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The '''International Life Sciences Institute''' (ILSI) is an industry-backed organisation that specialises in lobbying national and international agencies such as the [[US Environmental Protection Agency]], the [[European Food Safety Authority]] ([[EFSA]]), [[Food and Agriculture Organisation]] of the [[United Nations]] (FAO), and the [[World Health Organisation]] (WHO). Its members include many big food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and GM crop companies. It has been active in designing risk assessment procedures of GM foods, chemicals, and foods for government regulators in the US and the EU.

ILSI is headquartered in Washington, DC, USA. Its branches include Argentina, Brazil, Europe, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, North Africa and Gulf Region, North America, North Andean, South Africa, South Andean, Southeast Asia Region, the focal point in China, and the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI). ILSI is affiliated with the World Health Organization as a non-governmental organisation (NGO) and has specialised consultative status with the FAO.<ref>[http://www.ilsi.org/Europe/Pages/MissionAndValues.aspx About ILSI Europe], ILSI Europe website, acc 29 Jan 2011</ref>

ILSI Europe was established in 1986.<ref>[http://www.ilsi.org/Europe/Pages/MissionAndValues.aspx About ILSI Europe], ILSI Europe website, acc 29 Jan 2011</ref> It describes its mission as follows:

:The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) is a nonprofit, worldwide foundation established in 1978 to advance the understanding of scientific issues relating to nutrition, food safety, toxicology, risk assessment, and the environment. By bringing together scientists from academia, government, industry, and the public sector, ILSI seeks a balanced approach to solving problems of common concern for the well being of the general public.<ref>[http://www.ilsi.org/Europe/Pages/MissionAndValues.aspx About ILSI Europe], ILSI Europe website, acc 29 Jan 2011</ref> 

The ILSI 2010 Annual Report states:
:Prominent researchers from industry and academia jointly lead ILSI, guiding its work to encourage scientific dialogue, generate data, and harmonize the use of science.
and
:ILSI believes public-private collaboration on science improves safety, health, and wellness.<ref>ILSI, 2010. [http://www.ilsi.org/Features/ILSI_AR_2010_Web.pdf ILSI Annual Report 2010], accessed 27 Feb 2010</ref>

==Designing GM food risk assessment for EU regulators==
ILSI published two papers that played a seminal role in establishing the risk assessment procedure for genetically modified foods that was later adopted by the [[European Food Safety Authority]]:
*"Nutritional and Safety Assessments of Foods and Feeds Nutritionally Improved through Biotechnology” (2004)
*"Nutritional and Safety Assessments of Foods and Feeds Nutritionally Improved through Biotechnology: Case Studies” (2008).<ref>NSRL, [http://www.nsrl.illinois.edu/INTSOY/courses/bios/chassy11.html Processing and Marketing of Soybeans for Meat, Dairy, and Baking Applications], acc 18 Mar 2011</ref> 

These two papers were prepared by task forces of the ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee. A report by German NGO TestBiotech examines how the 2004 ILSI paper prescribed the industry-friendly risk assessment process for GM foods, which was adopted by the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA).<ref>Then, C. and Bauer-Panskus, A. 2010. [http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/EFSA_Playing_Field_of_ILSI.pdf European Food Safety Authority: A playing field for the biotech industry. Standards for risk assessment massively influenced by industry]. TestBiotech Background 1-12-2010.</ref> 

The TestBiotech report recounts how ILSI came up with the concept of comparative assessment, which is based on a comparison between genetically engineered plants and conventionally bred plants. They are seen as being equivalent if no significant differences are identified in the comparison of certain basic components, such as protein and carbohydrate content. ILSI itself admitted that the concept of comparative assessment was simply another name for the term "substantial equivalence", which the [[OECD]] coined in the early 1990s as a basis for risk assessment of GM foods:
:In 2002, a task force of international scientific experts, convened by the ILSI Intl. Food Biotechnology Committee (IFBiC), addressed the topic of the safety and nutritional assessments of foods and feeds that are nutritionally improved through modern biotechnology. In 2004, the task force’s work culminated in the publication of a report that included a series of recommendations for the nutritional and safety assessments of such foods and feeds. This document has gained global recognition from organizations such as the European Food Safety Agency and has been cited by Japan and Australia in 2005 in their comments to Codex Alimentarius. The substantial equivalence paradigm, called the comparative safety assessment process in the 2004 ILSI publication, is a basic principle in the document.<ref>Then, C. and Bauer-Panskus, A. 2010. [http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/EFSA_Playing_Field_of_ILSI.pdf European Food Safety Authority: A playing field for the biotech industry. Standards for risk assessment massively influenced by industry]. TestBiotech Background 1-12-2010.</ref>

The concept of substantial equivalence of GM and non-GM foods as a basis for risk assessment has come in for much criticism by scientists - hence, perhaps, ILSI's avoidance of the term.

