Front National (France) - Revision history

Clementine Boucher: /* Funding */

2016-11-25T11:04:11Z

Funding

Clementine Boucher: /* Funding fraud accusations */

2016-11-25T10:58:22Z

Funding fraud accusations

Clementine Boucher: /* 2016 */

2016-11-25T10:54:58Z

2016

Clementine Boucher: /* Russian loans */

2016-09-28T15:02:56Z

Russian loans

Clementine Boucher: /* Russian loans */

2016-09-28T15:02:31Z

Russian loans

Clementine Boucher: /* Funding */

2016-09-19T12:10:06Z

Funding

Clementine Boucher: /* Funding fraud accusations */

2016-09-19T08:44:45Z

Funding fraud accusations

Clementine Boucher: /* 2016 */

2016-09-19T08:44:05Z

2016

Clementine Boucher: /* 2015 */

2016-09-19T08:17:27Z

2015

Clementine Boucher: /* Russian loans */

2016-09-19T08:12:17Z

Russian loans

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 * Other: 1 968 644 euros (99.6%)
 Total: 1 980 324 euros
 ===Russian loans===
@@ Line 48: / Line 45: @@
 :'The Kremlin didn’t invent Europe’s far-right parties. But in an analogous way Moscow is now lending them support, political and financial, thereby boosting European neo-fascism.' <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 ===Funding fraud accusations===
 ====2015====
@@ Line 69: / Line 76: @@
 ====2016====
 In May 2016, a commission launched by the [[Commission nationale des comptes de campagne et des financements politiques]] ([[CNCCFP]]) -an organ in charge of surveilling campaign finances- reevaluated the party's reimbursement demand. They estimated that the 9.5 million euro demand was excessive of 2.2 million euros, claiming that the micro-party [[Jeanne]] had again overcharged its products and services to candidates. <ref> [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/fn/les-comptes-de-campagne-du-front-national-epingles_1789548.html 'Les comptes de campagne du Front national épinglés'], ''L'Express'', 05 May 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
@@ Line 82: / Line 88: @@
 ===European Parliament accusations===
 In late October 2016, it was revealed that the European Parliament was seeking to recover €339,000 from the Le Pen, as she and several other MEPs have faced questioning over suspicions that their parliamentary assistants were actually carrying out work for the party in France, in defiance of parliament rules. Le Pen’s lawyer said she would appeal the reimbursement order, and that he expected parliament to move to recover funds by docking her pay and expenses, as it did in the case of her father. <ref name=headaches> [http://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pens-legal-headaches-france-red-flag-national-front/ Le Pen's legal headaches], ''Politico'', November 24 2015. Accessed 25 November 2016. </ref>
 ==People==

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 ===Funding fraud accusations===
 ====2015====
 In 2015, the FN's micro-party [[Jeanne]] was put under examination for electoral fraud. [[Jeanne]] and [[COTELEC]] are both satellite micro-parties created to financially support the main party during election campaigns. Although [[COTELEC]] remains under the control of now ousted [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]], [[Jeanne]] still serves this purpose.
@@ Line 80: / Line 79: @@
 All the investigations do not appear to have dented Le Pen's popularity - even though she is the object of two of them. However, legal troubles constitute a risk for the party, which is struggling to underwrite Le Pen’s campaign, still €8 million short of its targeted budget and still facing calls to reimburse more than €300,000 to the [[European Parliament]]. <ref name=headaches> [http://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pens-legal-headaches-france-red-flag-national-front/ Le Pen's legal headaches], ''Politico'', November 24 2015. Accessed 25 November 2016. </ref>
 ===2017 Presidential Elections===

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:54, 25 November 2016
Line 76:		Line 76:

