View source for Powerbase:Manual of Style

{{SpinProfiles:Help}}
A '''Manual of Style''' has the simple purpose of making things look alike — it is a style guide. The following rules don't claim to be the last word. One way is often as good as another, but if everyone does it the same way, SpinProfiles will be  easier to read and easier to use, not to mention easier to write and easier to edit. New contributors are reminded that clear, informative writing is always more important than presentation and formatting. Writers are '''not''' expected to follow all these rules, but please do your best to bear them in mind when contributing and editing articles.

Please see [[SpinProfiles:How To Edit A Page|How to edit a page]] for information on '''how''' to use all the different forms of markup along with some other general guidelines to consider when editing.

Before you start writing or editing, it is also a good idea to read through and understand these policy and guidelines:

* [[SpinProfiles:Contributing|Contributing]] 
* [[SpinProfiles:Policy|SpinProfiles policy overview]] 
* [[SpinProfiles:Editorial Policy|Editorial policy]] 
* [[SpinProfiles:Libel|Libel policy]]
* [[SpinProfiles:A Guide to the use of Tone|A guide to the use of tone]] 
* [[SpinProfiles:A Guide to Sourcing|A guide to sourcing]] 
* [[SpinProfiles:A Guide to Referencing|A guide to referencing]]

==Style for specific parts of SpinProfiles articles==

===Article introduction===

All articles should have the title or subject in '''bold''' in the first line.  The title or subject can almost always be made part of the first sentence, but some articles simply have names. 

To encode something as '''bold''', select the text to be emboldened and click on the "B" icon in the formatting palette at the top of the editing page. 

What you put in:

*<nowiki>'''The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition''' (TASSC) was a front group created by the [[APCO Worldwide]] to represent the tobacco industry's interests on the issue of secondhand smoke.</nowiki>

What you get:
  
*'''The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition''' (TASSC) was a front group created by the [[APCO Worldwide]] to represent the tobacco industry's interests on the issue of secondhand smoke.

===Section titles===

Use the <tt>==</tt> style markup for [[SpinProfiles:How To Edit A Page#Sections, paragraphs, lists and lines|section titles]] rather than <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (which are used to create bold lettering). Start with <tt>==</tt> (that's two equal signs). 

The major benefits of marking headers this way are that sections will show in a contents box at the beginning of the page and are automatically numbered for users with that preference set. Headlines also help readers by breaking up the text and outlining the article: which makes it easier to read. Another benefit is that words within properly marked headers are also given greater weight in searches.  

====Repeat section titles in the body text of sections====
Because sections are often renamed, moved and merged, make sure to repeat any subject mentioned in a section title, i.e. don't entitle a section "The Los Angeles Riots" and then start the section out by saying, "In the riots..."

===Captions===

Photos and other graphics should have captions unless they are "self-captioning" as in reproductions of book covers. (see [[SpinProfiles:Image Use Policy|Image use policy]] for information on using images)

Captions should follow the style of article text, using italics only for normally italicized material.

==Titles==

===Titles of publications & media===
Use ''italics'' for the title or name of books, movies, albums, TV series, magazines, and court cases.  If the title is also a link, you should usually place the italic markup outside the brackets.  

To encode italics, select the text to be italicized and click on the sloping "I" icon in the formatting menu at the top of the editing page.

What you put in:

*<nowiki>[[Nick Davies]] in ''[[The Guardian]]''</nowiki>

What you get:

*[[Nick Davies]] in ''[[The Guardian]]''

You will notice in this example that both the names of the person and the publication has been enclosed in double brackets. This creates a link to their dedicated page on SpinProfiles (should the have one). It is not always necessary to create such links for authors & publications such as this: for example, when you are including it as a reference. Adding links is covered in more detail in the [[SpinProfiles:Manual of Style#Creating Links| Creating Links]] section.  

Names of articles go in "quotes".

What you put in:

*<nowiki>[[Nick Davies]], in his article, "Lies, spin and deception" in ''[[The Guardian]]''</nowiki>

What you get:

*[[Nick Davies]], in his article, "Lies, spin and deception" in ''[[The Guardian]]''

===Titles (for people)===
Titles such as ''president'', ''king'', or ''emperor'' start with a capital letter when used as a title (followed by a name): "President Nixon", not "president Nixon". When used generically, they should be in lower case: "De Gaulle was the French president." The correct formal name of an office is treated as a proper noun. Hence: "Hirohito was Emperor of Japan." Similarly, "Louis XVI was the French king" but "Louis XVI was King of France", ''King of France'' being a title in that context. Likewise, capitalize royal titles: "Her Majesty" or "His Highness". (Referenced from: ''Chicago Manual of Style'' 15th ed., 8.35; [http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/page/0,5817,184841,00.html ''The Guardian Manual of Style''], "Titles" keyword.) Exceptions may apply for specific offices.

