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Sir '''David Rolland Spedding''' (7 March 1943 - 13 June 2001) was head of the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] from 1994 to 1999.<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Background and Education==
The son of an Army colonel, Spedding was educated at [[Sherborne School]] and [[Hertford College]], Oxford, where he graduated in Mediaeval History.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==MI6 recruitment==
one of Spedding's tutors at Hertford College was an [[MI6]] spotter.<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref> He was recruited into MI6 in 1967, aged 24, while a postgraduate student at Oxford. After training for a year in Britain, he was sent to Mecas, the [[Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies]], at Shemlan in Lebanon, to learn Arabic.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Lebanon==
Two years later, Spedding joined the MI6 station in Beirut as a Second Secretary. His time there coincided with growing tensions between the Lebanese Army and the Palestinians, particularly after the expulsion of the [[PLO]] from Jordan in 1971. According to the ''Telegraph'', "Spedding cut his teeth collecting intelligence on the various Palestinian factions which were to become his main area of expertise."<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

In 1971, Spedding was named as an [[MI6]] officer by [[Kim Philby]], an act interpreted as [[KGB]] revenge for the expulsion of 105 Soviet intelligence officers from Britain that year.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Chile==
Spedding was attached to the British Embassy in Chile from 1972 to 1974, a period of growing right-wing opposition to [[Salvadore Allende]]'s government, which came to a head with [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s [[CIA]]-backed coup in 1974.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref><ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Abu Dhabi==
Spedding was next posted back to London, and then to Abu Dhabi, as Head of Station.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Jordan==
Spedding continued to receive more senior Middle East-related appointments, according to ''The Telegraph'':
::A senior post in London, within the [[SIS Middle East Directorate|Middle East Directorate]], was followed during the mid-1980s by a period as Head of Station in Amman, where he led intelligence operations on Iraq's secret attempts to procure nuclear technology and weapons. The balance in the Iran-Iraq war had begun to swing towards Iraq, and Jordan was being used as a conduit for new weapons.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

Richard Norton-Taylor makes a similar observation slightly more pointedly, noting that Spedding "was posted to Amman at a time when Jordan was used by Iraq as a conduit to buy western arms."<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Return to London==
In 1986, Spedding was appointed head of a joint [[MI6]]-[[MI5]] section in charge of tracking Middle Eastern terrorists and spies.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Controller Middle East==
Spedding was subsequently appointed Controller Middle East, a post which he held during the 1991 Gulf War.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

According to Stephen Dorril:
::following the invasion scores of MI6 officers were tasked with gathering intelligence on the Iraqi leadership. The effort was a dismal failure, and those in receipt of the morsels gathered often 'preferred to read the newspapers which proved to be quicker and more in-depth.'<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.752.</ref>

MI6 made a token effort to organise disruptive actions, using the [[SAS]] in abortive attempt to train Kuwaiti volunteers in Saudia Arabia. More successful were the psycchological warfare operations organised by the [[Defence Advisory Group]], a joint [[MI6]]-[[Ministry of Defence]] Committee.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.752.</ref>

==MI5 liason==
According to Richard Norton-Taylor, Spedding combined his Middle East role with responsibility for relations with [[MI5]]:
::His reputation inside Whitehall was not damaged by MI5's role in the detention of innocent Palestinians during the Gulf war - an operation which seriously embarrassed the Foreign Office.<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Director of Requirements and Production==
Spedding took over responsibility for MI6 operations as [[SIS Director of Requirements and Production|Director of Requirements and Production]] in 1993. According to Stephen Dorril, this appointment was significant because of Spedding's status as a 'non-Sovbloc officer.'<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.760.</ref>

Dorril describes the move as part of a 'Christmas massacre' by MI6 chief [[Colin McColl]], who had been expected to retire in September 1992 to make way for [[Barrie Gane]], Spedding's predecessor as Director of Requirements and Production.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.759-760.</ref>

