish reactor illustrates that “nuclear power is incapable of delivering its promises to the energy market. It is however the champion in sucking up vast financial resources, which would be better used if invested in renewable energy and energy efficiency". <ref>Greenpeace International, [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/releases/areva-announce-massive-losses ''Areva Announces Massive Losses in Nuclear Operations''], Press Release, 27 September, 2006.</ref>
+
Although Areva and its U.S. consortium partner [[Bechtel]] Power Corporation have agreed terms and conditions for an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for UniStar’s proposed Calvert Cliffs 3 reactor <ref> [http://www.bechtel.com/2009-07-21.html  Areva/Bechtel Consortium Unistar agree on EPC Term Sheet for Calvert Cliffs 3 EPR Nuclear Energy Facility], Bechtel 21st July 2009, accessed August 2012.</ref> Unistar's application to build Calvert Cliffs still does not meet federal laws on foreign ownership, according to the US [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] (NRC), because it is still 100% owned by EDF. <ref> [http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-NRC_will_not_licence_French_owned_plant-1104117.html NRC will not license French-owned plant], World Nuclear News, 11th April 2011, accessed August 2012. </ref>  
  
−
Analysts have speculated that Areva's financial trials in Finland are not over and that the Company could lose over Eur1 billion in Finland because it has botched negotiation of the contract. <ref>''Nucleonics Week'', "Areva Puts Star Engineer in Charge of Olkiluoto-3 Project", Vol.47 No.44, 2 November, 2006. ''Nucleonics Week'' quotes nuclear industry sources reported by the French magazine Capital, 20 October , on its [http://www.capital.fr web site]</ref>
+
Areva's EPR reactor is unlikely to receive design certification by the US NRC before the end of 2014. <ref> [http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS-Outstanding_issues_delay_EPR_certification-3105124.html ''Outstanding Issues Delay EPR Certification''], World Nuclear News 31st May 2012, accessed August 2012. </ref>
  
−
On 10th October 2006 the Finnish Trade and Industry Ministry granted Areva NC a uranium prospecting license for Finland's North Karelia region. However, property owners in the region have threatened "years of legal battles". <ref>''Platts Nuclear News Flashes,'' 12 October, 2006.</ref>
+
====Bellefonte Nuclear Plant, Alabama ====
  
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===Asia===
+
The construction on Plant Unit 1 of Bellefonte began in 1974, but was halted in 1988 due to decreased demand for electricity and cost overrun issues. The plant was almost complete when work stopped. In 2011, Areva was selected by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) as a key member of the team of contractors helping TVA complete the partially finished unit. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/group-67/worldwide-locations-of-our-nuclear-energy-and-renewable-energies-operations.html#tab=tab4 United States, Areva website] undated, accessed August 2012 See also [http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN_Decision_to_build_Bellefonte_1_1908111.html ''Decision to build Bellefonte-1''], World Nuclear News 19th August 2011, accessed August 2012.</ref>  But the ultimate cost and timing for Bellefonte 1 will depend on work at another reactor TVA is completing - Watts Bar 2 in Tennessee. TVA doesn’t want to start a second nuclear project until fuel has been loaded at Watts Bar-2. In February 2012, TVA said the Watts Bar 2 project was running over budget and behind schedule. <ref> [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/16/utilities-tva-bellefonte-idUSL2E8EG37920120316 ''TVA cuts contractors at Alabama Bellefonte nuclear site''], Reuters 16th March 2012, accessed August 2012.</ref>
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Areva has now teamed up with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) Ltd to jointly develop another third generation 1,000 megawatt nuclear power plant and other new types of reactors. The two companies say they are expected strong demand for the mid-sized power plant in regions like Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.  
+
 
 +
If the Bellefonte plant is completed, it might be expected to open around 2018, by which time it will be 50 years since construction started. If it runs for 60 years, some of the components will be 110 years old before it shuts down raising some grave concerns. <ref> Gundersen, A. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oal_8QZiYPo Bellefonte Nuclear Plant in Alabama], You Tube 11th August 2011, accessed August 2012.</ref>
  
−
The companies may also cooperate in procurement, services, the fuel cycle and other fields. MHI Japan's largest machinery maker, lost out to Toshiba to buy U.S. nuclear plant maker Westinghouse, which was recently sold by British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL).<ref>''Reuters'' 19 October, 2006. </ref>
+
====Refurbishing Reactors====
  
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===United States===
+
Areva jointly owns SGT LLC (Steam Generating Team), with [[URS]], which provides highly specialised heavy component replacement services to the nuclear industry. URS is a nuclear construction contractor, and Areva supplies engineering and heavy components for nuclear power plants. Since 1984, SGT and its parent companies have performed more than 20 steam generator (SG) or reactor vessel closure head (RVCH) replacement projects in the U.S. <ref> [http://us.areva.com/SGT/SGT_PAGE-O-01.htm SGT website], undated, accessed August 2012. </ref>
  
−
Areva is the largest nuclear energy vendor in America with 5,000 employees at 40 locations across the country. By forming various joint enterprises and partnerships, the mainly French government-owned company, has become a major force in the US nuclear industry.
+
====Uranium Enrichment====
  
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====Pioneering a New Path====
+
AREVA is planning to build a uranium enrichment plant - the Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility (EREF), in Bonneville County, Idaho. It will use the same ultracentrifuge technology as the Georges Besse II plant at Tricastin in France (see above). The project is intended to provide US utilities with US based enrichment services. <ref> [http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-779/the-eagle-rock-project-construction-of-an-enrichment-plant-in-the-united-states.html#tab=tab3 Areva website: Eagle Rock Enrichment Plant], undated, accessed August 2011. </ref>
  
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It has teamed up with [[Constellation Energy]] <ref>[http://www.constellation.com Constellation Energy Website]</ref> – one of America’s largest utilities with 12,000 MW of generating capacity – to form UniStar Nuclear <ref>[http://www.unistarnuclear.com UniStar Nuclear Website]</ref> which will “pioneer a new path towards making a new fleet of advanced design nuclear power plants a reality” – in other words, build EPR reactors in the US. UniStar plans to design, license, develop, construct and deploy at least 4 U.S. EPRs in North America. <ref>Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en%2FPressRelease%2FPressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1154679833949&p=1028798801053 ''UniStar Companies First to Procure Components for First Potential US Nuclear Power Plant in Nearly Three Decades''], Press Release, 3 August, 2006.</ref>  
+
In December 2011 Areva postponed the $3 billion project <ref> [http://voices.idahostatesman.com/2011/12/13/rockybarker/areva_suspends_plans_3_billion_idaho_uranium_plant ''Areva suspends plans for $3 billion Idaho uranium plant''], Idaho Statesman 13th December 2011, accessed August 2012. </ref> because of deep losses and started searching for a partner. By July 2012 Areva still had not announced a partner. If it cannot find an investor, construction of the project will probably be delayed until at least 2014. By then, the company says it will have restored its balance sheet sufficiently to build it independently. <ref> [http://www.ktvb.com/news/business/Idaho-uranium-enrichment-project-could-be-delayed-161675625.html Uranium Enrichment Plant near Idaho Falls could be delayed], KTVB, 7th July 2012, accessed August 2012 </ref>  
  
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In the US the EPR is known as the Evolutionary Power Reactor, and Areva NP said at the beginning of 2006 that it was ready to ask the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to proceed to the second phase of a pre-application review of the design with a view to submitting a design certification application in December 2007. <ref>''Nucleonics Week'', "Framatome ANP Moving Forward With US. Certification of EPR", Vol.47 No. 2, 12 January, 2006.</ref>
+
====MoX Fuel Fabrication Facility (MFFF)====
  
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====Expand Nuclear Power Globally====
+
This project falls under the non-proliferation agreement between the United States and Russia, which agreed to a 34-ton reduction each in surplus weapons grade plutonium. Originally the US decided to pursue two routes – converting plutonium into MOX fuel for use in civilian reactors and immobilizing it as a waste.
  