In the case of "prime minister", either both words begin with a capital letter or neither, except, obviously, when it starts a sentence. Again, when using it generically, do not use a capital letter: "There are many prime ministers around the world." When making reference to a specific office, generally use uppercase: "The British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, said today&hellip;" (A good rule of thumb is whether the sentence uses a definite article [the] or an indefinite article [a]. If the sentence uses ''the'', use "Prime Minister". If the sentence uses ''a'', go with "prime minister". However to complicate matters, some style manuals, while saying  "''The'' British Prime Minister", recommend "British prime minister".)

====Government officials====
For government officials, particularly in the U.S., SpinProfiles uses a slightly modified version of the Associated Press style:
* Abbreviate the titles, i.e. use Rep., Sen. or Gov. "President" is not abbreviated. In the case of a series of more than one senator or representative it is permissible to use Reps. or Sens.
* On the second reference it is permissible to use only the full name or last name of the official and omit any title, state or party information.
* For former officials, say "former Rep...". It is also permissible to use the "then-" prefix to indicate that a person was an official at the time.
* When relevant to the information being presented, it is permissible to use leadership positions.
* Include party and state affiliations when possible (this is unnecessary when the sentence makes it clear the state or party affiliation of the official). Offset these with parenthesis rather than commas.
* Use the [http://www.nyu.edu/classes/copyXediting/STABBREV.html AP abbreviations of states].

Examples:
* "Speaker [[Dennis Hastert]] (R-Ill.) criticized then-Rep. [[Tom DeLay]] (R-Texas) for his actions, but said he still thought DeLay was a 'good guy.'"
* "Sens. [[Joe Lieberman]] (I-Conn.), [[Olympia Snowe]] (R-Maine) and [[Joseph Biden]] (D-Del.) sponsored the bill..."
* "Former Rep. [[Mark Foley]] (R-Fla.) entered rehab on..."
* "Reps. [[Dennis Kucinich]] (D-Ohio), [[John Boehner]] (R-Ohio), [[Nancy Pelosi]] (D-Calif.) and Sen. [[Tom Coburn]] (R-Okla.) held a "unity" press conference on July..."

===State abbreviations and names of state residents===
SpinProfiles uses the Associated Press abbreviations for U.S. states, which is different than the two-letter postal abbreviation. For a full list, [http://www.nyu.edu/classes/copyXediting/STABBREV.html see here]. For the proper way to refer to the residents of a state see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855542.html this ''infoplease'' sheet].

==Language==
==="Reform"===
Using the term "reform" often implies that there is a problem to be fixed. In some cases, e.g. "campaign finance reform," the word has become part of the accepted and wide-spread way of referring to something. However, it is good to be wary of PR attempts to establish the use of the word "reform" as part of an agenda, e.g. referring to tax cuts as "tax reform." It is generally a good thing to find an alternate way to describe a "reform." "Structural changes" or "reorganization" are examples of alternate language.
==="Democrat" vs. "Democratic"===
Using the proper name for a political party in the proper situation is important. In American politics there are two dominant parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Often mistakes are made in labeling candidates and members of Congress in the Democratic Party. The most common error occurs in the decision to use the word "Democrat" vs. "Democratic" in reference to a member of Congress or candidate for office. For many this could arise from the confusion of the adjective "Democratic" used as a proper noun.

The Democratic Party has been officially been called the Democratic Party since the 1844 Democratic National Convention. Thus, despite the possible confusion of noun or adjective all references to the party ought to refer to the Democratic Party as that is the proper name for the party. There is no such thing as the "Democrat Party" therefore a reference to the "Democrat Senator" would refer to a Senator from a nonexistent political party. The word "Democratic" should precede all nouns referencing the party, party organizations, or party affiliation (e.g. Democratic Senator [[Ted Kennedy]]; member of the Democratic Party; Democratic candidate for office) The word Democrat should be used only as a noun in reference to persons in the party (Many Democrats think...; Massachusetts Democrat [[Ted Kennedy]]; Republicans and Democrats disagree...) and never as a modifier.

In following with these rules, candidates for election and sitting members of Congress should be referred to as the "Democratic [candidate/member]" and not as the "Democrat [congressman/candidate]". When the noun "Democrat" is required it ought to be used. When referring to the Republican Party or candidates/members therein use of the word Republican (over GOP or GOPer) is always preferred.

For more background on the use of "Democrat" vs. "Democratic" see this [http://www.newyorker.com/talk/content/articles/060807ta_talk_hertzberg New Yorker article].


==Spelling==

Either American or English spelling is acceptable. It is in no way a requirement, but it probably reads better to use American spellings in articles on American subjects and English spelling in articles on English subjects.  A reference to "the American ''labour'' movement" (with a U) or to "''Anglicization''" (with a Z) may be jarring.  It also may be jarring to find both forms in a single article.  If the spelling appears in an article name, you should make a redirect page to accommodate "the other language", as with [[Aeroplane]] and [[Airplane]].  

