Psywar - Revision history

James Gallagher at 10:16, 27 March 2015

2015-03-27T10:16:23Z

James Gallagher: /* The history of psychological warfare */

2015-03-27T10:15:51Z

The history of psychological warfare

James Gallagher at 10:15, 27 March 2015

2015-03-27T10:15:15Z

James Gallagher: /* Media & Stakeholder Relations: Hydraulic Fracturing Initiative 2011 */

2015-03-26T11:41:27Z

Media & Stakeholder Relations: Hydraulic Fracturing Initiative 2011

James Gallagher at 11:36, 20 March 2015

2015-03-20T11:36:22Z

Melissa Jones: style edits

2015-03-19T13:20:41Z

style edits

James Gallagher at 11:54, 19 March 2015

2015-03-19T11:54:53Z

James Gallagher: /* Resources */

2015-03-19T11:54:34Z

Resources

James Gallagher at 11:54, 19 March 2015

2015-03-19T11:54:21Z

James Gallagher at 11:53, 19 March 2015

2015-03-19T11:53:45Z

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Leaflets were also heavily utilised like they had been in previous conflicts; consisting of surrender appeals, divide and conquer initiatives, and warnings of incoming bombing runs as a show of force. One innovative use of leaflet distribution in the Gulf War was by waterborne methods, dropping sealed bottles containing Propaganda just off the coast<ref name="Josh"/>.
 ==Corporate Psychological Warfare==
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 *Psywar, [http://www.psywar.org Psychological Warfare, PSYOPS and Military Information Support]: dedicated Psywar website
 *Joshua Beninga, [http://www.psywarrior.com/ModernDayPSYOPBeniga.html A History of Modern-Day Psychological Warfare and Operations]: A history of modern Psywar
 ==Notes==

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-==The history of psychological warfare==
+==The History of Psychological Warfare==
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Leaflets were also heavily utilised like they had been in previous conflicts; consisting of surrender appeals, divide and conquer initiatives, and warnings of incoming bombing runs as a show of force. One innovative use of leaflet distribution in the Gulf War was by waterborne methods, dropping sealed bottles containing Propaganda just off the coast<ref name="Josh"/>.
 ==Corporate Psychological Warfare==

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 Psychological warfare or [[Psywar]] is "The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives"<ref>Online Psychology Degree, [http://www.online-psychology-degree.com/psyops/ PSYOPS – Wars Are Fought On and Off the Battlefield], Online Psychology Degree website, accessed 18 march 2015</ref>. Simply put, psychological warfare involves the use of [[Propaganda]] and other measures in order to impact the behaviour of opposing factions.<ref>RAND Corporation, [http://www.rand.org/topics/psychological-warfare.html Psychological Warfare] RAND Corporation website, accessed 17 March 2015</ref>
 Whilst the two concepts are often used interchangeably, psychological warfare refers to an overarching campaign incorporating many different facets, including [[Psychological Operations]], [[False Flag]], [[Disinformation]], and various types of propaganda; whereas psychological operations, or [[Psyops]] is used more to describe specific military operations and the tactical units which practice them.
 Psychological warfare involves a deep cultural understanding of the opposing force it is targeting. To conduct an effective assault on the hearts and the minds of the target audience, you must first get to know them intimately. Psychops practitioners aim to engage their target audiences through a mixture of face-to-face and mass media communications, aiming to end/suppress conflicts with the minimum amount of bloodshed possible.<ref name="psywarrior">Ed Rouse, [http://www.psywarrior.com/psyhist.html Psychological Operations/Warfare], Psywarrior website, accessed 17 March 2015</ref>
 Types of Psychological Warfare can play huge roles in the short-term, long-term, and recuperative phases of warfare. Acts of Psychological Warfare, however, are not limited to times of declared war; they can be employed in areas of peace or conflict. They represent force multipliers, using nonviolent methods in often violent situations, relying on persuasion rather than brute force to forward the interests of the sponsor<ref name="psywarrior"/>.

