Marco Jacobs (alias)

This article is part of the Undercover Research Portal at Powerbase - investigating corporate and police spying on activists

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Part of a series on undercover police officers
Unknown
Alias:	Mark ‘Marco’ Jacobs
Deployment:	2004-09
Unit:	National Public Order Intelligence Unit
Targets:	Anarchist direct action networks

‘Mark Jacobs’, more commonly known as ‘Marco Jacobs’, was the assumed identity of an undercover police officer who infiltrated political groups within the activist and anarchist movement. He was active between 2004 and 2009, at first in the Brighton area of southern England, and then Cardiff, south Wales.

It is believed that he worked for the National Public Order Intelligence Unit, and that after the end of his deployment, he was subsequently deployed undercover elsewhere, until publicity surrounding this and other spy operations caused him to be “moved for security reasons” after his “identity was compromised”.

The role of ‘Jacobs’ as a long-term undercover police spy was brought to public attention in January 2011 in the wake of the unmasking of fellow NPOIU spy Mark Kennedy.Dick Tracy, ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’, Indymedia UK, 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Both South Wales and the Metropolitan police services maintained a 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny' defence of all aspects of Jacobs' deployment. Three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network spied upon by Jacobs brought their case to the High Court claiming damages for what they had gone through. In March 2015 the Metropolitan police conceded they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay. On 10 November 2016, it was announced by the Pitchford Inquiry into Undercover Policing that core participant N519 was the police officer who had used the Marco Jacobs alias. The inquiry stated it had received confirmation that 'no restriction is sought over the undercover identity', but an anonymity application was expected regarding their real identity.

Jacobs' current whereabouts and status are unknown. Likewise nothing is known of his true identity or history as a police officer.

N.B. This is a preliminary profile and we are interested in learning more about his activities. If you think you have anything to add or to correct, get in touch (PGP key available on request).

Also see:

• Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline
• Marco Jacobs Bibliography

Overview of undercover tour as ‘Marco Jacobs’

The man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ first appeared in Brighton in late 2004, and quickly made attempts to inveigle his way into political groups, primarily those of a direct action-oriented anarchist or anti-authoritarian nature. He attended local protests, travelled to demonstrations in other parts of the country, took part in meetings, and socialised with activists.

However, it appears that he was never entirely trusted within the Brighton activist communityDick Tracy, ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’, IndyMedia UK, 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>, and so in 2005 he moved to Cardiff, where he repeated the same repertoire of behaviour, but, it seems, more successfully. Cardiff activist Tom Fowler, pointed at the different character of that city's activist scene compared to Brighton's: “he was a normal working class bloke and the activist scene in Brighton was maybe not somewhere ‘Jacobs’ was fitting in.”Oliver Hides, ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’, Good Morning Wales, BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) (transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS).</ref> Fellow Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) activist ‘Verity Smith’ concurred with this view in her account:

He moved to Cardiff claiming that he’d come from Brighton but that (activists in) Brighton had been hostile to him, had not accepted him and that he’d felt excluded. He said he’d come to Cardiff because we were more open and more tolerant of new people becoming involved and that there was a lot going on in Cardiff in terms of activism and that he wanted to be where things were happening.

Whilst in Cardiff he became more involved in international protest organising networks, and developed close, sometimes sexual, relationships with a number of activists.See section on relationships for more on this.</ref>

He disappeared in late 2009, having said he was moving to Corfu for a job.

Though suspicions about him grew in his absence, nothing more was heard about him until January 2011, when the furore over the Mark Kennedy affair led to him being acknowledged as a police spy shortly after the public exposure of ‘Lynn Watson’.Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’, The Guardian, 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>ABC Anarres, ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’, Indymedia UK, 19/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

Timeline

For a better overview, a timeline is in the making. The current version collates previously published (though sometimes as yet uncorroborated) claims and privately confirmed details of what ‘Jacobs’ did, and where and when he did it. We still need to talk to people who knew Jacobs, if you have any details to add about his activites and behaviour, do get in touch.