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Together with Washington Group International and BWX Technologies Inc., Areva has submitted an Expression of Interest (EOI) to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for both the development and deployment of a Consolidated Fuel Treatment Center (CFTC) and an Advanced Burner Reactor (ABR) - part of the DOE's Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) initiative, which aims to expand the use of nuclear power globally. <ref>Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en%2FPressRelease%2FPressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1158671965192&p=1028798801053 ''Treatment-Recycling: AREVA Responds to US Department of Energy Initiative''], Press Release, 25 September, 2006.</ref>
+
In 1999 it was estimated that it would cost the US about $4 billion to dispose of 34 tonnes of its 85-tonne stockpile of weapons-grade plutonium. But Russia, which had also committed to disposing 34 tonnes of its own weapons plutonium, objected to immobilization because it said the plutonium could be made into weapons if it were recovered. This, along with the cost of paying for two different programmes, led the United States to abandon the immobilization track. Instead, it commissioned an Areva-designed MOX plant. The cost of disposing of its 34 tonnes of plutonium has since soared to more than $13 billion, with the value of fuel produced likely to offset costs by only $1 billion to $2 billion. <ref> Von Hippel, F et.al, ''Time to Bury Plutonium'', Nature, 10th May 2012 </ref>  
  
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The Consolidated Fuel Treatment Center would basically be a reprocessing plant and the Advanced Burner Reactor is intended to consume the products. GNEP is supposed to somehow overcome the proliferation concerns associated with reprocessing and fast reactors by developing, so-called proliferation resistant technology. The proposal is to leave additional fission products mixed with the plutonium separated from the spent nuclear waste fuel. This may have some small proliferation benefits compared with existing technology, but it would still pose a significant risk if deployed on a large scale. <ref>Brice Smith, ''Insurmountable Risks'', IEER 2006, p. 121.</ref>
+
The facility uses technology-transfer from La Hague and Melox. In 2008, the Department of Energy made an agreement with a joint venture created by the AREVA and SHAW groups for the construction of a MOX fuel production plant. <ref> See [http://www.moxproject.com/ MoX Project website], accessed August 2012. </ref>  
  
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====Re-fitting====
+
Friends of the Earth USA argues that this programme must be stopped for two reasons. First, mixed oxide plutonium fuel, called MOX, is more dangerous than conventional nuclear fuel because it can burn hotter and also because it has the potential to cause more cancers in the event of a severe accident resulting in radiation release. Second, there are serious questions about the economic and technical feasibility of the MOX program, especially after a MOX test was prematurely halted in 2008. This means that when the project fails, taxpayers will be stuck with a multibillion dollar bill in return for little or no electricity generation. The MOX plant at the Savannah River Site was only about 41 per cent complete by June 2011 and its $4.9 billion cost was three times the $1.6 billion estimate from 2004. The project is already 9-10 years behind schedule. <ref> FoE USA, [http://www.ananuclear.org/Portals/0/documents/MOX_Fuel-4_Issue_Brief_Final_final_7.12.2011.pdf Risky Plutonium Fuel (MOX) Proposed for Use in US Reactors at Taxpayers’ Expense], FoE Issues Briefing June 2011, accessed August 2012. </ref> 
  
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Areva NP also carries out various re-fit contracts for nuclear utilities in the US. Recent contracts have included:-
+
Cancelling the MOX plant could save an estimated $2 billion over the next 10 years, plus significant additional operating costs, while reducing the chances that weapons-usable nuclear material could fall into the wrong hands, according to a fact sheet by the Union of Concerned Scientists and Alliance for Nuclear Accountability. <ref> Alliance for Nuclear Accountability [http://www.ananuclear.org/Portals/0/documents/fact%20sheets/NNSA%20nuke%20budget%202012.pdf Nuclear Weapons Budget], Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012. </ref>
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* A contract from Pacific Gas & Electric Company for two replacement reactor vessel heads at the Diablo Canyon Power Plant Units One and Two. [Having already supplied and installed 15 reactor vessel heads in the US]. <ref>Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en%2FPressRelease%2FPressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1152178486767&p=1028798801053 ''Areva Wins Contract for Replacement Reactor Vessel Head Project at Diablo Canyon Power Plant''], Press Release, 2 August, 2006.</ref>
 
−
* A contract to supply two replacement steam generators for Unit 2 of Xcel Energy's Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant located in Minnesota and operated by Nuclear Management Company. <ref>Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en%2FPressRelease%2FPressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1159639218509&p=1028798801053 ''Areva Wins Contract for Two Replacement Steam Generators at Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant''], Press Release, 3 October, 2006.</ref>
 
  
−
====Three Mile Island====
+
====Expand Nuclear Power Globally====
  
−
Areva also has a joint venture with Washington Group International called SGT LLC. This is one of only two firms providing services for large component replacement projects for nuclear power clients in the United States. It has completed or is under contract for steam generator or reactor vessel head replacements at nuclear power plants in Arkansas, California, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. Most recently SGT LLC was selected to provide engineering and construction services for the steam generator replacement at Exelon Corporation's Three Mile Island nuclear power station. <ref>WGI Press Release, [http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=70435&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=921247&highlight= ''Washington Group International's SGT Joint Venture Providing Steam Generator Replacement Services for Exelon''], 25 October, 2006.</ref>
+
Areva is part of the International Nuclear Recycling Alliance (INRA), which includes [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] (MHI), Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd (JNFL), Battelle, BWX Technologies and Washington Group International. In October 2007 INRA signed a contract with the US Department of Energy (DOE) to evaluate closing the nuclear fuel cycle in the U.S., through the development of a nuclear fuel recycling center and an advanced recycling reactor. <ref> [http://areva.com/EN/news-6502/international-nuclear-recycling-alliance-awarded-gnep-contract.html ''International Nuclear Recycling Alliance Awarded GNEP Contract''], Areva Press Release 2nd October 2007, accessed August 2012.</ref>
  
−
====Mox Fuel====
+
The Consolidated Fuel Treatment Center would basically be a reprocessing plant and the Advanced Burner Reactor is intended to consume the products. GNEP is supposed to somehow overcome the proliferation concerns associated with reprocessing and fast reactors by developing, so-called proliferation resistant technology. The proposal is to leave additional fission products mixed with the plutonium separated from the spent nuclear waste fuel. This may have some small proliferation benefits compared with existing technology, but it would still pose a significant risk if deployed on a large scale. <ref>Brice Smith, ''Insurmountable Risks'', IEER 2006, p. 121.</ref>
  
