Powerbase - User contributions [en]

Roger Bate

2011-02-15T11:33:38Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

'''Roger Bate''' is an economist who in 1993 founded the Environment Unit of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a London-based free-market think tank. He later became the co-director with [[Julian Morris]] of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme and as of 2009 is still a senior fellow of the IEA.

He is a fellow of the [[Julian Morris]]-directed [[International Policy Network]] whose Washington address is that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]], where Bate is an adjunct fellow.

Bate is also the former executive director of the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF) which he co-founded in 1994.

Roger Bate is a fellow at the [[American Enterprise Institute]] (AEI), a very influential right-wing US think tank which promotes denialist positions on climate change, and was head of the environmental unit of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]](IEA) until 2000. He also sits on the advisory board of US [[CFACT]], the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow<ref>[http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=25 FACTSHEET: CFACT - COMMITTEE FOR A CONSTRUCTIVE TOMORROW, CFACT] exxonsecrets.org, Accessed 15 February 2011</ref>, a free-market group focused on environment and consumer issues which has received over $500,000 from ExxonMobil since 1998.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
==Bogus claims on organics==

Bate is the co-author, with [[Julian Morris]], of ''Fearing Food: Risk, Health and Environment''. The IEA website comments: 'In the latest ESEF book, ''Fearing Food'', new agricultural and food technologies, including genetic engineering, are shown to be generally beneficial both to health and to the environment.' Contributors to the book include [[Michael Wilson]], [[John Hillman]] and [[Dennis Avery]].

Bate and Morris drew on Avery's bogus E. coli claims in a publicity stunt to launch their book. This involved telling people that:

:according to the United States Centers for Disease Control, people who eat the products of...[organic agriculture] are eight times more likely to contract the strain of E-coli that killed 21 people in Lanarkshire in 1997<ref>"[http://www.junkscience.com/aug99/foodsurv.htm Unsavoury facts about organic food: Acid test]", ''The Daily Telegraph'', August 16, 1999).</ref>.

In a related press release, published via the IEA, "Londoners demand regulation of potentially deadly organic food", Bate and Morris wrote:

:organic food may well present a danger to children, the elderly and the sick... such people should be discouraged from eating so-called 'organic' or 'natural' foods.<ref>"Londoners demand regulation of potentially deadly organic food", press release, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1999.</ref>

In fact, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has never made any such claim. In response to the furore that followed Bate and Morris's slur on organics, CDC issued the following statement:

:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention…has not conducted any study that compares or quantitates the specific risk for infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and eating either conventionally grown or organic/natural foods. CDC recommends that growers practice safe and hygienic methods for producing food products, and that consumers, likewise, practice food safety within their homes (e.g., thoroughly washing fruits and vegetables).<ref>Cited in "[http://www.ota.com/organic/foodsafety/ecoli.html E. coli facts]", Organic Trade Association website, accessed January 2009.</ref>

==European Science and Environment Forum and Big Tobacco==

Bate directed and presented the BBC2 ''Counterblast'' programme, "Organic Food: The Modern Myth" (BBC2, 31 Jan 2000), in his role as director of the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF).

In its mission statement on its original website, the ESEF described itself as "a non-partisan group of scientists"<ref>This version of the web page had expired from web archives as of January 2009.</ref> The only extant web archived version of the website has the modified wording, "The European Science and Environment Forum is an independent, non-profit-making alliance of scientists whose aim is to ensure that environmental debates are properly aired, and that decisions which are taken, and action that is proposed, are founded on sound scientific principles."

Significantly, ESEF's archived website claims, "To maintain its independence and impartiality, the ESEF does not accept outside funding from whatever source, the only income it receives is from the sale of its publications."<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/19971224164327/esef.org/mission.htm Mission Statement]", archived version of ESEF website, accessed January 2009</ref>

However, a paper published in ''The Lancet'' by Elisa K Ong and Stanton A Glantz entitled, "Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer’s second-hand smoke study", suggests that the ESEF was established as a front group by the tobacco giant [[Philip Morris]] ("PM") and that funding was sought for this purpose by Roger Bate:

:From 1993 to 1994, PM and public relations firm APCO Associates worked to launch The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), a “grassroots” organisation advocating “sound science” in policy decision making. PM wanted a similar organisation in Europe at the end of 1994, with potentially sympathetic European scientists to a conference hosted by TASSC. However, Burson-Marsteller research indicated that potential European members wanted independence from any corporate sponsors; two people specifically mentioned PM as typical of questionable corporate sponsors. It appears that the outcome was the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF), established in 1996,44 whose executive director sought funding from the tobacco companies.<ref>Elisa K Ong and Stanton A Glantz, "[www.tobaccoscam.ucsf.edu/pdf/5.1.2b-Ong&GlantzIARC.pdf Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer’s second-hand smoke study]", ''The Lancet'', Vol. 355, April 8, 2000, p. 1256.</ref>

Note that this passage from ''The Lancet'' does not establish a definitive money trail from Philip Morris to ESEF. But Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber have no doubt that ESEF was acting under instructions from Big Tobacco. In their article, "How Big Tobacco Helped Create 'the Junkman'", Rampton and Stauber state:
:as Big Tobacco's European front organization, ESEF's task was to smuggle tobacco advocacy into a larger bundle of "sound science" issues, including "restrictions on the use of biotechnology".<ref>Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, "[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/junkman.html How Big Tobacco Helped Create 'the Junkman'"], PR Watch, Third Quarter, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3, accessed January 2009</ref>.

A direct connection between the tobacco industry and ESEF was also drawn in a ''Prospect'' article by John Quiggin and Tim Lambert. Quiggin and Lambert stated:
:Tobacco companies created a European version of TASSC, the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF), led by Roger Bate, another tobacco lobbyist.<ref>John Quiggin and Tim Lambert, "[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10175 Rehabilitating Carson: Why do some people continue to hold Rachel Carson responsible for millions of malaria deaths?]", ''Prospect'' magazine, No. 146, May 2008</ref>

Bate wrote a letter to ''Prospect'' claiming that the ESEF had no connection with the tobacco industry. Specifically, he stated, "the tobacco industry never established the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF). That allegation was addressed in ''The Lancet'' in 2000."<ref>Roger Bate, "[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10176 Contra John Quiggin and Tim Lambert, DDT is usually the most cost-effective anti-malaria treatment, and remains scandalously underused]", ''Prospect'' magazine, No. 146, May 2008</ref>

But Andrew Leonard, in an article for Salon.com, pointed out that:
:how ''The Lancet'' dealt with the "allegation" that ESEF was a tobacco industry front turns out to be nothing more than a letter to ''The Lancet'' written by ESEF's medical demographer, Lorraine Mooney, asserting that "ESEF was formed in 1994 in response to the debate on climate change" and that "No funding is tied to specific projects and ESEF and its members always have full editorial control".<ref>Andrew Leonard, "[http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2008/06/05/tobacco_and_junk_science_part_3/print.html Following the junk science money trail: One last installment in the saga of Big Tobacco and the war on science]", Salon.com, 5 June 2008.</ref>

''The Lancet'', understandably, published no retraction or correction of its original story.<ref>Andrew Leonard, "[http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2008/06/05/tobacco_and_junk_science_part_3/print.html Following the junk science money trail: One last installment in the saga of Big Tobacco and the war on science]", Salon.com, 5 June 2008.</ref>

Shortly after the Philip Morris revelations, in 2001 Bate suddenly resigned as director of ESEF and its website at www.esef.org was taken down.

Bate contributed a number of articles to the magazine [[Living Marxism]]. Both the International Policy Network and ESEF cooperate regularly with members of the Living Marxism network.