TestBiotech explains why comparative assessment is so helpful to the GM industry:
:the concept of Comparative Assessment helps to simplify risk assessment. In consequence, it avoids a more comprehensive risk assessment of genetically engineered plants. An in depth investigation would be necessary if genetically engineered plants were considered as substantially different from conventional plants because of the methods used in their production. In this case, which is much more plausible from a scientific point of view, a much broader concept for risk assessment would be needed.<ref>Then, C. and Bauer-Panskus, A. 2010. [http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/EFSA_Playing_Field_of_ILSI.pdf European Food Safety Authority: A playing field for the biotech industry. Standards for risk assessment massively influenced by industry]. TestBiotech Background 1-12-2010.</ref>

In 2004, TestBiotech reports, EFSA published its Guidance Document on the risk assessment of food and feed derived from genetically engineered plants. Comparative Assessment was defined as the most important starting point.<ref>Then, C. and Bauer-Panskus, A. 2010. [http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/EFSA_Playing_Field_of_ILSI.pdf European Food Safety Authority: A playing field for the biotech industry. Standards for risk assessment massively influenced by industry]. TestBiotech Background 1-12-2010.</ref>

Other contributors to/authors of the 2004 ILSI paper and members of the ILSI task force that generated it are employees of the major GM/agrochemical companies. For example:<ref>Then, C. and Bauer-Panskus, A. 2010. [http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/EFSA_Playing_Field_of_ILSI.pdf European Food Safety Authority: A playing field for the biotech industry. Standards for risk assessment massively influenced by industry]. TestBiotech Background 1-12-2010.</ref>
*[[Bruce Chassy]] - lead author - runs [[Academics Review]], a pro-GM website
*[[Kevin Glenn]] - contributor and ILSI task force member - [[Monsanto]]
*[[Barbara Henry]] - contributor - [[Bayer]] CropScience
*[[Ray Shillito]] - contributor - [[Bayer]] CropScience
*[[Robin Eichen Conn]] – ILSI task force member – [[Cargill]]
*[[Jason J. Hlywka]] - author - [[Cantox]] (consultancy firm to agrochemical and pharmaceutical companies)
*[[Natalie Hubbard]] - vice chair of the ILSI task force - [[DuPont]]/Pioneer
*[[Ian C. Munro]] - author - [[Cantox]]
*[[Martina McGloughlin]] - author - University of California, Davis
*[[Harry A. Kuiper]] - author - chair since 2003 of [[European Food Safety Authority]] GMO Panel, the group of experts responsible for the risk assessment of GM crops<ref>EFSA, 2009. [http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1193.htm Opinion of the Scientific Committee/Scientific Panel on Application (Reference EFSA-GMO-UK-2005-11) for the placing on the market of insect-resistant genetically modified maize MIR604 event, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Syngenta Seeds S.A.S on behalf of Syngenta Crop Protection AG], EFSA Journal, 21 July 2009</ref>
*[[Jeff Stein]] - member of ILSI task force - [[Syngenta]]
*[[Jack Zabik]] - member of ILSI task force - [[Dow]] AgroSciences

==Membership==
Its membership consists of 400 of 'the world's leading manufacturers of food and food ingredients, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and other consumer products'. ILSI Europe's members include:<ref>[http://www.ilsi.org/Europe/Pages/currentmembers.aspx Current ILSI Europe Members], ILSI website, acc 29 Jan 2011</ref>