−
Areva is also part of the Duke Cogema Stone and Webster (DCS) consortium which is constructing and plans to operate a MoX fuel fabrication facility under contract with the Department of Energy at DOE's Savannah River Site in South Carolina. On September 27th 2006 DCS submitted an operating license application for the facility to the NRC. The license application review is scheduled to be completed in three years, plus another year for hearings if they are held. DCS is to fabricate MOX fuel for US power reactors using 34 metric tons of former weapons plutonium. The NRC issued a construction authorization for the facility in March 2005. <ref>''Platts Nuclear News Flashes'', September 27, 2006; Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en/PressRelease/PressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1116748805375 ''Plutonium Disposition Program moves forward in the US''], Press Release, 25 May, 2005.</ref>
+
The US Department of Energy announced in June 2009 that it had cancelled the environmental impact statement of the domestic Global Nuclear Energy Partnership programme, effectively halting the programme which has reprocessing as its primary focus. It said it was no longer pursuing domestic commercial reprocessing. However it continued to fund research and development (R&D) on so-called proliferation-resistant fuel cycles and waste management strategies. <ref> [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2053466 GNEP is Dead. Long Live Gen-4], Nuclear Engineering International 1st July 2009, accessed August 2012. </ref>
 +
 
 +
The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership has now mutated into the International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation with a new Statement of Mission. It still explores mutually beneficial approaches to ensure the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. <ref> [http://www.ifnec.org/index.html International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation website] accessed August 2012, and [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf117_international_framework_nuclear_energy_cooperation.html International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation (formerly Global Nuclear Energy Partnership)], World Nuclear Association Briefing, July 2012, Accessed August 2012. </ref>
  
−
====Increased Lobbying Effort ====
+
====Historical Lobbying Effort ====
  
−
In January 2007, MSNBC.com undertook a series of articles on nuclear power in the US. One article looked at the growing influence of Areva on the US Energy debate. An examination of Senate lobbying disclosure forms for the articles showed that Areva used no fewer than eight Washington lobbying firms to push its interests from 1998 through 2005.
+
In January 2007, MSNBC.com undertook a series of articles on nuclear power in the US. One article looked at the growing influence of Areva on the US Energy debate. An examination of Senate lobbying disclosure forms showed that Areva used no fewer than eight Washington lobbying firms to push its interests from 1998 through 2005.
  
 
In total at least 24 men and women were registered to lobby on Areva's behalf from 1998 through 2005 at a cost of more than $4.5 million, according to Senate records. Among them were former Senators [[J. Bennett Johnston]] and [[Alan Simpson]].  
 
In total at least 24 men and women were registered to lobby on Areva's behalf from 1998 through 2005 at a cost of more than $4.5 million, according to Senate records. Among them were former Senators [[J. Bennett Johnston]] and [[Alan Simpson]].  
  
−
The company's lobbying expenses topped $1 million in 2005. "They spent twice as much lobbying in 2005 as in 2004 and the reason for that is because of this interest in starting reprocessing," argues Michelle Boyd from Public Citizen. "They looked across the pond and saw ... tons of spent nuclear fuel and wanted a piece of that action."
+
The company's lobbying expenses topped $1 million in 2005. "They spent twice as much lobbying in 2005 as in 2004 and the reason for that is because of this interest in starting reprocessing," argued Michelle Boyd from Public Citizen at the time. "They looked across the pond and saw ... tons of spent nuclear fuel and wanted a piece of that action."
  
 
Areva employees and its political action committee gave over four times as much to federal candidates in the 2006 election cycle - $116,227 - as they had done in 2004. According to MSNBC.com "Among the beneficiaries of its largesse were lawmakers who were instrumental in the energy bill's passage. <ref>Mike Stuckey, [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16554514/ "Nuclear Energy's French Connection: Ambitious Areva is Second to None at American-Style Power Politics"], ''MSNBC'', 25 January, 2007.</ref>
 
Areva employees and its political action committee gave over four times as much to federal candidates in the 2006 election cycle - $116,227 - as they had done in 2004. According to MSNBC.com "Among the beneficiaries of its largesse were lawmakers who were instrumental in the energy bill's passage. <ref>Mike Stuckey, [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16554514/ "Nuclear Energy's French Connection: Ambitious Areva is Second to None at American-Style Power Politics"], ''MSNBC'', 25 January, 2007.</ref>
  
 
==== The Revolving Door====
 
==== The Revolving Door====
 +
 +
Areva’s greatest coup was attracting a troika of Washington’s most influential energy policy players to help with its lobbying effort:
  
 
* [[Spencer Abraham]] - Former Secretary of State for Energy, now Chairman of Areva, Inc.
 
* [[Spencer Abraham]] - Former Secretary of State for Energy, now Chairman of Areva, Inc.
Line 162: Line 214:
 
Flint was a member of the Bush-Cheney energy transition advisory team along with fellow Areva lobbyist [[J. Bennet Johnston]], Areva lobbyist-to-be [[William Martin]] and Areva executive [[Steve Kadner]]. <ref>Mike Stuckey, [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16554514/ "Nuclear Energy's French Connection: Ambitious Areva is Second to None at American-Style Power Politics"], ''MSNBC'', 25 January, 2007.</ref>
 
Flint was a member of the Bush-Cheney energy transition advisory team along with fellow Areva lobbyist [[J. Bennet Johnston]], Areva lobbyist-to-be [[William Martin]] and Areva executive [[Steve Kadner]]. <ref>Mike Stuckey, [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16554514/ "Nuclear Energy's French Connection: Ambitious Areva is Second to None at American-Style Power Politics"], ''MSNBC'', 25 January, 2007.</ref>
  
−
===Japan===
+
==People==
−
 
+
* [[Luc Oursel]] President and Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Executive Board
−
Areva NC also owns 60% of Commox – a joint venture created with Belgonucléaire to market MOX fuel, particularly to Japan. During 2006 Areva signed agreements to supply MOX fuel to:-
+
* [[Philippe Knoche]] Chief Operating Officer, Member of the Executive Board
−
 
+
* [[Pierre Aubouin]] Chief Financial Officer, Member of the Executive Board
−
* The Hamaoka nuclear power plant operated by Chubu. <ref>Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en%2FPressRelease%2FPressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1141898735032&p=1028798801053 ''Areva Signs Agreement to Supply MOX Fuel to Japanese Utility CHUBU''], Press Release, 13 March, 2006.</ref>
+
* [[Olivier Wantz]] Senior Executive Vice President, Mining Business Group, Member of the Executive Board
−
* The Genkai nuclear power plant operated by Kyushu. <ref>Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en%2FPressRelease%2FPressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1158671967743&p=1028798801053 ''Areva Signs Agreement to Supply MOX to Japanese Utility Kyushu''], Press Release, 28 September, 2006.</ref>
+
* [[Jean-Cyril Spinetta]] Chairman of the Supervisory Board 2011-2016
−
 
 
−
Areva is also cooperating with JNFL to start up the Rokkasho-Mura reprocessing plant. Areva will support JNFL until commercial operations get underway at the facility, scheduled for mid-2007. The two companies have a technology transfer agreement which has involved training around one hundred Japanese people at La Hague and the secondment of around forty French operatives to work on the Rokkasho-Mura site, where they will remain until 2007. There is also a large technical support team at La Hague. <ref>Areva, [http://www.arevagroup.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_en%2FPressRelease%2FPressReleaseFullTemplate&cid=1134047550828&p=1028798801053''Areva to Pursue its Cooperation With JNFL to Start up the Rokkasho-Mura Reprocessing Plant''], Press Release, 20 December, 2005.</ref>
 
  
 
==Affiliations==
 
==Affiliations==

Latest revision as of 00:57, 24 October 2013

Nuclear spin.png This article is part of the Nuclear Spin project of Spinwatch.

