[[Mark Kennedy]] was an undercover police officer who used the name [[Mark Stone]] in his infiltrations of the climate protest movement and was known as [['Flash']] to campaigners.<ref>Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash,[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence?INTCMP=SRCH Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences] ''The Guardian'' 05/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref> His was exposed as a police officer in October 2010<ref> Indymedia UK,[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466705.html Mark Kennedy/Stone exposed as undercover cop], 24 October 2010.</ref> and in January 2011 after wide media coverage he went public with his story in a ''Mail on Sunday'' interview. <ref> Mail on Sunday, [http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid72484359001?bckey=AQ~~,AAAAAFSL1bg~,CmS1EFtcMWGovGFz9QK5QoNdeeLc1Zro&bclid=0&bctid=751486431001 Video interview with Caroline Graham], 16 January 2010. </ref> <ref> Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011. </ref>

==Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities==

Click here for a link to [[Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities]]

==Mark Kennedy's interview with the Daily Mail==
Amid all the media coverage Mark Kennedy, purportedly in hiding in the USA, chose to give an exclusive interview to the Daily Mail.<ref name=Graham> Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
His account contains interesting information about his intelligence-gathering activities over the 8 years undercover, though it has not been verified by other sources.

===Career in the MET===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', Mark Kennedy was recruited in 2002 by the Met’s [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]]. He left school at 16, worked as a court usher and joined the City of London Police in 1990, aged 21. In the early Nineties he was a uniformed member of the ‘Ring of Steel’ around the City of London. He transferred to the [[Metropolitan Police]] and in 1996 was recruited to his first undercover course on street-level drug dealing.
‘I was a natural at undercover work and I loved it,’ says Mark Kennedy in his interview. ‘Drug work was black and white. You identify the bad guys, record and film the evidence, present it in court and take them down. I did that for four years and loved it.’ in 2000, he was approached by the Animal Rights National Index, a unit which became the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]] (NPOIU), a shadowy body that runs a nationwide intelligence database of political activists.<ref name=Graham/>
In early 2003 – that he was selected as a candidate for a classified operation, ''The Guardian'' tells us. In the summer of 2003 he was issued with a driving licence and passport bearing his new identity – Mark Stone – and a plausible backstory that explained his long absences.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

In September 2009, he was apparently informed via text message that his activities were over and that he had 3 weeks to return his [[Mark Stone]] papers.
‘I had an interview with the Met’s personnel department in December 2009 and was told I wasn’t qualified. I was in there less than 20 minutes. I came out hugely depressed. I’d done 20 years’ service and they were basically telling me I was only qualified to drive a panda car. So long undercover had left me totally inequipped to go back into mainstream policing. I couldn’t even use the radios or computers'.<ref name="Graham"/>. It was in January 2010 that he was approached by [[Global Open]] the private security company whose clients included [[BAE]] and [[E.ON]].<ref name="Graham"/>
Kennedy handed in his resignation from the police in January 2010, ending work in March. He then went back to Nottingham and contacted his old friends: ‘People were worried about me. I wanted to withdraw myself in a more believable way. I didn’t tell police I was going back.’<ref name="Graham"/>He claims he then resumed his relationship with his girlfriend while he worked for [[Global Open]] as a consultant.

===Reporting to a cover officer===
The media generated a lot of speculation as to whether Mark Kennedy "went rogue" or acted without the authorisation of his superiors. His interview with the ''Daily Mail'' reveals patterns of frequent communication with his cover officer.
‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day,’ said Kennedy. ‘He was the first person I spoke to in the morning and the last person I spoke to at night. I didn’t sneeze without a superior officer knowing about it. My BlackBerry had a tracking device. My cover officer joked that he knew when I went to the loo.’ Kennedy says his cover officer would report back up a line of command who ‘were aware of everything I was doing. Every action I took had to receive something called an “authority” which covered me to infiltrate activist groups and be involved in minor crime such as trespass and criminal damage. In all the time I worked undercover I never broke the law.’<ref name="Graham"/>
'I texted and informed on a daily basis' he claims in his interview. ‘I reported everything. There were many instances of shoplifting. I was offered counterfeit money. I was offered drugs many, many times. Yes, I had a serious relationship but there was another undercover female operative there who definitely knew about it.<ref name=Graham/>
Kennedy says he would travel abroad with fellow activists, and feed information back to his British superiors to share with other nations. ‘Activism has no borders,’ he says. ‘I would never go abroad without authority from my superiors and the local police.’<ref name=Graham/>

=== The costs of intelligence gathering===
====The salary of an undercover officer====
The ''Daily Mail'' claims his £50,000 annual police salary was paid into a private account in his real name. All other payments, which he says came to £200,000 a year, went into his ‘Mark Stone’ account. <ref name=Graham/>
"I often worked as an industrial climber, which meant I had a means of showing I was “making” money, rather than the truth – which was that the [[NPOIU]] would wire it to me" explained Kennedy in his interview.
‘I was given a fake passport as Mark Stone, a driver’s licence, bank accounts, a credit card and a phone with a tracking device.’

The ''Daily Mail'' article, in Mark's words, reveals that
:Each undercover officer cost £250,000 a year in wages, overtime, cost of transport and housing. Every day I was on the job, even if I was at 'home' in bed watching telly and doing the laundry, I got five hours’ overtime. My handler got the same overtime. When I was actively involved in operations I would get the maximum, which was 14 hours of overtime on top of my eight-hour working day. They paid me for 22 hours of work which was the maximum I could claim in a 24-hour period. This could go on for weeks. My handler, or cover officer, would get the same.<ref name="Graham1">Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1349647/How-undercover-officers-squandered-millions-pounds-flash-cars-luxury-flats-14-hours-overtime-day.html#ixzz1CbTSPUOe How undercover officers squandered millions of pounds] Daily Mail, 23/01/11, accessed 20/01/11</ref>

The same article itemised controversially expensive cars and accommodation purchased by the [[NPOIU]].<ref name="Graham1"/>

====The costs of policing operations====
In the pre-emptive arrest of the 114 activist at Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a coal-fired plant owned by [[E.ON]], the police operation cost £300,000, according to ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

In 2009, revelations on amounts paid for intelligence were also disclosed after [[Strathclyde Police]] attempted to recruit spies within [[Plane Stupid]].<ref>Rob Edwards [http://www.heraldscotland.com/revealed-a-web-of-police-bids-to-infiltrate-protest-groups-1.826304 Revealed: a web of police bids to infiltrate protest groups] ''The Sunday Herald'' 25 April 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref> Through a Freedom of Information request, it was revealed that £762,459 was paid between 2004 and 2008 by [[Strathclyde Police]] force, almost doubled the annual amount it paid to informants since 2004.<ref>Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