:[[Ajinomoto Europe]] | [[Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals]] | [[Barilla G.& R. Fratelli]]  | [[BASF]] | [[Bayer]] CropScience BioScience | [[Beverages Partners Worldwide]] | [[bioMérieux Industry]] | [[Campbell Soup]]  | [[Campina]] | [[Cargill]] | [[Cereal Partners Worldwide]] | [[Coca-Cola]] European Union Group | [[Colloïdes Naturels International]] | [[Cosucra Groupe]] | [[CSM]] | [[Danisco]] | [[Dow]] Europe | [[DSM]] | [[DuPont]] | [[Firmenich]] | [[Friesland Foods]] | [[Frutarom]] | [[Givaudan]] | Groupe [[Danone]] | [[H J Heinz]] | [[Kellogg]] | [[Kraft Foods]] | [[La Morella Nuts]] | [[Lipid Nutrition]] | [[L’Oréal]] | [[Mars]] | [[McDonald's]] Europe | [[McNeil Nutritionals]] | [[Mead Johnson Nutritionals]] | [[Monsanto]] Europe-Africa | [[National Starch  Food Innovation]] | [[Nestlé]] | [[Novozymes]] | [[PepsiCo]] International | [[Procter & Gamble]] | [[Raisio]] | [[Red Bull]] | [[RHM Technology]] | [[Roquette Frères]] | [[Royal Numico]] | [[Sensus]] | [[Seven Seas]] | [[Südzucker/BENEO Group]] | [[Swiss Quality Testing Services]] | [[Syral]] | [[Tate & Lyle]] Speciality Sweeteners | [[Tetra Pak]] Research | [[Ülker Bisküvi]] | [[Unilever]] | [[Valio]] | [[Veolia Environment]] | [[Wild Flavors]] | [[Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods]] | [[Wrigley]] | [[Yakult]] Europe

== Structure  ==

ILSI contains two main divisions:

*ILSI, [[International Food Biotechnology Committee]](IFBiC)
*ILSI, [[International Organization Committee]](IOC)

===ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee(IFBiC)===

IFBiC was established in 1997, as ILSI says, 
:to support the development and harmonisation of science based regulations around the world for biotechnology-derived food products and to disseminate science-based information regarding the safety assessment of these products to governments, industry, academia, and other interested groups around the world.<ref>ILSI 2008. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080106130251/http://www.ilsi.org/AboutILSI/IFBIC/ ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee (IFBiC)], acc 27 Feb 2011</ref>

ILSI says of IFBiC,
:This committee was formed based on the needs of ILSI members and the critical roles that ILSI played in the development of two seminal reports.<ref>ILSI 2008. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080106130251/http://www.ilsi.org/AboutILSI/IFBIC/ ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee (IFBiC)], acc 27 Feb 2011</ref>

These reports were:

* A 1990 Report produced in collaboration with the [[International Food Biotechnology Council]], entitled "Biotechnologies and Food: Assuring the Safety of Foods Produced by Genetic Modification", and published in the industry-sponsored journal [[Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology]]. ILSI describes the report as "the first comprehensive guidance document on the food safety assessment for foods derived from biotechnology".<ref>ILSI 2008. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080106130251/http://www.ilsi.org/AboutILSI/IFBIC/ ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee (IFBiC)], acc 27 Feb 2011</ref>

* A series of reports published in 1996 in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition under the leadership of the ILSI [[Allergy and Immunology Institute]] (AII), which, ILSI says, "provided guidance for assessing the allergenic potential of foods derived from biotechnology. The concepts and recommendations contained in these key documents have served and continue to serve as key international contributions to the science-based safety assessment of foods derived from biotechnology".<ref>ILSI 2008. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080106130251/http://www.ilsi.org/AboutILSI/IFBIC/ ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee (IFBiC)], acc 27 Feb 2011</ref>

===ILSI International Organization Committee(IOC)===

The IOC recommends and implements programmes of interest to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and the FAO. ILSI is a recognised nongovernmental organisation by WHO and has specialised consultatative status with FAO.<ref>http://www.ilsi.org/AboutILSI/IOC/</ref>

==ILSI's status with WHO downgraded following protests==

In late January 2006 the [[World Health Organization]] decided that ILSI "can no longer take part in WHO activities setting microbiological or chemical standards for food and water, the UN health agency's executive board decided Friday in Geneva, Switzerland." ILSI was barred "from helping set global standards for protecting food and water supplies because of its funding sources".<ref>John Heilprin, [http://www.medkb.com/Uwe/Forum.aspx/nutrition/5496/Money-Talks-in-Whispers WHO to Rely Less on U.S. Research], Associated Press, January 27, 2006.</ref> However, it remains one of the NGOs with accreditation as an observer at WHO meetings.