	[[Marine Le Pen]] still denied all of the charges filled against her party and supporters, and was not put under examination. <ref> [http://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/07/22/comptes-de-campagne-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-fn-et-deux-dirigeants_4973563_1653578.html?xtmc=fn_financement&xtcr=6 Comptes de campagne : le parquet demande un procès pour le FN et deux de ses dirigeants]], ''Le Monde'', 23 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>		[[Marine Le Pen]] still denied all of the charges filled against her party and supporters, and was not put under examination. <ref> [http://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/07/22/comptes-de-campagne-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-fn-et-deux-dirigeants_4973563_1653578.html?xtmc=fn_financement&xtcr=6 Comptes de campagne : le parquet demande un procès pour le FN et deux de ses dirigeants]], ''Le Monde'', 23 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
		+
		+	The new investigation for [[Jeanne]] opened in October 2016, while Saint-Just and Jalkh's trial has not opened yet.
		+
		+	All the investigations do not appear to have dented Le Pen's popularity - even though she is the object of two of them. However, legal troubles constitute a risk for the party, which is struggling to underwrite Le Pen’s campaign, still €8 million short of its targeted budget and still facing calls to reimburse more than €300,000 to the [[European Parliament]]. <ref name=headaches> [http://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pens-legal-headaches-france-red-flag-national-front/ Le Pen's legal headaches], ''Politico'', November 24 2015. Accessed 25 November 2016. </ref>

	===2017 Presidential Elections===		===2017 Presidential Elections===

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 Private French banks have refused to lend money to certain candidates and parties ever since [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s campaign in 2012 and the ensuing [[Bygmalion scandal]]. <ref> Marine Turchi, [https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/120916/presidentielle-le-fn-est-la-recherche-de-financements-l-etranger 'Présidentielle: le FN est à la recherche de financements à l’étranger'], ''Mediapart'', 12 September 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref> <ref name="laRussie"> Lucas Burel, [http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/politique/election-presidentielle-2017/20160220.OBS5021/presidentielle-2017-un-financement-russe-pour-la-prochaine-campagne-de-marine-le-pen.html 'Présidentielle 2017 : Marine Le Pen cherche 27 millions d'euros et se tourne vers la Russie'], ''L'Obs'', 20 February 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
-The loans fueled much criticism coming from the establishment. At the time of the Crimean war crisis, the Moscow loan could partly have been understood as minor revenge. It followed President [[François Hollande]]’s decision to postpone the delivery to Moscow of the first of two Mistral helicopter carriers, in a deal worth €1.2bn. The mainstream pressed also feared that the Kremlin had recently been wooing the far-right in Western Europe. In a report in March 2014, a Budapest-based think tank argued that Russian influence in the affairs of the far right was a “phenomenon seen all over Europe”. <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref> ''The Guardian'' claimed :
+The loans fueled much criticism coming from the establishment. At the time of the Crimean war crisis, the Moscow loan could partly have been understood as minor revenge. It followed President [[François Hollande]]’s decision to postpone the delivery to Moscow of the first of two Mistral helicopter carriers, in a deal worth €1.2bn. The mainstream pressed also feared that the Kremlin had recently been wooing the far-right in Western Europe. In a report in March 2014, a Budapest-based think tank argued that Russian influence in the affairs of the far right was a 'phenomenon seen all over Europe'. <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref> ''The Guardian'' claimed :
 :'The Kremlin didn’t invent Europe’s far-right parties. But in an analogous way Moscow is now lending them support, political and financial, thereby boosting European neo-fascism.' <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 In 2014, the First Czech Russian bank in Moscow lent the party 9.4m euros (£7.4m). Separately Le Pen revealed he had borrowed another 2m Euros (£1.6m) from a mysterious company based in Cyprus.
-[[Marine Le Pen]] makes no secret of her admiration for [[Putin]] (and neither do [[Nigel Farage]] and former [[BNP]] leader [[Nick Griffin]]); her party has links to senior Kremlin figures including [[Dmitry Rogozin]], Russia’s deputy prime minister, who in 2005 ran an anti-immigrant campaign under the slogan “Clean Up Moscow’s Trash”. Le Pen defended her decision but saying she had been refused loans by French banks: “What is scandalous here is that the French banks are not lending". <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+[[Marine Le Pen]] makes no secret of her admiration for [[Putin]] (and neither do [[Nigel Farage]] and former [[BNP]] leader [[Nick Griffin]]); her party has links to senior Kremlin figures including [[Dmitry Rogozin]], Russia’s deputy prime minister, who in 2005 ran an anti-immigrant campaign under the slogan 'Clean Up Moscow’s Trash'. Le Pen defended her decision but saying she had been refused loans by French banks: 'What is scandalous here is that the French banks are not lending'. <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 According to the Front National's European Member of Parliament (MEP), [[Jean-Luc Schaffhauser]], the nine-million-euro loan was granted only because party leader Le Pen has a good relationship with Putin. <ref> Sabrina Pabst, [http://www.dw.com/en/is-the-kremlin-financing-europes-right-wing-populists/a-18101352 'Is the Kremlin financing Europe's right-wing populists?'], ''Die Welt'', 29 November 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 The loans fueled much criticism coming from the establishment. At the time of the Crimean war crisis, the Moscow loan could partly have been understood as minor revenge. It followed President [[François Hollande]]’s decision to postpone the delivery to Moscow of the first of two Mistral helicopter carriers, in a deal worth €1.2bn. The mainstream pressed also feared that the Kremlin had recently been wooing the far-right in Western Europe. In a report in March 2014, a Budapest-based think tank argued that Russian influence in the affairs of the far right was a “phenomenon seen all over Europe”. <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref> ''The Guardian'' claimed :
-:"The Kremlin didn’t invent Europe’s far-right parties. But in an analogous way Moscow is now lending them support, political and financial, thereby boosting European neo-fascism." <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+:'The Kremlin didn’t invent Europe’s far-right parties. But in an analogous way Moscow is now lending them support, political and financial, thereby boosting European neo-fascism.' <ref name="bewareRussia"> Luke Harding, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu 'We should beware Russia’s links with Europe’s right'], ''The Guardian'', 08 December 2014. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 ===Funding fraud accusations===