===Intelligence gathering tactics===
====Recording device built into a Casio watch====
The Daily Mail interview also presents insights as to how intelligence was gathered and in what form.
: Kennedy used a specially modified Casio G Shock watch worth £7,000 and equipped with a microchip to record a meeting of activists prior to the planned raid on the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station in 2009. Kennedy said the meeting was recorded on a chip in the watch then the information was downloaded to a police computer. The tape was transcribed and Kennedy went through each line to note which activist was talking.<ref name="Graham1"/>

it appears this device was used to record the two meetings, with 114 other protesters, at Iona School in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant on April 12 and 13 2010. Mr Kennedy said that before these meetings he was instructed to wear a recording device, the first time he had been ordered to do so by his handlers. "The meetings were over two days and I recorded both days. The first recording didn’t record because the office had failed to charge the battery on the device".<ref name="Graham"/>

====Printed matter handed to his superiors====
From his interview it also appears he was handing hard copies of activist booklets to be "studied and copied". He states that in Berlin in 2007 "I had a meeting with one person who gave me a booklet. It was a highly prized asset. This booklet was a “how to” manual on building incendiary devices and derailing trains."<ref name="Graham1"/>. In Mark's words, "I took it home to the UK and immediately gave it to my cover officer so it could be studied and copied".<ref name="Graham1"/>

====Communicating with cover officer====
As seen in the above section ''Reporting to cover officer'', Mark Kennedy claims he "texted and informed on a daily basis". ‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day’, he states.

==Prosecution==
Controversy surrounds the trial of those charged with conspiracy to shut down the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a plan for an action in which Mark Kennedy was actively involved.
===Collapse of prosecution case===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', the Crown Prosecution Service said it was abandoning the £1 million prosecution against the environmental activists after fresh information had been made available.<ref name=Graham/> When defence barristers submitted a disclosure request asking for information about Mark Kennedy's involvement, the prosecution apparently opted to abandon the case rather than have ‘murky’ evidence about the police’s involvement heard in public, suggests the ''Daily Mail''.

===Recordings by Mark Kennedy withheld===
Mr Kennedy told the ''Daily Mail'' that the case was doomed to fail anyway because covert recordings he supplied police proved undeniably that the six men facing trial last week for conspiracy to commit aggravated trespass were innocent.
Kennedy, who subsequently flirted with providing assistance to the activists’ defence team, said there was no agreement to commit the offence and his recordings prove it. According to his interview, these recordings were made on April 12 and 13th 2010, Mr Kennedy says he attended two meetings, with 114 other protesters, in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant.<ref name=Graham/>

Mike Schwarz, the lawyer representing the activists involved, said Mr Kennedy’s evidence cast doubt on the legality of the whole police operation.<ref name=Graham/>
He said: ‘What Kennedy says now and what he confirmed to his handlers at the time casts serious doubt on the safety of the conviction of the 20 activists and the compliance of the police with their legal obligations.’<ref name=Graham/>
Mike Schwarz explains that the prosecution told the defence on Friday 7th January 2011, just before the trial was due to begin, and almost 20 months after the investigation began, that 'Previously unavailable material that significantly undermines the prosecution's case came to light on Wednesday 5 January'. The discovery of this material came at the time when the prosecution were informed that we planned to pursue disclosure of the evidence relating to PC Kennedy with the judge. Unsurprisingly, they have declined to confirm whether the new material relates to PC Kennedy. In my opinion the two are obviously connected. The timing speaks for itself.<ref name="Schwarz">Mike Schwarz [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activism-climate-change?intcmp=239 Lawyer Mike Schwarz's statement on Mark Kennedy and the Ratcliffe trial] ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>That evidence, had it been kept secret, could have led to a miscarriage of justice. Serious questions must be asked relating to the policing of protest, from the use of undercover officers, to the use of expensive and legally questionable mass pre-emptive arrest of protesters, to extremely restrictive pre-charge bail condition, to the seemingly arbitrary nature by which the 114 initially arrested were reduced to the final 26 who were eventually charged.<ref name="Schwarz"/>

''The Daily Mail'' explains that under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act of 1996, the police have a duty to make the CPS and the defence team aware of evidence they have collected. Mr Kennedy’s identity could have been protected by the judge granting a Public Interest Immunity order should the tapes have been heard in court.<ref name=Graham/>

===Investigation into convictions===
Jezz Davis, one of the jurors, in February 2011, spoke out after hearing revelations that Nottinghamshire police allegedly suppressed surveillance tapes of activists. He told ''The Guardian'' that "when called for jury service, you assume with good faith that all relevant evidence will be presented. The absence of potentially verdict-changing evidence is utterly outrageous." <ref name="Evans2"> Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/feb/14/juror-police-activists-trial Juror in activists' trial hits out at absence of police tapes] ''The Guardian'', 14/02/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
[[Keir Starmer]], the director of public prosecutions, has ordered an investigation into the safety of the convictions, while the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] is scrutinising the police's alleged failure to disclose the tapes to court.<ref name="Evans2"/>

==Infiltrating through social networks==
One means of accessing covert information was to move between groups of campaigners as a trusted activist. His skills as a climber, his van for transportation and his access to money were all useful attributes in accessing activist circles.
He took part in many major environmental protests from 2003, also infiltrating groups of anti-racists, anarchists and animal rights protesters. Using a fake passport, Kennedy visited more than 22 countries whilst being involved in campaigns, including Iceland, Spain, Denmark and Germany, reports ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

===Social networking===
The Earth First! environmental gatherings featured often in his 7 years under-cover. His first appeared within the protest movement in 2003 at UK Earth First!<ref name="Lewis"/>
So embedded in the protest community did he become that about 200 people turned up for a joint celebration of his 40th birthday, described as a "three-day bender" on a farm.<ref name="Lewis"/>More controversially, he had intimate relationships with a number of women, including a serious and involved relationship. Subsequently the [[NPOIU]] have been accused of "state-sponsored sexual abuse".

===Access to transport and money===
His ready supply of cash led to him being nicknamed ‘Flash’ by activists.
Often he provided money to pay for campaign literature, rented vans and fines imposed on activists in magistrates courts. His largesse would earn him the nickname "Flash".<ref name="Lewis"/>
He could drive 'I was one of the few people that had a van.<ref name="Malone"> Andrew Malone [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347601/My-life-run-The-police-spy-lifts-lid-years-eco-warrior.html My life on the run: The police 'spy' lifts lid on eight years as eco-warrior] ''The Daily Mail'', 17/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
Conscious of police surveillance, activists keep those who know about the logistics of a protest "action" to a small circle. For practical reasons, those in the know typically include people responsible for transport.<ref name="Lewis"/> At Climate Camp, Kennedy was trusted enough to be given the important role of organising transport needed to set up a camp near Heathrow.<ref name="Lewis"/>

===Climbing skills===
Claiming to be a professional climber, Kennedy told people he encountered in Nottingham – many of them connected to Earth First – that he often had well-paid work abroad.<ref name="Lewis"/> In Italy he offered workshops in climbing at the Animal Rights conference [[REFERENCE]]