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:GM|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Industry-Friendly Experts|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Pro-GM Lobbyists|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Biotechnology|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Corporate Science (GM)|Bate, Roger]]
[[Category:Think Tanker|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|Bate, Roger]]I

Roger Bate

2011-02-15T11:16:43Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

'''Roger Bate''' is an economist who in 1993 founded the Environment Unit of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a London-based free-market think tank. He later became the co-director with [[Julian Morris]] of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme and as of 2009 is still a senior fellow of the IEA.

He is a fellow of the [[Julian Morris]]-directed [[International Policy Network]] whose Washington address is that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]], where Bate is an adjunct fellow.

Bate is also the former executive director of the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF) which he co-founded in 1994.

==Bogus claims on organics==

Bate is the co-author, with [[Julian Morris]], of ''Fearing Food: Risk, Health and Environment''. The IEA website comments: 'In the latest ESEF book, ''Fearing Food'', new agricultural and food technologies, including genetic engineering, are shown to be generally beneficial both to health and to the environment.' Contributors to the book include [[Michael Wilson]], [[John Hillman]] and [[Dennis Avery]].

Bate and Morris drew on Avery's bogus E. coli claims in a publicity stunt to launch their book. This involved telling people that:

:according to the United States Centers for Disease Control, people who eat the products of...[organic agriculture] are eight times more likely to contract the strain of E-coli that killed 21 people in Lanarkshire in 1997<ref>"[http://www.junkscience.com/aug99/foodsurv.htm Unsavoury facts about organic food: Acid test]", ''The Daily Telegraph'', August 16, 1999).</ref>.

In a related press release, published via the IEA, "Londoners demand regulation of potentially deadly organic food", Bate and Morris wrote:

:organic food may well present a danger to children, the elderly and the sick... such people should be discouraged from eating so-called 'organic' or 'natural' foods.<ref>"Londoners demand regulation of potentially deadly organic food", press release, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1999.</ref>

In fact, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has never made any such claim. In response to the furore that followed Bate and Morris's slur on organics, CDC issued the following statement:

:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention…has not conducted any study that compares or quantitates the specific risk for infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and eating either conventionally grown or organic/natural foods. CDC recommends that growers practice safe and hygienic methods for producing food products, and that consumers, likewise, practice food safety within their homes (e.g., thoroughly washing fruits and vegetables).<ref>Cited in "[http://www.ota.com/organic/foodsafety/ecoli.html E. coli facts]", Organic Trade Association website, accessed January 2009.</ref>

==European Science and Environment Forum and Big Tobacco==

Bate directed and presented the BBC2 ''Counterblast'' programme, "Organic Food: The Modern Myth" (BBC2, 31 Jan 2000), in his role as director of the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF).

In its mission statement on its original website, the ESEF described itself as "a non-partisan group of scientists"<ref>This version of the web page had expired from web archives as of January 2009.</ref> The only extant web archived version of the website has the modified wording, "The European Science and Environment Forum is an independent, non-profit-making alliance of scientists whose aim is to ensure that environmental debates are properly aired, and that decisions which are taken, and action that is proposed, are founded on sound scientific principles."

Significantly, ESEF's archived website claims, "To maintain its independence and impartiality, the ESEF does not accept outside funding from whatever source, the only income it receives is from the sale of its publications."<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/19971224164327/esef.org/mission.htm Mission Statement]", archived version of ESEF website, accessed January 2009</ref>

However, a paper published in ''The Lancet'' by Elisa K Ong and Stanton A Glantz entitled, "Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer’s second-hand smoke study", suggests that the ESEF was established as a front group by the tobacco giant [[Philip Morris]] ("PM") and that funding was sought for this purpose by Roger Bate:

:From 1993 to 1994, PM and public relations firm APCO Associates worked to launch The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), a “grassroots” organisation advocating “sound science” in policy decision making. PM wanted a similar organisation in Europe at the end of 1994, with potentially sympathetic European scientists to a conference hosted by TASSC. However, Burson-Marsteller research indicated that potential European members wanted independence from any corporate sponsors; two people specifically mentioned PM as typical of questionable corporate sponsors. It appears that the outcome was the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF), established in 1996,44 whose executive director sought funding from the tobacco companies.<ref>Elisa K Ong and Stanton A Glantz, "[www.tobaccoscam.ucsf.edu/pdf/5.1.2b-Ong&GlantzIARC.pdf Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer’s second-hand smoke study]", ''The Lancet'', Vol. 355, April 8, 2000, p. 1256.</ref>

Note that this passage from ''The Lancet'' does not establish a definitive money trail from Philip Morris to ESEF. But Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber have no doubt that ESEF was acting under instructions from Big Tobacco. In their article, "How Big Tobacco Helped Create 'the Junkman'", Rampton and Stauber state:
:as Big Tobacco's European front organization, ESEF's task was to smuggle tobacco advocacy into a larger bundle of "sound science" issues, including "restrictions on the use of biotechnology".<ref>Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, "[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/junkman.html How Big Tobacco Helped Create 'the Junkman'"], PR Watch, Third Quarter, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3, accessed January 2009</ref>.

A direct connection between the tobacco industry and ESEF was also drawn in a ''Prospect'' article by John Quiggin and Tim Lambert. Quiggin and Lambert stated:
:Tobacco companies created a European version of TASSC, the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF), led by Roger Bate, another tobacco lobbyist.<ref>John Quiggin and Tim Lambert, "[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10175 Rehabilitating Carson: Why do some people continue to hold Rachel Carson responsible for millions of malaria deaths?]", ''Prospect'' magazine, No. 146, May 2008</ref>

Bate wrote a letter to ''Prospect'' claiming that the ESEF had no connection with the tobacco industry. Specifically, he stated, "the tobacco industry never established the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF). That allegation was addressed in ''The Lancet'' in 2000."<ref>Roger Bate, "[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10176 Contra John Quiggin and Tim Lambert, DDT is usually the most cost-effective anti-malaria treatment, and remains scandalously underused]", ''Prospect'' magazine, No. 146, May 2008</ref>

But Andrew Leonard, in an article for Salon.com, pointed out that:
:how ''The Lancet'' dealt with the "allegation" that ESEF was a tobacco industry front turns out to be nothing more than a letter to ''The Lancet'' written by ESEF's medical demographer, Lorraine Mooney, asserting that "ESEF was formed in 1994 in response to the debate on climate change" and that "No funding is tied to specific projects and ESEF and its members always have full editorial control".<ref>Andrew Leonard, "[http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2008/06/05/tobacco_and_junk_science_part_3/print.html Following the junk science money trail: One last installment in the saga of Big Tobacco and the war on science]", Salon.com, 5 June 2008.</ref>

''The Lancet'', understandably, published no retraction or correction of its original story.<ref>Andrew Leonard, "[http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2008/06/05/tobacco_and_junk_science_part_3/print.html Following the junk science money trail: One last installment in the saga of Big Tobacco and the war on science]", Salon.com, 5 June 2008.</ref>

Shortly after the Philip Morris revelations, in 2001 Bate suddenly resigned as director of ESEF and its website at www.esef.org was taken down.

Bate contributed a number of articles to the magazine [[Living Marxism]]. Both the International Policy Network and ESEF cooperate regularly with members of the Living Marxism network.