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:10, 19 September 2016
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	==Funding==		==Funding==
		+
		+	===2012 campaign===
		+	The finances of the FN's 2012 elections can be broken down in the following way:
		+
		+	* Subscriptions: 1 406 035 euros (11.9%)
		+	* Contributions from leaders: 577 760 euros (4.9%)
		+	* Individual donations (since 2011 individual donations have been capped at 7,500e/person): 262 666 euros (2.2%)
		+	* Public financing (through tax breaks): 1 835 199 euros (15.5%)
		+	* Other: 7 783 519 euros (65.5%)
		+
		+	Total: 11 865 179 euros
		+
		+	The finances of its micro-party [[Jeanne]] (created essentially to help fund [[Marine Le Pen]]'s campaign):
		+	* Subscriptions: 180 (0%)
		+	* Contributions from leaders: 0 euro (0%)
		+	* Individual donations: 11 500 (0.6%)
		+	* Public financing (through tax breaks): 0 euro (0%)
		+	* Other: 1 968 644 euros (99.6%)
		+	Total: 1 980 324 euros
		+
		+
		+

	===Russian loans===		===Russian loans===

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 In 2015, the FN's micro-party [[Jeanne]] was put under examination for electoral fraud. [[Jeanne]] and [[COTELEC]] are both satellite micro-parties created to financially support the main party during election campaigns. Although [[COTELEC]] remains under the control of now ousted [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]], [[Jeanne]] still serves this purpose.
-The micro-party operates by making campaign loans to individual candidates at 6.5% interest rates. With the loans is included the mandatory purchase of 'election kits', that comprise of an array posters, leaflets, and even campaign websites. The 'kits' are supplied by a company called [[Riwal]] and are sold at 16.650 euros each. The total amount charged by the micro-party was of 1.8 million euros in 2011 and of 9.6 million in 2012. <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref> In 2015, the party charged its candidates 9.5 million euros, despite being under investigation. <ref name="parquetdemande"> Anon., [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/financement-des-campagnes-2012-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-front-national_1815096.html - Financement des campagnes FN en 2012: le parquet demande un procès], ''L'Express'', 22 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+The micro-party operates by making campaign loans to individual candidates at 6.5% interest rates. With the loans is included the mandatory purchase of 'election kits', that comprise of an array posters, leaflets, and even campaign websites. The 'kits' are supplied by a company called [[Riwal]] and are sold at 16.650 euros each. The total amount charged by the micro-party was of 1.8 million euros in 2011 and of 9.6 million in 2012. <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref> In 2015, the party charged its candidates 9.5 million euros, despite being under investigation. <ref name="parquetdemande"> [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/financement-des-campagnes-2012-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-front-national_1815096.html - Financement des campagnes FN en 2012: le parquet demande un procès], ''L'Express'', 22 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 When asked by ''Le Figaro magazine'', Vice-president of the FN [[Jean-François Jalkh]] assured that the money lended by [[Jeanne]] came from private, individual creditors whose names he could not give out.

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 ====2016====
-In May 2016, a commission launched by the [[Commission nationale des comptes de campagne et des financements politiques]] ([[CNCCFP]]) -an organ in charge of surveilling campaign finances- reevaluated the party's reimbursement demand. They estimated that the 9.5 euro demand was excessive of 2.2 million euros, claiming that the micro-party [[Jeanne]] had again overcharged its products and services to candidates. <ref> [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/fn/les-comptes-de-campagne-du-front-national-epingles_1789548.html 'Les comptes de campagne du Front national épinglés'], ''L'Express'', 05 May 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+In May 2016, a commission launched by the [[Commission nationale des comptes de campagne et des financements politiques]] ([[CNCCFP]]) -an organ in charge of surveilling campaign finances- reevaluated the party's reimbursement demand. They estimated that the 9.5 million euro demand was excessive of 2.2 million euros, claiming that the micro-party [[Jeanne]] had again overcharged its products and services to candidates. <ref> [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/fn/les-comptes-de-campagne-du-front-national-epingles_1789548.html 'Les comptes de campagne du Front national épinglés'], ''L'Express'', 05 May 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
-On July 22nd 2016, the investigation over the suspected 2012 funding fraud was brought to completion. In its report, the floor demanded that FN treasurer [[Wallerand de Saint-Just]], vice-president [[Jean-François Jalkh]], director of [[Riwal]] [[Frédéric Chatillon]], his wife, [[Nicolas Crochet]] and current director of [[Jeanne]] [[Alex Loustau]] be put on trial for fraud and complicity in fraud. In that case the FN would also be put on trial for complicity to fraud, and [[Riwal]] and [[Jeanne]] for illegal campaign financing and fraud. <ref name="parquetdemande"> Anon., [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/financement-des-campagnes-2012-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-front-national_1815096.html - Financement des campagnes FN en 2012: le parquet demande un procès], ''L'Express'', 22 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+On July 22nd 2016, the investigation over the suspected 2012 funding fraud was brought to completion. In its report, the floor demanded that FN treasurer [[Wallerand de Saint-Just]], vice-president [[Jean-François Jalkh]], director of [[Riwal]] [[Frédéric Chatillon]], his wife, [[Nicolas Crochet]] and current director of [[Jeanne]] [[Alex Loustau]] be put on trial for fraud and complicity in fraud. In that case the FN would also be put on trial for complicity to fraud, and [[Riwal]] and [[Jeanne]] for illegal campaign financing and fraud. <ref name="parquetdemande"> [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/financement-des-campagnes-2012-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-front-national_1815096.html Financement des campagnes FN en 2012: le parquet demande un procès], ''L'Express'', 22 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 [[Marine Le Pen]] still denied all of the charges filled against her party and supporters, and was not put under examination. <ref> [http://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/07/22/comptes-de-campagne-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-fn-et-deux-dirigeants_4973563_1653578.html?xtmc=fn_financement&xtcr=6 Comptes de campagne : le parquet demande un procès pour le FN et deux de ses dirigeants]], ''Le Monde'', 23 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 The micro-party operates by making campaign loans to individual candidates at 6.5% interest rates. With the loans is included the mandatory purchase of 'election kits', that comprise of an array posters, leaflets, and even campaign websites. The 'kits' are supplied by a company called [[Riwal]] and are sold at 16.650 euros each. The total amount charged by the micro-party was of 1.8 million euros in 2011 and of 9.6 million in 2012. <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref> In 2015, the party charged its candidates 9.5 million euros, despite being under investigation. <ref name="parquetdemande"> Anon., [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/financement-des-campagnes-2012-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-front-national_1815096.html - Financement des campagnes FN en 2012: le parquet demande un procès], ''L'Express'', 22 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