==Exposed==
In his interview Kennedy suggests it was the legal implications of the raided action in Nottingham which blew his cover. ‘When it all kicked off, 114 people were arrested, including me. No further action was taken against most of them, but 27 people, including me, were to be charged with conspiracy offences. I kept being told by my cover officer, “Don’t worry, they are going to drop it,” but they never did.’
‘You can’t lie to a lawyer. So I couldn’t have a lawyer. I was a few days from being charged, then the case was dropped. That pretty much blew my cover.’<ref name="Graham"/>
in July – when he his girlfriend discovered his passport in the name of Mark Kennedy. ‘She told the other activists about it and they started investigating me'.<ref name="Graham"/>
Six of Kennedy's close friends confronted him in a house in Nottingham in the early hours of 21 October 2010. He confessed.<ref name="Lewis"/>
Those claims – along with his apparent remorse – were not believed by everyone present. "He is duplicitous. He was undercover for seven years. I didn't trust a word of what he was saying," said one activist.<ref name="Lewis"/>

==Controversies==
===Infiltrator or agent provocateur?===
Legal documents suggest Kennedy's activities, working for the [[NPOIU]], went beyond those of a passive spy. Did his role in organising and helping to fund protests meant he turned into an agent provocateur, ask a BBC NewsNight interview.<ref name="Wark">Kirsty Wark, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00xggg1/Newsnight_10_01_2011/ NewsNight] "BBC2" 10/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref>

Mark Kennedy's role was in one instance pivotal as to whether the action in Nottingham should be abandoned or carried-out. He was sent on a reconnaissance mission, his information was reported as crucial in deciding to continue with the action. <ref name="Lewis"/>
By multiple accounts, it seems his role was more that peripheral in certain protests. As told by The Guardian, Kennedy allowed his house to be used for planning meetings and, days before the protest was due to take place he used his fake ID to pay £778 to hire a 7.5-tonne truck to transport equipment.<ref name="Lewis"/>

[[Category:spooks]][[Category:UK Police Intelligence]][[Category:Climate Change]]

==External Resources==
*Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences], guardian.co.uk, 5 January 2011.
*Rob Evans and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists Undercover officer spied on green activists], guardian.co.uk, 9 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist], The Guardian, 10 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/10/mp-germany-mark-kennedy-activists MP in Germany says Mark Kennedy 'trespassed' in Berlin activists' lives], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activists-undercover-officer-mark-kennedy Activists walk free as undercover officer prompts collapse of case], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/environmental-activists-inquiry-undercover-officer Environmental activists demand inquiry into undercover officer's role], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jan/11/policing-protest-editorial Policing protest: When the line is crossed], The Gardian, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/undercover-officer-sexual-tactics Tricked, betrayed, violated: did police spy use sex to win activists' trust?], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/activist-undercover-officer-violated-relationship Calls for inquiry into conduct of undercover police officer], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/jan/11/undercover-activists-sexual-encounters Undercover officers: Limited rules on sexual encounters], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Ben Child, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/jan/12/undercover-eco-pc-film-activists Tale of undercover eco-warrior PC could hit the big screen], guardian.co.uk, 12 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Afua Hirsch and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/activists-kennedy-stone-police-undercover Activists challenge convictions in wake of police spy revelations], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Amelia Hill, Paul Lewis and Patrick Kingsley, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/mark-kennedy-policeman-corporate-spy Mark Kennedy: secret policeman's sideline as corporate spy], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Matthew Taylor and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/activism-protest Undercover police officer Mark Kennedy at centre of international row], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/afua-hirsch-law-blog/2011/jan/13/protest-activism Mark Kennedy and the strange case of undercover sex], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-civil-actions Mark Kennedy case: News of sexual liaisons may result in civil actions], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Matthew Taylor, Afua Hirsch and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-undercover-police-acpo Rein in undercover police units, says former DPP], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/ipcc-inquiry-collapsed-case-environmental-protesters IPCC to launch inquiry into collapsed case against environmental protesters], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Henry McDonald, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-eu-summit-protest Mark Kennedy 'took part in attack on Irish police officers at EU summit'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor and Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges], Guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Amelia Hill, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-iceland-green-movement Mark Kennedy 'played key role in forming green movement in Iceland'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/undercover-police-officer-germany-row Undercover police officer 'could be prosecuted in Germany'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Kate Anderson, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2011/jan/14/police-climate-spies-climate-movement Police climate spies can't break us], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011.

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:spooks]][[Category:UK Police Intelligence]][[Category:Climate Change]][[Category:Corporate Espionage]][[Category:Security Industry]]

Mark Kennedy

2011-02-26T13:07:27Z

Tilly Gifford: /* Exposed */

[[Mark Kennedy]] was an undercover police officer who used the name [[Mark Stone]] in his infiltrations of the climate protest movement and was known as [['Flash']] to campaigners.<ref>Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash,[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence?INTCMP=SRCH Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences] ''The Guardian'' 05/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref> His was exposed as a police officer in October 2010<ref> Indymedia UK,[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466705.html Mark Kennedy/Stone exposed as undercover cop], 24 October 2010.</ref> and in January 2011 after wide media coverage he went public with his story in a ''Mail on Sunday'' interview. <ref> Mail on Sunday, [http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid72484359001?bckey=AQ~~,AAAAAFSL1bg~,CmS1EFtcMWGovGFz9QK5QoNdeeLc1Zro&bclid=0&bctid=751486431001 Video interview with Caroline Graham], 16 January 2010. </ref> <ref> Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011. </ref>

==Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities==

Click here for a link to [[Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities]]

==Mark Kennedy's interview with the Daily Mail==
Amid all the media coverage Mark Kennedy, purportedly in hiding in the USA, chose to give an exclusive interview to the Daily Mail.<ref name=Graham> Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
His account contains interesting information about his intelligence-gathering activities over the 8 years undercover, though it has not been verified by other sources.

===Career in the MET===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', Mark Kennedy was recruited in 2002 by the Met’s [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]]. He left school at 16, worked as a court usher and joined the City of London Police in 1990, aged 21. In the early Nineties he was a uniformed member of the ‘Ring of Steel’ around the City of London. He transferred to the [[Metropolitan Police]] and in 1996 was recruited to his first undercover course on street-level drug dealing.
‘I was a natural at undercover work and I loved it,’ says Mark Kennedy in his interview. ‘Drug work was black and white. You identify the bad guys, record and film the evidence, present it in court and take them down. I did that for four years and loved it.’ in 2000, he was approached by the Animal Rights National Index, a unit which became the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]] (NPOIU), a shadowy body that runs a nationwide intelligence database of political activists.<ref name=Graham/>
In early 2003 – that he was selected as a candidate for a classified operation, ''The Guardian'' tells us. In the summer of 2003 he was issued with a driving licence and passport bearing his new identity – Mark Stone – and a plausible backstory that explained his long absences.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

In September 2009, he was apparently informed via text message that his activities were over and that he had 3 weeks to return his [[Mark Stone]] papers.
‘I had an interview with the Met’s personnel department in December 2009 and was told I wasn’t qualified. I was in there less than 20 minutes. I came out hugely depressed. I’d done 20 years’ service and they were basically telling me I was only qualified to drive a panda car. So long undercover had left me totally inequipped to go back into mainstream policing. I couldn’t even use the radios or computers'.<ref name="Graham"/>. It was in January 2010 that he was approached by [[Global Open]] the private security company whose clients included [[BAE]] and [[E.ON]].<ref name="Graham"/>
Kennedy handed in his resignation from the police in January 2010, ending work in March. He then went back to Nottingham and contacted his old friends: ‘People were worried about me. I wanted to withdraw myself in a more believable way. I didn’t tell police I was going back.’<ref name="Graham"/>He claims he then resumed his relationship with his girlfriend while he worked for [[Global Open]] as a consultant.

