Difference between revisions of "Jewish, Zionist and Israeli connections to Nigeria"

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===Drones and patrol boats===
 
===Drones and patrol boats===
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In 2006 the Israeli firm [[Aeronautics Defense Systems|Aeronautics]] won a $260 million contract to supply drones and unmanned patrol boats to Nigeria, including Aerostar systems worth $100 million.<ref name="Flight2006">''Flight Global'', [https://www.flightglobal.com/military-uavs/2006/05/aeronautics-to-supply-uavs-to-nigeria/ Aeronautics to supply UAVs to Nigeria] ''Flight Global'', 2 May 2006.</ref> The Aerostars were meant to watch oil installations in the Niger Delta. By 2014 they were reported grounded for lack of maintenance, limiting surveillance against [[Boko Haram]].<ref name="UASVision2014">''UAS Vision'', [https://www.uasvision.com/2014/05/26/poor-maintenance-leaves-nigerias-israeli-uas-grounded/ Poor Maintenance Grounds Nigeria's Israeli UAS] ''UAS Vision'', 26 May 2014.</ref> The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] records nine Aerostars delivered in 2007 ("Part of $260 m deal") and four Israeli Shaldag patrol boats delivered in 2009–13.<ref name="SIPRI">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, [https://armstransfers.sipri.org SIPRI Arms Transfers Database] ''SIPRI'', accessed 20 October 2026.</ref>
+
In 2006 the Israeli firm [[Aeronautics Group|Aeronautics]] won a $260 million contract to supply drones and unmanned patrol boats to Nigeria, including Aerostar systems worth $100 million.<ref name="Flight2006">''Flight Global'', [https://www.flightglobal.com/military-uavs/2006/05/aeronautics-to-supply-uavs-to-nigeria/ Aeronautics to supply UAVs to Nigeria] ''Flight Global'', 2 May 2006.</ref> The Aerostars were meant to watch oil installations in the Niger Delta. By 2014 they were reported grounded for lack of maintenance, limiting surveillance against [[Boko Haram]].<ref name="UASVision2014">''UAS Vision'', [https://www.uasvision.com/2014/05/26/poor-maintenance-leaves-nigerias-israeli-uas-grounded/ Poor Maintenance Grounds Nigeria's Israeli UAS] ''UAS Vision'', 26 May 2014.</ref> The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] records nine Aerostars delivered in 2007 ("Part of $260 m deal") and four Israeli Shaldag patrol boats delivered in 2009–13.<ref name="SIPRI">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, [https://armstransfers.sipri.org SIPRI Arms Transfers Database] ''SIPRI'', accessed 20 October 2026.</ref>
  
 
===Surveillance: Elbit, Circles and Cellebrite===
 
===Surveillance: Elbit, Circles and Cellebrite===
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In September 2002 [[Bill Clinton]] made a nine-day trip to Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, Mozambique and South Africa on [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s plane, with the actors [[Kevin Spacey]] and [[Chris Tucker]], working on HIV and AIDS prevention, democratisation and economic development. Through a spokesman Clinton later praised Epstein's "insights and generosity during the recent trip to Africa".<ref name="EpFC">Angelo Fichera and Saranac Hale Spencer, [https://www.factcheck.org/2019/08/the-epstein-connections-fueling-conspiracy-theories/ The Epstein Connections Fueling Conspiracy Theories] ''FactCheck.org'', 15 August 2019.</ref> Clinton's office sent [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] the proposed manifest for the legs, which ran from Kumasi in Ghana to Abuja and on to Kigali.<ref name="EpEFTA00578629">Email from the Office of President William J. Clinton to Ghislaine Maxwell, "Africa Trip Information", 10 September 2002, US Department of Justice Epstein files release, Data Set 9, [https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00578629.pdf EFTA00578629] ([https://tommycarstensen.com/epstein/data/documents/set9/00578/EFTA00578629.html mirror]), accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>
 