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:GM|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Industry-Friendly Experts|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Pro-GM Lobbyists|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Biotechnology|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Corporate Science (GM)|Bate, Roger]]
[[Category:Think Tanker|Bate, Roger]][[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|Bate, Roger]]I

International Policy Network

2011-02-15T10:46:17Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). [[Roger Bate]] who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international co-directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Bate co-directed IPN until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>

In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for climate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4, accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

When questioned by news agency IPS in 2010, [[Julian Morris]] claimed IPN had not received money from corporations or other organisations directly involved in the fossil fuel industry for the previous three years. According to Sourcewatch in 2003 and 2004 about 85 per cent of IPN's funding was from corporations.<ref> Sourcewatch, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Policy_Network#endnote_ipnAccounts2004 IPN], Sourcewatch.org, accessed 11 February 2011.</ref> According to Morris, IPN‘s annual income is around 1.4 million dollars.
IPN‘s links with the Atlas Foundation and the Koch web are also clear from its board. Members include [[John Blundell]] and [[Linda Whetstone]], the daughter of founder [[Anthony Whetstone]] is Chairman of the [[International Policy Network]], sits also in the board of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] and the [[Mont Pelerin Society]], an international network of neoliberal intellectuals. [[Bridgett Wagner]], head of the IPN US branch is also at the [[Heritage Foundation]], a neoconservative US think tank very active on climate policy, which is funded by [[ExxonMobil]].<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.5,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|International Policy Network]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-15T10:45:38Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). [[Roger Bate] who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international co-directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Bate co-directed IPN until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>

In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for climate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4, accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

When questioned by news agency IPS in 2010, [[Julian Morris]] claimed IPN had not received money from corporations or other organisations directly involved in the fossil fuel industry for the previous three years. According to Sourcewatch in 2003 and 2004 about 85 per cent of IPN's funding was from corporations.<ref> Sourcewatch, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Policy_Network#endnote_ipnAccounts2004 IPN], Sourcewatch.org, accessed 11 February 2011.</ref> According to Morris, IPN‘s annual income is around 1.4 million dollars.
IPN‘s links with the Atlas Foundation and the Koch web are also clear from its board. Members include [[John Blundell]] and [[Linda Whetstone]], the daughter of founder [[Anthony Whetstone]] is Chairman of the [[International Policy Network]], sits also in the board of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] and the [[Mont Pelerin Society]], an international network of neoliberal intellectuals. [[Bridgett Wagner]], head of the IPN US branch is also at the [[Heritage Foundation]], a neoconservative US think tank very active on climate policy, which is funded by [[ExxonMobil]].<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.5,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|International Policy Network]]

Global Warming Policy Foundation

2011-02-14T11:05:07Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Funding */

The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) was launched by [[Nigel Lawson]] on November 23rd 2009 in the House of Lords. The Foundation is an all-party and non-party think tank and a registered educational charity. The GWPF website states that:

:Our main purpose is to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.

:The GWPF's primary purpose is to help restore balance and trust in the climate debate that is frequently distorted by prejudice and exaggeration.

:Our main focus is to analyse global warming policies and its economic and other implications. Our aim is to provide the most robust and reliable economic analysis and advice.<ref>Global Warming Policy Foundation website "[http://www.thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html]", accessed 10th February 2010</ref>

==Background==
At the launch of the GWPF Nigel Lawson told his audience that following the release of his book ''An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming'' he received great encouragement and support, in particular from scientists and engineers with experience in the field. He was urged to continue with his work and this led to him founding the think tank, which can do more than he could alone.<ref>GWPF website "[http://www.thegwpf.org/news/136-launched-today.html]", accessed 10th February 2010</ref>
A report by the COE in december 2010 found that:
:The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant. Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
==Funding==
The GWPF website states that the foundation is "funded entirely by voluntary donations from a number of private individuals and charitable trusts. In order to make clear its complete independence, it does not accept gifts from either energy companies or anyone with a significant interest in an energy company." <ref> The Global Warming Policy Foundation website, "[http://www.thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html]" accessed 10th February 2010</ref>

Dr Benny Peiser, director, in an interview with ''The Guardian'' declined to give further detail on funding or funders due to the privacy of donors:

"They are all highly respected donors. But that's not our decision," he said, adding that he would need their permission to make them public. He said people could have confidence in the independence of the GWPF because donors are approved by the charity's board of trustees." <ref>James Randerson, "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/04/climate-sceptics-public-opinion Climate sceptics: are they gaining any credence?]" The Guardian, 4th December 2009, accessed 10th February 2010</ref>

In 2010, the Corporate Europe Observatory(CEO)produced a report aimed entitled Concealing their Sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers?. The GWPF was one of 8 Think tanks invited to disclose their funding sources in the aid of transparency; an offer which they did not respond to.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.2, Accessed 14 February 2011</ref> When the COE asked GWPF‘s director, well-known sceptic [[Benny Peiser]] about funding for climate activities, he replied that ―the GWPF '''is not a lobbying organisation''' and we do not lobby or campaign on any issues. For that reason, the [[European Transparency Initiative]] (ETI) is irrelevant to us. Asked to reconsider this response Peiser chose not to reply to any further emails or phone calls. Not only are think tanks meant to be included in the lobby transparency register but GWPF‘s activities are aimed at influencing decision makers and public opinion.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 14 February 2011</ref>

==People==
*Director: Dr [[Benny Peiser]], senior lecturer in the School of Sport and Exercise Science at [[Liverpool John Moores University]] and a Visiting Fellow at the [[University of Buckingham]]. He is the editor of [[CCNet]]<ref>CCNet [http://www.staff.livjm.ac.uk/spsbpeis/CCNet-homepage.htm Homepage], accessed 12th February 2010</ref>, co-editor of [[Energy and Environment]]<ref>Energy and Environment website [http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ee.htm Home Page]</ref>, an advisor to The [[Lifeboat Foundation]]<ref>Lifeboat Foundation website [http://lifeboat.com/ex/main]</ref>, a fellow of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]<ref>Royal Astronomical Society website [http://www.ras.org.uk/]</ref> and a member of [[Spaceguard UK]]<ref>Spaceguard UK website[http://www.spaceguarduk.com/]</ref>

==Board of Trustees==
[[Joel Barnett]]
[[Peter Forster]]
[[Bernard Donoughue]]
[[Robert Fellowes]]
[[Martin Jacomb]]
[[Nigel Lawson]] (Chairman)
[[Henri Lepage]]
[[Emma Nicholson]]
[[Andrew Turnbull]]

==Academic Advisory Council==
[[Samuel Brittan]]
[[Ian Byatt]]
[[Freeman Dyson]]
[[Christian Gerondeau]]
[[David Henderson]]
[[Terence Kealey]]
[[Anthony Kelly]]
[[Richard Lindzen]]
[[Alan Peacock]]
[[Ian Plimer]]
[[Gwyn Prins]]
[[Paul Reiter]]
[[Philip Stott]]
[[Richard Tol]]
[[David Whitehouse]]

==Contacts==
1 Carlton House Terrace 
London, SW1Y 5DB

Url: www.thegwpf.org

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|Global Warming Policy Foundation]]

Global Warming Policy Foundation

2011-02-14T11:03:36Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) was launched by [[Nigel Lawson]] on November 23rd 2009 in the House of Lords. The Foundation is an all-party and non-party think tank and a registered educational charity. The GWPF website states that:

:Our main purpose is to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.

:The GWPF's primary purpose is to help restore balance and trust in the climate debate that is frequently distorted by prejudice and exaggeration.