-When asked by ''Le Figaro magazine'', Vice-president of the FN [[Jean-François Jalkh]] assured that the money lend by [[Jeanne]] came from private, individual creditors whose names he could not give out.
+When asked by ''Le Figaro magazine'', Vice-president of the FN [[Jean-François Jalkh]] assured that the money lended by [[Jeanne]] came from private, individual creditors whose names he could not give out.
-Juges criticized the mandatory character of this purchase, and accuse [[Riwal]] of overcharging for these kits, especially as the French state must reimburse all campaign costs if candidates win more than 5% of the vote. The president of the group and friend of [[Marine Le Pen]], [[Frédéric Chatillon]], was put under examination for illegal financing of a campaign, fraud and abuse of public goods, and his micro-party accused of fraud. <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+Juges criticized the mandatory character of this purchase, and accused [[Riwal]] of overcharging for these kits. The French state must reimburse all campaign costs if candidates win more than 5% of the vote, which gives the company the opportunity to run great profit margins (around 70%). The president of the group and friend of [[Marine Le Pen]], [[Frédéric Chatillon]], was put under examination for illegal financing of a campaign, fraud and abuse of public goods, and his micro-party was accused of fraud. <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 Meanwhile, the company [[Riwal]] is suspected of:
-* having done accounting and campaigning work for the party free of charge
+* having done accounting and campaigning work for the party free of charge;
-* having given out loans without interests.
+* having given out loans without interests;
-* taking charge of a 400,000 euro bill for the party
+* taking charge of a 400,000 euro bill for the party;
-* having fictitiously employed two FN candidates during campaign times (legislative and presidential), [[Nicolas Bay]] and [[David Rachline]], their salaries being disguises for campaign donations. <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+* having fictitiously employed two FN candidates during campaign times (legislative and presidential), [[Nicolas Bay]] and [[David Rachline]], their salaries being disguises for campaign donations; <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
-All in all, the actors involved are accused of having put in place a fraudulent apparatus, gaining profit off the back of government funds. <ref name="parquetdemande"> Anon., [http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/financement-des-campagnes-2012-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-front-national_1815096.html - Financement des campagnes FN en 2012: le parquet demande un procès], ''L'Express'', 22 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
+All in all, the actors involved are accused of having put in place a fraudulent apparatus, gaining profit off the back of government funds. <ref name="parquetdemande">[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/financement-des-campagnes-2012-le-parquet-demande-un-proces-pour-le-front-national_1815096.html - Financement des campagnes FN en 2012: le parquet demande un procès], ''L'Express'', 22 July 2016. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>
 [[Marine Le Pen]] vividly denied all accusations of fraud. <ref name="Jeannemis"> Julien Licourt, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2015/05/06/01002-20150506ARTFIG00268-front-national-le-micro-parti-jeanne-mis-en-examen.php 'Front national : le micro-parti Jeanne mis en examen'], ''Le Figaro'', 06 May 2015. Accessed 15 September 2016. </ref>