In September 2002 [[Bill Clinton]] made a nine-day trip to Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, Mozambique and South Africa on [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s plane, with the actors [[Kevin Spacey]] and [[Chris Tucker]], working on HIV and AIDS prevention, democratisation and economic development. Through a spokesman Clinton later praised Epstein's "insights and generosity during the recent trip to Africa".<ref name="EpFC">Angelo Fichera and Saranac Hale Spencer, [https://www.factcheck.org/2019/08/the-epstein-connections-fueling-conspiracy-theories/ The Epstein Connections Fueling Conspiracy Theories] ''FactCheck.org'', 15 August 2019.</ref> Clinton's office sent [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] the proposed manifest for the legs, which ran from Kumasi in Ghana to Abuja and on to Kigali.<ref name="EpEFTA00578629">Email from the Office of President William J. Clinton to Ghislaine Maxwell, "Africa Trip Information", 10 September 2002, US Department of Justice Epstein files release, Data Set 9, [https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00578629.pdf EFTA00578629] ([https://tommycarstensen.com/epstein/data/documents/set9/00578/EFTA00578629.html mirror]), accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>
  
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In February 2026 ''Drop Site News'' and ''Al Jazeera'' reported on hacked emails of the former Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Barak]], published by Distributed Denial of Secrets and corroborated by US Justice Department releases. According to these reports, Barak pitched Israeli "field-proven" security technology to Nigerian officials while [[Jeffrey Epstein]] advised him:
+
In February 2026 ''Drop Site News'' and ''Al Jazeera'' reported on hacked emails of the former Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Barak]], published by [[Distributed Denial of Secrets]] and corroborated by US Justice Department releases. According to these reports, Barak pitched Israeli "field-proven" security technology to Nigerian officials while [[Jeffrey Epstein]] advised him:
 
*In a 2014 email Epstein told Barak, as unrest spread elsewhere, "isn't this perfect for you".
 
*In a 2014 email Epstein told Barak, as unrest spread elsewhere, "isn't this perfect for you".
 
*Barak positioned Israeli security vendors as partners to President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]'s government, using Babcock University as a foothold for the Israeli cybersecurity industry.<ref name="DropSite2026">''Drop Site News'', [https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/epstein-ehud-barak-sultan-sulayem-nigeria-ports-israel-dp-world Epstein Flipped Israel's Gaza-Tested Biometric Scanners Into Nigeria Ports Deal for UAE] ''Drop Site News'', 16 February 2026.</ref>
 
*Barak positioned Israeli security vendors as partners to President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]'s government, using Babcock University as a foothold for the Israeli cybersecurity industry.<ref name="DropSite2026">''Drop Site News'', [https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/epstein-ehud-barak-sultan-sulayem-nigeria-ports-israel-dp-world Epstein Flipped Israel's Gaza-Tested Biometric Scanners Into Nigeria Ports Deal for UAE] ''Drop Site News'', 16 February 2026.</ref>
−
*In 2015 Barak invested $15 million in FST Biometrics, a company founded by the former Israeli military intelligence chief [[Aharon Ze'evi-Farkash]]. Its "Basel" biometric system had been prototyped at the Erez crossing into Gaza.
+
*In 2015 Barak invested $15 million in FST Biometrics, a company founded by the former Israeli military intelligence chief [[Aharon Zeevi Farkash|Aharon Ze'evi-Farkash]]. Its "Basel" biometric system had been prototyped at the Erez crossing into Gaza.
 
*Barak facilitated the sale of similar biometric equipment to Babcock University.
 
*Barak facilitated the sale of similar biometric equipment to Babcock University.
 
*By 2020 the World Bank had engaged the [[Israel National Cyber Directorate]] and a start-up co-founded by Barak to help shape Nigeria's cyber infrastructure.<ref name="AJ2026">''Al Jazeera'', [https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/2/18/tested-on-palestinians-epstein-israels-barak-pushed-spy-tech-in-nigeria Tested on Palestinians: Epstein, Israel's Barak pushed spy tech in Nigeria] ''Al Jazeera'', 18 February 2026.</ref>
 