See main article: Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline

Personal details

‘Jacobs’ was a heavy-set, hirsute man with a Midlands accent with a wry (or sometimes dark) sense of humour, and a propensity for drinking large volumes of alcohol. It appears he presented somewhat different versions of himself depending on the audience, with a noticeable change in his behaviour and appearance by the time he had moved from Brighton to Cardiff.

Age

At the outset of his deployment he was in his mid-to-late thirties. On exposure in January 2011, his age was said to be 44, suggesting a birth year of 1966 or 1967.

Physical appearance

Several accounts note him to be a physically large man (“carrying a little too much weight around the middle”), typically describing him as approximately fifteen stone (210 pounds, or 95kg), and about six foot (183cm) in height.

His hair - brown and slightly curly - varied in length and style over the years, from a shaggy mullet to a neater ponytail. He tended to be unshaven, sometimes wearing a beard. Guardian reporters Evans and Lewis suggest that between his deployment in Brighton and the move to Cardiff, ‘Jacobs’ “had the chance to learn from mistakes in Brighton. He became a vegan and changed his appearance, growing his hair to his shoulders and dying it purple.” He was also bestowed with large amounts of body hair.

He had ear piercings and tattoos, including the name ‘Sam’ on his lower back (which he claimed was a tribute to his by then ex-wife), subsequently covered up with a black star, and a piece of Celtic knotwork on one shoulder, which he said he had got when he was in a bike gang as an 18 year old.

Background

On arriving in Brighton, he claimed to have come from Reading, a city in the Thames Valley area, close to London. To activists in Cardiff he presented himself as from Northampton, a supporter of the Northampton Town football club, and moving away from Northampton due to a “messy break-up with a woman” there. Accounts generally suggest - based on his accent and on claims made by ‘Jacobs’ himself - that he originally hailed from the English Midlands, possibly Northampton or Derby.

Occupation

On appearing in Brighton early on in his undercover deployment, ‘Jacobs’ claimed to be “a landscape artist [who] also drove trucks”. In Brighton, he presented an elaborated story on how he would do the front of corporate head quarters of companies that would want exactly the same design at their offices, for instance in Edinburgh and Bristol. He would use this as an explanation for the periods of time he was away. However, as he befriended an activist who was in landscaping too, he changed his said-occupation into truck driver and gave away his tools.

Following his relocation to Cardiff, he had refined his legend and presented himself as a truck driver who spent his time “hauling boxes of shopping catalogues around the country”. This part of his cover seems to have been meticulously prepared:

He would spend hours explaining how he had executed complicated reversing manoeuvres, parking HGV trucks in parking bays ‘designed for Tonka cars’. He had a permanently suntanned right forearm, which friends noticed was noticeably browner than the left, even during the winter. It was, he said, the result of having one arm constantly rested on the truck door by the window...Jacobs talked so much about truck driving he became annoying.

Domicile

Whilst in Brighton, he lived in “a house close to Elm Grove,” a high density neighbourhood within the city with a large transient population due to large numbers of houses of multiple occupancy (HMOs) and popularity with students.

Activists in Brighton remember the flat as 'sparse' and 'clean', with just a Bob Marley poster on the wall. "Looks like the place of a copper" someone said, but by the time that was a running gag - activists say in hindsight.

In Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ rented a first floor apartment “near Roath Park, on the fringe of the student area.” According to CAN activist ‘Janine’ the flat was barely furnished and “entirely without personality,” with “no photographs or anything else that you would have by the time you were in your 40s.”

Personality

Cardiff activist ‘Janine’ describes ‘Jacobs’ as “Big, burly, brash and blokey,”, an assessment echoed elsewhere, including the Cardiff Anarchist Network statement about him, which described the by-now exposed undercover policeman as “likeable, personally supportive, funny and very useful to have around”.