Background

The Areva Group was created in September 2001. The French public sector owns 87 per cent of the company, of which the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (French Atomic Energy Commission) owns 73.03 per cent. The French State (or Erap) owns 10.17 per cent. [1] Of the 13% not owned by the public sector, 2.42% is owned by the French utility EdF. [2] which is itself 84 per cent owned by the French State. [3]

The Areva Group has a commercial presence in more than 100 countries and manufacturing facilities in 43 countries. [4]

Areva is a key player in the UK's civil nuclear industry, with stakes in the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station, and Nuclear Management Partners at Sellafield, among others.

Overview

Areva says it is the only company in the world involved in the full cycle of nuclear power activity, from mining uranium to its enrichment, fuel production, reactor design, plant construction, spent nuclear waste fuel reprocessing, and weapons-useable plutonium or MoX fuel fabrication. [5]

Areva’s opponents, on the other hand would say that the company is a salesman for a highly dangerous and polluting technology. However, its involvement in the plutonium cycle makes it more likely than other nuclear companies to be the direct cause of nuclear weapons proliferation. [6]

Company Structure

The Group's activities are divided into five business groups:

  • Mining
  • Front End Business Group (conversion and enrichment of uranium and fuel assembly manufacture)
  • Reactor and Services (reactor design and servicing)
  • Back End (reprocessing and nuclear waste management)
  • Renewable Energy. [7]

Areva Mining

Areva is the world’s second largest producer of uranium, with a market share of around 16 per cent in 2010. The mining business group covers exploration, extraction and processing of uranium ore and the reclamation of sites after production has finished. It holds a broad portfolio of operational mines (Canada, Kazakhstan and Niger), as well as projects under development in Africa. The group generated 14 per cent of Areva’s consolidated revenue in 2011. [8]

Generating nuclear energy requires uranium as a fuel, which has to be mined. Uranium mining can have catastrophic effects on nearby communities and the environment for thousands of years. There are few places where these harmful effects are felt more distinctly than Niger, in West Africa. Niger is one of the world’s poorest countries, ranking last in the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). More than 40 per cent of Niger’s children are underweight for their age; water and access to improved water sources is scarce and almost three quarters of the population are illiterate. Areva extracts precious—and deadly uranium, earning billions but leaving a legacy of environmental pollution and health risks for the citizens of Niger. [9]

In November 2009, the environmental organisation Greenpeace – working with the French independent laboratory CRIIRAD and the Nigerien NGO network ROTAB – carried out a brief scientific study of the area, measuring the radioactivity of the water, air and earth around the AREVA mining towns. After Greenpeace published some initial findings, Areva had to take action. Some radioactive spots identified by Greenpeace in one mining village were cleaned up. However, Greenpeace said that this limited remedy does not diminish the need for a comprehensive study, so that all areas can be made safe for the community. [10]

Areva Front End Business Group

The Areva Front End business group combines activities associated with the conversion and enrichment of uranium and with the design and fuel production for nuclear reactors.

Uranium extracted from mines is concentrated in the form of a powder known as yellowcake. This is firstly converted to uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) at the COMURHEX-Malvési plant in Narbonne, France, and then uranium hexafluoride at the COMURHEX plant in Tricastin, France. Both these plants are being upgraded to allow for an increase in production capacity. The new facilities are known as COMURHEX-2. [11]

Most reactors use uranium containing between 3 and 5 per cent uranium-235 as fuel. Natural uranium contains only 0.7 per cent. It is therefore necessary to increase the concentration of uranium-235 to obtain a fuel that can be used in nuclear reactors. This is called enrichment. Areva has used the two industrial processes currently in use globally: gaseous diffusion and ultracentrifuge technology in Georges Besse I plant and Georges Besse II plant, both at Tricastin in southern France. The Georges Besse I plant is now being decommissioned.

The Georges Besse I gaseous diffusion plant was owned by Eurodif, a company that is 60 per cent owned by Areva, as well as 10 per cent owned by Iran. [12] The Georges Besse II ultracentrifuge plant is operated by the Société d’Enrichissement du Tricastin (SET). Areva is the majority owner of SET.

SET’s minority partners include: GDF Suez 5 per cent; the Japanese utility Kansai 2.5 per cent (with Sojitz) ; the South Korean utility Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. Ltd (KHNP) 2.5 per cent and the Japanese utilities Kyushu Electric Power and Tohoku Electric Power per cent. [13]

To allow Areva access to Urenco’s high performance uranium enrichment centrifuge technology, (which is highly sensitive because it could be used to make nuclear weapons) and to meet the European Commission's competition requirements, a new company ETC (Enrichment Technology Company) was set up in 2003 with Urenco and Areva both taking a 50 per cent share. This has allowed Areva to construct the new enrichment plant, Georges Besse II, to replace Eurodif's gaseous diffusion enrichment plant, which has operated on the same site since 1978. The 2003 agreement took effect in July 2006. This meant that Areva and Urenco continue to compete for the sale of enrichment services, but ETC is the sole owner of the ultracentrifuge technology which it makes it available to its customers, including Areva.

This ultracentrifuge technology is the very same, so-called, peaceful nuclear technology, that has been the subject of disagreements between the West and Iran. The Khan network, built up by Abdul Qaadeer Khan – better known as the father of Pakistan’s bomb – was a global nuclear information network and business with access to this supposedly secret uranium enrichment technology. Using a mixture of legal and illegal transactions involving businesses all over the world, the technology was exported to Libya, North Korea and Iran. [14]

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has sought to prevent Iran from proceeding with its uranium enrichment programme. In what some argue is Western hypocrisy, and a “do as I say, not as I do” attitude, there have been no complaints from the IAEA about the way Urenco transferred the technology to Areva.

Areva Reactors and Services Group

The Reactors and Services business group combines the nuclear reactor design and construction activities and the products and services activities necessary for the maintenance, operation, modernisation and improvement of power plants. It also includes vessel propulsion nuclear reactor and research reactor activities.