*By 2020 the World Bank had engaged the [[Israel National Cyber Directorate]] and a start-up co-founded by Barak to help shape Nigeria's cyber infrastructure.<ref name="AJ2026">''Al Jazeera'', [https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/2/18/tested-on-palestinians-epstein-israels-barak-pushed-spy-tech-in-nigeria Tested on Palestinians: Epstein, Israel's Barak pushed spy tech in Nigeria] ''Al Jazeera'', 18 February 2026.</ref>
  
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The following items come from Barak's two leaked mailboxes (ehbarak1@gmail.com and ehud.barak@hyperion-eb.com, 2007–2016). They were hacked and leaked by Handala, a group that Distributed Denial of Secrets describes as "believed to have ties to Iranian intelligence", and were published by Distributed Denial of Secrets in August 2025. The emails carry no cryptographic signatures, and Distributed Denial of Secrets warns that material from such hack-and-leak operations may have been altered.<ref name="DDoSBarak">Distributed Denial of Secrets, [https://ddosecrets.org/article/ehud-barak-emails Ehud Barak emails], 27 August 2025, with download at [https://data.ddosecrets.org/Ehud%20Barak%20emails/ data.ddosecrets.org], accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>
+
The following items come from Barak's two leaked mailboxes (ehbarak1@gmail.com and ehud.barak@hyperion-eb.com, 2007–2016). They were hacked and leaked by [[Handala (hacker group)|Handala]], a group that Distributed Denial of Secrets describes as "believed to have ties to Iranian intelligence", and were published by Distributed Denial of Secrets in August 2025. The emails carry no cryptographic signatures, and Distributed Denial of Secrets warns that material from such hack-and-leak operations may have been altered.<ref name="DDoSBarak">Distributed Denial of Secrets, [https://ddosecrets.org/article/ehud-barak-emails Ehud Barak emails], 27 August 2025, with download at [https://data.ddosecrets.org/Ehud%20Barak%20emails/ data.ddosecrets.org], accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>
 
*'''2013 security pitch.''' In July 2013 Tim Akano of New Horizons Nigeria, who was arranging a visit by Barak, told Barak's wife Nili Priell Barak that he saw "Two-Consultancy opportunities" for Barak with President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]: a "Nation-Wide solution on Counter Terrorism" and "Personal Protection for the President". He added that the Israeli ambassador was planning a dinner in Barak's honour for "ALL THE KEY HEADS OF THE NIGERIA SECURITY AGENCIES".<ref name="BarakNG1">Email from Tim Akano to Nili Priell Barak, forwarded to Ehud Barak, "Re: Sorry, Your Excellency, 20th is not convenient for the First Lady", 28 July 2013, file <code>ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!45/1 (32).html</code>, ''Ehud Barak emails'', [https://ddosecrets.org/article/ehud-barak-emails Distributed Denial of Secrets], released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>
 
*'''2013 security pitch.''' In July 2013 Tim Akano of New Horizons Nigeria, who was arranging a visit by Barak, told Barak's wife Nili Priell Barak that he saw "Two-Consultancy opportunities" for Barak with President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]: a "Nation-Wide solution on Counter Terrorism" and "Personal Protection for the President". He added that the Israeli ambassador was planning a dinner in Barak's honour for "ALL THE KEY HEADS OF THE NIGERIA SECURITY AGENCIES".<ref name="BarakNG1">Email from Tim Akano to Nili Priell Barak, forwarded to Ehud Barak, "Re: Sorry, Your Excellency, 20th is not convenient for the First Lady", 28 July 2013, file <code>ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!45/1 (32).html</code>, ''Ehud Barak emails'', [https://ddosecrets.org/article/ehud-barak-emails Distributed Denial of Secrets], released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>
 
*'''Ergo briefing.''' Barak commissioned the intelligence consultancy Ergo to brief him on Nigerian security. He told it: "Pl make sure sources in Nigeria DO NOT know the purpose of the questions and/or identity of end user( namely myself)".<ref name="BarakNG2">Email from Ehud Barak to Evan Pressman (Ergo), "Re: NigSec", 20 July 2013, file <code>ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!45/1 (91).html</code>, ''Ehud Barak emails'', [https://ddosecrets.org/article/ehud-barak-emails Distributed Denial of Secrets], released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>
 