Several people have noted his use of humour. ‘Verity Smith’ has suggested that “he hid behind this sort of amiable clown thing, he made a joke of everything, deflected everything”. Another unnamed source posed a rhetorical question to regional newspaper Wales On Sunday: “If they can send a bloke cracking jokes into your life, who will they send next time?”

His legend included a messy breakup from a relationship with a woman who abused him. At the time this seemed a believable story, but some people had questions about Jacobs' claims - merely his size and weight made it not very likely that he would end up as the beaten one. In general, his attempt to position himself as a vulnerable person did not really work.

Publicly available accounts of his time in Brighton suggest that despite his best efforts he remained something of an outsider to the city's activist scene. Evans and Lewis claim that he had “few friends” there; their book contains recollections about ‘Jacobs’ from one of these, called ‘Terry’. Some people even felt sorry for him, he was trying so hard to fit in, but failed.

Changing the mood at meetings

Several accounts note that ‘Jacobs’ regularly used a number of idiosyncratic phrases.

The pen portrait of his time in Brighton by ‘Dick Tracy’ notes that ‘Jacobs’ was in the habit of “making sarcastic comments in social situations and meetings,” adding that this “may have been an attempt to disrupt activist organising”. The Cardiff Anarchist Network monograph appears to echo this last supposition, stating that he “changed the culture of the organisation, encouraging a lot of drinking, gossip and back-stabbing.”

An otherwise brief FITwatch blog post lists a number of the catchphrases often used by ‘Jacobs’:

little phrases that were used frequently to deflect question or discussion, or to lighten situations. "Dear diary..." he'd say when we'd be discussing the days/weeks happenings. "And relax..." at the end of meetings or stressful conversations. Everything was "dinky do". He'd do a "welfare check" to see how you were, and generally things were ridic/hillar/bloody marv. Other people's witticisms were greeted with "did you see what he did there?". And that's a "negadive" (negative) or "check".

Based on their interviews with activists who knew ‘Jacobs’, Evans and Lewis claim that he “liked to adopt the persona of a Northern [English] comedian.”

In a similar vein, he would produce spoof minutes from meetings (mentioned in the context of Jacobs taking minutes of Dissent meetings before the G8 summit in Glenneagles).

Attitudes towards and promotion of violence

According to Evans and Lewis, during his time in Brighton ‘Jacobs’ “boasted about getting into pub brawls”. One story is a bit more specific, Jacobs claimed to have gone back to Northampton to meet and old mate, and end up receiving a beaten in a pub fight. In hindsight this story did not add up with Jacobs' claims of coming to Brighton because he needed a clean break from his old life.

By the time he surfaced in Cardiff he claimed that he had been to prison on remand, but was vague about why or what for, preferring instead to allude to a past as “a bit of a fighter.”

One commenter on CAN's statement on Indymedia, ‘stroppyoldgit’, claimed ‘Jacobs’ repeatedly attempted to stir up more militant or violent activity amongst activists at protests, regardless of the circumstances. In particular at a No Borders camp near Gatwick:

He made a couple of ridiculous interventions in the big meeting before the main march through Crawley to the detention centre, urging us to make the next day a big fight with the cops...He tried to start a gormless violence-obsessed conversation.

Relationships

Part of the back story given by ‘Jacobs’ is that “he was separated from his former partner, who used to physically abuse him”. The version put forward by Evans and Lewis is slightly different; they present it as a messy divorce from an abusive ex-wife called ‘Sam’ (“who beat him up”) before appearing on the activist scene. Given that he had this name (or at least the letters S A M) tattooed on his back - subsequently covered up with a black star - it seems likely that there was a real person by this name in the life of the police officer playing the part of ‘Jacobs’.

Whilst he is not known to have developed many close bonds with activists in Brighton, an anonymous Indymedia posting claims that during his time there he “slept with at least one woman who was close to the activist scene”. Activists in Brighton said it was a friend of a friend, and not somebody close to the scene.

In Brighton, he confided to a friend that he had once kissed a man, but asked for this to remain confidential.