In 2012 there were around 429 reactors around the world, with 59 under construction. [15] Areva describes itself as a world leader in design. It aims to build one third of the world’s new nuclear capacity. Areva says it has supplied 102 operating or under construction Pressurised Water Reactors. [16]

Areva is currently constructing four 1,600MW European Pressurised Water Reactors (EPRs) in Finland (Olkiluoto 3) (see below), France (Flamanville 3) and China (Taishan 1 &2). The Olkiluoto-3 project is now five years behind schedule and the original 3.3 billion projected cost has more or less doubled. [17] Since construction started in Finland in 2005 new defects in design and construction have emerged every year, leading to accusations of a willingness to cut corners under cost pressure as well as a lack of quality control. Rather than learning from the mistakes made in this first EPR project, these appear to have been repeated in France and China. [18]

Flamanville in northern France was supposed to be up and running by 2012, with construction costs of €3.3bn. The plant is now not expected to open until 2016 and cost €6bn. [19] Information on EPR construction in Taishan, China is almost nonexistent. However, documents describing a set of inspections in 2009 and 2010 by Chinese officials identify a set of problems similar to those in Europe ).These included insufficient supervision, insufficient testing of concrete composition, hiring of inexperienced subcontractors, as well as recurring problems with storage and labelling of components. [20]

Originally the EPR was to be developed and marketed by a joint venture set up in 1989 between German reactor builder Siemens and Framatome (which became part of Areva), but Siemens quit the consortium in March 2011 and announced in September 2011 it was to abandon the nuclear sector entirely. [21]

Areva is now working on a smaller 1,100MW PWR reactor jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan known as the ATMEA reactor. [22] This has yet to find any buyers but both Argentina and Jordan are considering this type of reactor. [23]

Areva’s Back-end Business Group

Areva operates the La Hague reprocessing plant in northern France. [24] Reprocessing involves dissolving spent nuclear waste fuel in nitric acid to separate out plutonium and unused uranium and leaving behind a highly radioactive liquid waste which generates its own heat and has to be constantly cooled. This liquid waste is eventually solidified into glass blocks. After the Sellafield reprocessing plant in Northern England, La Hague discharges the largest amount of liquid radioactive waste into the North East Atlantic. [25] The French courts found Areva guilty of illegally importing and storing Australian and other countries’ nuclear waste at La Hague in 2005. [26]

Areva is also the world’s largest producer of weapons-useable plutonium (MoX) fuel. To do this the company relies mainly on the Melox plant, located on the Marcoule nuclear site, in the Gard region of France. [27] This trade in plutonium fuel involves transporting plutonium around the globe. The plutonium, although not “weapons grade”, could still be used to make nuclear weapons, so this is highly risky. [28]

Forty one reactors worldwide have been loaded with MOX fuel assemblies since the beginning of the 1970s: 36 of these are in Europe (21 in France, 10 in Germany, three in Switzerland and two in Belgium), one is in the United States and four are in Japan. [29] Thus Areva is transporting plutonium that could be used in weapons around the globe. Plutonium can be separated from MoX fuel relatively easily. [30]

Areva’s Logistics division carries out the packaging and transport of nuclear materials. [31] Areva owns 12.5 per cent of Pacific Nuclear Transport Ltd with the rest being owned by International Nuclear Services, a subsidiary of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority and Japanese nuclear companies. Its fleet of nuclear transport ships is managed by Serco Group. [32]

The Back-End Business Group also carries out decommissioning and clean-up work.

Areva’s Renewable Energy Business Group.

AREVA is developing a portfolio of activities based on four renewable energies: wind energy, bioenergy, solar power and hydrogen power, as well as energy storage. [33]

Areva in the UK

Shareholder in Hinkley Point C new nuclear project

In October 2013 the UK government struck a long-awaited deal to build the first nuclear power plant in 20 years at Hinkley Point C. EDF Energy will be the majority shareholder in the project, holding 45-50 per cent of equity. Areva will hold 10 per cent and two Chinese state firms 30-35 per cent. The new plant is expected to be built by 2023, although still needs to be cleared by the European Commission.

Nuclear Management Partners

Areva is part of Nuclear Management Partners (NMP), a consortium of American company URS, British company AMEC and Areva. The NMP consortium manages and operates the Sellafield site in Cumbria, as well as Capenhurst in Cheshire and the engineering design capability based at Risley in Warrington on behalf of the UK’s Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). [34] Under NMP, Sellafield Ltd is responsible for delivering decommissioning, reprocessing and nuclear waste management activities on behalf of the NDA at Sellafield and Capenhurst.

MoX proposal

Areva has also submitted a proposal to the British government to build a new plutonium MoX fuel fabrication plant at Sellafield. [35] Currently the UK’s stockpile of 100 tonnes of plutonium, which could be used to make nuclear weapons, is stored at Sellafield. The government has been consulting on what to do with it. The preliminary view is that it should be converted to MoX and used as a fuel for reactors despite the nuclear proliferation worries of many. Areva has pointed to its track record of operating the Melox plant in France. [36]

Nuclear Waste Management

Drigg repository

Areva is also part of the UK Nuclear Waste Management Ltd (UKNWM) consortium, along with URS, Studsvik UK and Serco Assurance. This runs LLW Repository Ltd on behalf of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), which manages the national Low Level Waste Repository near Drigg in West Cumbria and oversees the national Low Level Waste programme. UKNWM has held the contract to run LLW Repository Ltd since 1st April 2008. [37] The NDA awarded the consortium a five-year extension on its contract from 31st March 2013. [38]

CAS Restoration Partnership

Areva is also part of the CAS Restoration Partnership with French firm Areva and Serco.

In October 2013 CASRP was among four groups that submitted a final bid for one of the UK's largest public contracts - a 14-year £7billion nuclear decommissioning contract at the 12 sites run by Magnox and Research Sites Restoration. [39]

GDA for reactors at Hinkley Point and and possibly Wylfa

Areva has been working with French nuclear firm EDF, which is hoping to build 4 EPR reactors at Hinkley Point and Sizewell. They have a joint application for a Generic Assessment Design (GDA) in the UK, a process to evaluate the design of reactors being considered for construction in the UK. [40]

Areva has also been in discussions with other European utilities that are considering building new reactors in the UK, but have yet to decide which reactor type to build. This includes NuGen - a joint venture between GDF Suez, and Iberdrola - which is considering building new reactors at the Moorside site next to Sellafield. NuGen expects to decide in 2015 whether to go ahead or not. [41]

Areva also has been talking to Horizon Nuclear Power, which was originally a joint venture between E.ON and RWE. Although Horizon has yet to agree which reactor-type to deploy, Areva has undertaken studies to support the deployment of two EPR reactors on Horizon’s Wylfa site on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales. [42] Horizon’s German owners, RWE and E.ON, announced in March 2012 that they would abandon their plans to build new nuclear capacity at Wylfa and at Oldbury in Gloucestershire, and put up Horizon Nuclear Power for sale. An Areva spokesman confirmed in July that it would bid for Horizon “with Chinese utilities, probably CGNPC China Guangdong Nuclear Power Corp, and other players.” [43] However Areva and CGNPC pulled out of the running in October 2012. The Guardian reported that,

Areva and CGNPC have suspended their interest in the planned sale of Horizon

Nuclear Power and did not submit a bid," an Areva spokeswoman said, adding that the company was still committed to new nuclear in the UK through other avenues. [44]

Other countries

Areva operates around the globe including in the following countries:

China

Areva has been seeking nuclear cooperation with the Chinese encompassing the entire nuclear fuel cycle, including reactor construction. It is competing with Westinghouse for Generation III reactor orders. Areva has been present in China for more than 20 years, and has 30 local offices and production sites. The group employs 3400 people in the country, and has participated in building 11 of China’s 17 nuclear plants.