*'''Ergo briefing.''' Barak commissioned the intelligence consultancy Ergo to brief him on Nigerian security. He told it: "Pl make sure sources in Nigeria DO NOT know the purpose of the questions and/or identity of end user( namely myself)".<ref name="BarakNG2">Email from Ehud Barak to Evan Pressman (Ergo), "Re: NigSec", 20 July 2013, file <code>ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!45/1 (91).html</code>, ''Ehud Barak emails'', [https://ddosecrets.org/article/ehud-barak-emails Distributed Denial of Secrets], released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.</ref>

Latest revision as of 06:29, 22 October 2026

A small expatriate Jewish community served by Chabad, Igbo Jewish congregations seeking recognition, Biafran separatist claims, Israeli drones, surveillance and satellite deals, the Barak–Epstein security push, and modest trade

Nigeria has a small Jewish community of about 850, mostly expatriates, alongside Igbo congregations that practise Judaism but are not recognised as Jewish by the Israeli rabbinate.[1][2] Nigeria and "Israel" have had diplomatic relations since 1960, broken from 1973 and restored with embassies in 1993.[3] Israeli firms have sold Nigeria drones, patrol boats, internet and phone surveillance systems and, most recently, a communications satellite.

Jewish community and religious life

History

According to the Chabad rabbi in Abuja, Israel Uzan, the community grew "from the 1960s onward around Israelis and other Jewish entrepreneurs involved in construction, infrastructure, agriculture, security and other key sectors".[1] Solel Boneh has carried out major infrastructure projects in Nigeria "for decades".[4] During the Biafran war Magen David Adom flew food and supplies to the Igbo, and "the government may even have provided arms", according to The Forward.[5]

The community today

Uzan puts the Jewish community, including expatriates, at about 850.[1] Chabad said in 2020 that it consists mainly of business people and expatriates in Abuja, Lagos and Ibadan, and that "dozens of Israeli companies" work in the country.[4]

Separately, a number of Igbo Nigerians practise Judaism, for example at the Gihon Hebrew Synagogue in Jikwoyi near Abuja. Rabbi Eliezer Simcha Weisz of the Rabbinate Council of Israel told the BBC: "They claim to be one of the descendants of Gad... but they can't prove their grandparents were Jewish." He said they would have to convert before a Jewish court to be recognised.[2] Estimates of their numbers range:

  • The Jewish Fellowship Initiative lists about 80 synagogues.
  • The ethnologist Edith Bruder suggests as many as 30,000.
  • Others suggest no more than 3,000.

The Guardian reports that "Israel" "refuses to recognise this as a Jewish population". In August 2021 rabbis from the US and Uganda converted 96 people in Abuja, the first such ceremony in Nigeria.[6] In 1994 the Israeli Supreme Court dismissed an Igbo man's attempt to immigrate under the Law of Return without converting.[5]

How far is it Zionist? No Zionist federation or Israeli fundraising body was found in Nigeria. The expatriate community is served by Chabad, which is a religious rather than a Zionist movement. The Igbo congregations identify with ancient Israel and seek recognition from the Israeli rabbinate. Their ties to Zionist politics come mainly through Biafran separatists (see below).

Chabad

Main article: Chabad Lubavitch of Nigeria

Rabbi Israel and Haya Uzan established Chabad in Abuja in 2012, with a synagogue, a Jewish day school and a mikvah. In 2020 Rabbi Mendy and Mazal Sternbach opened a centre in Lagos to serve about 450 Jewish residents.[4] The Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States lists no rabbi in Nigeria.[7]

Zionist movement and advocacy

No organised Zionist movement was found in Nigeria. The most prominent pro-"Israel" political voice is the Biafran separatist Nnamdi Kanu, leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). He holds Nigerian and British nationality and says he is Jewish. In October 2018 he resurfaced in "Israel", more than a year after soldiers stormed his home, announcing "I'm in Israel" on Radio Biafra, and a video showed him praying at the Western Wall.[8] He said: "I owe my survival to the state of Israel".[9]