In contrast he was able to “befriend people from the [south Wales] area around the country at different protests” - first meeting CAN activists in 2004 - and so decided to move to Cardiff. Here ‘Jacobs’ was able to ingratiate himself into several close friendships. These included:

• Tom Fowler: an activist involved in, amongst other groups, Cardiff Anarchist Network and South Wales Anarchists, and “then at the centre of Cardiff activism” He says Jacobs “became a very close friend of mine, became more than a close friend of some members of our group.” Fowler described ‘Jacobs’ as “privy to all of my decision-making around activism and personal relationships to a really deep level...He was like my best mate. He was the most reliable person in my life.”

• Fran Ryan: A vegan baker introduced to ‘Jacobs’ by Tom Fowler, Fran Ryan was then 50 and “not herself politically active”, but she “quickly formed a rapport with the undercover police officer.” ‘Jacobs’ even tried (unsuccessfully) to get her to accompany him to a “meeting of European animal rights activists in Vienna”, before she agreed instead to go with him to an animal rights gathering in Essex.

‘Jacobs’ is also known to have had sexual relationships with at least two activists amongst the groups he spied upon.

• ‘Sarah’: In the summer of 2007, ‘Jacobs’ began a sexual relationship with ‘Sarah’, then 26 years old, and well-connected in activist circles, after they returned from Germany where they had taken part in the anti-G8 Heiligendamm summit protests. The relationship, which only lasted “a few weeks”, was built on a close friendship the two had developed over the previous few years, and began at the prompting of ‘Jacobs’, who had initially suggested that they “take their relationship further” two months before the G8. (Note that previously The Guardian had reported that this relationship had taken place in 2008 and lasted three months.)

• ‘Deborah’: In 2009, when she was in a relationship with Tom Fowler, ‘Deborah’ father was terminally ill with cancer. In Fowler's words, ‘Jacobs’ “put himself in the middle of that [relationship]...[and] acted as a father figure to her.” Simultaneously he behaved as a confidant to Fowler, who told him about his and ‘Deborah’'s relationship troubles. When her father died, ‘Jacobs’ attended the funeral. According to Evans and Lewis he “offered her a shoulder to cry on...[then] tried to seduce her”. Initially ‘Deborah’ turned him down, but eventually they embarked on a brief sexual relationship after ‘Jacobs’ told her that he loved her. Then, “believing she was about to begin a serious relationship with the truck driver,” she broke up with Fowler, only for ‘Jacobs’ to suddenly lose interest.

The circumstances of the efforts by ‘Jacobs’ to interpose himself into the lives of activists in Cardiff, and to pursue intimate sexual relationships with targets, has subsequently been the focus of legal action taken by Fowler, ‘Sarah’ and ‘Deborah’ (see court cases section below).

Habits, tastes and interests

This section is pieced together from details noted in the various accounts of ‘Jacobs’' activities, and as such cannot be considered to be either comprehensive or definitive.

Music

‘Jacobs’ professed a passion for rock music, and used going to out-of-town gigs - purportedly with friends not from the activist scene - as a pretext for absences from Cardiff. A “heavy metal CD collection” is said to have filled the floor of his otherwise spartan Cardiff flat. Activist Tom Fowler recalled how the two of them would go to punk gigs in Newport.

His MySpace page indicates that he was a fan of the following bands and artists, predominantly heavy metal or hard rock:

AC/DC	Alice Cooper	Annihilator	Big Linda	Chris Broderick	Crawler	Def Leppard	Evile	Fathom Down	Gojira	Hawkwind	Hot Leg
The Hush	Judas Priest	Led Zeppelin	Lovecraaft	Megadeth	Metallica	Motörhead	Mutant	Nuclear Theatre	Onslaught	Pink Floyd	Privateer
Reb Beach	Sanctity	Savage Messiah	Saxon	Slipknot	Stone Gods	Tony Iommi	Trivium	V-Twin	Venom	Warpath	Whitesnake

Alcohol & Drugs

Both in Brighton and Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ developed a reputation for being able to consume prodigious quantities of alcohol (“a notorious ability to drink huge quantities of alcohol without becoming drunk,” say Evans and Lewis). Cardiff activist Tom Fowler notes that one catchphrase of ‘Jacobs’ was “Strong European lager is my drug of choice.”