===Reporting to a cover officer===
The media generated a lot of speculation as to whether Mark Kennedy "went rogue" or acted without the authorisation of his superiors. His interview with the ''Daily Mail'' reveals patterns of frequent communication with his cover officer.
‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day,’ said Kennedy. ‘He was the first person I spoke to in the morning and the last person I spoke to at night. I didn’t sneeze without a superior officer knowing about it. My BlackBerry had a tracking device. My cover officer joked that he knew when I went to the loo.’ Kennedy says his cover officer would report back up a line of command who ‘were aware of everything I was doing. Every action I took had to receive something called an “authority” which covered me to infiltrate activist groups and be involved in minor crime such as trespass and criminal damage. In all the time I worked undercover I never broke the law.’<ref name="Graham"/>
'I texted and informed on a daily basis' he claims in his interview. ‘I reported everything. There were many instances of shoplifting. I was offered counterfeit money. I was offered drugs many, many times. Yes, I had a serious relationship but there was another undercover female operative there who definitely knew about it.<ref name=Graham/>
Kennedy says he would travel abroad with fellow activists, and feed information back to his British superiors to share with other nations. ‘Activism has no borders,’ he says. ‘I would never go abroad without authority from my superiors and the local police.’<ref name=Graham/>

=== The costs of intelligence gathering===
====The salary of an undercover officer====
The ''Daily Mail'' claims his £50,000 annual police salary was paid into a private account in his real name. All other payments, which he says came to £200,000 a year, went into his ‘Mark Stone’ account. <ref name=Graham/>
"I often worked as an industrial climber, which meant I had a means of showing I was “making” money, rather than the truth – which was that the [[NPOIU]] would wire it to me" explained Kennedy in his interview.
‘I was given a fake passport as Mark Stone, a driver’s licence, bank accounts, a credit card and a phone with a tracking device.’

The ''Daily Mail'' article, in Mark's words, reveals that
:Each undercover officer cost £250,000 a year in wages, overtime, cost of transport and housing. Every day I was on the job, even if I was at 'home' in bed watching telly and doing the laundry, I got five hours’ overtime. My handler got the same overtime. When I was actively involved in operations I would get the maximum, which was 14 hours of overtime on top of my eight-hour working day. They paid me for 22 hours of work which was the maximum I could claim in a 24-hour period. This could go on for weeks. My handler, or cover officer, would get the same.<ref name="Graham1">Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1349647/How-undercover-officers-squandered-millions-pounds-flash-cars-luxury-flats-14-hours-overtime-day.html#ixzz1CbTSPUOe How undercover officers squandered millions of pounds] Daily Mail, 23/01/11, accessed 20/01/11</ref>

The same article itemised controversially expensive cars and accommodation purchased by the [[NPOIU]].<ref name="Graham1"/>

====The costs of policing operations====
In the pre-emptive arrest of the 114 activist at Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a coal-fired plant owned by [[E.ON]], the police operation cost £300,000, according to ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

In 2009, revelations on amounts paid for intelligence were also disclosed after [[Strathclyde Police]] attempted to recruit spies within [[Plane Stupid]].<ref>Rob Edwards [http://www.heraldscotland.com/revealed-a-web-of-police-bids-to-infiltrate-protest-groups-1.826304 Revealed: a web of police bids to infiltrate protest groups] ''The Sunday Herald'' 25 April 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref> Through a Freedom of Information request, it was revealed that £762,459 was paid between 2004 and 2008 by [[Strathclyde Police]] force, almost doubled the annual amount it paid to informants since 2004.<ref>Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

===Intelligence gathering tactics===
====Recording device built into a Casio watch====
The Daily Mail interview also presents insights as to how intelligence was gathered and in what form.
: Kennedy used a specially modified Casio G Shock watch worth £7,000 and equipped with a microchip to record a meeting of activists prior to the planned raid on the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station in 2009. Kennedy said the meeting was recorded on a chip in the watch then the information was downloaded to a police computer. The tape was transcribed and Kennedy went through each line to note which activist was talking.<ref name="Graham1"/>

it appears this device was used to record the two meetings, with 114 other protesters, at Iona School in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant on April 12 and 13 2010. Mr Kennedy said that before these meetings he was instructed to wear a recording device, the first time he had been ordered to do so by his handlers. "The meetings were over two days and I recorded both days. The first recording didn’t record because the office had failed to charge the battery on the device".<ref name="Graham"/>

====Printed matter handed to his superiors====
From his interview it also appears he was handing hard copies of activist booklets to be "studied and copied". He states that in Berlin in 2007 "I had a meeting with one person who gave me a booklet. It was a highly prized asset. This booklet was a “how to” manual on building incendiary devices and derailing trains."<ref name="Graham1"/>. In Mark's words, "I took it home to the UK and immediately gave it to my cover officer so it could be studied and copied".<ref name="Graham1"/>

====Communicating with cover officer====
As seen in the above section ''Reporting to cover officer'', Mark Kennedy claims he "texted and informed on a daily basis". ‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day’, he states.

==Prosecution==
Controversy surrounds the trial of those charged with conspiracy to shut down the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a plan for an action in which Mark Kennedy was actively involved.
===Collapse of prosecution case===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', the Crown Prosecution Service said it was abandoning the £1 million prosecution against the environmental activists after fresh information had been made available.<ref name=Graham/> When defence barristers submitted a disclosure request asking for information about Mark Kennedy's involvement, the prosecution apparently opted to abandon the case rather than have ‘murky’ evidence about the police’s involvement heard in public, suggests the ''Daily Mail''.