According to an article by Dr Michael F. Jacobson of the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]], published in the International Journal of Occupational Health:
:The WHO chastised ILSI for “the failure to fully disclose ILSI’s funding sources,” advocacy of “public health policy directions... that are counter to accepted nutrition policy (especially related to obesity, alcohol, caries and chronic disease causes and means of control); and a perception that many of [ILSI’s] developing country partners and recipients of funds are unaware of ILSI’s [industry] funding base.”<ref>Michael F. Jacobson, PhD, [http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/lift_the_veil_intro.pdf Lifting the Veil of Secrecy from Industry Funding of Nonprofit Health Organizations], International Journal of Occupational Health 2005;11:349–355, acc 3 Feb 2011</ref>

The downgrading of ILSI's status followed a letter to the WHO protesting ILSI's role in setting standards from the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] (NRDC), Environmental Working Group, [[United Steelworkers of America]] and a coalition of other groups.<ref> John Heilprin, [http://www.medkb.com/Uwe/Forum.aspx/nutrition/5496/Money-Talks-in-Whispers WHO to Rely Less on U.S. Research], Associated Press, January 27, 2006.</ref>

In the letter, NRDC senior scientist Jennifer Sass wrote to WHO:
:The WHO and other public health agencies risk their scientific credibility and may be compromising public health by partnering with ILSI.

Sass said ILSI 
:has a demonstrated history of putting the interests of its exclusively corporate membership ahead of science and health concerns, and that ILSI's special status with the WHO provides a back door to influence WHO activities.<ref>John Heilprin, [http://www.medkb.com/Uwe/Forum.aspx/nutrition/5496/Money-Talks-in-Whispers WHO to Rely Less on U.S. Research], Associated Press, January 27, 2006.</ref>

==EFSA chief resigns from ILSI after conflict of interest accusations==

In October 2010 the science journal [[Nature]] reported that [[Diana Banati]], the chair of the management board of the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA), had resigned from the European board of directors of ILSI.<ref>[http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/10/food_authority_chief_resigns_i.html Food authority chief resigns industry position], Nature.com, October 25, 2010, acc 3 Feb 2011</ref> Banati's departure from ILSI followed an accusation from French MEP José Bové that the published declaration of interests of Bánáti failed to mention that in April 2010 she had joined the European board of directors of ILSI. Bové added that EFSA "was under the control of the agri-food industry".<ref>Declan Butler, [http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101005/full/news.2010.513.html Food agency denies conflict-of-interest claim], Nature.com, 5 Oct 2010, acc 3 Feb 2011</ref>

Nature reported that Banati's action was that recommended by [[Marion Nestle]], an expert on nutrition and the food industry at New York University, who said that were she Banati, "she would resign from the ILSI board."<ref>[http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/10/food_authority_chief_resigns_i.html Food authority chief resigns industry position], Nature.com, October 25, 2010, acc 3 Feb 2011</ref>

Banati, director general of Hungary's Central Food Research Institute in Budapest, who was chair of the EFSA management board from October 2008 to 30 June 2010, was reelected to the position on 21 October at the first meeting of the new board, whose members were renewed in July. "Professor Diana Banati has resigned from positions which may create a potential conflict of interests with EFSA activities," said an EFSA statement following the meeting.<ref>[http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/10/food_authority_chief_resigns_i.html Food authority chief resigns industry position], Nature.com, October 25, 2010, acc 3 Feb 2011</ref>

==ILSI HESI==
In 1989 ILSI set up the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) 
:as a global branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) to provide an international forum to advance the understanding of scientific issues related to human health, toxicology, risk assessment, and the environment.<ref>ILSI HESI, 2011. [http://www.hesiglobal.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3277 About HESI], acc 27 Feb 2011</ref> 

The HESI website says:
:In 2002, HESI was recognized by the United States government as a publicly supported, tax-exempt organization, independently chartered from ILSI.<ref>ILSI HESI, 2011. [http://www.hesiglobal.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3277 About HESI], acc 27 Feb 2011</ref> 

However, HESI's industry affiliations are clear. The HESI website adds:
:HESI draws its membership from business entities that are producers of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agricultural and other industrial chemicals, paper products, personal care and household products, food and beverages, communications products, transportation products, or energy products, or of ingredients or containers used in, or in connection with these products.  Providers of scientific and technical services used in the safety testing or production of these products or in the assessment of the human health and environmental safety of these products are also members.<ref>ILSI HESI, 2011. [http://www.hesiglobal.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3277 About HESI], acc 27 Feb 2011</ref>

