Difference between revisions of "Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists"
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==1930s== | ==1930s== | ||
| − | In the 1930s, the OUN was led by [[Eugene Konovalets]] who was in contact with the German [[Abwehr]] military intelligence service.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.223.</ref> | + | In the 1930s, the OUN was led by [[Eugene Konovalets]] who was in contact with the German [[Abwehr]] military intelligence service.<ref name="Dorril223">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.223.</ref> |
| − | Following the murder of the Polish interior Minister, General Pieracki, in 1934, the Polish government arrested a number of OUN leaders including [[Stepan Bandera]].<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref> | + | Following the murder of the Polish interior Minister, General Pieracki, in 1934, the Polish government arrested a number of OUN leaders including [[Stepan Bandera]].<ref name="Dorril224">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref> |
| − | From the mid-1930s, the OUN received the patronage of [[MI6]], whose Helskinki station chief, [[Harry Carr]] sent OUN agents into the Soviet Union from Finland.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref> | + | From the mid-1930s, the OUN received the patronage of [[MI6]], whose Helskinki station chief, [[Harry Carr]] sent OUN agents into the Soviet Union from Finland.<ref name="Dorril224">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref> |
| − | In May 1938, Konovalets was assassinated by Soviet agent [[Pavel Sudoplatov]]. He was replaced as OUN leader by [[Andrei Melnyk]], although a younger and more radical faction formed under Bandera.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref> | + | In May 1938, Konovalets was assassinated by Soviet agent [[Pavel Sudoplatov]]. He was replaced as OUN leader by [[Andrei Melnyk]], although a younger and more radical faction formed under Bandera.<ref name="Dorril224">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref> |
| − | In late 1938, the Abwehr, which had developed links with Melnyk, used OUN activists to destabilise Ruthenia, where they were ousted by Hungary the following year.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, pp.224-225.</ref> | + | In late 1938, the Abwehr, which had developed links with Melnyk, used OUN activists to destabilise Ruthenia, where they were ousted by Hungary the following year.<ref name="Dorril224-5">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, pp.224-225.</ref> |
==World War Two== | ==World War Two== | ||
| − | During the Russo-Finnish War in 1939, [[Harry Carr]] again attempted to infiltrate OUN agents into the Soviet Union, though the operation was a failure.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.</ref> | + | During the Russo-Finnish War in 1939, [[Harry Carr]] again attempted to infiltrate OUN agents into the Soviet Union, though the operation was a failure.<ref name="Dorril225">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.</ref> |
| − | At the OUN Congress in 1941, the movement split into the OUN-M under Melnyk and the OUN-B under Bandera.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.</ref> | + | At the OUN Congress in 1941, the movement split into the OUN-M under Melnyk and the OUN-B under Bandera.<ref name="Dorril225">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.</ref> |
| − | The Germans developed close links with the OUN-B, training its security service and two military units, codenamed 'Nachtigall' and 'Roland'.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.</ref> | + | The Germans developed close links with the OUN-B, training its security service and two military units, codenamed 'Nachtigall' and 'Roland'.<ref name="Dorril226">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.</ref> |
| − | The OUN-B military units took part in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and were soon involved in massacres of Jews and Poles.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.</ref> | + | The OUN-B military units took part in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and were soon involved in massacres of Jews and Poles.<ref name="Dorril226">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.</ref> |
| − | However, the OUN-B leadership overreached itself by declaring a Ukrainian state in Lvov, a move which led to its suppression on the personal orders of Hitler, despite the misgivings of more pragmatic Wehrmacht officers.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.227.</ref> | + | However, the OUN-B leadership overreached itself by declaring a Ukrainian state in Lvov, a move which led to its suppression on the personal orders of Hitler, despite the misgivings of more pragmatic Wehrmacht officers.<ref name="Dorril227">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.227.</ref> |
| − | While Bandera was interned in the VIP camp at Sachsenhausen, his brothers died in Auschwitz.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.228.</ref> | + | While Bandera was interned in the VIP camp at Sachsenhausen, his brothers died in Auschwitz.<ref name="Dorril228">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.228.</ref> |
| − | By 1943, the OUN-B had formed its own partisan army, the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]], fighting the Soviets and Poles more often than the Germans. In Zhitomir in November 1943, the OUN-B formed an 'Anti-Bolshevik Front' of Soviet ethnic minorities, utilising prisoners, deserters and local SS recruits.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.229.</ref> | + | By 1943, the OUN-B had formed its own partisan army, the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]], fighting the Soviets and Poles more often than the Germans. In Zhitomir in November 1943, the OUN-B formed an 'Anti-Bolshevik Front' of Soviet ethnic minorities, utilising prisoners, deserters and local SS recruits.<ref name="Dorril229">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.229.</ref> |
| − | In 1944, as the Soviets re-occupied Ukraine, [[Heinrich Himmler]] authorised cooperation with the OUN as [[Operation Sunflower]]. [[Stepan Bandera]] was released from prison.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.230.</ref> | + | In 1944, as the Soviets re-occupied Ukraine, [[Heinrich Himmler]] authorised cooperation with the OUN as [[Operation Sunflower]]. [[Stepan Bandera]] was released from prison.<ref name="Dorril230">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.230.</ref> |
| − | In early 1945, the leader of the OUN-B faction, [[Stepan Bandera]] gave his support to the Nazi-backed [[Ukrainian National Committee]] formed by [[Pavlo Shandruk]].<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.198.</ref> | + | In early 1945, the leader of the OUN-B faction, [[Stepan Bandera]] gave his support to the Nazi-backed [[Ukrainian National Committee]] formed by [[Pavlo Shandruk]].<ref name="Dorril198">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.198.</ref> |
