https://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&feed=atom&action=historyInternational Institute for Strategic Studies - Revision history2024-03-28T10:06:04ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.5https://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=242712&oldid=prevTom Griffin: /* Funding */2016-12-08T21:46:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Funding</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1985 the [[MacArthur Foundation]] donated $200,000 to IISS.<ref>Henry Gottlieb, ‘Foundation Offering $25 Million for War and Peace Research’, The Associated Press, 24 January 1985</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1985 the [[MacArthur Foundation]] donated $200,000 to IISS.<ref>Henry Gottlieb, ‘Foundation Offering $25 Million for War and Peace Research’, The Associated Press, 24 January 1985</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 2016, the [[Charity Commission]] announced it was investigating confidential funding to the IISS from the Government of Bahrain in the amount of roughly $7.6 million a year from 2010.<ref>D. Parvaz, [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/uk-tank-probed-accepting-secret-bahrain-funds-161208082955782.html UK think-tank probed for accepting secret Bahrain funds], Al Jazeera, 8 December 2016.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Tom Griffinhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=212278&oldid=prevDavid: /* Resources */2015-03-05T18:40:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Journals published by IISS:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Journals published by IISS:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*''[[The Military Balance]]''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Survival]]'' launched 1957;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Survival]]'' launched 1957;</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Adelphi series]]'' (2010 - current) formerly known as ''[[The Adelphi Papers]]'' (1961 - 2009);</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Adelphi series]]'' (2010 - current) formerly known as ''[[The Adelphi Papers]]'' (1961 - 2009);</div></td></tr>
</table>Davidhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=212277&oldid=prevDavid: /* Resources */2015-03-05T18:36:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Journals published by IISS:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Journals published by IISS:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Survival]]''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Survival]]'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">launched 1957;</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Adelphi series]]'' (2010 - current) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Formerly </del>known as ''[[The Adelphi Papers]]'' (1961 - 2009)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Adelphi series]]'' (2010 - current) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">formerly </ins>known as ''[[The Adelphi Papers]]'' (1961 - 2009)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*''[[Strategic Survey]]'', launched 1966;</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*''[[Strategic Comments]]'', launched 1995.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Davidhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=212276&oldid=prevDavid: /* Resources */2015-03-05T18:32:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Survival]]''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Survival]]''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Adelphi series]] (2010 - current) Formerly known as ''[[The Adelphi Papers]]'' (1961 - 2009)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''[[Adelphi series]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>(2010 - current) Formerly known as ''[[The Adelphi Papers]]'' (1961 - 2009)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Notes===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Notes===</div></td></tr>
</table>Davidhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=212275&oldid=prevDavid: /* Resources */2015-03-05T18:32:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resources</span></span></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Journals published by IISS:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*''[[Survival]]''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*''[[Adelphi series]] (2010 - current) Formerly known as ''[[The Adelphi Papers]]'' (1961 - 2009)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terrorism Industry]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terrorism Industry]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Davidhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=149996&oldid=prevCrosbie Smith: /* The US finance */ subsequently -> later - was 10 years later2011-02-26T11:58:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The US finance: </span> subsequently -> later - was 10 years later</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The US finance===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The US finance===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ‘U.S. finance’ behind the new institute was a grant of $150,000 from the [[Ford Foundation]] to fund the institute for its first three years.