Difference between revisions of "Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists"

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The [[Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) was a Ukrainian nationalist organisation formed in 1929.<ref>Roman Kabachiy, [http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/roman-kabachiy/stepan-bandera-divisive-national-icon Stepan Bandera: a divisive national icon], oDRussia, 2 March 2010.</ref>
 
The [[Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) was a Ukrainian nationalist organisation formed in 1929.<ref>Roman Kabachiy, [http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/roman-kabachiy/stepan-bandera-divisive-national-icon Stepan Bandera: a divisive national icon], oDRussia, 2 March 2010.</ref>
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==1930s==
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In the 1930s, the OUN was led by [[Eugene Konovalets]] who was in contact with the German [[Abwehr]] military intelligence service.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.223.</ref>
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Following the murder of the Polish interior Minister, General Pieracki, in 1934, the Polish government arrested a number of OUN leaders including [[Stepan Bandera]].<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref>
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From the mid-1930s, the OUN received the patronage of [[MI6]], whose Helskinki station chief, [[Harry Carr]] sent OUN agents into the Soviet Union from Finland.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref>
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In May 1938, Konovalets was assassinated by Soviet agent [[Pavel Sudoplatov]]. He was replaced as OUN leader by [[Andrei Melnyk]], although a younger and more radical faction formed under Bandera.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.</ref>
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In late 1938, the Abwehr, which had developed links with Melnyk, used OUN activists to destabilise Ruthenia, where they were ousted by Hungary the following year.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, pp.224-225.</ref>
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==World War Two==
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During the Russo-Finnish War in 1939, [[Harry Carr]] again attempted to infiltrate OUN agents into the Soviet Union, though the operation was a failure.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.</ref>
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At the OUN Congress in 1941, the movement split into the OUN-M under Melnyk and the OUN-B under Bandera.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.</ref>
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The Germans developed close links with the OUN-B, training its security service and two military units, codenamed 'Nachtigall' and 'Roland'.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.</ref>
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The OUN-B military units took part in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and were soon involved in massacres of Jews and Poles.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.</ref>
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However, the OUN-B leadership overreached itself by declaring a Ukrainian state in Lvov, a move which led to its suppression on the personal orders of Hitler, despite the misgivings of more pragmatic Wehrmacht officers.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.227.</ref>
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While Bandera was interned in the VIP camp at Sachsenhausen, his brothers died in Auschwitz.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.228.</ref>
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By 1943, the OUN-B had formed its own partisan army, the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]], fighting the Soviets and Poles more often than the Germans. In Zhitomir in November 1943, the OUN-B formed an 'Anti-Bolshevik Front' of Soviet ethnic minorities, utilising prisoners, deserters and local SS recruits.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.229.</ref>
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In 1944, as the Soviets re-occupied Ukraine, [[Heinrich Himmler]] authorised cooperation with the OUN as [[Operation Sunflower]]. [[Stepan Bandera]] was released from prison.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.230.</ref>
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In early 1945, the leader of the OUN-B faction, [[Stepan Bandera]] gave his support to the Nazi-backed [[Ukrainian National Committee]] formed by [[Pavlo Shandruk]].<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.198.</ref>
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In the same period, the OUN made contact with British intelligence in Berne, Switzerland.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.231.</ref>
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==Post War==
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After World War Two, [[MI6]] used [[Karl Marcus]] to recruit [[SS]] and [[Sicherheitsdienst]] veterans with links to [[Stepan Bandera]]'s OUN-B faction, veterans of which were in displaced persons camps in Germany.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.106.</ref>
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Bandera reformed the OUN-B in Munich in 1946 under the patronage of British and American intelligence.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.</ref> The 1943 Anti-Bolshevist Front]] was reformed as the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]].<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.</ref>
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In the summer of 1946, OUN-B members in the displaced persons camps in Germany were involved in [[Operation Ohio]], denouncing alleged Communists to the US [[Counter-Intelligence Corps]] and subsequently in torturing those accused.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.234.</ref>
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By mid-1946, the OUN-B leadership had lost contact with nationalist guerrillas still fighting in Ukraine.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.236.</ref>
  