==Punctuation==

In most cases, simply follow the usual rules of English punctuation.  A few points where the SpinProfiles may differ from usual usage follow.

With '''quotation marks''', we suggest splitting the difference between American and English usage.  

Although it is not a rigid rule, it is probably best to use the "double quotes" for most quotations, as they are easier to read on the screen, and use 'single quotes' for "quotations 'within' quotations".  This is the American style.   

When punctuating quoted passages, put punctuation where it belongs, inside or outside the quotation marks, depending on the meaning, '''not''' rigidly within the quotation marks.   This is the British style.  For example, "Stop!" has the punctuation inside the quotation marks.  However, when using "scare quotes", the comma goes outside.

Another example:
: Arthur said the situation was "deplorable". ''(we're quoting only part of a sentence)''
: Arthur said, "The situation is deplorable." ''(full sentence is quoted)''

Keep in mind that if you're quoting several paragraphs, there should be quotes at the beginning of each paragraph, but only at the end of the last paragraph.  

==Citations==

See [[SpinProfiles:A Guide to Referencing|a guide to referencing]] for how to reference citations.

Also familiarise yourself with [[SpinProfiles:A Guide to Sourcing|A guide to sourcing]] which provides useful information for the use of sources.

====ISBN's====
ISBN numbers are auto-converted to links. This is useful, as this allows readers to go to online stores and purchase books.  However, ISBN numbers only identify a particular edition of a book: when it goes out of print, they are not very useful. 

The SpinProfiles software recognizes inline ISBNs;
for example: <code><nowiki>ISBN 0-12-345678-9</nowiki></code> becomes ISBN 0-12-345678-9.
This creates an external link to a special booksource page, with links to sites where one may search for the best price for the book or access information about the book such as reviews and reader reactions. It is important when making a link to not put a colon after "ISBN".

Please ''do not'' use ISBN numbers alone to identify books: please add a proper [[SpinProfiles:A Guide to Referencing|reference]] as well as the ISBN.

==Creating Links==

The use of so-called "free links" to other topics, for example, <nowiki>[[Gordon Brown]]</nowiki>, is encouraged. Use the links for all words and terms that appear in your article for which it could be worthwhile to read the linked article. However, don't overdo it. Do not link every occurrance of a word; simply linking the first time the word appears will usually be enough.

Details of how to link a page can be found on SpinProfiles [[SpinProfiles:How To Edit A Page#Links and URLs|how to edit a page]] guide. 

Also familiarise yourself with SpinProfiles [[SpinProfiles:Naming Conventions|naming conventions]]. Links that follow the naming conventions are much more likely to lead to existing articles and if there is not yet an article about that subject, will make the creation of a correctly-named article much easier for later writers.

Try to link accurately. If an article you want to link doesn't yet exist, do a quick search to find out if that is really the case: the article may be named slightly different from what you expected.

===URLs and the World Wide Web===

SpinProfiles is not a link collection and an article with only links is actively discouraged, but it can sometimes be appropriate to reference more detailed material from the World Wide Web.  This is particularly the case when you have used a web site as an important source of information. 

SpinProfiles article on [[Michael Levy]] provides an example of this. The 'resources' section at the end of his article provides external links to articles elsewhere in the world wide web which are included for further information. These are also sometimes called ''external links''. 

When adding extra sources of external information, these should be included in the article by adding them to the bottom of the page (create an [[SpinProfiles:How To Edit A Page#Sections, paragraphs, lists and lines|''external links'' or ''resources'' section]] for them if there is not one there already). Add the full URL address (including the <nowiki>http://</nowiki>) in single brackets (to create an external link), then a brief description of what the external information contains: For example... 
:''BBC Breakfast with Frost'' interview Lord Levy, 9 July 2000. <nowiki>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/breakfast_with_frost/825834.stm]</nowiki>   

This approach should not be used as a substitute for including relevant information within the article itself. It is however useful for linking further information (or perhaps analysis from another author) as an ''extra'' source of information that is worth noting.    

==Don't get fancy==

It's easier for you and whoever follows you if you don't try to get too fancy with your markup.  Even with markup as suggested here, you shouldn't assume that any markup you put in is guaranteed to have a certain appearance when it is displayed.  

It is easier to display the SpinProfiles and easier to edit or add to its articles if we don't make the markup any more complex than is necessary to display the information in a useful and comprehensible way.  A useful encyclopedia is the first goal, but ease of editing and maintaining that encyclopedia is right behind it.

==When all else fails==

It can sometimes be useful to have a look at an article that you like and open it for editing to see how the writers and editors have put it together.  You can then close the window without saving changes if you like, but look around while you're there.  Almost every article can be improved.  Maybe you could add some markup to make it fit this style better.  

 
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