<ref>‘Strategic Studies Institute Formed. Mr. Alastair Buchan First Director’, ''The Times'', 28 November 1958; pg. 6; Issue 54320; col F</ref> The [[Ford Foundation International Affairs Division|International Affairs Division]] of the [[Ford Foundation]] which provided this funding was at that time headed by an important post-war propagandist called [[Shepard Stone]]. A former ''New York Times'' journalist, Stone had joined the [[Ford Foundation]] in 1952, prior to which he had worked as the Director of Public Affairs of the American High Commission in Germany. There his main task had been to channel secret payments to editors and journalists to ensure they propagated American interests.<ref>David M. Oshinsky, ‘Bagman for Democracy ‘,''New York Times'', 15 July 2001</ref> At the [[Ford Foundation]] Stone worked with [[Joseph Slater]] who according to ''The Times'' was the driving force behind supporting the Institute.<ref>''The Times'', 13 November 1967; pg. 5; Issue 57097; col E</ref> Slater – who <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subsequently </del>directed the [[Aspen Institute]] – had worked at the High Commission with Stone where both men had served under [[John J. McCloy]], who was now chairman of the [[Ford Foundation]]. The aim of these former state propagandists was to win over Europeans who sought independence from Soviet ''and'' American control. According to one author, Stone hoped to ‘consolidate the Atlantic alliance, above all by abolishing the weak link in the West’s armory - the “neutralists,” those intellectuals who were disaffected by the Soviet Union but who were unwilling to align themselves with the United States’.’<ref>John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006) p.174</ref> Interestingly a concern with "neutralists" was shared by Healey. The group behind ''On Limiting Nuclear War'' had formed as a result of an article Healey had written in (the CIA funded) ''[[Encounter]]'' in July 1955 entitled ''The Bomb that Didn't Go Off''. In it he had expressed concern about 'signs that Western Europe is slowly slipping into the sort of apathy about defence in which neutralism breeds.'<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.237</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ‘U.S. finance’ behind the new institute was a grant of $150,000 from the [[Ford Foundation]] to fund the institute for its first three years.<ref>‘Strategic Studies Institute Formed. Mr. Alastair Buchan First Director’, ''The Times'', 28 November 1958; pg. 6; Issue 54320; col F</ref> The [[Ford Foundation International Affairs Division|International Affairs Division]] of the [[Ford Foundation]] which provided this funding was at that time headed by an important post-war propagandist called [[Shepard Stone]]. A former ''New York Times'' journalist, Stone had joined the [[Ford Foundation]] in 1952, prior to which he had worked as the Director of Public Affairs of the American High Commission in Germany. There his main task had been to channel secret payments to editors and journalists to ensure they propagated American interests.<ref>David M. Oshinsky, ‘Bagman for Democracy ‘,''New York Times'', 15 July 2001</ref> At the [[Ford Foundation]] Stone worked with [[Joseph Slater]] who according to ''The Times'' was the driving force behind supporting the Institute.<ref>''The Times'', 13 November 1967; pg. 5; Issue 57097; col E</ref> Slater – who <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">later </ins>directed the [[Aspen Institute]] – had worked at the High Commission with Stone where both men had served under [[John J. McCloy]], who was now chairman of the [[Ford Foundation]]. The aim of these former state propagandists was to win over Europeans who sought independence from Soviet ''and'' American control. According to one author, Stone hoped to ‘consolidate the Atlantic alliance, above all by abolishing the weak link in the West’s armory - the “neutralists,” those intellectuals who were disaffected by the Soviet Union but who were unwilling to align themselves with the United States’.’<ref>John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006) p.174</ref> Interestingly a concern with "neutralists" was shared by Healey. The group behind ''On Limiting Nuclear War'' had formed as a result of an article Healey had written in (the CIA funded) ''[[Encounter]]'' in July 1955 entitled ''The Bomb that Didn't Go Off''. In it he had expressed concern about 'signs that Western Europe is slowly slipping into the sort of apathy about defence in which neutralism breeds.'<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.237</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 27 October 1957 Healey was at a [[Bilderberg Group|Bilderberg]] meeting in the Italian spa of Fiuggi. There he approached [[Shepard Stone]] to ask for a £1,000 to continue the distribution of American articles among his associates. Stone replied that the [[Ford Foundation]] would not provide anything less than $100,000.<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.239</ref> Healey returned to London and drafted the application and the [[Ford Foundation]] duly granted $150,000.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 27 October 1957 Healey was at a [[Bilderberg Group|Bilderberg]] meeting in the Italian spa of Fiuggi. There he approached [[Shepard Stone]] to ask for a £1,000 to continue the distribution of American articles among his associates. Stone replied that the [[Ford Foundation]] would not provide anything less than $100,000.<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.239</ref> Healey returned to London and drafted the application and the [[Ford Foundation]] duly granted $150,000.</div></td></tr>