On 26 November 2007, Areva and the China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company (CGNPC) signed a series of agreements worth an overall €8 billion to build two EPR reactors, supply all necessary equipment and services, and create an engineering joint venture. Excavation started in August 2008 and the first concrete was poured in September 2009. [45]

The two reactors are expected to be commissioned in late 2013 and 2014, respectively. This means Taishan 1 and 2 could actually be the first EPR reactors to begin operation, because Olkiluoto 3 in Finland and Flamanville-3 in France are both behind schedule. [46]

The project is being managed by the Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture Company (TNPJVC: a joint venture owned 70 per cent by CGNPC and 30 per cent by EDF), with technical support provided by local Areva teams. [47]

In June 2012, Areva also teamed up with CGNPC in a potential bid for the UK-based Horizon nuclear project, which was put up for sale in March by German utilities RWE and E.ON in the wake of Germany's decision to phase out all nuclear power after the Fukushima accident. "The Chinese may see Horizon as a way of acquiring a relatively cheap option on developing nuclear capacity and expertise in Europe if the conditions are favourable," said David Stokes, a director at consultancy Timera Energy told Reuters news agency. "The (UK) government is likely to welcome new interest from well capitalised Chinese utilities, particularly given an absence of other obvious strategic bidders." [48]

Finland

In April 2005 construction work began on Olkiluoto-3 in Finland - the first EPR to start construction anywhere in the world. The EPR design is the world’s largest nuclear reactor, and one of the most complex.

According to Greenpeace the complexity of the reactor and the constant pressure to reduce costs have led to systematic cutting of corners and to cover-ups of defects including: substandard concrete quality and quality monitoring; hiring inexperienced and incompetent subcontractors; working without approved blueprints and guidelines; substandard quality of welding work, due to a lack of training and oversight, as well as a lack of mandatory specifications for welding procedures, skipping mandatory quality controls and tests; and deliberately covering up structural defects. [49]

In virtually all cases of quality problems, Areva’s own inspectors have failed to detect violations or have tried to cover them up. As far back as 2006, the Finnish nuclear regulator said that the number of problems was so high that it is possible that not all of them have been detected. Defects left in the final structures can either initiate a nuclear accident, or fail under accident conditions, making matters worse. [50]

In October 2011, after six years of construction, the owner of the Olkiluoto 3 in Finland announced that the project would be five years late. An estimate commissioned by the French parliament put the current cost of Olkiluoto 3 at €6.6 m, €3.6 m more than originally estimated. The investors of the first EPR project in Finland were supposed to be shielded from cost overruns. Regardless, Areva has taken the Finnish investors to court to get them to cover the ballooning costs.[50]

In July 2012 the Areva-Siemens consortium which is building Olkiluoto-3 won a partial judgment for €125 million from Finnish utility Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO) in July 2012. The judgment came from the Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce and requires TVO to release €100 million owed to the consortium, but withheld over contract disputes. Areva said the money was withheld “in contravention of contractual provisions.” With accrued interest, TVO has to pay €125 million, plus unspecified legal expenses incurred by the consortium. [51]

TVO now says the reactor won’t be ready to produce electricity in 2014 (it should have opened in 2009). Areva has taken at least €2.7 billion in write-downs on the project. [52] In June 2011 these problems resulted in the dismissal of the long-time CEO of Areva, Anne Lauvergeon. [53]

Areva is also pursuing mining exploration and development programmes in Finland. [54]

United States

EPR Reactors

Areva says it is leading the U.S. nuclear renaissance –investing $250 million in research and development of the U.S. EPR reactor. Almost 5000 US employees work at 34 sites across the country. Areva is number one supplier of nuclear energy products and services in the US; its sales revenue there for 2010 was US $2.2 Billion.

In 2005 Areva launched UniStar Nuclear LLC [55] with US utility Constellation Energy [56] to plan new reactors using the EPR design. In August 2007, EDF , took over the baton from Areva and joined Constellation in forming UniStar Nuclear Energy by acquiring a half-interest in the business. In October 2010 Constellation pulled out of negotiations for a US government loan guarantee to build an EPR at Calvert Cliffs in Maryland because the costs were too high, creating too much risk for the Baltimore-based utility. [57] In November 2010, EDF became the sole owner of UniStar Nuclear Energy after acquiring Constellation's 50 percent interest in the business. [58]

Although Areva and its U.S. consortium partner Bechtel Power Corporation have agreed terms and conditions for an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for UniStar’s proposed Calvert Cliffs 3 reactor [59] Unistar's application to build Calvert Cliffs still does not meet federal laws on foreign ownership, according to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), because it is still 100% owned by EDF. [60]

Areva's EPR reactor is unlikely to receive design certification by the US NRC before the end of 2014. [61]

Bellefonte Nuclear Plant, Alabama

The construction on Plant Unit 1 of Bellefonte began in 1974, but was halted in 1988 due to decreased demand for electricity and cost overrun issues. The plant was almost complete when work stopped. In 2011, Areva was selected by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) as a key member of the team of contractors helping TVA complete the partially finished unit. [62] But the ultimate cost and timing for Bellefonte 1 will depend on work at another reactor TVA is completing - Watts Bar 2 in Tennessee. TVA doesn’t want to start a second nuclear project until fuel has been loaded at Watts Bar-2. In February 2012, TVA said the Watts Bar 2 project was running over budget and behind schedule. [63]

If the Bellefonte plant is completed, it might be expected to open around 2018, by which time it will be 50 years since construction started. If it runs for 60 years, some of the components will be 110 years old before it shuts down raising some grave concerns. [64]

Refurbishing Reactors

Areva jointly owns SGT LLC (Steam Generating Team), with URS, which provides highly specialised heavy component replacement services to the nuclear industry. URS is a nuclear construction contractor, and Areva supplies engineering and heavy components for nuclear power plants. Since 1984, SGT and its parent companies have performed more than 20 steam generator (SG) or reactor vessel closure head (RVCH) replacement projects in the U.S. [65]

Uranium Enrichment

AREVA is planning to build a uranium enrichment plant - the Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility (EREF), in Bonneville County, Idaho. It will use the same ultracentrifuge technology as the Georges Besse II plant at Tricastin in France (see above). The project is intended to provide US utilities with US based enrichment services. [66]

In December 2011 Areva postponed the $3 billion project [67] because of deep losses and started searching for a partner. By July 2012 Areva still had not announced a partner. If it cannot find an investor, construction of the project will probably be delayed until at least 2014. By then, the company says it will have restored its balance sheet sufficiently to build it independently. [68]

MoX Fuel Fabrication Facility (MFFF)

This project falls under the non-proliferation agreement between the United States and Russia, which agreed to a 34-ton reduction each in surplus weapons grade plutonium. Originally the US decided to pursue two routes – converting plutonium into MOX fuel for use in civilian reactors and immobilizing it as a waste.