In Brighton, he regularly attended the Cowley Club, an anarchist social centre. He is said to “treated the Cowley bar as his regular,” boasting how much he could drink and was “often generous in buying rounds,”.

In Cardiff his reputation for heavy drinking continued, something noted in the CAN account of his time there, which points towards him “encouraging a lot of drinking”.

Activist ‘Verity Smith’ commented on this aspect of him:

He would be down the pub all the time, he would always have money for drinks, he would be very keen to encourage people to go out drinking with him and used that time to really probe people on what they thought and what their attitudes were and what their opinions were, what their vulnerabilities were. I also think he wanted to instil a drinking culture that automatically excluded those people who were not part of that party scene - because they were working or because they had children or because they were not of that age group or whatever.

His capacity for drink was even noticed overseas, such as at the 2007 anti-G8 Heiligendamm protests in Germany.

The main accounts detailing his activities suggest that ‘Jacobs’ did not consume (illegal) drugs.

Food & diet

It is perhaps of note that whilst trying to infiltrate the activist milieu in Brighton - where it is received wisdom that he was less successful in penetrating networks - ‘Jacobs’ remained a meat-eating outsider, but that by the time he more successfully worked his way into the Cardiff scene he had become vegan.

Activist modus operandi, undercover tradecraft

Target groups

Whilst undercover, ‘Marco Jacobs’ infiltrated (or attempted to infiltrate) a considerable number of political campaigns. He is known to have involved (or attempted to involve) himself in the following networks, groups, issues or tactics:

• Animal rights networks, including Swansea Animal Rights
• Anti-Metrix/RAF St Athan Defence Academy
• Black Bloc
• Camp Bling
• Camp for Climate Action
• Cardiff Anarchist Network
• Cowley Club
• Dissent! Network
• Eat Out Vegan Wales
• Gwent Anarchists
• Heiligendamm G8 protests
• KTS Autonomous Centre
• Milford Haven anti-LNG pipeline
• No Borders and in particular No Borders South Wales
• No To NATO
• Pembrokeshire Anarchists
• Rising Tide Network
• St. Petersburg G8 mobilisation and planning
• Smash EDO
• South Wales Anarchists

Notable activity

During his deployment, ‘Marco Jacobs’ engaged in a number of activities which enabled him to get close or closer to other activists and their decision-making processes. These included:

• Attending protests

• Taking minutes at meetings

• Writing, editing and distributing newsletters

• Participating in direct action

• Use of practical skills such as driving

• Being a point of contact for groups, particularly in international networks

• Participation in protest and direct action activities overseas (‘summit-hopping’)

• Taking pictures of protest (reportedly brought a camera to the G8 summit in Heiligendamm)

Offences believed to have been committed

'Jacobs' is known to have been arrested with others on two ocassions following doing actions; both times his house was apparently raided, as were the homes of those arrested with him. The first is circa 2004-2005, in Brighton, when he and two others were arrested for fly-positing in the run up to the G8. THe second was circa 2006-2007, when he was arrested during pipeline action at Milford Haven.

There is also an account of him driving with out-of-date insurance.

Exfiltration

In common with other undercover officers who have been unmasked, ‘Jacobs’ appears to have had an exit strategy which saw him preparing those around him for his impending departure, albeit one which apparently played out only over a matter of weeks rather than months, as seems to have been the case with others before him. In effect, he announced that he had been offered a job as a gardener in Corfu, and shortly afterwards left from Cardiff. Contact with several activists in Cardiff was maintained for a few weeks, but then dried up.