</table>Crosbie Smithhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=149853&oldid=prevCrosbie Smith: /* The moral question disappears */ disambig Michael Howard (UK Academic)2011-02-25T12:15:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The moral question disappears: </span> disambig <a href="/index.php/Michael_Howard_(UK_Academic)" title="Michael Howard (UK Academic)">Michael Howard (UK Academic)</a></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The moral question disappears===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The moral question disappears===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Institute had been founded at least partly on the ethical concerns raised by the nuclear arms race; as suggested by the involvement of several church figures. However, the ethical dimension to the Institute’s work proved to be dead at birth. Professor [[Michael Howard]], one of the key figures behind the Institute later recalled that:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Institute had been founded at least partly on the ethical concerns raised by the nuclear arms race; as suggested by the involvement of several church figures. However, the ethical dimension to the Institute’s work proved to be dead at birth. Professor [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Michael Howard (UK Academic)|</ins>Michael Howard]], one of the key figures behind the Institute later recalled that:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%">Although [[Kenneth Grubb]] remained chairman of our council and [[Alan Booth]] our secretary [both of whom were involved in the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs], we quickly found that we could not sustain our obligation to study both the political and the moral dimensions of our subject, as had been our intension.<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref></blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%">Although [[Kenneth Grubb]] remained chairman of our council and [[Alan Booth]] our secretary [both of whom were involved in the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs], we quickly found that we could not sustain our obligation to study both the political and the moral dimensions of our subject, as had been our intension.<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref></blockquote></div></td></tr>
</table>Crosbie Smithhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=149821&oldid=prevCrosbie Smith: /* The British members */ link NSC-682011-02-25T07:59:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The British members: </span> link <a href="/index.php/NSC-68" title="NSC-68">NSC-68</a></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The British members===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The British members===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:ENCOUNTER July, 1955; VOL. V, No. 1.jpg|thumb|right|The July 1955 issue of ''[[Encounter]]''. [[Denis Healey|Denis Healey's]] article brought together the group who would eventually found IISS.]]The ‘British members’ were a collection of 20 politicians, journalists, academics, and former military men; as well as a few figures from the Church of England. The key founders were members of a [[Chatham House]] group which was studying disarmament issues.<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref> They produced a [[Chatham House]] pamphlet ''On Limiting Nuclear War''. The pamphlet had been put together by [[Pat Blackett]], a Nobel physicist who had advised the UK government on ‘operational theory’ (e.g. game theory); [[Denis Healey]], then Labour spokesman on Foreign Affairs; [[Richard Goold-Adams]], a businessman and a journalist with ''The Economist''; and [[Anthony Buzzard|Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Buzzard]], the former head of Naval Intelligence. The men had developed connections in Washington, according to Healey the most important of which was [[Paul Nitze]] (the principal author of a highly influential secret National Security Council document [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm </del>NSC-68]). They were also supported by US Senator [[Ralph Flanders]] and [[Dick Leghorn]],<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.236</ref> a former Pentagon planner whose company [[Itek]] developed and built the photographic system of the CIA's top secret [[Corona program]] of satellite reconnaissance of the USSR between 1960 and 1972.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS196396+31-Mar-2008+BW20080331 'Leghorn to Receive Special Vanguard for His Efforts in Founding CableLabs'], Reuters, 31 March 2008</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:ENCOUNTER July, 1955; VOL. V, No. 1.jpg|thumb|right|The July 1955 issue of ''[[Encounter]]''. [[Denis Healey|Denis Healey's]] article brought together the group who would eventually found IISS.]]The ‘British members’ were a collection of 20 politicians, journalists, academics, and former military men; as well as a few figures from the Church of England. The key founders were members of a [[Chatham House]] group which was studying disarmament issues.<ref>Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard  Page 158</ref> They produced a [[Chatham House]] pamphlet ''On Limiting Nuclear War''. The pamphlet had been put together by [[Pat Blackett]], a Nobel physicist who had advised the UK government on ‘operational theory’ (e.g. game theory); [[Denis Healey]], then Labour spokesman on Foreign Affairs; [[Richard Goold-Adams]], a businessman and a journalist with ''The Economist''; and [[Anthony Buzzard|Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Buzzard]], the former head of Naval Intelligence. The men had developed connections in Washington, according to Healey the most important of which was [[Paul Nitze]] (the principal author of a highly influential secret National Security Council document [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>NSC-68<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>]). They were also supported by US Senator [[Ralph Flanders]] and [[Dick Leghorn]],<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.236</ref> a former Pentagon planner whose company [[Itek]] developed and built the photographic system of the CIA's top secret [[Corona program]] of satellite reconnaissance of the USSR between 1960 and 1972.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS196396+31-Mar-2008+BW20080331 'Leghorn to Receive Special Vanguard for His Efforts in Founding CableLabs'], Reuters, 31 March 2008</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''On Limiting Nuclear War'' attracted the attention of other figures in the UK, including those interested in the moral implications of nuclear war; a topic which had not been of any great concern to Healey and his friends. They subsequently organised a conference ‘The Limitations of War in the Nuclear Age’ at the London office of the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs. There it was agreed that they should establish a think-tank modelled on [[Chatham House]], but focused solely on military-strategic issues. [[Pat Blackett]], who was apparently too busy to be closely involved, was replaced by the [[Chatham House]] expert Professor [[Michael Howard (UK Academic)|Michael Howard]] who founded the [[Department of War Studies]] at [[Kings College London]], and along with some figures from the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, these men started putting together the personnel for the would be think-tank.<ref>''Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard''  Page 158</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''On Limiting Nuclear War'' attracted the attention of other figures in the UK, including those interested in the moral implications of nuclear war; a topic which had not been of any great concern to Healey and his friends. They subsequently organised a conference ‘The Limitations of War in the Nuclear Age’ at the London office of the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs. There it was agreed that they should establish a think-tank modelled on [[Chatham House]], but focused solely on military-strategic issues. [[Pat Blackett]], who was apparently too busy to be closely involved, was replaced by the [[Chatham House]] expert Professor [[Michael Howard (UK Academic)|Michael Howard]] who founded the [[Department of War Studies]] at [[Kings College London]], and along with some figures from the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, these men started putting together the personnel for the would be think-tank.<ref>''Captain Professor The Memoirs of Sir Michael Howard''  Page 158</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Crosbie Smithhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=149722&oldid=prevCrosbie Smith: /* Table of Founding Members */ linked Arthur Salter2011-02-24T09:38:06Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Table of Founding Members: </span> linked <a href="/index.php/Arthur_Salter" title="Arthur Salter">Arthur Salter</a></span></p>
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</table>Crosbie Smithhttps://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&diff=149693&oldid=prevCrosbie Smith: /* The US finance */ Slater directed Aspen, but did not found it - may have founded Aspen Berlin2011-02-24T07:46:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The US finance: </span> Slater directed Aspen, but did not found it - may have founded Aspen Berlin</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The US finance===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The US finance===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ‘U.S. finance’ behind the new institute was a grant of $150,000 from the [[Ford Foundation]] to fund the institute for its first three years.<ref>‘Strategic Studies Institute Formed. Mr. Alastair Buchan First Director’, ''The Times'', 28 November 1958; pg. 6; Issue 54320; col F</ref> The [[Ford Foundation International Affairs Division|International Affairs Division]] of the [[Ford Foundation]] which provided this funding was at that time headed by an important post-war propagandist called [[Shepard Stone]]. A former ''New York Times'' journalist, Stone had joined the [[Ford Foundation]] in 1952, prior to which he had worked as the Director of Public Affairs of the American High Commission in Germany. There his main task had been to channel secret payments to editors and journalists to ensure they propagated American interests.