:Our main focus is to analyse global warming policies and its economic and other implications. Our aim is to provide the most robust and reliable economic analysis and advice.<ref>Global Warming Policy Foundation website "[http://www.thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html]", accessed 10th February 2010</ref>

==Background==
At the launch of the GWPF Nigel Lawson told his audience that following the release of his book ''An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming'' he received great encouragement and support, in particular from scientists and engineers with experience in the field. He was urged to continue with his work and this led to him founding the think tank, which can do more than he could alone.<ref>GWPF website "[http://www.thegwpf.org/news/136-launched-today.html]", accessed 10th February 2010</ref>
A report by the COE in december 2010 found that:
:The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant. Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
==Funding==
The GWPF website states that the foundation is "funded entirely by voluntary donations from a number of private individuals and charitable trusts. In order to make clear its complete independence, it does not accept gifts from either energy companies or anyone with a significant interest in an energy company." <ref> The Global Warming Policy Foundation website, "[http://www.thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html]" accessed 10th February 2010</ref>

Dr Benny Peiser, director, in an interview with ''The Guardian'' declined to give further detail on funding or funders due to the privacy of donors:

"They are all highly respected donors. But that's not our decision," he said, adding that he would need their permission to make them public. He said people could have confidence in the independence of the GWPF because donors are approved by the charity's board of trustees." <ref>James Randerson, "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/04/climate-sceptics-public-opinion Climate sceptics: are they gaining any credence?]" The Guardian, 4th December 2009, accessed 10th February 2010</ref>

In 2010, the Corporate Observatory Europe (COE)produced a report aimed entitled Concealing their Sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers?. The GWPF was one of 8 Think tanks invited to disclose their funding sources in the aid of transparency; an offer which they did not respond to.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.2, Accessed 14 February 2011</ref> When the COE asked GWPF‘s director, well-known sceptic [[Benny Peiser]] about funding for climate activities, he replied that ―the GWPF '''is not a lobbying organisation''' and we do not lobby or campaign on any issues. For that reason, the [[European Transparency Initiative]] (ETI) is irrelevant to us. Asked to reconsider this response Peiser chose not to reply to any further emails or phone calls. Not only are think tanks meant to be included in the lobby transparency register but GWPF‘s activities are aimed at influencing decision makers and public opinion.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 14 February 2011</ref>

==People==
*Director: Dr [[Benny Peiser]], senior lecturer in the School of Sport and Exercise Science at [[Liverpool John Moores University]] and a Visiting Fellow at the [[University of Buckingham]]. He is the editor of [[CCNet]]<ref>CCNet [http://www.staff.livjm.ac.uk/spsbpeis/CCNet-homepage.htm Homepage], accessed 12th February 2010</ref>, co-editor of [[Energy and Environment]]<ref>Energy and Environment website [http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ee.htm Home Page]</ref>, an advisor to The [[Lifeboat Foundation]]<ref>Lifeboat Foundation website [http://lifeboat.com/ex/main]</ref>, a fellow of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]<ref>Royal Astronomical Society website [http://www.ras.org.uk/]</ref> and a member of [[Spaceguard UK]]<ref>Spaceguard UK website[http://www.spaceguarduk.com/]</ref>

==Board of Trustees==
[[Joel Barnett]]
[[Peter Forster]]
[[Bernard Donoughue]]
[[Robert Fellowes]]
[[Martin Jacomb]]
[[Nigel Lawson]] (Chairman)
[[Henri Lepage]]
[[Emma Nicholson]]
[[Andrew Turnbull]]

==Academic Advisory Council==
[[Samuel Brittan]]
[[Ian Byatt]]
[[Freeman Dyson]]
[[Christian Gerondeau]]
[[David Henderson]]
[[Terence Kealey]]
[[Anthony Kelly]]
[[Richard Lindzen]]
[[Alan Peacock]]
[[Ian Plimer]]
[[Gwyn Prins]]
[[Paul Reiter]]
[[Philip Stott]]
[[Richard Tol]]
[[David Whitehouse]]

==Contacts==
1 Carlton House Terrace 
London, SW1Y 5DB

Url: www.thegwpf.org

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|Global Warming Policy Foundation]]

Nigel Lawson

2011-02-14T09:53:58Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

[[Nigel Lawson]] was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983 to 1989. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby in 1992.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nigel-lawson/27077 Lord Lawson of Blaby], www.parliament.uk, accessed 4 June 2010.</ref>

==Affiliations==
Nigel Lawson set up [[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] (GWPF) in 2009.
The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.<ref>[http://thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html Who we are], GWPF website, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
*[[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] Chairman, Board of Trustees

==External Resources==
*Spinwatch, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/andy-rowell-mainmenu-30/5334-beware-sceptics-bringing-balance-to-the-climate-debate Beware Sceptics Bringing “Balance” to the Climate Debate]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Old Westminsters|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:Conservative Party|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:MP|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:UK Ministers|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:House of Lords|Lawson, Nigel]] [[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|Lawson, Nigel]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T14:48:01Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international co-directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Bate co-directed IPN until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>

In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for climate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4, accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

When questioned by news agency IPS in 2010, [[Julian Morris]] claimed IPN had not received money from corporations or other organisations directly involved in the fossil fuel industry for the previous three years. According to Sourcewatch in 2003 and 2004 about 85 per cent of IPN's funding was from corporations.<ref> Sourcewatch, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Policy_Network#endnote_ipnAccounts2004 IPN], Sourcewatch.org, accessed 11 February 2011.</ref> According to Morris, IPN‘s annual income is around 1.4 million dollars.
IPN‘s links with the Atlas Foundation and the Koch web are also clear from its board. Members include [[John Blundell]] and [[Linda Whetstone]], the daughter of founder [[Anthony Whetstone]] is Chairman of the [[International Policy Network]], sits also in the board of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] and the [[Mont Pelerin Society]], an international network of neoliberal intellectuals. [[Bridgett Wagner]], head of the IPN US branch is also at the [[Heritage Foundation]], a neoconservative US think tank very active on climate policy, which is funded by [[ExxonMobil]].<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.5,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|International Policy Network]]

Nigel Lawson

2011-02-11T14:44:02Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Notes */

[[Nigel Lawson]] was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983 to 1989. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby in 1992.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nigel-lawson/27077 Lord Lawson of Blaby], www.parliament.uk, accessed 4 June 2010.</ref>

==Affiliations==
Nigel Lawson set up [[The Global Warming Policy Foundation]] (GWPF) in 2009.
The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.<ref>[http://thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html Who we are], GWPF website, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
*[[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] Chairman, Board of Trustees

==External Resources==
*Spinwatch, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/andy-rowell-mainmenu-30/5334-beware-sceptics-bringing-balance-to-the-climate-debate Beware Sceptics Bringing “Balance” to the Climate Debate]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Old Westminsters|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:Conservative Party|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:MP|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:UK Ministers|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:House of Lords|Lawson, Nigel]] [[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|Lawson, Nigel]]

Nigel Lawson

2011-02-11T14:43:39Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Notes */

[[Nigel Lawson]] was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983 to 1989. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby in 1992.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nigel-lawson/27077 Lord Lawson of Blaby], www.parliament.uk, accessed 4 June 2010.</ref>

==Affiliations==
Nigel Lawson set up [[The Global Warming Policy Foundation]] (GWPF) in 2009.
The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.<ref>[http://thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html Who we are], GWPF website, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
*[[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] Chairman, Board of Trustees

==External Resources==
*Spinwatch, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/andy-rowell-mainmenu-30/5334-beware-sceptics-bringing-balance-to-the-climate-debate Beware Sceptics Bringing “Balance” to the Climate Debate]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Old Westminsters|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:Conservative Party|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:MP|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:UK Ministers|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:House of Lords|Lawson, Nigel]] [[[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics|Lawson, Nigel]]

Nigel Lawson

2011-02-11T14:41:36Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

[[Nigel Lawson]] was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983 to 1989. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby in 1992.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nigel-lawson/27077 Lord Lawson of Blaby], www.parliament.uk, accessed 4 June 2010.</ref>