===ILSI HESI members===
Members of ILSI HESI as listed in the ILSI Annual Report 2010 are:<ref>ILSI, 2010. [http://www.ilsi.org/Features/ILSI_AR_2010_Web.pdf Members: HESI], ILSI Annual Report 2010, p14, accessed 27 Feb 2010</ref>
:[[Abbott Laboratories]] | Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd | Allergan | [[Amgen]], Inc. | Astellas Pharma Inc. | [[AstraZeneca]] AB | [[BASF]] Corporation | [[Bayer]] AG/Bayer CropScience | [[Biogen]] Idec MA Inc. | Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH | [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] Company | Charles River Laboratories | Covance Laboratories, Inc. | Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd. | Data Sciences International, Inc. | Dow AgroSciences/ The [[Dow Chemical]] Company | Dow Corning Corporation | [[DuPont|E.I. du Pont de Nemours]] and Company | Eisai Co., Ltd. | [[Eli Lilly]] and Company | Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. | [[ExxonMobil]] Biomedical Sciences Inc. | [[GlaxoSmithKline]] | [[Hoffmann-La Roche]], Inc. | Institut de Recherches Int. SERVIER | [[Johnson & Johnson]] Pharmaceuticals | L’Oreal Corporation | [[Merck]] & Co., Inc. | [[Mitsubishi]] Tanabe Pharma Corp. | [[Monsanto]] Company | [[Novartis]] Pharmaceuticals Corporation | [[Pfizer]], Inc. | The [[Procter & Gamble]] Company | Purdue Pharma L.P. | [[sanofi-aventis]] | [[Shell]] Chemicals, Ltd. | Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. | [[Syngenta]] Ltd. | Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited | The [[Coca-Cola]] Company | [[Valent]] USA Corporation

==Board of Trustees==
As listed in the ILSI 2010 Annual Report, Trustees are:<ref>ILSI, 2010. [http://www.ilsi.org/Features/ILSI_AR_2010_Web.pdf ILSI Annual Report 2010], accessed 27 Feb 2010</ref>
*Dr. [[Michael E. Knowles]] – ILSI President – [[Coca-Cola]] Company, Belgium
*Dr. [[Sushila Chang]] – Chair, ILSI Board of Trustees – University of Queensland, Australia
*Dr. [[Todd Abraham]] – [[Kraft]] Foods, USA
*Dr. [[Marc Bonnefoi]] – [[sanofi-aventis]], USA
*Dr. [[Alan Boobis]] – Imperial College London, United Kingdom
*Dr. [[Henry Chin]] – [[Coca-Cola]] Company, USA
*Dr. [[Samuel Cohen]] – University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA
*Dr. [[John Doull]] – University of Kansas Medical School, USA
*Dr. [[Marion Ehrich]] – VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
*Mr. [[Reginald Fletcher]] – [[Kellogg’s]] Europe, Ireland
*Dr. [[Roy Fuchs]] – [[Monsanto]] Company, USA
*Dr. [[Jay Goodman]] – Michigan State University, USA
*Dr. [[Phil Guzelian]] – University of Colorado Health Science Center (Retired), USA
*Dr. [[Ib Knudsen]] – Danish Institute for Food & Veterinary Research (Retired), Denmark
*Dr. [[Tamotsu Kuwata]] – University of Human Arts and Sciences, Japan
*Dr. [[Ik-Boo Kwon]] – Lotte Company, Korea
*Dr. [[Asahi Matsuyama]] – [[Kikkoman]] Corporation, Japan
*Dr. [[John Milner]] – National Cancer Institute, USA
*Dr. [[Gérard Pascal]] – [[National Institute for Agricultural Research]], France
*Dr. [[Felipe Rodríquez]] – [[Pepsico]], México
*Dr. [[P. K. Seth]] – Lucknow Biotechology Park, India

==ILSI publications==

ILSI [http://www.powerbase.info/images/3/3e/ILSIAssembly_of_Members.pdf Assembly of members], 2002.

== Contact details ==

:One Thomas Circle, NW
:9th Floor
:Washington, DC 20005 – 5802
:USA

:Tel 00 1 202 659 0074
:Fax 00 1 202 659 3859

:e-mail ilsi@ilsi.org

==External links==

* Sarah Boseley '[http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,2763,871250,00.html WHO "infiltrated by food industry"]' ''The Guardian'' Thursday January 9, 2003
*Sarah Boseley '[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,940287,00.html Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO]' ''The Guardian'' Monday April 21, 2003
*Sarah Boseley '[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1341914,00.html WHO 'buried' report to please food industry]' ''The Guardian'' Wednesday November 3, 2004
* Liam McDougall, '[http://www.sundayherald.com/40258 Sugar Wars; Obesity is a global crisis and at its heart is our love of sugary food]' ''Sunday Herald'',  Feb 29, 2004.
*John Helperin, "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701302.html WHO to Rely Less on U.S. Research]", ''Washington Post'', January 27, 2006. 

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:Foodspin Front Groups]]
[[Category:GM]][[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]