===Recordings by Mark Kennedy withheld===
Mr Kennedy told the ''Daily Mail'' that the case was doomed to fail anyway because covert recordings he supplied police proved undeniably that the six men facing trial last week for conspiracy to commit aggravated trespass were innocent.
Kennedy, who subsequently flirted with providing assistance to the activists’ defence team, said there was no agreement to commit the offence and his recordings prove it. According to his interview, these recordings were made on April 12 and 13th 2010, Mr Kennedy says he attended two meetings, with 114 other protesters, in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant.<ref name=Graham/>

Mike Schwarz, the lawyer representing the activists involved, said Mr Kennedy’s evidence cast doubt on the legality of the whole police operation.<ref name=Graham/>
He said: ‘What Kennedy says now and what he confirmed to his handlers at the time casts serious doubt on the safety of the conviction of the 20 activists and the compliance of the police with their legal obligations.’<ref name=Graham/>
Mike Schwarz explains that the prosecution told the defence on Friday 7th January 2011, just before the trial was due to begin, and almost 20 months after the investigation began, that 'Previously unavailable material that significantly undermines the prosecution's case came to light on Wednesday 5 January'. The discovery of this material came at the time when the prosecution were informed that we planned to pursue disclosure of the evidence relating to PC Kennedy with the judge. Unsurprisingly, they have declined to confirm whether the new material relates to PC Kennedy. In my opinion the two are obviously connected. The timing speaks for itself.<ref name="Schwarz">Mike Schwarz [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activism-climate-change?intcmp=239 Lawyer Mike Schwarz's statement on Mark Kennedy and the Ratcliffe trial] ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>That evidence, had it been kept secret, could have led to a miscarriage of justice. Serious questions must be asked relating to the policing of protest, from the use of undercover officers, to the use of expensive and legally questionable mass pre-emptive arrest of protesters, to extremely restrictive pre-charge bail condition, to the seemingly arbitrary nature by which the 114 initially arrested were reduced to the final 26 who were eventually charged.<ref name="Schwarz"/>

''The Daily Mail'' explains that under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act of 1996, the police have a duty to make the CPS and the defence team aware of evidence they have collected. Mr Kennedy’s identity could have been protected by the judge granting a Public Interest Immunity order should the tapes have been heard in court.<ref name=Graham/>

===Investigation into convictions===
Jezz Davis, one of the jurors, in February 2011, spoke out after hearing revelations that Nottinghamshire police allegedly suppressed surveillance tapes of activists. He told ''The Guardian'' that "when called for jury service, you assume with good faith that all relevant evidence will be presented. The absence of potentially verdict-changing evidence is utterly outrageous." <ref name="Evans2"> Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/feb/14/juror-police-activists-trial Juror in activists' trial hits out at absence of police tapes] ''The Guardian'', 14/02/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
[[Keir Starmer]], the director of public prosecutions, has ordered an investigation into the safety of the convictions, while the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] is scrutinising the police's alleged failure to disclose the tapes to court.<ref name="Evans2"/>

==Infiltrating through social networks==
One means of accessing covert information was to move between groups of campaigners as a trusted activist. His skills as a climber, his van for transportation and his access to money were all useful attributes in accessing activist circles.
He took part in many major environmental protests from 2003, also infiltrating groups of anti-racists, anarchists and animal rights protesters. Using a fake passport, Kennedy visited more than 22 countries whilst being involved in campaigns, including Iceland, Spain, Denmark and Germany, reports ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

===Social networking===
The Earth First! environmental gatherings featured often in his 7 years under-cover. His first appeared within the protest movement in 2003 at UK Earth First!<ref name="Lewis"/>
So embedded in the protest community did he become that about 200 people turned up for a joint celebration of his 40th birthday, described as a "three-day bender" on a farm.<ref name="Lewis"/>More controversially, he had intimate relationships with a number of women, including a serious and involved relationship. Subsequently the [[NPOIU]] have been accused of "state-sponsored sexual abuse".

===Access to transport and money===
His ready supply of cash led to him being nicknamed ‘Flash’ by activists.
Often he provided money to pay for campaign literature, rented vans and fines imposed on activists in magistrates courts. His largesse would earn him the nickname "Flash".<ref name="Lewis"/>
He could drive 'I was one of the few people that had a van.<ref name="Malone"> Andrew Malone [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347601/My-life-run-The-police-spy-lifts-lid-years-eco-warrior.html My life on the run: The police 'spy' lifts lid on eight years as eco-warrior] ''The Daily Mail'', 17/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
Conscious of police surveillance, activists keep those who know about the logistics of a protest "action" to a small circle. For practical reasons, those in the know typically include people responsible for transport.<ref name="Lewis"/> At Climate Camp, Kennedy was trusted enough to be given the important role of organising transport needed to set up a camp near Heathrow.<ref name="Lewis"/>

===Climbing skills===
Claiming to be a professional climber, Kennedy told people he encountered in Nottingham – many of them connected to Earth First – that he often had well-paid work abroad.<ref name="Lewis"/> In Italy he offered workshops in climbing at the Animal Rights conference [[REFERENCE]]

==Exposed==
In his interview Kennedy suggests it was the legal implications of the raided action in Nottingham which blew his cover. ‘When it all kicked off, 114 people were arrested, including me. No further action was taken against most of them, but 27 people, including me, were to be charged with conspiracy offences. I kept being told by my cover officer, “Don’t worry, they are going to drop it,” but they never did.’
‘You can’t lie to a lawyer. So I couldn’t have a lawyer. I was a few days from being charged, then the case was dropped. That pretty much blew my cover.’<ref name="Graham"/>
in July – when he his girlfriend discovered his passport in the name of Mark Kennedy. ‘She told the other activists about it and they started investigating me'.<ref name="Graham"/>
Six of Kennedy's close friends confronted him in a house in Nottingham in the early hours of 21 October 2010. He confessed.<ref name="Lewis"/>

Those claims – along with his apparent remorse – were not believed by everyone present. "He is duplicitous. He was undercover for seven years. I didn't trust a word of what he was saying," said one activist.<ref name="Lewis"/>

==Controversies==
===Infiltrator or agent provocateur?===
Legal documents suggest Kennedy's activities, working for the [[NPOIU]], went beyond those of a passive spy. Did his role in organising and helping to fund protests meant he turned into an agent provocateur, ask a BBC NewsNight interview.<ref name="Wark">Kirsty Wark, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00xggg1/Newsnight_10_01_2011/ NewsNight] "BBC2" 10/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref>

Mark Kennedy's role was in one instance pivotal as to whether the action in Nottingham should be abandoned or carried-out. He was sent on a reconnaissance mission, his information was reported as crucial in deciding to continue with the action. <ref name="Lewis"/>
By multiple accounts, it seems his role was more that peripheral in certain protests. As told by The Guardian, Kennedy allowed his house to be used for planning meetings and, days before the protest was due to take place he used his fake ID to pay £778 to hire a 7.5-tonne truck to transport equipment.<ref name="Lewis"/>

[[Category:spooks]][[Category:UK Police Intelligence]][[Category:Climate Change]]