Israeli state and commercial ties

Diplomatic relations

According to the Israeli embassy, relations were established in 1960, and since April 1993 "Israel" has had an embassy in Abuja and Nigeria one in Tel Aviv. The embassy also reports that the Israeli deputy foreign minister Sharren Haskel visited Nigeria in 2025.[3] Nigeria broke formal ties in 1973 "at the urging of the Organization of African Unity". The Israeli ambassador Michael Freeman is also "Israel"'s permanent representative to ECOWAS.[10] In July 2024 the embassy addressed the Nigeria-Israel Business Forum in Abuja.[11]

Drones and patrol boats

In 2006 the Israeli firm Aeronautics won a $260 million contract to supply drones and unmanned patrol boats to Nigeria, including Aerostar systems worth $100 million.[12] The Aerostars were meant to watch oil installations in the Niger Delta. By 2014 they were reported grounded for lack of maintenance, limiting surveillance against Boko Haram.[13] The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute records nine Aerostars delivered in 2007 ("Part of $260 m deal") and four Israeli Shaldag patrol boats delivered in 2009–13.[14]

Surveillance: Elbit, Circles and Cellebrite

In April 2013 Elbit Systems announced a contract worth about $40 million "to supply a country in Africa" with its Wise Intelligence Technology (WiT) system for internet monitoring.[15] In May 2013 the Nigerian House of Representatives voted to investigate a contract reportedly awarded to Elbit "to spy on millions of Nigerian internet users", and told the government to suspend it pending the inquiry.[16]

In 2020 the Citizen Lab identified Nigeria among the likely government customers of Circles, a phone-surveillance firm affiliated with NSO Group. It traced one system to the Defence Intelligence Agency in Abuja, and cited reports that the governors of Bayelsa and Delta states had bought Circles systems to spy on political opponents.[17][18]

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission's digital forensics team uses Cellebrite phone-extraction tools.[19] In 2021 the Committee to Protect Journalists reported that Nigerian security agencies had used Cellebrite UFED to extract data from journalists' phones.[20]

Satellites from Israel Aerospace Industries

In August 2026 Calcalist reported that the national satellite operator NIGCOMSAT would buy the NigComSat-2A satellite from Israel Aerospace Industries, for launch in 2028, and a second satellite from Thales. The two deals were estimated at about $2 billion combined.[21] Nigeria's Federal Executive Council approved NIGCOMSAT-2A and 2B that month.[22]

Trade

The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics records Israeli imports from Nigeria of $7.1 million in 2025 (2024: $10.6 million) and exports to Nigeria of $23.0 million (2024: $27.9 million).[23]

Migration and aliyah

The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics does not list Nigeria separately in its table of immigrants by country of birth.[24] Igbo Jews are not eligible under the Law of Return unless they convert.[2][5]

Political interference

The governors' alleged use of Circles against opponents is the clearest case of Israeli technology being used in Nigerian domestic politics.[17] Kanu's claims of Israeli and Mossad help remain his own.[9]

Epstein, Barak and Nigeria

In September 2002 Bill Clinton made a nine-day trip to Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, Mozambique and South Africa on Jeffrey Epstein's plane, with the actors Kevin Spacey and Chris Tucker, working on HIV and AIDS prevention, democratisation and economic development. Through a spokesman Clinton later praised Epstein's "insights and generosity during the recent trip to Africa".[25] Clinton's office sent Ghislaine Maxwell the proposed manifest for the legs, which ran from Kumasi in Ghana to Abuja and on to Kigali.[26]

In February 2026 Drop Site News and Al Jazeera reported on hacked emails of the former Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak, published by Distributed Denial of Secrets and corroborated by US Justice Department releases. According to these reports, Barak pitched Israeli "field-proven" security technology to Nigerian officials while Jeffrey Epstein advised him:

