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| − | '''Hedley Bull''', [[FBA]] (born [[Sydney, Australia]], 10 June,1932 – died, [[Oxford, England]], 18 May 1985) was Professor of [[International Relations]] at the [[Australian National University]], the [[London School of Economics]] and the [[University of Oxford]] until his death from cancer in 1985. He was [[Montague Burton Professor of International Relations]] at Oxford from 1977 to 1985. | + | '''Hedley Bull''', [[FBA]] (10 June,1932 – 18 May 1985) was Professor of [[International Relations]] at the [[Australian National University]] and [[Montague Burton Professor of International Relations]] at Oxford from 1977 to 1985.<ref>{{cite book |
| | + | |title=Who's Who |
| | + | |publisher=A & C Black |
| | + | |date=2008}}</ref> |
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| − | Bull studied history and philosophy at the [[University of Sydney]], where he was strongly influenced by the philosopher [[John Anderson (philosopher)|John Anderson]]. In 1953, Bull left Australia to study politics at Oxford, and after two years he was appointed to an assistant lectureship in international relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). | + | As a Rockefeller fellowship recipient, Bull spent much of 1957 and 58 as a visiting scholar in the United States, firstly at Harvard's [[Center for International Affairs]], at Johns Hopkins' [[School of Advanced International Studies]] and at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref> |
| − | | + | {{cite web |
| − | In 1965, Bull was appointed director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Unit of the [[British Foreign Office]] two years later. In 1967, he was appointed to a professorship of international relations at the Australian National University in [[Canberra]].
| + | |url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/sdsc/hedley/mobile_devices/ch03s03.html |
| − | | + | |title=Remembering Hedley |
| − | In 1977, Bull published his main work, ''[[The Anarchical Society]]''. It is widely regarded as a key textbook in the field of international relations and is also seen as the central text in the so-called '[[English school of international relations theory|English School]]' of [[international relations]]. In this book, he argues that despite the [[Anarchism|anarchical]] character of the international arena, it is characterised by the formation of not only a system of states, but a society of states. His requirements for an entity to be called a [[Sovereign state|state]] are that it must claim [[sovereignty]] over (i) a group of [[People#In_politics|people]] (ii) a defined territory, and that it must have a [[government]]. States form a system when they have a sufficient degree of interaction, and impact on each other's decisions, so as they "behave — at least in some measure — as parts of a whole." A system of states can exist without it also being a society of states. A society of states comes into existence "when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions."
| + | |author=Robert O’Neill}}</ref> |
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| − | The society of states is a way for Bull to analyse and assess possibilities of order in [[world politics]]. He continues his argument by giving the concept of [[social order|order]] in social life, and the mechanisms of: the [[balance of power in international relations|balance of power]], [[international law]], [[diplomacy]], [[war]] and the [[great powers]] central roles. He finally concludes that, despite the existence of possible alternative forms of organization, the states system is our best chance of achieving order in world politics.
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | *''Remembering Hedley'' - [http://epress.anu.edu.au/sdsc/hedley/mobile_devices/index.html]
| + | <references/> |
| − | *Alderson, Kai and [[Andrew Hurrell]] ''Hedley Bull On International Society'' (2003)
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| − | *Miller, J.D.B. and R.J. Vincent (eds), ''Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations'' (1990)
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| − | *Vigezzi, Brunello ''The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics'' (2005)
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