==External Resources==
*Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences], guardian.co.uk, 5 January 2011.
*Rob Evans and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists Undercover officer spied on green activists], guardian.co.uk, 9 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist], The Guardian, 10 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/10/mp-germany-mark-kennedy-activists MP in Germany says Mark Kennedy 'trespassed' in Berlin activists' lives], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activists-undercover-officer-mark-kennedy Activists walk free as undercover officer prompts collapse of case], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/environmental-activists-inquiry-undercover-officer Environmental activists demand inquiry into undercover officer's role], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jan/11/policing-protest-editorial Policing protest: When the line is crossed], The Gardian, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/undercover-officer-sexual-tactics Tricked, betrayed, violated: did police spy use sex to win activists' trust?], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/activist-undercover-officer-violated-relationship Calls for inquiry into conduct of undercover police officer], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/jan/11/undercover-activists-sexual-encounters Undercover officers: Limited rules on sexual encounters], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Ben Child, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/jan/12/undercover-eco-pc-film-activists Tale of undercover eco-warrior PC could hit the big screen], guardian.co.uk, 12 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Afua Hirsch and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/activists-kennedy-stone-police-undercover Activists challenge convictions in wake of police spy revelations], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Amelia Hill, Paul Lewis and Patrick Kingsley, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/mark-kennedy-policeman-corporate-spy Mark Kennedy: secret policeman's sideline as corporate spy], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Matthew Taylor and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/activism-protest Undercover police officer Mark Kennedy at centre of international row], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/afua-hirsch-law-blog/2011/jan/13/protest-activism Mark Kennedy and the strange case of undercover sex], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-civil-actions Mark Kennedy case: News of sexual liaisons may result in civil actions], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Matthew Taylor, Afua Hirsch and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-undercover-police-acpo Rein in undercover police units, says former DPP], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/ipcc-inquiry-collapsed-case-environmental-protesters IPCC to launch inquiry into collapsed case against environmental protesters], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Henry McDonald, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-eu-summit-protest Mark Kennedy 'took part in attack on Irish police officers at EU summit'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor and Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges], Guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Amelia Hill, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-iceland-green-movement Mark Kennedy 'played key role in forming green movement in Iceland'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/undercover-police-officer-germany-row Undercover police officer 'could be prosecuted in Germany'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Kate Anderson, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2011/jan/14/police-climate-spies-climate-movement Police climate spies can't break us], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011.

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:spooks]][[Category:UK Police Intelligence]][[Category:Climate Change]][[Category:Corporate Espionage]][[Category:Security Industry]]

Mark Kennedy

2011-02-26T13:03:41Z

Tilly Gifford: /* Exposed */

[[Mark Kennedy]] was an undercover police officer who used the name [[Mark Stone]] in his infiltrations of the climate protest movement and was known as [['Flash']] to campaigners.<ref>Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash,[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence?INTCMP=SRCH Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences] ''The Guardian'' 05/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref> His was exposed as a police officer in October 2010<ref> Indymedia UK,[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466705.html Mark Kennedy/Stone exposed as undercover cop], 24 October 2010.</ref> and in January 2011 after wide media coverage he went public with his story in a ''Mail on Sunday'' interview. <ref> Mail on Sunday, [http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid72484359001?bckey=AQ~~,AAAAAFSL1bg~,CmS1EFtcMWGovGFz9QK5QoNdeeLc1Zro&bclid=0&bctid=751486431001 Video interview with Caroline Graham], 16 January 2010. </ref> <ref> Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011. </ref>

==Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities==

Click here for a link to [[Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities]]

==Mark Kennedy's interview with the Daily Mail==
Amid all the media coverage Mark Kennedy, purportedly in hiding in the USA, chose to give an exclusive interview to the Daily Mail.<ref name=Graham> Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
His account contains interesting information about his intelligence-gathering activities over the 8 years undercover, though it has not been verified by other sources.

===Career in the MET===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', Mark Kennedy was recruited in 2002 by the Met’s [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]]. He left school at 16, worked as a court usher and joined the City of London Police in 1990, aged 21. In the early Nineties he was a uniformed member of the ‘Ring of Steel’ around the City of London. He transferred to the [[Metropolitan Police]] and in 1996 was recruited to his first undercover course on street-level drug dealing.
‘I was a natural at undercover work and I loved it,’ says Mark Kennedy in his interview. ‘Drug work was black and white. You identify the bad guys, record and film the evidence, present it in court and take them down. I did that for four years and loved it.’ in 2000, he was approached by the Animal Rights National Index, a unit which became the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]] (NPOIU), a shadowy body that runs a nationwide intelligence database of political activists.<ref name=Graham/>
In early 2003 – that he was selected as a candidate for a classified operation, ''The Guardian'' tells us. In the summer of 2003 he was issued with a driving licence and passport bearing his new identity – Mark Stone – and a plausible backstory that explained his long absences.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

In September 2009, he was apparently informed via text message that his activities were over and that he had 3 weeks to return his [[Mark Stone]] papers.
‘I had an interview with the Met’s personnel department in December 2009 and was told I wasn’t qualified. I was in there less than 20 minutes. I came out hugely depressed. I’d done 20 years’ service and they were basically telling me I was only qualified to drive a panda car. So long undercover had left me totally inequipped to go back into mainstream policing. I couldn’t even use the radios or computers'.<ref name="Graham"/>. It was in January 2010 that he was approached by [[Global Open]] the private security company whose clients included [[BAE]] and [[E.ON]].<ref name="Graham"/>
Kennedy handed in his resignation from the police in January 2010, ending work in March. He then went back to Nottingham and contacted his old friends: ‘People were worried about me. I wanted to withdraw myself in a more believable way. I didn’t tell police I was going back.’<ref name="Graham"/>He claims he then resumed his relationship with his girlfriend while he worked for [[Global Open]] as a consultant.

===Reporting to a cover officer===
The media generated a lot of speculation as to whether Mark Kennedy "went rogue" or acted without the authorisation of his superiors. His interview with the ''Daily Mail'' reveals patterns of frequent communication with his cover officer.
‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day,’ said Kennedy. ‘He was the first person I spoke to in the morning and the last person I spoke to at night. I didn’t sneeze without a superior officer knowing about it. My BlackBerry had a tracking device. My cover officer joked that he knew when I went to the loo.’ Kennedy says his cover officer would report back up a line of command who ‘were aware of everything I was doing. Every action I took had to receive something called an “authority” which covered me to infiltrate activist groups and be involved in minor crime such as trespass and criminal damage. In all the time I worked undercover I never broke the law.’<ref name="Graham"/>
'I texted and informed on a daily basis' he claims in his interview. ‘I reported everything. There were many instances of shoplifting. I was offered counterfeit money. I was offered drugs many, many times. Yes, I had a serious relationship but there was another undercover female operative there who definitely knew about it.<ref name=Graham/>
Kennedy says he would travel abroad with fellow activists, and feed information back to his British superiors to share with other nations. ‘Activism has no borders,’ he says. ‘I would never go abroad without authority from my superiors and the local police.’<ref name=Graham/>

=== The costs of intelligence gathering===
====The salary of an undercover officer====
The ''Daily Mail'' claims his £50,000 annual police salary was paid into a private account in his real name. All other payments, which he says came to £200,000 a year, went into his ‘Mark Stone’ account. <ref name=Graham/>
"I often worked as an industrial climber, which meant I had a means of showing I was “making” money, rather than the truth – which was that the [[NPOIU]] would wire it to me" explained Kennedy in his interview.
‘I was given a fake passport as Mark Stone, a driver’s licence, bank accounts, a credit card and a phone with a tracking device.’