  • In a 2014 email Epstein told Barak, as unrest spread elsewhere, "isn't this perfect for you".
  • Barak positioned Israeli security vendors as partners to President Goodluck Jonathan's government, using Babcock University as a foothold for the Israeli cybersecurity industry.[27]
  • In 2015 Barak invested $15 million in FST Biometrics, a company founded by the former Israeli military intelligence chief Aharon Ze'evi-Farkash. Its "Basel" biometric system had been prototyped at the Erez crossing into Gaza.
  • Barak facilitated the sale of similar biometric equipment to Babcock University.
  • By 2020 the World Bank had engaged the Israel National Cyber Directorate and a start-up co-founded by Barak to help shape Nigeria's cyber infrastructure.[28]

The following items come from Barak's two leaked mailboxes (ehbarak1@gmail.com and ehud.barak@hyperion-eb.com, 2007–2016). They were hacked and leaked by Handala, a group that Distributed Denial of Secrets describes as "believed to have ties to Iranian intelligence", and were published by Distributed Denial of Secrets in August 2025. The emails carry no cryptographic signatures, and Distributed Denial of Secrets warns that material from such hack-and-leak operations may have been altered.[29]

  • 2013 security pitch. In July 2013 Tim Akano of New Horizons Nigeria, who was arranging a visit by Barak, told Barak's wife Nili Priell Barak that he saw "Two-Consultancy opportunities" for Barak with President Goodluck Jonathan: a "Nation-Wide solution on Counter Terrorism" and "Personal Protection for the President". He added that the Israeli ambassador was planning a dinner in Barak's honour for "ALL THE KEY HEADS OF THE NIGERIA SECURITY AGENCIES".[30]
  • Ergo briefing. Barak commissioned the intelligence consultancy Ergo to brief him on Nigerian security. He told it: "Pl make sure sources in Nigeria DO NOT know the purpose of the questions and/or identity of end user( namely myself)".[31]
  • FST Biometrics distributor. In June 2015 the chief financial officer of FST Biometrics told Barak that Akano wanted "to be our distributor in Nigeria".[32]
  • Call with the National Security Adviser. In August 2015 Akano passed on a number through which Barak could speak by phone to Nigeria's National Security Adviser.[33]
  • Security contract for power plants. From October 2015 Barak was copied as the former Mossad chief Danny Yatom (Global Strategic Group) discussed a security contract with Grynberg Petroleum. The contract would have covered power-generation units for government compounds in 30 Nigerian states, with insurance sought from the Israeli export-credit insurer Ashra. In Hebrew, Barak warned Yatom that the client "seems to me a tricky type" and that he should "take precautions". When Yatom turned the project down in January 2016, Barak replied "Wise" (in Hebrew).[34][35]

The emails show these meetings being planned. They do not establish that the 2013 visit or a meeting with Jonathan took place, or that any contract was signed.