<ref>David M. Oshinsky, ‘Bagman for Democracy ‘,''New York Times'', 15 July 2001</ref> At the [[Ford Foundation]] Stone worked with [[Joseph Slater]] who according to ''The Times'' was the driving force behind supporting the Institute.<ref>''The Times'', 13 November 1967; pg. 5; Issue 57097; col E</ref> Slater – who <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">later set up </del>the [[Aspen Institute]] – had worked at the High Commission with Stone where both men had served under [[John J. McCloy]], who was now chairman of the [[Ford Foundation]]. The aim of these former state propagandists was to win over Europeans who sought independence from Soviet ''and'' American control. According to one author, Stone hoped to ‘consolidate the Atlantic alliance, above all by abolishing the weak link in the West’s armory - the “neutralists,” those intellectuals who were disaffected by the Soviet Union but who were unwilling to align themselves with the United States’.’<ref>John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006) p.174</ref> Interestingly a concern with "neutralists" was shared by Healey. The group behind ''On Limiting Nuclear War'' had formed as a result of an article Healey had written in (the CIA funded) ''[[Encounter]]'' in July 1955 entitled ''The Bomb that Didn't Go Off''. In it he had expressed concern about 'signs that Western Europe is slowly slipping into the sort of apathy about defence in which neutralism breeds.'<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.237</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ‘U.S. finance’ behind the new institute was a grant of $150,000 from the [[Ford Foundation]] to fund the institute for its first three years.<ref>‘Strategic Studies Institute Formed. Mr. Alastair Buchan First Director’, ''The Times'', 28 November 1958; pg. 6; Issue 54320; col F</ref> The [[Ford Foundation International Affairs Division|International Affairs Division]] of the [[Ford Foundation]] which provided this funding was at that time headed by an important post-war propagandist called [[Shepard Stone]]. A former ''New York Times'' journalist, Stone had joined the [[Ford Foundation]] in 1952, prior to which he had worked as the Director of Public Affairs of the American High Commission in Germany. There his main task had been to channel secret payments to editors and journalists to ensure they propagated American interests.<ref>David M. Oshinsky, ‘Bagman for Democracy ‘,''New York Times'', 15 July 2001</ref> At the [[Ford Foundation]] Stone worked with [[Joseph Slater]] who according to ''The Times'' was the driving force behind supporting the Institute.<ref>''The Times'', 13 November 1967; pg. 5; Issue 57097; col E</ref> Slater – who <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subsequently directed </ins>the [[Aspen Institute]] – had worked at the High Commission with Stone where both men had served under [[John J. McCloy]], who was now chairman of the [[Ford Foundation]]. The aim of these former state propagandists was to win over Europeans who sought independence from Soviet ''and'' American control. According to one author, Stone hoped to ‘consolidate the Atlantic alliance, above all by abolishing the weak link in the West’s armory - the “neutralists,” those intellectuals who were disaffected by the Soviet Union but who were unwilling to align themselves with the United States’.’<ref>John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006) p.174</ref> Interestingly a concern with "neutralists" was shared by Healey. The group behind ''On Limiting Nuclear War'' had formed as a result of an article Healey had written in (the CIA funded) ''[[Encounter]]'' in July 1955 entitled ''The Bomb that Didn't Go Off''. In it he had expressed concern about 'signs that Western Europe is slowly slipping into the sort of apathy about defence in which neutralism breeds.'<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.237</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 27 October 1957 Healey was at a [[Bilderberg Group|Bilderberg]] meeting in the Italian spa of Fiuggi. There he approached [[Shepard Stone]] to ask for a £1,000 to continue the distribution of American articles among his associates. Stone replied that the [[Ford Foundation]] would not provide anything less than $100,000.<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.239</ref> Healey returned to London and drafted the application and the [[Ford Foundation]] duly granted $150,000.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 27 October 1957 Healey was at a [[Bilderberg Group|Bilderberg]] meeting in the Italian spa of Fiuggi. There he approached [[Shepard Stone]] to ask for a £1,000 to continue the distribution of American articles among his associates. Stone replied that the [[Ford Foundation]] would not provide anything less than $100,000.<ref>Denis Healey, ''The Time of My Life'' (London: Penguin, 1989) p.239</ref> Healey returned to London and drafted the application and the [[Ford Foundation]] duly granted $150,000.</div></td></tr>
</table>Crosbie Smith