In 1999 it was estimated that it would cost the US about $4 billion to dispose of 34 tonnes of its 85-tonne stockpile of weapons-grade plutonium. But Russia, which had also committed to disposing 34 tonnes of its own weapons plutonium, objected to immobilization because it said the plutonium could be made into weapons if it were recovered. This, along with the cost of paying for two different programmes, led the United States to abandon the immobilization track. Instead, it commissioned an Areva-designed MOX plant. The cost of disposing of its 34 tonnes of plutonium has since soared to more than $13 billion, with the value of fuel produced likely to offset costs by only $1 billion to $2 billion. [69]

The facility uses technology-transfer from La Hague and Melox. In 2008, the Department of Energy made an agreement with a joint venture created by the AREVA and SHAW groups for the construction of a MOX fuel production plant. [70]

Friends of the Earth USA argues that this programme must be stopped for two reasons. First, mixed oxide plutonium fuel, called MOX, is more dangerous than conventional nuclear fuel because it can burn hotter and also because it has the potential to cause more cancers in the event of a severe accident resulting in radiation release. Second, there are serious questions about the economic and technical feasibility of the MOX program, especially after a MOX test was prematurely halted in 2008. This means that when the project fails, taxpayers will be stuck with a multibillion dollar bill in return for little or no electricity generation. The MOX plant at the Savannah River Site was only about 41 per cent complete by June 2011 and its $4.9 billion cost was three times the $1.6 billion estimate from 2004. The project is already 9-10 years behind schedule. [71]

Cancelling the MOX plant could save an estimated $2 billion over the next 10 years, plus significant additional operating costs, while reducing the chances that weapons-usable nuclear material could fall into the wrong hands, according to a fact sheet by the Union of Concerned Scientists and Alliance for Nuclear Accountability. [72]

Expand Nuclear Power Globally

Areva is part of the International Nuclear Recycling Alliance (INRA), which includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd (JNFL), Battelle, BWX Technologies and Washington Group International. In October 2007 INRA signed a contract with the US Department of Energy (DOE) to evaluate closing the nuclear fuel cycle in the U.S., through the development of a nuclear fuel recycling center and an advanced recycling reactor. [73]

The Consolidated Fuel Treatment Center would basically be a reprocessing plant and the Advanced Burner Reactor is intended to consume the products. GNEP is supposed to somehow overcome the proliferation concerns associated with reprocessing and fast reactors by developing, so-called proliferation resistant technology. The proposal is to leave additional fission products mixed with the plutonium separated from the spent nuclear waste fuel. This may have some small proliferation benefits compared with existing technology, but it would still pose a significant risk if deployed on a large scale. [74]

The US Department of Energy announced in June 2009 that it had cancelled the environmental impact statement of the domestic Global Nuclear Energy Partnership programme, effectively halting the programme which has reprocessing as its primary focus. It said it was no longer pursuing domestic commercial reprocessing. However it continued to fund research and development (R&D) on so-called proliferation-resistant fuel cycles and waste management strategies. [75]

The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership has now mutated into the International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation with a new Statement of Mission. It still explores mutually beneficial approaches to ensure the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. [76]

Historical Lobbying Effort

In January 2007, MSNBC.com undertook a series of articles on nuclear power in the US. One article looked at the growing influence of Areva on the US Energy debate. An examination of Senate lobbying disclosure forms showed that Areva used no fewer than eight Washington lobbying firms to push its interests from 1998 through 2005.

In total at least 24 men and women were registered to lobby on Areva's behalf from 1998 through 2005 at a cost of more than $4.5 million, according to Senate records. Among them were former Senators J. Bennett Johnston and Alan Simpson.

The company's lobbying expenses topped $1 million in 2005. "They spent twice as much lobbying in 2005 as in 2004 and the reason for that is because of this interest in starting reprocessing," argued Michelle Boyd from Public Citizen at the time. "They looked across the pond and saw ... tons of spent nuclear fuel and wanted a piece of that action."

Areva employees and its political action committee gave over four times as much to federal candidates in the 2006 election cycle - $116,227 - as they had done in 2004. According to MSNBC.com "Among the beneficiaries of its largesse were lawmakers who were instrumental in the energy bill's passage. [77]

The Revolving Door

Areva’s greatest coup was attracting a troika of Washington’s most influential energy policy players to help with its lobbying effort:

  • Spencer Abraham - Former Secretary of State for Energy, now Chairman of Areva, Inc.
  • Andrew Lundquist - served as the Executive Director of Cheney's task force on energy. Left the White House in 2002, and served on Areva's US's board for a time afterwards but has since left.
  • Alex Flint called a protégé of Congress' nuclear cheerleader, Senator Pete Domenici. Flint has also represented Areva predecessor, Cogema, among other clients. He then worked as Domenici's staff director on the Energy Committee in 2003. In 2006, he took a job as the top lobbyist with the Nuclear Energy Institute, which counts Areva as a prominent member.

Flint was a member of the Bush-Cheney energy transition advisory team along with fellow Areva lobbyist J. Bennet Johnston, Areva lobbyist-to-be William Martin and Areva executive Steve Kadner. [78]

People

  • Luc Oursel President and Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Executive Board
  • Philippe Knoche Chief Operating Officer, Member of the Executive Board
  • Pierre Aubouin Chief Financial Officer, Member of the Executive Board
  • Olivier Wantz Senior Executive Vice President, Mining Business Group, Member of the Executive Board
  • Jean-Cyril Spinetta Chairman of the Supervisory Board 2011-2016