Exposure and post-exposure issues

Accounts of the undercover tour of ‘Marco Jacobs’ have repeatedly made mention of how at various times he was suspected of being, if not necessarily a policeman, then certainly something other than a committed political activist. However, despite such suspicions, he remained able to continue his undercover deployment until - it seems - his tour came to a natural conclusion and he was exfiltrated. He was not fully exposed as a police infiltrator until January 2011 - nearly a year and a half after he left Cardiff in August 2009.

Early suspicions in Brighton

‘Marco Jacobs’ had been suspected of being a police officer by a number of activists at different times. According to the Indymedia account of his time in Brighton, “From the beginning there were suspicions about Marco - In fact he used to joke that everyone thought he was a cop.”

The Guardian journalists' Undercover book supports this: “activists in Brighton say they became suspicious.” In their account, even ‘Terry’, one of the few to call themselves a friend of ‘Jacobs’ during his Brighton phase, recalls that “The word was, that man is a copper, everyone knows he is a copper...It was something about his deportment that just screamed ‘pig’ to some people.” According to ‘Terry’, less than a year into his deployment ‘Jacobs’ asked him “‘Everyone thinks I’m a copper, don’t they?”

Considering that he was subsequent outed, activists in Brighton told the Undercover Research Group:

There were rumours about Jacobs, but on the other hand: there are rumours about a lot of people. There was someone very much involved in the scene who would stand up for Jacobs, trusting him. Just because someone is different, he is not necessarily a spy - maybe he was just a bit lost in life. This may have kept people from getting together to investigate Jacobs. One reason for serious doubt was the fact that he claimed to have been involved in hunt sabbing [sabotage] - while up north nobody in activist circles knew him. In hindsight this should have rung a bell... now activists ask themselves: how could he have been involved in radical animal activism before he came to Brighton, and arriving there as a meat-eater?

Suspicions build in Cardiff

By the time of his 2009 exfiltration from Cardiff, doubts about him had accrued in that city as well, as ‘Verity Smith’ notes: “By that time a number of us had quite deep suspicions about him but there were such divisions within the group that we hadn’t told each other about them. I didn’t know, for instance, that a number of others in the group shared my suspicions.” At a leaving party for ‘Jacobs’ in August, even his closest friend in the city, Tom Fowler, joked to him that “If you disappear in a few months, you do realise that means you’re a cop, don’t you?”

For a period of time following his putative departure to Corfu he continued to exchange text messages with some of his activist friends, and sent postcards. However, these “dried up” soon after, his UK mobile phone number became no longer recognised, and his Greek mobile phone was reset to not accept incoming calls or texts. He also failed to update his social media accounts, such as his MySpace page.

No more was heard from him, and as a result “suspicions crystallised, but by now he had completely disappeared.”

By February 2010, the suspicions had grown to the point that the person running the No Borders South Wales MySpace account left a message on that of ‘Jacobs’ (who had not updated his page in months) which directly referenced the uncertainty. It read: “Yassoo. Kalla? Dear Marco, hope all is well/you're not a cop. Al [sic] the best, Cardiff.”

With no word from him for some time, a number of Cardiff Anarchist Network activists began to come to the conclusion that he had been a police spy: “at that point people’s suspicions consolidated and people started to talk to each other and ask whether he was a cop. The group got together and talked about it, there was broad agreement that we thought he probably was but we didn’t know what to do about it. People outside the group were quite dismissive and often we weren’t believed,” says ‘Verity Smith’.

Exposure

On 14 January 2011 - five days after The Guardian exposed Mark Kennedy) - the paper published a piece on its website which whilst not naming or picturing the man known to those he spied upon as ‘Marco Jacobs’, clearly identified him as an undercover police officer.

It is thought likely that police sources asked The Guardian not to identify ‘Jacobs’ by work, name or photograph in the same way they did in regards of ‘Lynn Watson’, an NPOIU spy who was publicly exposed two days prior on 12 January. Instead the paper initially referred to him only as ‘Officer B’ in the same way that ‘Watson’ was at first labelled only as ‘Officer A’. She was confirmed as a serving police officer by “intelligence officials” and “senior police officers”, with further corroboration coming in April in the Times.