==Affiliations==
Nigel Lawson set up [[The Global Warming Policy Foundation]] (GWPF) in 2009.
The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.<ref>[http://thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html Who we are], GWPF website, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
*[[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] Chairman, Board of Trustees

==External Resources==
*Spinwatch, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/andy-rowell-mainmenu-30/5334-beware-sceptics-bringing-balance-to-the-climate-debate Beware Sceptics Bringing “Balance” to the Climate Debate]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Old Westminsters|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:Conservative Party|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:MP|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:UK Ministers|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:House of Lords|Lawson, Nigel]] [[Climate Change Sceptics]]

Nigel Lawson

2011-02-11T14:30:32Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Affiliations */

[[Nigel Lawson]] was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983 to 1989. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby in 1992.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nigel-lawson/27077 Lord Lawson of Blaby], www.parliament.uk, accessed 4 June 2010.</ref>

==Affiliations==
Nigel Lawson set up [[The Global Warming Policy Foundation]] (GWPF) in 2009.
The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.<ref>[http://thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html Who we are], GWPF website, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
*[[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] Chairman, Board of Trustees

==External Resources==
*Spinwatch, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/andy-rowell-mainmenu-30/5334-beware-sceptics-bringing-balance-to-the-climate-debate Beware Sceptics Bringing “Balance” to the Climate Debate]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Old Westminsters|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:Conservative Party|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:MP|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:UK Ministers|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:House of Lords|Lawson, Nigel]] [[Climate Sceptics]]

Nigel Lawson

2011-02-11T14:29:55Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

[[Nigel Lawson]] was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983 to 1989. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby in 1992.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nigel-lawson/27077 Lord Lawson of Blaby], www.parliament.uk, accessed 4 June 2010.</ref>

==Affiliations==
Nigel Lawson set up [[The Global Warming Policy Foundation]] (GWPF) in 2009�.
The GWPF claims that their main purpose is ―to bring reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly intolerant.<ref>[http://thegwpf.org/who-we-are.html Who we are], GWPF website, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> Yet it relentlessly claims that climate change will not have too serious effects. The group‘s claim to be sceptical about climate policy and not about climate change itself appears a strategic choice, given that the GPWF oozes climate change denialism.<ref> [http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe’s climate change deniers], CEO report p.6, Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
*[[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] Chairman, Board of Trustees

==External Resources==
*Spinwatch, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/andy-rowell-mainmenu-30/5334-beware-sceptics-bringing-balance-to-the-climate-debate Beware Sceptics Bringing “Balance” to the Climate Debate]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Old Westminsters|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:Conservative Party|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:MP|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:UK Ministers|Lawson, Nigel]][[Category:House of Lords|Lawson, Nigel]] [[Climate Sceptics]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T12:31:44Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>
In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the CEO were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for cimate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that the IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's Predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
in 2010, when questioned by news agency IPS , [[Julian Morris]] claimed IPn had not received money from corporations or other organisations directly involved in the fossil fuel industry for the last three years. According to Sourcewatch in both 2003 and 2004 about 85% of their funds were from corporations.<ref> Sourcewatch, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Policy_Network#endnote_ipnAccounts2004 IPN], Sourcewatch.org, Accessed 11 February 2011.</ref> According to Morris, IPN‘s annual income is around 1.4 million dollars.
IPN‘s links with the Atlas Foundation and the Koch web are also clear from its board. Members include [[John Blundell]] and [[Linda Whetstone]], the daughter of founder [[Anthony Whetstone]] is Chairman of the [[International Policy Network]], sits also in the board of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] and the [[Mont Pelerin Society]], an international network of neoliberal intellectuals. [[Bridgett Wagner]], head of the IPN US branch is also at the [[Heritage Foundation]], a neo-conservative US think tank very active on climate policy, which is funded by [[ExxonMobil]].<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.5,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]
[[Category:Climate Sceptics]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T12:31:04Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* References */

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>
In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the CEO were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for cimate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that the IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's Predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
in 2010, when questioned by news agency IPS , [[Julian Morris]] claimed IPn had not received money from corporations or other organisations directly involved in the fossil fuel industry for the last three years. According to Sourcewatch in both 2003 and 2004 about 85% of their funds were from corporations.<ref> Sourcewatch, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Policy_Network#endnote_ipnAccounts2004 IPN], Sourcewatch.org, Accessed 11 February 2011.</ref> According to Morris, IPN‘s annual income is around 1.4 million dollars.
IPN‘s links with the Atlas Foundation and the Koch web are also clear from its board. Members include [[John Blundell]] and [[Linda Whetstone]], the daughter of founder [[Anthony Whetstone]] is Chairman of the [[International Policy Network]], sits also in the board of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] and the [[Mont Pelerin Society]], an international network of neoliberal intellectuals. [[Bridgett Wagner]], head of the IPN US branch is also at the [[Heritage Foundation]], a neo-conservative US think tank very active on climate policy, which is funded by [[ExxonMobil]].<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.5,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]
[[Category:Climate Sceptic]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T12:29:51Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* References */

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>
In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the CEO were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for cimate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that the IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's Predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
in 2010, when questioned by news agency IPS , [[Julian Morris]] claimed IPn had not received money from corporations or other organisations directly involved in the fossil fuel industry for the last three years. According to Sourcewatch in both 2003 and 2004 about 85% of their funds were from corporations.<ref> Sourcewatch, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Policy_Network#endnote_ipnAccounts2004 IPN], Sourcewatch.org, Accessed 11 February 2011.</ref> According to Morris, IPN‘s annual income is around 1.4 million dollars.
IPN‘s links with the Atlas Foundation and the Koch web are also clear from its board. Members include [[John Blundell]] and [[Linda Whetstone]], the daughter of founder [[Anthony Whetstone]] is Chairman of the [[International Policy Network]], sits also in the board of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] and the [[Mont Pelerin Society]], an international network of neoliberal intellectuals. [[Bridgett Wagner]], head of the IPN US branch is also at the [[Heritage Foundation]], a neo-conservative US think tank very active on climate policy, which is funded by [[ExxonMobil]].<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.5,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]
[[Category:Climate Sceptics]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T12:10:07Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Funding and Connections */

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>
In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the CEO were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for cimate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that the IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's Predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>
in 2010, when questioned by news agency IPS , [[Julian Morris]] claimed IPn had not received money from corporations or other organisations directly involved in the fossil fuel industry for the last three years. According to Sourcewatch in both 2003 and 2004 about 85% of their funds were from corporations.<ref> Sourcewatch, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Policy_Network#endnote_ipnAccounts2004 IPN], Sourcewatch.org, Accessed 11 February 2011.</ref> According to Morris, IPN‘s annual income is around 1.4 million dollars.
IPN‘s links with the Atlas Foundation and the Koch web are also clear from its board. Members include [[John Blundell]] and [[Linda Whetstone]], the daughter of founder [[Anthony Whetstone]] is Chairman of the [[International Policy Network]], sits also in the board of the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] and the [[Mont Pelerin Society]], an international network of neoliberal intellectuals. [[Bridgett Wagner]], head of the IPN US branch is also at the [[Heritage Foundation]], a neo-conservative US think tank very active on climate policy, which is funded by [[ExxonMobil]].<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.5,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T11:53:11Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Funding and Connections */

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>
In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the CEO were reported to not be registered, and when asked to disclose their sources of funding for cimate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that the IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. Also, one of the IPN's Predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T11:51:24Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Funding and Connections */