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 At a 2011 oil industry conference, Matt Pitzarella, Director of Corporate Communications and Public Affairs at Range Resources revealed that Range was actively hiring ex-psychological warfare operatives from the Army and Marines to help them influence local communities around their drilling operations in Pennsylvania<ref name="Demelle"/>.
-At the same event, Matt Carmichael, Manager of External Affairs for Anadarko Petroleum advised other oil industry media professionals at the event in regard to how to engage with the public about controversial issues. One of his suggestions was to “download the U.S. Army/Marine Corps [http://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fmi3-07-22.pdf Counterinsurgency Manual], because we are dealing with an insurgency” <ref>Eamon Javers, [http://www.cnbc.com/id/45208498 Oil Executive: Military-Style 'Psy Ops' Experience Applied], CNBC website, 08 November 2011, accessed 19 March 2015</ref>.
+At the same event, Matt Carmichael, Manager of External Affairs for Anadarko Petroleum advised other oil industry media professionals at the event in regard to how to engage with the public about controversial issues. One of his suggestions was to “download the U.S. Army/Marine Corps [http://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fmi3-07-22.pdf Counterinsurgency Manual (pdf.)], because we are dealing with an insurgency” <ref>Eamon Javers, [http://www.cnbc.com/id/45208498 Oil Executive: Military-Style 'Psy Ops' Experience Applied], CNBC website, 08 November 2011, accessed 19 March 2015</ref>.
 ====Range Resources====

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:36, 20 March 2015
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	Leaflets were also heavily utilised like they had been in previous conflicts; consisting of surrender appeals, divide and conquer initiatives, and warnings of incoming bombing runs as a show of force. One innovative use of leaflet distribution in the Gulf War was by waterborne methods, dropping sealed bottles containing Propaganda just off the coast<ref name="Josh"/>.		Leaflets were also heavily utilised like they had been in previous conflicts; consisting of surrender appeals, divide and conquer initiatives, and warnings of incoming bombing runs as a show of force. One innovative use of leaflet distribution in the Gulf War was by waterborne methods, dropping sealed bottles containing Propaganda just off the coast<ref name="Josh"/>.
		+
		+
		+
		+	==Corporate Psychological Warfare==
		+	In the United States particularly, corporations are increasingly being accused of using modern Psychological Warfare tactics to achieve their domestic and foreign policy goals<ref name="Demelle">Brendan Demelle, [http://www.desmogblog.com/gas-fracking-industry-using-military-psychological-warfare-tactics-and-personnel-u-s-communities Gas Fracking Industry Using Military Psychological Warfare Tactics and Personnel In U.S. Communities], Desmogblog website, 09 November 2011, accessed 19 March 2015</ref>.
		+
		+
		+	===Oil and Gas Industry===
		+	----
		+
		+	==== Media & Stakeholder Relations: Hydraulic Fracturing Initiative 2011====
		+	At a 2011 oil industry conference, Matt Pitzarella, Director of Corporate Communications and Public Affairs at Range Resources revealed that Range was actively hiring ex-psychological warfare operatives from the Army and Marines to help them influence local communities around their drilling operations in Pennsylvania<ref name="Demelle"/>.
		+
		+	At the same event, Matt Carmichael, Manager of External Affairs for Anadarko Petroleum advised other oil industry media professionals at the event in regard to how to engage with the public about controversial issues. One of his suggestions was to “download the U.S. Army/Marine Corps [http://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fmi3-07-22.pdf Counterinsurgency Manual], because we are dealing with an insurgency” <ref>Eamon Javers, [http://www.cnbc.com/id/45208498 Oil Executive: Military-Style 'Psy Ops' Experience Applied], CNBC website, 08 November 2011, accessed 19 March 2015</ref>.
		+
		+	====Range Resources====
		+	Range Resources has been accused by This American Life in a documentary entitled “Game Changer” of sending Psyops-inspired letters to residents of Pennsylvania concerned about the impact of fracking in their community<ref name="TAL">This American Life, [http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/440/game-changer Game Changer], This American Life website, 08 July 2011, accessed 19 March 2015</ref>. The documentary makes reference to an [http://old.post-gazette.com/pg/pdf/201104/20110406letter_rangeresources_2.pdf Initial Letter (pdf.)] sent in April 2011 to all residents in the affected area, with a strategy reminiscent of ‘winning hearts and minds’, leveraging the company’s many local investments. This American Life’s documentary also makes reference to a [http://old.post-gazette.com/pg/pdf/201104/20110406letter_rangeresources_2.pdf Second Letter (pdf.)] sent around the same time exclusively to property owners with gas leases, with a style using tactics similar to those of ‘divide and conquer’ approaches, threatening that the Company may withdraw from the area if it did not get its way<ref name="TAL"/>.
		+
		+