The Telegraph notes that Spedding "was simultaneously made [[Assistant Chief of SIS]], the official deputy, and anointed successor, of "C":
::His predecessor Sir [[Colin McColl]] had stayed on in order to see through the new legislation officially putting SIS and [[GCHQ]] on a statutory footing. Spedding was named as the next Chief in March 1994, taking over immediately after the legislation obtained royal assent in September of that year.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

==Chief of SIS==
The ''Telegraph'' notes that Spedding's appointment came at a time when MI6 was under intese scrutiny over the [[Matrix Churchill]] Affair.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

===Quinlan Report===
Richard Norton-Taylor credits Spedding with successfully defending MI6 "in the face of an internal review conducted by by Sir [[Michael Quinlan]], former permanent secretary at the [[Ministry of Defence]], into Britain's "foreign intelligence requirements and capability".<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref>

However, [[Philip H. J. Davies]] notes that:
::As a result of the Quinlan Review and subsequent cuts to intelligence expenditure as part of the “peace dividend,” SIS experienced a 25 percent reduction in staffing and expenditure, part of which took the form of a 40 percent decrease in senior staff. <ref>Philip H. J. Davies, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no4/Spy_Machinery_4.htm A Critical Look at Britain's Spy Machinery], Studies in Intelligence, Volume 49, Number 4, 2005, CIA.</ref>

===Reorganisation===
In 1995, Spedding undertook major changes to MI6's structure. The Western Hemisphere and Far East Controllerates were merged, as were the Africa and Middle East Controllerates. A separate Global Tasks controllerate was also established, as was an Operational Support department focused on supporting officers engaged in deep-cover operations.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.777.</ref>

The ''Telegraph'' refers to the [[Global Issues Controllerate]] set up by Spedding to "address the threats of crime and weapons proliferation."<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

===Tomlinson Affair===
MI6 officer [[Richard Tomlinson]] was sacked a year into Spedding's tenure, sparking a wave of publicity.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref>

===Vauxhall Cross===
[[Image:MI6HQ.jpg|right|thumb|SIS Headquarters at Vauxhall Cross<br><i>Steve Cadman</i>]]
Spedding presided over MI6's move to a new headquarters at Vauxhall Cross on the Thames in Central London. He defended the building against criticisms that it was too high-profile for a secret service.<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref>

===Operation Tango===
In July 1997, Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] gave the [[Joint Intelligence Committee]] (JIC) formal instructions for the arrest of [[Simo Drljaca]] and Dr [[Milan Kovacevic]], two Bosnian Serbs wanted by the war crimes tribunal at the Hague. According to Stephen Dorril, the JIC asked Spedding to take control of the operation:
::Spedding handed it over to the '[[General Support Branch]]', which handles 'dirty' operations and uses the [[SAS]]'s Counter-Revolutionary Warfare wing as its executive arm. One of the [[SAS]]'s [[NATO]] special force functions is kidnapping. Members of the undercover surveillance [[14th Intelligence Company]] tracked the targets in Bosnia until the [[SAS]] moved in for a 'fast-ball' operation - hitting the targets when they least expected it.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.328.</ref>

Drljaca was shot dead after reportedly shooting a soldier in the leg, while Kovacevic surrendered peacefully.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.329.</ref>

===Robin Cook===
In 1998, [[MI6]] was strongly praised by Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, who was regularly briefed by Spedding in his first year in office. In a speech at the Mansion House on 23 April, Cook highlighted MI6 operations against Iraqi chemical and biological weapons programmes, and against the Iranian nuclear programme.<ref>Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.</ref> 

::"I would like to pay tribute to the way that the intelligence agencies - the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] and [[GCHQ]] - have responded to the fresh priorities of the new government," he said.

::"The results of their work cannot speak for themselves. The nature of what they do means that we cannot shout about their achievements if we want them to remain effective. But let me say I have been struck by the range and quality of their work."<ref>Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.</ref>

==Notes==
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[[Category:spooks|Spedding, David]][[Category:MI6|Spedding, David]]