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>
In 2010, IPN along with seven other European think tanks investigated by the CEO were reported to not be registered. When reportedly asked to disclose their sources of funding for cimate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that the IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. One of the IPN's Predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T11:50:35Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Funding and Connections */

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>
In 2010, IPN along with 7 other European think tanks found by the CEO were reported to not be registered. When reportedly asked to disclose their sources of funding for cimate activities, provided very little information in response. The CEO did find that the IPN was funded by the late [[Antony Fiaher]]. One of the IPN's Predecessors, [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] played a role in spreading the web of [[Koch Industry]] money to Europe.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.4,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]

International Policy Network

2011-02-11T11:36:09Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

{{Template:NuclearSpin}}
[[Image:IPN.jpg|300px|right|thumb|IPN's former offices, Bedford Chambers, in London's Covent Garden, next door to the Rock Garden]]

The [[International Policy Network]] (IPN) was founded by [[Antony Fisher]] in the UK as the International Institute for Economic Research (IIER) in 1971. Fisher went on to found the [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] in the USA in 1981, and from this point the IIER traded as Atlas Foundation UK. The organisation changed its name to IPN in 2001, when it was set up along with [[Roger Bate]], who also Co-directed the organisation until 2003.<ref> Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)[http://www.corporateeurope.org/system/files/files/article/funding_climate_deniers.pdf Concealing their sources - who funds Europe's climate change deniers?], CEO Report p.3,Accessed 11 February 2011</ref> In the USA, the Atlas Foundation provides training and funding to start libertarian think-tanks. Fisher also founded the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA), a pro-free market think tank based in London. The founding Director of IPN, [[Julian Morris]], was previously Director of the IEA's Environment and Technology Programme. The IPN is based in an office in Bedford Chambers in King Street, Covent Garden, London.<ref>[http://www.policynetwork.net/main/content.php?content_id=4 International Policy Network website], undated, accessed March 2006</ref>

The [[Atlas Economic Research Foundation]] is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Atlas was established with the aim of bringing "freedom to the world" by helping "develop and strengthen a network of market-oriented think tanks that spans the globe".<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/AtlasUsa.org Atlas Economic Research Foundation], AboutUs website, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

The IPN has addresses in London and Washington D.C. The Washington address is the same as that of the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI). Roger Bate who is an IPN Fellow, and a long-time associate of the IPN's Director Julian Morris, is an Adjunct Fellow of the CEI. [[Kendra Okonski]] who is the IPN's 'Project Director' in London was previously a CEI researcher.

In 2001 the name was changed to the IPN and it expanded its operations with significant corporate funding. Its international Directors then were [[Roger Bate]] and [[Julian Morris]], two people who have spear-headed the pro-corporate, anti-environmental debate for over a decade in the UK, whilst supporting controversial industries. Bate co-founded the [[European Science and Environment Forum]] in 1994, which arose from the concept for a pro-biotech / tobacco, chemical industry front group in Europe funded by [[Sourcewatch:Philip Morris|Philip Morris]]. He also solicited money of the tobacco industry for a book on risk and smoking, and [[Julian Morris]] was a witness for the GM industry [[Life Sciences Network]] at the GM Commission in New Zealand. Some unknown industry / industries are now funding ESEF / IPN to counter the environmental movement on a global scale.

In a March 2009 presentation [[Tim Montgomerie]] and [[Matthew Elliott]] described IPN as part of the infrastructure of the [[Movement Conservatism|conservative movement]] in Britain.<ref>Tim Montgomerie, [http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2009/03/the-growth-of-b.html The growth of Britain's conservative movement], ConservativeHome, 14 March 2009.</ref>

==Sustainable Development Network==
Okonski and Morris appear to be the driving force behind another organisation, the [[Sustainable Development Network]] (SDN), while Morris and Bate connect to the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] (IEA) and the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF).

IPN's mission is to 'share ideas that free people'. It believes in de-regulation but that 'where regulations are necessary... they should be based on sound science and good economics.'

IPN works with a network of individuals and organizations around the world who share its beliefs. The IEA and the ESEF are both on the list of the IPN's 'partner organisations'. The CEI is not currently on the list, despite sharing its Washington address with the IPN.

On 3 March 2003 IPN and [[Spiked]] Online co-sponsored a debate held at PR firm [[Hill and Knowlton]]'s premises in London on "GM food: should labelling be mandatory?" The seminar was introduced by [[Greg Conko]] of the CEI. [[Tony Gilland]] of the [[Institute of Ideas]] also spoke.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423050416/http://www.policynetwork.net/events/labelling_3march2003.htm GM food: should labelling be mandatory?], IPN website, version placed in web archive April 23, 2004 accessed in web archive 27 Oct 2009</ref>

Former [[DuPont]] PR man and director of the [[Scientific Alliance]] [[Martin Livermore]] is an IPN Fellow.<ref>[http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=468576134 Dr Martin Livermore], ZoomInfo.com, accessed 27 Oct 2009</ref>

==Views on Climate Change==
The IPN issued a publication in 2008 considering governments' plans to cap greenhouse gas emissions as ineffective against the threat of climate change and suggesting that it would only exacerbate the global economic crisis. <ref>Julian Morris,"[http://policynetwork.net/environment/publication/which-policy-address-climate-change Which Policy to Address Climate Change?]", IPN, 11 December 2008, accessed 16 February 2010</ref>

In a Financial Times blog response to the question, "What do you think the impact will be of US President Barack Obama’s decision to attend the summit at the end of the conference rather than the early stages?", IPN executive director Julian Morris stated that Obama would be "bask[ing] in the associated fanfare [that comes with his Nobel Peace Prize]" and "seek[ing] a new arena in which to enhance his public image"<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>. He then points out that the USA's credentials with regard to a commitment to climate change are not at all good. He explains, "In 1997, prior to the UN climate change conference in Kyoto, the Senate passed a resolution - by 95 votes to 0 - that the US should not be a signatory to any agreement which would seek to limit or reduce the US’s greenhouse gas emissions or result in serious harm to the US economy," before adding that members of Obama's administration - and British and EU officials - are currently, and have been for some months now, urging developing countries to commit to "binding restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions.""<ref>Julian Morris, "[http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/12/06/copenhagen-climate-experts-forum/ Obama at the Copenhagen endgame: Climate experts’ forum]", Financial Times, 6 December 2009, accessed 23 February 2010</ref>

==Funding and Connections==
Its website states, "IPN is supported entirely by charitable donations from individuals, foundations and businesses. It receives no money from any government or political parties, and it does no contract work." <ref>IPN website, "http://policynetwork.net/about-ipn About IPN", About IPN, accessed 2 March 2010</ref> .However IPN North America reportedly received $390,000 from [[Exxon]], including for work on climate change and climate change 'outreach' between 2002 and 2006. <ref> Exxon Secrets website [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=108] (accessed 3 September 2010) </ref>

==Affiliations==
According to a Telegraph blog by Alex Singleton, the IPN was formerly (prior to January 2009) a member of the [[Stockholm Network]], but left at an unspecified date.<ref>Alex Singleton, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/8145947/freemarket_network_demands_bailout_for_pharmaceutical_industry/ Free-market network demands bail-out for pharmaceutical industry], Telegraph, January 19th, 2009, acc 20 May 2010</ref>

The UK branch of the IPN is part of the [[Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change]] (CSCCC), which in its own words aims to "educate the public about the science and economics of climate change in an impartial manner." <ref>CSCCC, "http://csccc.info/about/ About CSCCC" CSCCC website, accessed 16 March 2010</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Linda Whetstone]] – Chairman

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
Rooms 200-205 
Temple Chambers 
3-7 Temple Avenue 
London EC4Y 0HP 

===Resources===
===References===
<references/>

[[Category: Nuclear Spin]]
[[Category:Pro-nuclear organisations]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:GM]]
[[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:GM Lobby Groups]]

Cato Institute

2011-02-01T01:50:01Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

{{Template:Climate badge}}
'''Cato Institute''' was founded in 1977 by [[Edward H. Crane]] and [[Charles H. Koch]], the billionaire co-owner of [[Koch Industries]] which is the US’ second-largest privately owned company and the largest privately owned oil company, with annual revenues of more than $30 billion<ref> Moore, C (2002) [http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200207/thinktank_printable.asp Rethinking the Think Tanks How industry-funded "experts" twist the environmental debate]Sierra Club magazine, Accessed 25 January 2011 </ref>

It is named after the “Cato Letters”, a series of libertarian pamphlets, and the think-tank is more libertarian than many of the other right-wing organisations it works with. To this end Cato says that the “The Jeffersonian philosophy that animates Cato's work has increasingly come to be called ‘libertarianism’ or ‘market liberalism’". <ref> [http://www.cato.org/about.php About Cato] Cato Institute website, Accessed 25 January 2011</ref>{{ref|2}}

Although it has a smaller budget than some of the large think-tanks it was seen, in the late nineties at least, as the fourth most influential think-tank in Washington.<ref> [http://www.tobacco.org/articles/org/cato/ Cato Institute] Tobacco.org Website, Accessed 31 January 2010 </ref>
{{ref|3}}
==Funding==

Cato maintains that “In order to maintain an independent posture, the Cato Institute accepts no government funding or endowments. Contributions are received from foundations, corporations, and individuals”.<ref>[http://www.cato.org/about/annualreports.html#/annual_report_2009 Cato Annual Reports] Cato Website Annual accounts, *(search PDF for "foundation sponsors"), Accessd 31 January 2011 </ref> {{ref|4}}

According to Right Wing Watch, Cato has been funded by: <ref>[http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/cato-institute Cato Institute] Rightwingwatch.org, Accessed 31 January 2011 </ref>

*[[Philip Morris]]
*[[R.J. Reynolds]]
*[[Bell Atlantic Network Services]]
*[[BellSouth Corporation]]
*[[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
*[[GTE Corporation]]
*[[Microsoft Corporation]]
*[[Netscape Communications Corporation]]
*[[NYNEX Corporation]]
*[[Sun Microsystems]]
*[[Viacom International]]
*[[American Express]]
*[[Chase Manhattan Bank]]
*[[Chemical Bank]]
*[[Citicorp]]/[[Citibank]]
*[[Commonwealth Fund]]
*[[Prudential Securities]]
*[[Salomon Brothers]]

Energy conglomerates include:
*[[Chevron Companies]]
*[[Exxon Company]]
*[[Shell Oil Company]]
*[[Tenneco Gas]]
*[[American Petroleum Institute]]
*[[Amoco Foundation]]
*[[Atlantic Richfield Foundation]]

Cato's pharmaceutical donors include:
*[[Eli Lilly & Company]]
*[[Merck & Company]]
*[[Pfizer]]

Between 1985 and 2001, the Institute received $15,718,040 in 112 grants from only ten conservative foundations:<ref>[http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute Cato Institute], Sourcewatch.org, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref> {{ref|6}}

*[[Castle Rock Foundation]]
*[[Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation]]
*[[Earhart Foundation]]
*[[JM Foundation]]
*[[John M. Olin Foundation]]
*[[Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation]]
*[[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]
*[[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]
*[[Carthage Foundation]]
*[[David H Koch Foundation]]

Since 1998, it has received some $50,000 from Exxon Mobil.<ref>[http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute Cato Institute], Sourcewatch.org, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>

==Links to the Bush Administration==

According to Cato in 2001 President George W. Bush appointed a former Cato vice president and a Cato fellow, and two Cato staffers to the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security. According to People for the American Way these include: Former Rep. Tim Penny (D-MN); Sam Beard, Carolyn Weaver, Randy Clerihue, and Andrew Biggs. Mark Groombridge, Special Assistant, Office of the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, State Department also used to work at Cato <ref>Moore, C (2002)[http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200207/thinktank_printable.asp Rethinking the Think Tanks], Accessed 31 January 2011 </ref>.

==Principals==

*[[Edward H. Crane]] - Founder and President - Board of U.S. Term Limits, and is a member of the [[Mont Pèlerin Society]].
*[[David Boaz]] - Executive Vice President
*[[Ted Galen Carpenter]] - Vice President for Defense and Foreign Policy Studies
*[[James A. Dorn]] - Vice President for Academic Affairs

===Board===

*[[Philip Morris]] boss [[Geoffrey Bible]] and [[Rupert Murdoch]] have both served on the board <ref>[http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-19n6-10.html New Staff in Defense, Education, and Information] Cato Institute Website, Accessed 31 January 2011 </ref>. Current board members include:

*[[Peter Ackerman]] - Managing Director, Rockport Financial Ltd.
*[[K. Tucker Andersen]] - Senior Consultant, Cumberland Associates LLC
*[[Frank Bond]] – Chairman, [[The Foundation Group]]
*[[Edward H. Crane]] - President, Cato Institute
*[[Richard J. Dennis]] - President, Dennis Trading Group
*[[Theodore J. Forstmann]] - Principal, Forstmann Little & Company
*[[Ethelmae C. Humphreys]] - Chairman, Tamko Roofing Products, Inc.
*[[David H. Koch]] - Executive Vice President, Koch Industries, Inc.
*[[John C. Malone]] - Chairman, [[Liberty Media Corporation]]
*[[William A. Niskanen]] - Chairman, Cato Institute
*[[David H. Padden]] - President, Padden & Company
*[[Lewis E. Randall]] - Board Member, E*Trade Financial
*[[Howard S. Rich]] - President, U.S. Term Limits
*[[Frederick W. Smith]] - Chairman & CEO, FedEx Corporation
*[[Jeffrey S. Yass]] - Managing Director, Susquehanna International Group, LLP