	==Resources==		==Resources==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Template:Propaganda badge}}
-Psychological Warfare or [[Psywar]] is "The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives"<ref>Online Psychology Degree, [http://www.online-psychology-degree.com/psyops/ PSYOPS – Wars Are Fought On and Off the Battlefield], Online Psychology Degree website, accessed 18 march 2015</ref>. Simply put, Psychological Warfare involves the use of [[Propaganda]] and other measures in order to impact the behaviour of opposing factions<ref>RAND Corporation, [http://www.rand.org/topics/psychological-warfare.html Psychological Warfare] RAND Corporation website, accessed 17 March 2015</ref>.
+Psychological warfare or [[Psywar]] is "The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives"<ref>Online Psychology Degree, [http://www.online-psychology-degree.com/psyops/ PSYOPS – Wars Are Fought On and Off the Battlefield], Online Psychology Degree website, accessed 18 march 2015</ref>. Simply put, psychological warfare involves the use of [[Propaganda]] and other measures in order to impact the behaviour of opposing factions.<ref>RAND Corporation, [http://www.rand.org/topics/psychological-warfare.html Psychological Warfare] RAND Corporation website, accessed 17 March 2015</ref>
-Whilst the two concepts are often used interchangeably, Psychological Warfare refers to an overarching campaign incorporating many different facets, including Psychological Operations, [[False Flag]], [[Disinformation]], and various types of Propaganda; whereas Psychological Operations, or [[Psyops]] is used more to describe specific military operations and the tactical units which practice them.
+Whilst the two concepts are often used interchangeably, psychological warfare refers to an overarching campaign incorporating many different facets, including [[Psychological Operations]], [[False Flag]], [[Disinformation]], and various types of propaganda; whereas psychological operations, or [[Psyops]] is used more to describe specific military operations and the tactical units which practice them.
-Psychological Warfare involves a deep cultural understanding of the opposing force it is targeting. In order to conduct an effective assault on the hearts and the minds of the target audience, you must first get to know them intimately. Practitioners of Psychological Warfare can aim to engage their target audiences through a mixture of face-to-face and mass media communications, aiming to end/suppress conflicts with the minimum amount of bloodshed possible<ref name="psywarrior">Ed Rouse, [http://www.psywarrior.com/psyhist.html Psychological Operations/Warfare], Psywarrior website, accessed 17 March 2015</ref>.
+Psychological warfare involves a deep cultural understanding of the opposing force it is targeting. To conduct an effective assault on the hearts and the minds of the target audience, you must first get to know them intimately. Psychops practitioners aim to engage their target audiences through a mixture of face-to-face and mass media communications, aiming to end/suppress conflicts with the minimum amount of bloodshed possible.<ref name="psywarrior">Ed Rouse, [http://www.psywarrior.com/psyhist.html Psychological Operations/Warfare], Psywarrior website, accessed 17 March 2015</ref>
 Types of Psychological Warfare can play huge roles in the short-term, long-term, and recuperative phases of warfare. Acts of Psychological Warfare, however, are not limited to times of declared war; they can be employed in areas of peace or conflict. They represent force multipliers, using nonviolent methods in often violent situations, relying on persuasion rather than brute force to forward the interests of the sponsor<ref name="psywarrior"/>.
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
+==The history of psychological warfare==
@@ Line 47: / Line 45: @@
 Further advances in mass communication technologies greatly enhanced the capability of Governments to achieve their Psywar objectives. Whilst Psychological Warfare was pioneered during the First World War, it has been suggested that it really came into its own as an effective and efficient weapon system during the Second World War, with many of the same tactics being used, but under increased intensities. <ref name="psywarrior"/>.
@@ Line 57: / Line 54: @@
 Being one of the first modern wars fought entirely on the Asian continent, huge differences in language, culture, customs, climate and terrain hampered American efforts at effective Psywar measures. With the United States suffering huge Propaganda defeats, the Korean War was one of the first to demonstrate the immense power of Communist regimes to conduct effective Psychological Warfare campaigns<ref name="Kim"/>.
@@ Line 67: / Line 63: @@
 Taking further advantage of its air superiority, The United States continued to use airdrops to distribute leaflets; one of the most successful of which was the "Safe Conduct Pass" it has utilised in the Second World War and the Korean War, guaranteeing defecting troops from opposing sides safe passage into territory controlled by allied forces. Wordless leaflets were also created to combat illiteracy, but were often subject to misinterpretation by opposing factions<ref>J. O. Whittaker (1997), Psychological Warfare in Vietnam, ''Political Psychology'', March 1997, 18 (1)</ref>.
@@ Line 77: / Line 72: @@
 Leaflets were also heavily utilised like they had been in previous conflicts; consisting of surrender appeals, divide and conquer initiatives, and warnings of incoming bombing runs as a show of force. One innovative use of leaflet distribution in the Gulf War was by waterborne methods, dropping sealed bottles containing Propaganda just off the coast<ref name="Josh"/>.
 ==Resources==
@@ Line 89: / Line 81: @@
 *Psywar, [http://www.psywar.org Psychological Warfare, PSYOPS and Military Information Support]: dedicated Psywar website
 *Joshua Beninga, [http://www.psywarrior.com/ModernDayPSYOPBeniga.html A History of Modern-Day Psychological Warfare and Operations]: A history of modern Psywar
 ==Notes==

@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
-===Resources===
+==Resources==
 ----
 *Wikipedia, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare Psychological Warfare]: Overview of the concept of Psychological Warfare
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
-===Notes===
+==Notes==
 ----
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 19 March 2015
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	Following the lessons learned from previous engagements, United States troops engaged massively with the use of loudspeakers to disperse audio propaganda, with air, vehicle, and ground troops all utlising loudspeaker capabilities to turn Iraqi forces into captive audiences<ref name="Josh"/>. Loudspeaker teams broadcast surrender appeals using trained linguistic experts, executing live broadcasts as battlefield situations dictated. It was also during the Gulf War that the use of loudspeakers was introduced for the purposes of prisoner of war control, pacifying prisoners and underscoring military authority<ref name="psywarrior"/>.		Following the lessons learned from previous engagements, United States troops engaged massively with the use of loudspeakers to disperse audio propaganda, with air, vehicle, and ground troops all utlising loudspeaker capabilities to turn Iraqi forces into captive audiences<ref name="Josh"/>. Loudspeaker teams broadcast surrender appeals using trained linguistic experts, executing live broadcasts as battlefield situations dictated. It was also during the Gulf War that the use of loudspeakers was introduced for the purposes of prisoner of war control, pacifying prisoners and underscoring military authority<ref name="psywarrior"/>.

−	Leaflets were also heavily utilised like they had been in previous conflicts; consisting of surrender appeals, divide and conquer initiatives, and warnings of incoming bombing runs as a show of force. One innovative use of leaflet distribution in the Gulf War was by waterborne methods, dropping sealed bottles containing Propaganda just off the coast.	+	Leaflets were also heavily utilised like they had been in previous conflicts; consisting of surrender appeals, divide and conquer initiatives, and warnings of incoming bombing runs as a show of force. One innovative use of leaflet distribution in the Gulf War was by waterborne methods, dropping sealed bottles containing Propaganda just off the coast<ref name="Josh"/>.