Affiliations

References

  1. ↑ Founded in 1965, ERAP is a state-owned industrial and commercial establishment. Its mission is to acquire, at the request of the French government, equity interests in companies in the energy, pharmaceutical and telecommunications sectors. It's website is here
  2. ↑ For more information on the shareholders see 2011 Reference Document, Areva, page 196
  3. ↑ EDF website: Shareholding Structure 31st December 2011, accessed August 2012.
  4. ↑ Areva website:Balanced International Implementation, undated, accessed August 2012.
  5. ↑ Areva At a Glance Brochure, May 2012, accessed August 2012.
  6. ↑ WISE ParisThe Transports in the French Plutonium Industry Greenpeace, February, 2003.
  7. ↑ Areva Website: Areva Operations, accessed July 2012. The organisational structure is actually much more complicated than this. For more information see the chart on page 121 of the 2011 Reference Document
  8. ↑ Areva, Areva Website: Mining Business Group accessed August 2012 and Areva Discover Mining Activities, Areva Glossy Brochure 2010, accessed July 2012.
  9. ↑ Greenpeace,Left in the Dust: Areva’s Radioactive Legacy in the desert towns of Niger, 2010,Greenpeace, accessed August 2012
  10. ↑ For more information on uranium mining in Niger See Wise Uranium Mining Project website
  11. ↑ Areva website: Conversion Services for Natural Uranium, accessed July 2012.
  12. ↑ EURODIF Company Links, WISE Uranium website, accessed July 2012.
  13. ↑ Areva website: Tricastin Site: The Georges Besse II Enrichment Plant, accessed July 2012.
  14. ↑ Joop Boer, Henk van der Keur, Karel Koster, Frank Slijper, A.Q. Khan, Urenco and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Technology: The Symbiotic Relation Between Energy and Nuclear Weapons, Greenpeace International May, 2004.
  15. ↑ Froggatt, A. and Schneider, M. World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2012, Mycle Schneider Consulting, July 2012, accessed August 2012.
  16. ↑ Areva website: The Reactor Services Business Group, undated, accessed July 2012.
  17. ↑ Stellfox, D. Planned 2014 start of Olkiluoto-3 off the table, TVO says, on project 5 years behind schedule, i-Nuclear 17 July 2012, accessed August 2012.
  18. ↑ Greenpeace, The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money, Greenpeace Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012
  19. ↑ Macilister, T. EDF admits French nuclear reactor delayed but says UK projects on target, Guardian 20th July 2011, accessed August 2012.
  20. ↑ Greenpeace, The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money, January 2012, Greenpeace Briefing, accessed August 2012.
  21. ↑ Froggatt, A. and Schneider, M. World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2012, Mycle Schneider Consulting, July 2012, accessed August 2012.
  22. ↑ Areva website: ATMEA-1 Reactor, Areva 1,100MWE Pressurised Water Reactor, undated, accessed July 2012. See also The Atmea-1 Reactor, Nuclear Engineering International, 20th April 2012.
  23. ↑ The ATMEA-1 reactor pre-qualified in Argentina, Areva Press Release 12th July 2012, accessed August 2012.
  24. ↑ Areva website: La Hague: Recycling used fuel, undated, accessed July 2012
  25. ↑ See Greenpeace International website Reprocessing, 27th June 2006, accessed August 2012.
  26. ↑ Greenpeace International, Victory: Cogema Guilty of Illegal Radioactive Waste, Press Release, 14 April, 2005.
  27. ↑ Areva website: Production of MoX Fuel, undated, accessed July 2012
  28. ↑ Any grade of plutonium can be used to make a bomb if you are not too worried about the yield. See Nonproliferation and Arms control Assessment of Weapons-Usable Fissile Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives, U.S. Department of Energy, 1997, excerpt only, accessed August 2012.
  29. ↑ Areva website: Production of MoX Fuel, undated, accessed July 2012.
  30. ↑ The USDoE says: “…it is important to understand that fresh MOX fuel remains a material in the most sensitive category because plutonium suitable for use in weapons could be separated from it relatively easily.”U.S. Department of Energy, Nonproliferation and Arms control Assessment of Weapons-Usable Fissile Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives, (1997), page 84. (not on the web)
  31. ↑ Areva Website: Nuclear transportation, packaging design and logistics, undated, accessed July 2012.
  32. ↑ PNTL website, undated, accessed July 2012.
  33. ↑ Areva Website: The Renewable Energies Business Group, undated, accessed July 2012.
  34. ↑ Sellafield Ltd website, undated, accessed July 2012.
  35. ↑ Webb, T. MoX proposal would pay firms to use recycled plutonium, Guardian 7 February 2012.
  36. ↑ DECC, Consultation on Management of the UK’s Plutonium Stocks, DECC December 2011, accessed August 2012.
  37. ↑ LLW Repository Ltd website, undated, accessed July 2012.
  38. ↑ NDA awards 5 year extension to International Consortium UKNWM to manage and operate LLW Repository Ltd, NDA, 27 March 2013
  39. ↑ [1]Construction News 3rd Oct 2013, acc 17 October 2013
  40. ↑ UK EPR Generic Design Assessment website, undated, accessed July 2012.
  41. ↑ NuGen website, undated, accessed July 2012.
  42. ↑ Areva website: United Kingdom, undated, accessed July 2012.
  43. ↑ Stellfox, D. Areva confirms bid for Horizon, but Westinghouse, GEH, Rosatom remain coy i-Nuclear 13 July 2012, accessed August 2012.
  44. ↑ Terry Macalister and Adam Vaughan, British nuclear plans suffer blow as Chinese investors pull out, The Guardian, Wednesday 3 October 2012 18.50, acc 5 October 2012
  45. ↑ Areva website: Taishan 1&2 Progress of the Works, January 2011, accessed July 2012.
  46. ↑ China: First Concrete Poured for Second Taishan EPR Reactor, Areva Press Release 22 April 2010, accessed July 2012.
  47. ↑ Areva website: Taishan 1&2 China, undated, accessed July 2012.
  48. ↑ China may get major stake in UK Nuke Project, China.org 20 June 2012
  49. ↑ Greenpeace, The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money, Greenpeace Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Greenpeace, The EPR Nuclear Reactor: A dangerous waste of time and money, Greenpeace Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012.
  51. ↑ Stellfox, D. Areva-Siemens win €125 million from TVO over OL3, but €2 billion is in dispute, i-Nuclear 5th July 2012, accessed August 2012.
  52. ↑ Stellfox, D Planned 2014 start of Olkiluoto-3 off the table, TVO says, on project 5 years behind schedule, i-Nuclear 17 July 2012, accessed August 2012.
  53. ↑ Harkonen, J. New Problems in Olkiuoto, Greenpeace 21st July 2011, accessed August 2012.
  54. ↑ Areva website The Exploration of New Mining Resources, undated, accessed August 2012. For more information about uranium prospecting in Finland See WISE uranium project website
  55. ↑ Unistar Nuclear website: History accessed August 2012.
  56. ↑ Constellation Energy website accessed August 2012.
  57. ↑ Katz, A & Polson, J. Constellation Drops Nuclear Plant, Denting EDF's U.S. Plans, Bloomberg 10th October 2010, accessed August 2012.
  58. ↑ Walker, P. EDF and US Partner end Nuclear Row, City AM 28th October 2010, accessed August 2012.
  59. ↑ Areva/Bechtel Consortium Unistar agree on EPC Term Sheet for Calvert Cliffs 3 EPR Nuclear Energy Facility, Bechtel 21st July 2009, accessed August 2012.
  60. ↑ NRC will not license French-owned plant, World Nuclear News, 11th April 2011, accessed August 2012.
  61. ↑ Outstanding Issues Delay EPR Certification, World Nuclear News 31st May 2012, accessed August 2012.
  62. ↑ United States, Areva website undated, accessed August 2012 See also Decision to build Bellefonte-1, World Nuclear News 19th August 2011, accessed August 2012.
  63. ↑ TVA cuts contractors at Alabama Bellefonte nuclear site, Reuters 16th March 2012, accessed August 2012.
  64. ↑ Gundersen, A. Bellefonte Nuclear Plant in Alabama, You Tube 11th August 2011, accessed August 2012.
  65. ↑ SGT website, undated, accessed August 2012.
  66. ↑ Areva website: Eagle Rock Enrichment Plant, undated, accessed August 2011.
  67. ↑ Areva suspends plans for $3 billion Idaho uranium plant, Idaho Statesman 13th December 2011, accessed August 2012.
  68. ↑ Uranium Enrichment Plant near Idaho Falls could be delayed, KTVB, 7th July 2012, accessed August 2012
  69. ↑ Von Hippel, F et.al, Time to Bury Plutonium, Nature, 10th May 2012
  70. ↑ See MoX Project website, accessed August 2012.
  71. ↑ FoE USA, Risky Plutonium Fuel (MOX) Proposed for Use in US Reactors at Taxpayers’ Expense, FoE Issues Briefing June 2011, accessed August 2012.
  72. ↑ Alliance for Nuclear Accountability Nuclear Weapons Budget, Briefing January 2012, accessed August 2012.
  73. ↑ International Nuclear Recycling Alliance Awarded GNEP Contract, Areva Press Release 2nd October 2007, accessed August 2012.
  74. ↑ Brice Smith, Insurmountable Risks, IEER 2006, p. 121.
  75. ↑ GNEP is Dead. Long Live Gen-4, Nuclear Engineering International 1st July 2009, accessed August 2012.
  76. ↑ International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation website accessed August 2012, and International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation (formerly Global Nuclear Energy Partnership), World Nuclear Association Briefing, July 2012, Accessed August 2012.
  77. ↑ Mike Stuckey, "Nuclear Energy's French Connection: Ambitious Areva is Second to None at American-Style Power Politics", MSNBC, 25 January, 2007.
  78. ↑ Mike Stuckey, "Nuclear Energy's French Connection: Ambitious Areva is Second to None at American-Style Power Politics", MSNBC, 25 January, 2007.
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