The ''Daily Mail'' article, in Mark's words, reveals that
:Each undercover officer cost £250,000 a year in wages, overtime, cost of transport and housing. Every day I was on the job, even if I was at 'home' in bed watching telly and doing the laundry, I got five hours’ overtime. My handler got the same overtime. When I was actively involved in operations I would get the maximum, which was 14 hours of overtime on top of my eight-hour working day. They paid me for 22 hours of work which was the maximum I could claim in a 24-hour period. This could go on for weeks. My handler, or cover officer, would get the same.<ref name="Graham1">Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1349647/How-undercover-officers-squandered-millions-pounds-flash-cars-luxury-flats-14-hours-overtime-day.html#ixzz1CbTSPUOe How undercover officers squandered millions of pounds] Daily Mail, 23/01/11, accessed 20/01/11</ref>

The same article itemised controversially expensive cars and accommodation purchased by the [[NPOIU]].<ref name="Graham1"/>

====The costs of policing operations====
In the pre-emptive arrest of the 114 activist at Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a coal-fired plant owned by [[E.ON]], the police operation cost £300,000, according to ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

In 2009, revelations on amounts paid for intelligence were also disclosed after [[Strathclyde Police]] attempted to recruit spies within [[Plane Stupid]].<ref>Rob Edwards [http://www.heraldscotland.com/revealed-a-web-of-police-bids-to-infiltrate-protest-groups-1.826304 Revealed: a web of police bids to infiltrate protest groups] ''The Sunday Herald'' 25 April 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref> Through a Freedom of Information request, it was revealed that £762,459 was paid between 2004 and 2008 by [[Strathclyde Police]] force, almost doubled the annual amount it paid to informants since 2004.<ref>Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

===Intelligence gathering tactics===
====Recording device built into a Casio watch====
The Daily Mail interview also presents insights as to how intelligence was gathered and in what form.
: Kennedy used a specially modified Casio G Shock watch worth £7,000 and equipped with a microchip to record a meeting of activists prior to the planned raid on the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station in 2009. Kennedy said the meeting was recorded on a chip in the watch then the information was downloaded to a police computer. The tape was transcribed and Kennedy went through each line to note which activist was talking.<ref name="Graham1"/>

it appears this device was used to record the two meetings, with 114 other protesters, at Iona School in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant on April 12 and 13 2010. Mr Kennedy said that before these meetings he was instructed to wear a recording device, the first time he had been ordered to do so by his handlers. "The meetings were over two days and I recorded both days. The first recording didn’t record because the office had failed to charge the battery on the device".<ref name="Graham"/>

====Printed matter handed to his superiors====
From his interview it also appears he was handing hard copies of activist booklets to be "studied and copied". He states that in Berlin in 2007 "I had a meeting with one person who gave me a booklet. It was a highly prized asset. This booklet was a “how to” manual on building incendiary devices and derailing trains."<ref name="Graham1"/>. In Mark's words, "I took it home to the UK and immediately gave it to my cover officer so it could be studied and copied".<ref name="Graham1"/>

====Communicating with cover officer====
As seen in the above section ''Reporting to cover officer'', Mark Kennedy claims he "texted and informed on a daily basis". ‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day’, he states.

==Prosecution==
Controversy surrounds the trial of those charged with conspiracy to shut down the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a plan for an action in which Mark Kennedy was actively involved.
===Collapse of prosecution case===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', the Crown Prosecution Service said it was abandoning the £1 million prosecution against the environmental activists after fresh information had been made available.<ref name=Graham/> When defence barristers submitted a disclosure request asking for information about Mark Kennedy's involvement, the prosecution apparently opted to abandon the case rather than have ‘murky’ evidence about the police’s involvement heard in public, suggests the ''Daily Mail''.

===Recordings by Mark Kennedy withheld===
Mr Kennedy told the ''Daily Mail'' that the case was doomed to fail anyway because covert recordings he supplied police proved undeniably that the six men facing trial last week for conspiracy to commit aggravated trespass were innocent.
Kennedy, who subsequently flirted with providing assistance to the activists’ defence team, said there was no agreement to commit the offence and his recordings prove it. According to his interview, these recordings were made on April 12 and 13th 2010, Mr Kennedy says he attended two meetings, with 114 other protesters, in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant.<ref name=Graham/>

Mike Schwarz, the lawyer representing the activists involved, said Mr Kennedy’s evidence cast doubt on the legality of the whole police operation.<ref name=Graham/>
He said: ‘What Kennedy says now and what he confirmed to his handlers at the time casts serious doubt on the safety of the conviction of the 20 activists and the compliance of the police with their legal obligations.’<ref name=Graham/>
Mike Schwarz explains that the prosecution told the defence on Friday 7th January 2011, just before the trial was due to begin, and almost 20 months after the investigation began, that 'Previously unavailable material that significantly undermines the prosecution's case came to light on Wednesday 5 January'. The discovery of this material came at the time when the prosecution were informed that we planned to pursue disclosure of the evidence relating to PC Kennedy with the judge. Unsurprisingly, they have declined to confirm whether the new material relates to PC Kennedy. In my opinion the two are obviously connected. The timing speaks for itself.<ref name="Schwarz">Mike Schwarz [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activism-climate-change?intcmp=239 Lawyer Mike Schwarz's statement on Mark Kennedy and the Ratcliffe trial] ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>That evidence, had it been kept secret, could have led to a miscarriage of justice. Serious questions must be asked relating to the policing of protest, from the use of undercover officers, to the use of expensive and legally questionable mass pre-emptive arrest of protesters, to extremely restrictive pre-charge bail condition, to the seemingly arbitrary nature by which the 114 initially arrested were reduced to the final 26 who were eventually charged.<ref name="Schwarz"/>

''The Daily Mail'' explains that under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act of 1996, the police have a duty to make the CPS and the defence team aware of evidence they have collected. Mr Kennedy’s identity could have been protected by the judge granting a Public Interest Immunity order should the tapes have been heard in court.<ref name=Graham/>

===Investigation into convictions===
Jezz Davis, one of the jurors, in February 2011, spoke out after hearing revelations that Nottinghamshire police allegedly suppressed surveillance tapes of activists. He told ''The Guardian'' that "when called for jury service, you assume with good faith that all relevant evidence will be presented. The absence of potentially verdict-changing evidence is utterly outrageous." <ref name="Evans2"> Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/feb/14/juror-police-activists-trial Juror in activists' trial hits out at absence of police tapes] ''The Guardian'', 14/02/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
[[Keir Starmer]], the director of public prosecutions, has ordered an investigation into the safety of the convictions, while the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] is scrutinising the police's alleged failure to disclose the tapes to court.<ref name="Evans2"/>