See also

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Israel Uzan, Deconstructing misconceptions about Nigeria and life in Africa JNS, 19 May 2026 (Chabad-side).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nduka Orjinmo, The Nigerians who want Israel to accept them as Jews BBC News, 17 October 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Embassy of Israel in Nigeria, Bilateral relations embassies.gov.il, accessed 21 October 2026 (Israeli government-side).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Yehuda Mayteles, Largest City in Africa Gets Its First Rabbi Chabad.org, 16 November 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The Forward, Meet the Igbo, Nigeria's Lost Jewish Tribe The Forward, 24 January 2016.
  6. ↑ Samanth Subramanian, The lost Jews of Nigeria The Guardian, 26 April 2022.
  7. ↑ Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States, The Rabbis rabbisalliance.org, accessed 21 October 2026 (Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States-side).
  8. ↑ BBC News, Nnamdi Kanu, Nigerian separatist leader, resurfaces in Israel BBC News, 22 October 2018.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Nigerian separatist leader Nnamdi Kanu resurfaces in Jerusalem JTA, 22 October 2018.
  10. ↑ News Agency of Nigeria, Israel will deepen bilateral relations with Nigeria – Envoy The Guardian (Nigeria), 22 January 2024.
  11. ↑ Punch, Israel ready for govt, private sector partnerships in Nigeria – Envoy Punch, 17 July 2024.
  12. ↑ Flight Global, Aeronautics to supply UAVs to Nigeria Flight Global, 2 May 2006.
  13. ↑ UAS Vision, Poor Maintenance Grounds Nigeria's Israeli UAS UAS Vision, 26 May 2014.
  14. ↑ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, accessed 20 October 2026.
  15. ↑ Elbit Systems, Elbit Systems Awarded a $40 Million Contract to Supply a Country in Africa with the Wise Intelligence Technology (WiT™) System PR Newswire, 24 April 2013.
  16. ↑ Vanguard, Reps to probe alleged $40m internet spying contract Vanguard, 30 May 2013.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Bill Marczak et al., Running in Circles: Uncovering the Clients of Cyberespionage Firm Circles The Citizen Lab, 1 December 2020 (critical).
  18. ↑ Al Jazeera, Nigerian intelligence bought tool to spy on citizens: Report Al Jazeera, 8 December 2020.
  19. ↑ Cellebrite, Uncovering Patterns In Complex Investigations Is No Match For Nigeria's Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) Cellebrite, 22 December 2020.
  20. ↑ International Centre for Investigative Reporting, Nigerian security agencies use Israeli, US technology for forensic surveillance of journalists' phones ICIR, 14 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Yuval Azulay, Israel's IAI and Thales to build Nigeria's next comm satellites in a $2 billion deal CTech, 25 August 2026.
  22. ↑ ITWeb Africa, Nigeria approves two new satellites ITWeb Africa, 28 August 2026.
  23. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel), Foreign Trade Statistics Monthly, Table D1: Trade Countries – Imports and Exports CBS, December 2025 issue (library copy) (Israeli government-side).
  24. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel), Statistical Abstract of Israel 2024, Table 2.55: Immigrants, by period of immigration, country of birth and last country of residence CBS, 2024 (Israeli government-side).
  25. ↑ Angelo Fichera and Saranac Hale Spencer, The Epstein Connections Fueling Conspiracy Theories FactCheck.org, 15 August 2019.
  26. ↑ Email from the Office of President William J. Clinton to Ghislaine Maxwell, "Africa Trip Information", 10 September 2002, US Department of Justice Epstein files release, Data Set 9, EFTA00578629 (mirror), accessed 21 October 2026.
  27. ↑ Drop Site News, Epstein Flipped Israel's Gaza-Tested Biometric Scanners Into Nigeria Ports Deal for UAE Drop Site News, 16 February 2026.
  28. ↑ Al Jazeera, Tested on Palestinians: Epstein, Israel's Barak pushed spy tech in Nigeria Al Jazeera, 18 February 2026.
  29. ↑ Distributed Denial of Secrets, Ehud Barak emails, 27 August 2025, with download at data.ddosecrets.org, accessed 21 October 2026.
  30. ↑ Email from Tim Akano to Nili Priell Barak, forwarded to Ehud Barak, "Re: Sorry, Your Excellency, 20th is not convenient for the First Lady", 28 July 2013, file ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!45/1 (32).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.
  31. ↑ Email from Ehud Barak to Evan Pressman (Ergo), "Re: NigSec", 20 July 2013, file ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!45/1 (91).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.
  32. ↑ Email from Moshe Sheffer (FST Biometrics) to Ehud Barak, "Nigeria Contact", 11 June 2015, file ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!14/1 (475).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.
  33. ↑ Email from Tim Akano to Nili Priell Barak, forwarded to Ehud Barak, "Fwd: PM & NSA Connecting on Phone", 13 August 2015, file ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!11/1 (316).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.
  34. ↑ Email from Ehud Barak to Danny Yatom (in Hebrew), "Re: Securtiy in Africa", 16 January 2016, quoting correspondence with Grynberg Petroleum from 13 October 2015, file ehbarak1@gmail.com/Inbox!3/1 (274).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.
  35. ↑ Email from Ehud Barak to Danny Yatom (in Hebrew), "Re: Proposed contract", 31 January 2016, file ehbarak1@gmail.com/Sent/1 (456).html, Ehud Barak emails, Distributed Denial of Secrets, released 27 August 2025 (hacked and leaked by the Handala group), accessed 21 October 2026.
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