| − | In the same period, the OUN made contact with British intelligence in Berne, Switzerland.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.231.</ref> | + | In the same period, the OUN made contact with British intelligence in Berne, Switzerland.<ref name="Dorril231">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.231.</ref> |
==Post War== | ==Post War== | ||
| − | After World War Two, [[MI6]] used [[Karl Marcus]] to recruit [[SS]] and [[Sicherheitsdienst]] veterans with links to [[Stepan Bandera]]'s OUN-B faction, veterans of which were in displaced persons camps in Germany.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.106.</ref> | + | After World War Two, [[MI6]] used [[Karl Marcus]] to recruit [[SS]] and [[Sicherheitsdienst]] veterans with links to [[Stepan Bandera]]'s OUN-B faction, veterans of which were in displaced persons camps in Germany.<ref name="Dorril106">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.106.</ref> |
| − | Bandera reformed the OUN-B in Munich in 1946 under the patronage of British and American intelligence.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.</ref> The 1943 Anti-Bolshevist Front was reformed as the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]].<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.</ref> | + | Bandera reformed the OUN-B in Munich in 1946 under the patronage of British and American intelligence.<ref name="Dorril233">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.</ref> The 1943 Anti-Bolshevist Front was reformed as the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]].<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.</ref> |
| − | In the summer of 1946, OUN-B members in the displaced persons camps in Germany were involved in [[Operation Ohio]], denouncing alleged Communists to the US [[Counter-Intelligence Corps]] and subsequently in torturing those accused.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.234.</ref> | + | In the summer of 1946, OUN-B members in the displaced persons camps in Germany were involved in [[Operation Ohio]], denouncing alleged Communists to the US [[Counter-Intelligence Corps]] and subsequently in torturing those accused.<ref name="Dorril234">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.234.</ref> |
| − | By mid-1946, the OUN-B leadership had lost contact with nationalist guerrillas still fighting in Ukraine.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.236.</ref> | + | By mid-1946, the OUN-B leadership had lost contact with nationalist guerrillas still fighting in Ukraine.<ref name="Dorril236">Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.236.</ref> |
==Affiliations== | ==Affiliations== | ||
Revision as of 22:32, 3 March 2014
The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) was a Ukrainian nationalist organisation formed in 1929.[1]
1930s
In the 1930s, the OUN was led by Eugene Konovalets who was in contact with the German Abwehr military intelligence service.[2]
Following the murder of the Polish interior Minister, General Pieracki, in 1934, the Polish government arrested a number of OUN leaders including Stepan Bandera.[3]
From the mid-1930s, the OUN received the patronage of MI6, whose Helskinki station chief, Harry Carr sent OUN agents into the Soviet Union from Finland.[3]
In May 1938, Konovalets was assassinated by Soviet agent Pavel Sudoplatov. He was replaced as OUN leader by Andrei Melnyk, although a younger and more radical faction formed under Bandera.[3]
In late 1938, the Abwehr, which had developed links with Melnyk, used OUN activists to destabilise Ruthenia, where they were ousted by Hungary the following year.[4]
World War Two
During the Russo-Finnish War in 1939, Harry Carr again attempted to infiltrate OUN agents into the Soviet Union, though the operation was a failure.[5]
At the OUN Congress in 1941, the movement split into the OUN-M under Melnyk and the OUN-B under Bandera.[5]
The Germans developed close links with the OUN-B, training its security service and two military units, codenamed 'Nachtigall' and 'Roland'.[6]
The OUN-B military units took part in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and were soon involved in massacres of Jews and Poles.[6]
However, the OUN-B leadership overreached itself by declaring a Ukrainian state in Lvov, a move which led to its suppression on the personal orders of Hitler, despite the misgivings of more pragmatic Wehrmacht officers.[7]
While Bandera was interned in the VIP camp at Sachsenhausen, his brothers died in Auschwitz.[8]
By 1943, the OUN-B had formed its own partisan army, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, fighting the Soviets and Poles more often than the Germans. In Zhitomir in November 1943, the OUN-B formed an 'Anti-Bolshevik Front' of Soviet ethnic minorities, utilising prisoners, deserters and local SS recruits.[9]
In 1944, as the Soviets re-occupied Ukraine, Heinrich Himmler authorised cooperation with the OUN as Operation Sunflower. Stepan Bandera was released from prison.[10]
In early 1945, the leader of the OUN-B faction, Stepan Bandera gave his support to the Nazi-backed Ukrainian National Committee formed by Pavlo Shandruk.[11]
In the same period, the OUN made contact with British intelligence in Berne, Switzerland.[12]
Post War
After World War Two, MI6 used Karl Marcus to recruit SS and Sicherheitsdienst veterans with links to Stepan Bandera's OUN-B faction, veterans of which were in displaced persons camps in Germany.[13]
Bandera reformed the OUN-B in Munich in 1946 under the patronage of British and American intelligence.[14] The 1943 Anti-Bolshevist Front was reformed as the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations.[15]
In the summer of 1946, OUN-B members in the displaced persons camps in Germany were involved in Operation Ohio, denouncing alleged Communists to the US Counter-Intelligence Corps and subsequently in torturing those accused.[16]
By mid-1946, the OUN-B leadership had lost contact with nationalist guerrillas still fighting in Ukraine.[17]
Affiliations
Notes
- ↑ Roman Kabachiy, Stepan Bandera: a divisive national icon, oDRussia, 2 March 2010.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.223.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, pp.224-225.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.227.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.228.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.229.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.230.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.198.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.231.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.106.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.234.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.236.