==Infiltrating through social networks==
One means of accessing covert information was to move between groups of campaigners as a trusted activist. His skills as a climber, his van for transportation and his access to money were all useful attributes in accessing activist circles.
He took part in many major environmental protests from 2003, also infiltrating groups of anti-racists, anarchists and animal rights protesters. Using a fake passport, Kennedy visited more than 22 countries whilst being involved in campaigns, including Iceland, Spain, Denmark and Germany, reports ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

===Social networking===
The Earth First! environmental gatherings featured often in his 7 years under-cover. His first appeared within the protest movement in 2003 at UK Earth First!<ref name="Lewis"/>
So embedded in the protest community did he become that about 200 people turned up for a joint celebration of his 40th birthday, described as a "three-day bender" on a farm.<ref name="Lewis"/>More controversially, he had intimate relationships with a number of women, including a serious and involved relationship. Subsequently the [[NPOIU]] have been accused of "state-sponsored sexual abuse".

===Access to transport and money===
His ready supply of cash led to him being nicknamed ‘Flash’ by activists.
Often he provided money to pay for campaign literature, rented vans and fines imposed on activists in magistrates courts. His largesse would earn him the nickname "Flash".<ref name="Lewis"/>
He could drive 'I was one of the few people that had a van.<ref name="Malone"> Andrew Malone [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347601/My-life-run-The-police-spy-lifts-lid-years-eco-warrior.html My life on the run: The police 'spy' lifts lid on eight years as eco-warrior] ''The Daily Mail'', 17/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
Conscious of police surveillance, activists keep those who know about the logistics of a protest "action" to a small circle. For practical reasons, those in the know typically include people responsible for transport.<ref name="Lewis"/> At Climate Camp, Kennedy was trusted enough to be given the important role of organising transport needed to set up a camp near Heathrow.<ref name="Lewis"/>

===Climbing skills===
Claiming to be a professional climber, Kennedy told people he encountered in Nottingham – many of them connected to Earth First – that he often had well-paid work abroad.<ref name="Lewis"/> In Italy he offered workshops in climbing at the Animal Rights conference [[REFERENCE]]

==Exposed==
In his interview Kennedy suggests it was the legal implications of the raided action in Nottingham which blew his cover. ‘When it all kicked off, 114 people were arrested, including me. No further action was taken against most of them, but 27 people, including me, were to be charged with conspiracy offences. I kept being told by my cover officer, “Don’t worry, they are going to drop it,” but they never did.’
‘You can’t lie to a lawyer. So I couldn’t have a lawyer. I was a few days from being charged, then the case was dropped. That pretty much blew my cover.’<ref name="Graham">
in July – when he his girlfriend discovered his passport in the name of Mark Kennedy. ‘She told the other activists about it and they started investigating me'.<ref name="Graham">
Six of Kennedy's close friends confronted him in a house in Nottingham in the early hours of 21 October 2010. He confessed.<ref name="Lewis"/>

Those claims – along with his apparent remorse – were not believed by everyone present. "He is duplicitous. He was undercover for seven years. I didn't trust a word of what he was saying," said one activist.<ref name="Lewis"/>

==Controversies==
===Infiltrator or agent provocateur?===
Legal documents suggest Kennedy's activities, working for the [[NPOIU]], went beyond those of a passive spy. Did his role in organising and helping to fund protests meant he turned into an agent provocateur, ask a BBC NewsNight interview.<ref name="Wark">Kirsty Wark, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00xggg1/Newsnight_10_01_2011/ NewsNight] "BBC2" 10/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref>

Mark Kennedy's role was in one instance pivotal as to whether the action in Nottingham should be abandoned or carried-out. He was sent on a reconnaissance mission, his information was reported as crucial in deciding to continue with the action. <ref name="Lewis"/>
By multiple accounts, it seems his role was more that peripheral in certain protests. As told by The Guardian, Kennedy allowed his house to be used for planning meetings and, days before the protest was due to take place he used his fake ID to pay £778 to hire a 7.5-tonne truck to transport equipment.<ref name="Lewis"/>

[[Category:spooks]][[Category:UK Police Intelligence]][[Category:Climate Change]]

==External Resources==
*Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences], guardian.co.uk, 5 January 2011.
*Rob Evans and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists Undercover officer spied on green activists], guardian.co.uk, 9 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist], The Guardian, 10 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/10/mp-germany-mark-kennedy-activists MP in Germany says Mark Kennedy 'trespassed' in Berlin activists' lives], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activists-undercover-officer-mark-kennedy Activists walk free as undercover officer prompts collapse of case], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/environmental-activists-inquiry-undercover-officer Environmental activists demand inquiry into undercover officer's role], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jan/11/policing-protest-editorial Policing protest: When the line is crossed], The Gardian, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/undercover-officer-sexual-tactics Tricked, betrayed, violated: did police spy use sex to win activists' trust?], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/activist-undercover-officer-violated-relationship Calls for inquiry into conduct of undercover police officer], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/jan/11/undercover-activists-sexual-encounters Undercover officers: Limited rules on sexual encounters], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Ben Child, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/jan/12/undercover-eco-pc-film-activists Tale of undercover eco-warrior PC could hit the big screen], guardian.co.uk, 12 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Afua Hirsch and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/activists-kennedy-stone-police-undercover Activists challenge convictions in wake of police spy revelations], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Amelia Hill, Paul Lewis and Patrick Kingsley, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/mark-kennedy-policeman-corporate-spy Mark Kennedy: secret policeman's sideline as corporate spy], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Matthew Taylor and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/activism-protest Undercover police officer Mark Kennedy at centre of international row], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/afua-hirsch-law-blog/2011/jan/13/protest-activism Mark Kennedy and the strange case of undercover sex], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-civil-actions Mark Kennedy case: News of sexual liaisons may result in civil actions], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Matthew Taylor, Afua Hirsch and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-undercover-police-acpo Rein in undercover police units, says former DPP], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/ipcc-inquiry-collapsed-case-environmental-protesters IPCC to launch inquiry into collapsed case against environmental protesters], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Henry McDonald, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-eu-summit-protest Mark Kennedy 'took part in attack on Irish police officers at EU summit'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor and Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges], Guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Amelia Hill, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-iceland-green-movement Mark Kennedy 'played key role in forming green movement in Iceland'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/undercover-police-officer-germany-row Undercover police officer 'could be prosecuted in Germany'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Kate Anderson, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2011/jan/14/police-climate-spies-climate-movement Police climate spies can't break us], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011.

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:spooks]][[Category:UK Police Intelligence]][[Category:Climate Change]][[Category:Corporate Espionage]][[Category:Security Industry]]