However, campaign group FITwatch, immediately published on their website a précis of the Guardian story the night before the print edition was due to hit the streets, which included naming and publishing photographs of ‘Jacobs’. The next day - 15 January - they reposted the same article to Indymedia. A further blog post followed on 18 January, with more photographs. The Guardian followed a few days later, on 19 January, identifying ‘Jacobs’ by name and photograph. That same day activists from Cardiff Anarchist Network released a statement about ‘Jacobs’ which was published on both the South Wales Anarchists website and on Indymedia UK.; ‘Dick Tracy’ then also posted the account of ‘Jacobs’' Brighton deployment to Indymedia.

Court cases

Since his exposure three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network who were spied on for four years by Jacobs initiated a court action against the Metropolitan and South Wales police forces over the effect of Jacobs' intrusion in their lives and the distress it has caused. Two had sexual relationships with Jacobs, the third is a man who was the partner of one of one of them and was very close friends with Jacobs. However, the police responded by saying they can 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny' whether 'Jacobs' was a police officer, mirroring other similiar cases.

In early 2013 Judge Michael Tugendhat, summarised the case around the sexual relationships formed by ‘Jacobs’ in Cardiff as:

Between 2005 and 2009 MJ [Marco Jacobs] formed (apparently) close relationships with all three Tuckers Claimants, including intimate sexual relationships with AJA [‘Sarah’] and ARB [‘Deborah’]. MJ instigated a sexual relationship with ARB at a time when she was in a relationship with Mr Fowler. During the course of those relationships, MJ purported to be a confidante, empathiser and source of close support to each of the Tuckers Claimants, including in relation to deeply personal aspects of their lives: he attended, for example, the funeral of ARB’s father after his death from cancer. In doing so, he exploited the vulnerabilities of the Tuckers Claimants and sought to encourage them to rely on him emotionally. None of the Tuckers Claimants would have entered into these relationships with MJ had they been aware of his true identity as a police officer.

In March 2015, the three came to the High Court in London to challenge the use of NCND in relation to their claim for damages. In a partial victory, the police said that they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.

Whilst the Metropolitan Police did not say they were dropping the use of NCND, they effectively admitted that Jacobs had been an undercover. However, no further evidence has yet been released to shine a light as to who sent Jacobs to spy, what they asked him to do, and how much they knew of his abuse of those he targeted.

The next hearing in the High Court in London is set for 7 June 2016.

• For more on the NCND defense of the police, see the 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny' page at the Police Spies Out of Lives website, by the Support group for women's legal action against undercover policing.

Gallery

This section brings together all the publicly available photographs of ‘Marco Jacobs’. Where known, any date, location, subject and rights information will be given with a picture.

FITwatch, 14 January 2011

In the wake of the first mainstream reference to ‘Lynn Watson’ on 13 January 2011, the following day (14 January 2011) FITwatch published the first exposé (including picture) of the man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ - a statement put out in the name of Cardiff Anarchist Network.

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  Undated Marco Jacobs photo

FITwatch, 18 January 2011

Four days later, FITwatch posted up additional photos of ‘Jacobs’. Several of these photographs were subsequently used by mainstream media outlets, such as The Guardian, to illustrate their articles about ‘Jacobs’.

• 

  1. Undated photo - a cropped version of this photo was subsequently used by The Guardian from 19 January 2011 onwards

• 

  2. Undated photo

• 

  3. Undated photo - used by The Guardian from 3 May 2011 onwards

• 

  4. Undated photo

• 

  5. Undated photo

South Wales Anarchists, 19 January 2014

The next day, the CAN statement previously posted to the FITwatch blog was also published on the website of South Wales Anarchists.

• 

  Less cropped version of original undated photograph (See above)

Other Undercover Research sources

For ease of reference the full list of all known material specifically relating to the undercover police officer known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ has been put onto a separate page in addition to the end notes below.

• Marco Jacobs Bibliography

• Also see Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline