Riposte Laïque - Revision history

Clementine Boucher: /* Ideology */

2016-09-28T13:55:47Z

Ideology

Melissa Jones: /* Ideology */

2016-09-20T04:09:23Z

Ideology

Melissa Jones at 04:04, 20 September 2016

2016-09-20T04:04:34Z

Melissa Jones: /* Legal charges */

2016-09-20T03:55:00Z

Legal charges

Melissa Jones: /* Legal Charges */

2016-09-20T03:47:14Z

Legal Charges

Melissa Jones: /* 2010 onwards */

2016-09-20T03:37:27Z

2010 onwards

Melissa Jones: typos

2016-09-20T03:34:41Z

typos

Clementine Boucher: /* Ideology */

2016-09-19T08:04:44Z

Ideology

Clementine Boucher: /* Activities */

2016-09-19T07:39:50Z

Activities

Clementine Boucher: /* Legal Charges */

2016-09-19T07:39:23Z

Legal Charges

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Their official ideological line is that they are a 'secular left-wing' group, fighting for 'secular' and 'French' values and identity. [[Pierre Cassen]] justifies their many affiliations with extreme-right groups, such as the [[Front National]] or [[Bloc Identitaire]] by stating that they are the only ones that understand the 'menace' ahead of them: the 'Islamification of France'. The group defends their Islamophobic positions, rejecting the 'racist' or 'extreme-right' label.
-Moreover, Cassens is "convinced that traditional alliances will explode. The real rift is between the defense of our Republic against those who, with a 'globalist' ideology, want to destroy France". Hence the 'holy alliance' (a term used during the First World War to describe the 'unity' of all French parties during the war) <ref> Mathilde Siraut, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/02/06/01002-20160206ARTFIG00005-en-france-des-associations-et-groupuscules-veulent-copier-pegida.php 'En France, des associations et groupuscules veulent copier Pegida'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 February 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> with the extreme-right against 'Islam' and its defenders (may they be Muslims or left-wing 'cosmopolitans') is justified. <ref name="ripostelaique"> [http://droites-extremes.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/09/05/ce-quest-vraiment-riposte-laique/ 'Ce qu’est vraiment Riposte Laïque?'], ''Le Monde'', 05 September 2010. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
+Moreover, Cassens is 'convinced that traditional alliances will explode. The real rift is between the defense of our Republic against those who, with a "globalist" ideology, want to destroy France'. Hence the 'holy alliance' (a term used during the First World War to describe the 'unity' of all French parties during the war) <ref> Mathilde Siraut, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/02/06/01002-20160206ARTFIG00005-en-france-des-associations-et-groupuscules-veulent-copier-pegida.php 'En France, des associations et groupuscules veulent copier Pegida'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 February 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> with the extreme-right against 'Islam' and its defenders (may they be Muslims or left-wing 'cosmopolitans') is justified. <ref name="ripostelaique"> [http://droites-extremes.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/09/05/ce-quest-vraiment-riposte-laique/ 'Ce qu’est vraiment Riposte Laïque?'], ''Le Monde'', 05 September 2010. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
 In 2010, the secretary general of [[l'Union des familles Laïques]] and chief editor of [[Respublica]] [[Nicolas Gavrilenko]] stated that Cassen's 'conception of 'secularism' completely banishes any trace of religion within civil society' (''"Sa conception de la laïcité bannit toute trace de religion dans la société civile"'') <ref name="ripostelaique"> [http://droites-extremes.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/09/05/ce-quest-vraiment-riposte-laique/ 'Ce qu’est vraiment Riposte Laïque?'], ''Le Monde'', 05 September 2010. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> as opposed to the original concept of 'laïcité', which is a promise of non-interference from the part of the State in religious affairs. The 'laïcité' law of 1905, often referred to by the group, was originally created against state funding of Christian churches, schools and other institutions, as well as against the interference of the church into state affairs.
-Such misuse of the term 'laïcité' could also be seen in the discourse of senior officials in [[Francois Hollande]]'s government. The vice-president [[Manuel Valls]] declared himself to be a 'demanding secularist' ("''Je soutiens une laïcité exigeante "'') in 2014 <ref> Stéphanie Le Bars, [http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2014/04/01/manuel-valls-partisan-d-une-laicite-exigeante_4393354_3224.html Manuel Valls, partisan d'une « laïcité exigent »], ''Le Monde'', 01 April 2014, accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>. In August 2016, he defended the 'burkini ban' by stating that "the burkini is not compatible with French values", i.e. gender equality and secularism <ref> [http://www.rfi.fr/france/20160817-france-manuel-valls-comprend-maires-interdisent-le-burkini 'France: Manuel Valls «comprend» les maires qui interdisent le burkini'], ''Radio France Internationale'', 17 August 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> thereby seemingly equating 'laïcité' with Cassen's definition of it.
+Such misuse of the term 'laïcité' could also be seen in the discourse of senior officials in [[Francois Hollande]]'s government. The vice-president [[Manuel Valls]] declared himself to be a 'demanding secularist' ("''Je soutiens une laïcité exigeante "'') in 2014 <ref> Stéphanie Le Bars, [http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2014/04/01/manuel-valls-partisan-d-une-laicite-exigeante_4393354_3224.html Manuel Valls, partisan d'une « laïcité exigent »], ''Le Monde'', 01 April 2014, accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>. In August 2016, he defended the 'burkini ban' by stating that 'the burkini is not compatible with French values', i.e. gender equality and secularism <ref> [http://www.rfi.fr/france/20160817-france-manuel-valls-comprend-maires-interdisent-le-burkini 'France: Manuel Valls «comprend» les maires qui interdisent le burkini'], ''Radio France Internationale'', 17 August 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> thereby seemingly equating 'laïcité' with Cassen's definition of it.
-The term was once more misused in 2016, when it was revealed in September that a 2014 State-written history textbook had put down the wrong definition under 'laïcité'. In it was written that 'in France, "secularism" also supposed the refusal of any religious-based expression in the public domain' (''"En France, la laïcité suppose aussi le refus de toute expression religieuse dans l'espace public"'') <ref> [http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/une-fausse-definition-de-la-laicite-dans-un-manuel-dhistoire-pour-terminales_46834/ 'Une fausse définition de la laïcité dans un manuel d'histoire pour terminales'], ''Libération'', 07 September 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+The term was once more misused in 2016, when it was revealed in September that a 2014 State-written history textbook had put down the wrong definition under 'laïcité'. In it was written that 'in France, 'secularism' also supposed the refusal of any religious-based expression in the public domain' (''"En France, la laïcité suppose aussi le refus de toute expression religieuse dans l'espace public"'') <ref> [http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/une-fausse-definition-de-la-laicite-dans-un-manuel-dhistoire-pour-terminales_46834/ 'Une fausse définition de la laïcité dans un manuel d'histoire pour terminales'], ''Libération'', 07 September 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 ==Background==

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 Moreover, Cassens is "convinced that traditional alliances will explode. The real rift is between the defense of our Republic against those who, with a 'globalist' ideology, want to destroy France". Hence the 'holy alliance' (a term used during the First World War to describe the 'unity' of all French parties during the war) <ref> Mathilde Siraut, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/02/06/01002-20160206ARTFIG00005-en-france-des-associations-et-groupuscules-veulent-copier-pegida.php 'En France, des associations et groupuscules veulent copier Pegida'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 February 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> with the extreme-right against 'Islam' and its defenders (may they be Muslims or left-wing 'cosmopolitans') is justified. <ref name="ripostelaique"> [http://droites-extremes.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/09/05/ce-quest-vraiment-riposte-laique/ 'Ce qu’est vraiment Riposte Laïque?'], ''Le Monde'', 05 September 2010. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
-In 2010, the Secretary General of [[l'Union des familles Laïques]] and chief editor of [[Respublica]] [[Nicolas Gavrilenko]] stated that Cassen's 'conception of 'secularism' completely banishes any trace of religion within civil society' (''"Sa conception de la laïcité bannit toute trace de religion dans la société civile"'') <ref name="ripostelaique"> [http://droites-extremes.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/09/05/ce-quest-vraiment-riposte-laique/ 'Ce qu’est vraiment Riposte Laïque?'], ''Le Monde'', 05 September 2010. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> as opposed to the original concept of 'laïcité', which is a promise of non-interference from the part of the State in religious affairs. The 'laïcité' Law of 1905, often referred to by the group, was originally created against State funding of Christian Churches, schools and other institutions, as well as against the interference of the Church into State affairs.
+In 2010, the secretary general of [[l'Union des familles Laïques]] and chief editor of [[Respublica]] [[Nicolas Gavrilenko]] stated that Cassen's 'conception of 'secularism' completely banishes any trace of religion within civil society' (''"Sa conception de la laïcité bannit toute trace de religion dans la société civile"'') <ref name="ripostelaique"> [http://droites-extremes.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/09/05/ce-quest-vraiment-riposte-laique/ 'Ce qu’est vraiment Riposte Laïque?'], ''Le Monde'', 05 September 2010. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> as opposed to the original concept of 'laïcité', which is a promise of non-interference from the part of the State in religious affairs. The 'laïcité' law of 1905, often referred to by the group, was originally created against state funding of Christian churches, schools and other institutions, as well as against the interference of the church into state affairs.
-Such misuse of the term 'laïcité' could also be seen in the discourse of senior officials in [[Francois Hollande]]'s government. The Vice-President [[Manuel Valls]] declared himself to be a 'demanding secularist' ("''Je soutiens une laïcité exigeante "'') in 2014 <ref> Stéphanie Le Bars, [http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2014/04/01/manuel-valls-partisan-d-une-laicite-exigeante_4393354_3224.html Manuel Valls, partisan d'une « laïcité exigent »], ''Le Monde'', 01 April 2014, accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>. In August 2016, he defended the 'burkini ban' by stating that "the burkini is not compatible with French values", i.e. gender equality and secularism <ref> [http://www.rfi.fr/france/20160817-france-manuel-valls-comprend-maires-interdisent-le-burkini 'France: Manuel Valls «comprend» les maires qui interdisent le burkini'], ''Radio France Internationale'', 17 August 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> thereby seemingly equating 'laïcité' with [[Cassen]]'s definition of it.
+Such misuse of the term 'laïcité' could also be seen in the discourse of senior officials in [[Francois Hollande]]'s government. The vice-president [[Manuel Valls]] declared himself to be a 'demanding secularist' ("''Je soutiens une laïcité exigeante "'') in 2014 <ref> Stéphanie Le Bars, [http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2014/04/01/manuel-valls-partisan-d-une-laicite-exigeante_4393354_3224.html Manuel Valls, partisan d'une « laïcité exigent »], ''Le Monde'', 01 April 2014, accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>. In August 2016, he defended the 'burkini ban' by stating that "the burkini is not compatible with French values", i.e. gender equality and secularism <ref> [http://www.rfi.fr/france/20160817-france-manuel-valls-comprend-maires-interdisent-le-burkini 'France: Manuel Valls «comprend» les maires qui interdisent le burkini'], ''Radio France Internationale'', 17 August 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> thereby seemingly equating 'laïcité' with Cassen's definition of it.
-The term was once more misused in 2016, when it was revealed in September that a 2014 State-written history textbook had put down the wrong definition under 'laïcité'. In it was written that "in France, 'secularism' also supposed the refusal of any religious-based expression in the public domain" (''"En France, la laïcité suppose aussi le refus de toute expression religieuse dans l'espace public"'') <ref> [http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/une-fausse-definition-de-la-laicite-dans-un-manuel-dhistoire-pour-terminales_46834/ 'Une fausse définition de la laïcité dans un manuel d'histoire pour terminales'], ''Libération'', 07 September 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+The term was once more misused in 2016, when it was revealed in September that a 2014 State-written history textbook had put down the wrong definition under 'laïcité'. In it was written that 'in France, "secularism" also supposed the refusal of any religious-based expression in the public domain' (''"En France, la laïcité suppose aussi le refus de toute expression religieuse dans l'espace public"'') <ref> [http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/une-fausse-definition-de-la-laicite-dans-un-manuel-dhistoire-pour-terminales_46834/ 'Une fausse définition de la laïcité dans un manuel d'histoire pour terminales'], ''Libération'', 07 September 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 ==Background==

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:04, 20 September 2016
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	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
		+	[[Category:Counterjihad\|Riposte Laïque]][[Category:Islam Critics\|Riposte Laïque]]

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 ==Legal charges==
-In 2013, ''[[The Legal Project]]'', the legal arm of [[Daniel Pipes]]'s [[Middle East Forum]] announced it was defending [[Christine Tasin]] in court over charges of incitement to hatred. The same body had previously defended [[Geert Wilders]] against similar charges. Tasin's lawyer, [[Joseph Scipilliti]], defended her case by claiming that she was attacking Islam itself and not the individuals who identify with it, and that, by provoking a debate around Islam's ideas, she had simply exercised her right to free speech. He pointed to a case where a rapper had been released from similar charges because his lyrics allegedly criticised the French state, as opposed to the 'French people as a whole'. Tassin's condemnation was successfully overturned in December 2014. <ref> Andrew Harrod, [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-project.org%2F4341%2Ffrench-free-speech-victory 'French Free Speech Victory'], ''The Legal Project'', 30 January 2015. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
+In 2013, the [[Legal Project]] arm of neoconservative [[Daniel Pipes]]'s [[Middle East Forum]] announced it was defending [[Christine Tasin]] in court over charges of incitement to hatred. The same body had previously defended [[Geert Wilders]] against similar charges. Tasin's lawyer, [[Joseph Scipilliti]], defended her case by claiming that she was attacking Islam itself and not the individuals who identify with it, and that, by provoking a debate around Islam's ideas, she had simply exercised her right to free speech. He pointed to a case where a rapper had been released from similar charges because his lyrics allegedly criticised the French state, as opposed to the 'French people as a whole'. Tassin's condemnation was successfully overturned in December 2014. <ref> Andrew Harrod, [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-project.org%2F4341%2Ffrench-free-speech-victory 'French Free Speech Victory'], ''The Legal Project'', 30 January 2015. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
 ==Activities==

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 The blog is edited abroad - by the association [[Riposte laïque Suisse]] - since October 2012, due to the number of lawsuits filed against the website. This has not protected them, however, and the blog is being sued for incitement to hatred as of 2016. <ref> Olivier Faye, [http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/05/20/la-fachosphere-s-expatrie_4923247_823448.html?xtmc=christine_tasin&xtcr=2 'La « fachosphère » s’expatrie pour échapper à la justice'], 12 May 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
-==Legal Charges==
+==Legal charges==
-In 2013, ''[[The Legal Project]]'', the legal arm of [[Daniel Pipes]]'s [[Middle East Forum]] announced it was defending [[Christine Tasin]] in court over charges of incitement to hatred. The same body had previously defended [[Geert Wilders]] against similar charges. Tasin's lawyer, M. [[Scipilliti]], defended her case by claiming that she was attacking Islam itself and not the individuals who identify with it, and that, by provoking a debate around its idea's, she had simply exercised her right to free speech. He pointed to a case where a rapper had been released from similar charges because his lyrics allegedly criticised the French state, as opposed to the 'French people as a whole'. Tassin's condemnation was successfully overturned in December 2014. <ref> Andrew Harrod, [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-project.org%2F4341%2Ffrench-free-speech-victory 'French Free Speech Victory'], ''The Legal Project'', January 30, 2015. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
+In 2013, ''[[The Legal Project]]'', the legal arm of [[Daniel Pipes]]'s [[Middle East Forum]] announced it was defending [[Christine Tasin]] in court over charges of incitement to hatred. The same body had previously defended [[Geert Wilders]] against similar charges. Tasin's lawyer, [[Joseph Scipilliti]], defended her case by claiming that she was attacking Islam itself and not the individuals who identify with it, and that, by provoking a debate around Islam's ideas, she had simply exercised her right to free speech. He pointed to a case where a rapper had been released from similar charges because his lyrics allegedly criticised the French state, as opposed to the 'French people as a whole'. Tassin's condemnation was successfully overturned in December 2014. <ref> Andrew Harrod, [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-project.org%2F4341%2Ffrench-free-speech-victory 'French Free Speech Victory'], ''The Legal Project'', 30 January 2015. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
 ==Activities==

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 The movement split again over diverging opinions on gay marriage in 2013, which lead to the creation of a third association, named [[Reconquête Républicaine]] and presided by [[Pascal Olivier]]. <ref> Christine Tasin, [http://resistancerepublicaine.eu/2013/06/17/a-riposte-laique-occupez-vous-des-vos-oignons-non-la-grande-majorite-des-adherents-de-rr-nest-pas-opposee-au-mariage-homosexuel/ A Riposte laïque : occupez-vous de vos oignons. Non la grande majorité des adhérents de RR n’est pas opposée au mariage homosexuel], http://resistancerepublicaine.eu, 17June 2013. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> <ref> http://reconquete-republicaine.fr </ref>
-The blog is edited abroad - by the association [[Riposte laïque Suisse]] - since October 2012, due to the number of law-suits filed against the website. This has not protected them from lawsuits, however, which is why the blog is being sued for incitement to hatred as of 2016. <ref> Olivier Faye, [http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/05/20/la-fachosphere-s-expatrie_4923247_823448.html?xtmc=christine_tasin&xtcr=2 'La « fachosphère » s’expatrie pour échapper à la justice'], 12 May 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
+The blog is edited abroad - by the association [[Riposte laïque Suisse]] - since October 2012, due to the number of lawsuits filed against the website. This has not protected them, however, and the blog is being sued for incitement to hatred as of 2016. <ref> Olivier Faye, [http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/05/20/la-fachosphere-s-expatrie_4923247_823448.html?xtmc=christine_tasin&xtcr=2 'La « fachosphère » s’expatrie pour échapper à la justice'], 12 May 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
 ==Legal Charges==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 '''Riposte Laïque''' (English: Secular Response) is a French anti-Muslim organisation and website founded in 2007 by [[Pierre Cassen]] and [[Christine Tasin]].<ref name="HnH">Hope Not Hate, [http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/counter-jihad/country/France#id-31 Riposte Laïque], Counterjihad Report: France, accessed 3 February 2015</ref>
-According to the self-defining [[counterjihad]] blog [[Gates of Vienna]], it is one of the two most prominent French Counterjihad groups (the other being [[Résistance Républicaine]]).<ref>Baron Bodissey, [http://gatesofvienna.net/2015/01/refusing-the-islamization-of-france/ Refusing the Islamization of France], 1 January 2015, accessed 4 January 2015</ref>
+According to the self-defining [[counterjihad]] blog [[Gates of Vienna]], it is one of the two most prominent French counterjihad groups (the other being [[Résistance Républicaine]]).<ref>Baron Bodissey, [http://gatesofvienna.net/2015/01/refusing-the-islamization-of-france/ Refusing the Islamization of France], ''Gates of Vienna'', 1 January 2015, accessed 4 January 2015</ref>
 ==Ideology==
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 The group officially rejects any affiliation with any party.
-Their official ideological line is that they are a 'secular left-wing' group, fighting for 'secular' and 'French' values and identity. [[Pierre Cassen]] justifies their many affiliations with extreme-right groups, such as the [[Front Natonal]] or [[Bloc Identitaire]] by stating that they are the only ones that understand the 'menace' ahead of them : the 'Islamification of France'. The group defends their Islamophobic positions, rejecting the 'racist' or 'extreme-right' label.
+Their official ideological line is that they are a 'secular left-wing' group, fighting for 'secular' and 'French' values and identity. [[Pierre Cassen]] justifies their many affiliations with extreme-right groups, such as the [[Front National]] or [[Bloc Identitaire]] by stating that they are the only ones that understand the 'menace' ahead of them: the 'Islamification of France'. The group defends their Islamophobic positions, rejecting the 'racist' or 'extreme-right' label.
 Moreover, Cassens is "convinced that traditional alliances will explode. The real rift is between the defense of our Republic against those who, with a 'globalist' ideology, want to destroy France". Hence the 'holy alliance' (a term used during the First World War to describe the 'unity' of all French parties during the war) <ref> Mathilde Siraut, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/02/06/01002-20160206ARTFIG00005-en-france-des-associations-et-groupuscules-veulent-copier-pegida.php 'En France, des associations et groupuscules veulent copier Pegida'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 February 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref> with the extreme-right against 'Islam' and its defenders (may they be Muslims or left-wing 'cosmopolitans') is justified. <ref name="ripostelaique"> [http://droites-extremes.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/09/05/ce-quest-vraiment-riposte-laique/ 'Ce qu’est vraiment Riposte Laïque?'], ''Le Monde'', 05 September 2010. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 Inspired by the [[PEGIDA]] protests seen in Germany, the group called for rallies across France on 18 January 2015, under the slogan 'Islamists get out of France'.<ref name="local">[http://www.thelocal.fr/20150106/anti-islam-pegida-movement-to-france Will anti-Islam protests take off in France?], The Local, 6 January 2015</ref> Leader [[Pierre Cassen]] said he had invited leaders from the German section of [[PEGIDA]] to the Paris demonstration and also leaders from Italy and Switzerland he felt had 'led by example in protest against the Islamisation of Europe'.<ref name="local"/>
-They also joined forced once more with [[Résistance Républicaine]], [[Renaud Camus]] and [[Bloc Identitaire]] (led by [[Bruno Larebière]]) to launch a French section of [[PEGIDA]], presided over by [[Loïc Perdriel]], aged 25 at the time. <ref> Mathilde Siraut, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/02/06/01002-20160206ARTFIG00005-en-france-des-associations-et-groupuscules-veulent-copier-pegida.php 'En France, des associations et groupuscules veulent copier Pegida'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 February 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
+They also joined forces once more with [[Résistance Républicaine]], [[Renaud Camus]] and [[Bloc Identitaire]] (led by [[Bruno Larebière]]) to launch a French section of [[PEGIDA]], presided over by [[Loïc Perdriel]], aged 25 at the time. <ref> Mathilde Siraut, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/02/06/01002-20160206ARTFIG00005-en-france-des-associations-et-groupuscules-veulent-copier-pegida.php 'En France, des associations et groupuscules veulent copier Pegida'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 February 2016. Accessed 16 September 2016. </ref>
 ==Affiliations==