 
==Affiliations==
 
==Affiliations==

Revision as of 02:08, 2 March 2014

The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) was a Ukrainian nationalist organisation formed in 1929.[1]

1930s

In the 1930s, the OUN was led by Eugene Konovalets who was in contact with the German Abwehr military intelligence service.[2]

Following the murder of the Polish interior Minister, General Pieracki, in 1934, the Polish government arrested a number of OUN leaders including Stepan Bandera.[3]

From the mid-1930s, the OUN received the patronage of MI6, whose Helskinki station chief, Harry Carr sent OUN agents into the Soviet Union from Finland.[4]

In May 1938, Konovalets was assassinated by Soviet agent Pavel Sudoplatov. He was replaced as OUN leader by Andrei Melnyk, although a younger and more radical faction formed under Bandera.[5]

In late 1938, the Abwehr, which had developed links with Melnyk, used OUN activists to destabilise Ruthenia, where they were ousted by Hungary the following year.[6]

World War Two

During the Russo-Finnish War in 1939, Harry Carr again attempted to infiltrate OUN agents into the Soviet Union, though the operation was a failure.[7]

At the OUN Congress in 1941, the movement split into the OUN-M under Melnyk and the OUN-B under Bandera.[8]

The Germans developed close links with the OUN-B, training its security service and two military units, codenamed 'Nachtigall' and 'Roland'.[9]

The OUN-B military units took part in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and were soon involved in massacres of Jews and Poles.[10]

However, the OUN-B leadership overreached itself by declaring a Ukrainian state in Lvov, a move which led to its suppression on the personal orders of Hitler, despite the misgivings of more pragmatic Wehrmacht officers.[11]

While Bandera was interned in the VIP camp at Sachsenhausen, his brothers died in Auschwitz.[12]

By 1943, the OUN-B had formed its own partisan army, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, fighting the Soviets and Poles more often than the Germans. In Zhitomir in November 1943, the OUN-B formed an 'Anti-Bolshevik Front' of Soviet ethnic minorities, utilising prisoners, deserters and local SS recruits.[13]

In 1944, as the Soviets re-occupied Ukraine, Heinrich Himmler authorised cooperation with the OUN as Operation Sunflower. Stepan Bandera was released from prison.[14]

In early 1945, the leader of the OUN-B faction, Stepan Bandera gave his support to the Nazi-backed Ukrainian National Committee formed by Pavlo Shandruk.[15]

In the same period, the OUN made contact with British intelligence in Berne, Switzerland.[16]

Post War

After World War Two, MI6 used Karl Marcus to recruit SS and Sicherheitsdienst veterans with links to Stepan Bandera's OUN-B faction, veterans of which were in displaced persons camps in Germany.[17]

Bandera reformed the OUN-B in Munich in 1946 under the patronage of British and American intelligence.[18] The 1943 Anti-Bolshevist Front]] was reformed as the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations.[19]

In the summer of 1946, OUN-B members in the displaced persons camps in Germany were involved in Operation Ohio, denouncing alleged Communists to the US Counter-Intelligence Corps and subsequently in torturing those accused.[20]

By mid-1946, the OUN-B leadership had lost contact with nationalist guerrillas still fighting in Ukraine.[21]

Affiliations

Notes

  1. Roman Kabachiy, Stepan Bandera: a divisive national icon, oDRussia, 2 March 2010.
  2. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.223.
  3. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.
  4. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.
  5. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.224.
  6. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, pp.224-225.
  7. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.
  8. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.225.
  9. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.
  10. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.226.
  11. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.227.
  12. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.228.
  13. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.229.
  14. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.230.
  15. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.198.
  16. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.231.
  17. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.106.
  18. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.
  19. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.233.
  20. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.234.
  21. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Fourth Estate Limited, 2000, p.236.