===Experts / Scholars / Adjunct Scholars===

*[[Ronald A. Bailey]] - Science correspondent for Reason magazine.
*[[Patrick Basham]] - is founding director of the [[Democracy Institute]] and an adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute's Center for Representative Government.
*[[Robert L. Bradley Jr]]. - is president of the Institute for Energy Research. He is an expert on energy policy and its relation to the environment and an adjunct scholar at the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]].
*[[Terry L. Anderson]] - is executive director of the Political Economy Research Center (see below), and co-author of Free Market Environmentalism.
*[[Kevin Dowd]]
*[[Michael Gough]] - author of Silencing Science, Readings at Risk and Dioxin, Agent Orange, “is an expert on risk assessment and environmental policy” according to CATO. Or according to PR Watch “he has spent much of his career denying that environmental problems even exist ..and he frequently trashes health and environmental advocates”<ref> Charman, K (1999)[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/forcing.html Force Feeding Genetically Engineered Foods], Pr Watch Website Accessed 31 January 2011 </ref>.
*Patrick J. Michaels - is a research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia and visiting scientist with the Marshall Institute in Washington, D.C. One of the world’s leading climate sceptics (see below)
*[[Steven J. Milloy]] - is the founder and publisher of junkscience.com, an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute (see below)
*[[Cassandra Chrones Moore]] - an adjunct scholar with the Competitive Enterprise Institute and the author of Haunted Housing: How Toxic Scare Stories Are Spooking the Public Out of House and Home.
*[[Thomas Gale Moore]] - is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution. He is author of Climate of Fear: Why We Shouldn't Worry about Global Warming, and a contributor to the World Climate Report edited by Dr. Patrick Michaels (see below).. Moore was a member of Reagan's Council of Economic Advisors (1985-89)<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071116085228/http://www.cei.org/pages/tmoore.cfm Board of Directors]Cei.org web archive (2007), Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.
*[[William A. Niskanen]] - Chairman of Cato since 1985. He was previously acting chairman of President Reagan's Council of Economic Advisers. He has also served as director of economics at Ford Motor Company and as a defense analyst for the Pentagon, the RAND Corporation, and the Institute for Defense Analyses.
*[[Randal O'Toole]] – is director of the Thoreau Institute. "He is an expert on environmental policy, public lands, and urban and regional growth”<ref> [http://www.cato.org/people/otoole.html Randal O'Toole] Cato Institute Website, Accessed 31 January 2011 </ref> . He is the author of The Citizens' Guide to the Forest Service Budget and The Citizens' Guide to the Timber Industry
*Richard L. Stroup - is professor of economics at Montana State University. “He is an expert on privatization, the environment, and Superfund. He is co-author of Economics: Public and Private Choice”<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/stroup.html Richard L. Stroup]Cato Institute Website, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.
*[[David Schoenbrod]] - professor of law at New York Law School. “He is an expert on the delegation of executive powers, federal regulation, injunctions, air pollution, and institutional reform”<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/schoenbrod.html David Schoenbrod]Cato Institute Website, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.
*Jerry Taylor challenges the “market failure” critique of free markets as they pertain to energy policy and environmental protection. “Under Taylor’s direction, the Cato Institute has become the nation's most influential critics of federal and state environmental policy”<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/taylor.html Jerry Taylor]Cato Institute Website, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.
*[[Dwight R. Lee]] - professor of economics at the University of Georgia. He is an expert on environmental economics, the economic analysis of government, and labour economics<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/lee.html Experts]Cato Institute Website, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.
*[[Peter VanDoren]] - Editor of the quarterly journal Regulation, and an expert in the regulation of housing, land, energy, the environment, transportation and labor<ref>[http://www.cato.org/people/vandoren.html Peter Van Doren]Cato Institute Website, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.
*[[Benjamin Zycher]] - A senior economist at RAND. He is an expert on public finance, regulation, insurance, environmental and energy economics, and the economics of defense<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071211231913/http://www.cato.org/people/zycher.html Benjamin Zycher]Cato Institute Website (web Archive 2007), Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.

==Issues==

Cato works on all the major policy issues, including a myriad of environmental ones, including Air Pollution Population, Urban Sprawl, and Sustainable Development

Forests and Forestry, 5th Amendment (property rights), Global Warming, Public Lands, Energy, Risk Assessment/Science and Public Policy, Environmental Law, and Regulation, Superfund, Natural Resources, and Water Policy.

Some of its most important and high profile are global warming, “sound science,” attacking the environmental movement - see below and climate

===Climate===

[[Patrick Michaels]] is one of the most often quoted climate sceptics in the US. He is author of "''The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air About Global Warming''” along with [[Robert Balling]], another leading climate sceptic<ref>[http://www.cato.org/store/books/satanic-gases-clearing-air-about-global-warming-paperback The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air about Global Warming (Paperback)]Cato Website, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.

Over the past few years, Michaels has moderated his position from one where global warming is not happening to one where it is, but it is not as bad as everyone makes out <ref>T. Stein (2003) “Unstable Climate Linked To Pollution Boulder Experts Cite Causes Of Warming”, The Denver Post, 5 December 2003.</ref>

Said Michaels in October 2003: “Contrary to almost every news report and every staged hearing… scientists know quite precisely how much the planet will warm in the foreseeable future, a modest three-quarters of a degree”<ref> P. J. Michaels (2003) “Posturing and Reality On Warming”, The Washington Times, 16 October </ref>

Michaels and Cato have spoken out against Kyoto in numerous press articles. For example: “The [[Kyoto Protocol]] is wildly popular in Britain largely because the country seems to lack scientists courageous enough to point out that the government's alarmist view of climate change is without merit”<ref>P. J. Michaels (2003) Kyoto: The Hidden Cost Of Victory In Iraq, The Cato Institute; quoted in United Press International (2003) “Think tanks wrap-up V”, 17 April 2003</ref>. He also opposes domestic US initiatives to tackle climate such as McCain-Lieberman bill, which he calls an “intrusion into business, the economy, and, eventually, into your home”, which “is totally unnecessary”. <ref>[J. L. Brady (2003) “With Clock Ticking, McCain's Push for Climate Change Bill Irritates Colleagues”, Roll Call, 30 October (2003) “Think tanks wrap-up V”, 17 April]</ref>

The [[Cato Institute]] holds regular briefings on global warming, with known climate sceptics. In December 2003, panellists included [[Patrick Michaels]], known-sceptic [[Robert Balling]], Arizona State University and [[Michael Schlesinger]], University of Illinois, who believes that the current scientific knowledge of climate change is not settled and that uncertainties “must be reduced”, amongst others<ref> P. J. Michaels (2003) “Posturing And Reality On Warming”, The Washington Times, 16 October </ref>. Cato held similar briefings on Climate in Washington in July 2003 and 2002.

He has numerous links to anti-environmental and right-wing groups. He is an advisor to the [[American Council on Science and Health]], [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] (now defunct), the [[American Policy Center]] and [[Consumer Alert]]<ref>Rampton,S ;Stauber, J[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/junkman.html How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman"]PR Watch Website, Accessed 31 January 2011 </ref>. He has debunked climate change at a press conference for [[Consumer Alert]] along with other known climate sceptics. Along with Robert Balling (who often appears at Cato events) Michaels has represented the fossil-fuel corporate front groups the [[Global Climate Coalition]] and the [[Information Council on the Environment]] (ICE), the later funded by the [[National Coal Association]]. Leaked memos details how the Association planned test marketing of the idea to “reposition global warming as theory (not fact)” <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050318222702/http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?51 Cato Institute]Media Transparency.org Web Archive (2005), Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>.

Michaels testified in 1995 that he had received $16,000 in funding in the previous five years from the [[German Coal Association]] and [[Western Fuels Company]]<ref>Source Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98 </ref>.

Michael’s newsletter, the [[World Climate Report]], is funded by the Western Fuels Association, and can be found on the website, www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html, which is run by the Greening Earth Society / Western Fuels. The Contributing Editor is Robert Balling. Sallie Baliunas (See below) has also been a past contributing editor. Other contributors include Dr. Thomas Gale Moore from the Hoover Institution <ref>[http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/cato-institute Cato Institute]Right Wing Watch Website, accessed 31 January 2011</ref>. In his book “The Heated Debate”, Balling calls global warming “the mother of all scares”<ref>[http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute Cato Institute] Sourcewatch website, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>. In 1996, Balling and Michaels were listed as a member of ESEF (see below). Balling is also on the Science Roundtable of Tech Central Station. (see below)

But he is not the only Cato analyst to dismiss climate change. Jerry Taylor from Cato dismissed the World Watch Report in May 2003 that linked climate change and severe weather events. “It's false”, said Taylor. “There is absolutely no evidence that extreme weather events are on the increase. None. The argument that more and more dollar damages accrue is a reflection of the greater amount of wealth we've created <ref> Charman, K (1999)[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/forcing.html Force Feeding Genetically Engineered Foods], Pr Watch Website Accessed 31 January 2011</ref>

===Water===

The [[Cato Institute]] have intermittently contributed to debates over water policy in recent times. Unsurprisngly this has taken a tone which chimes with [[Market Environmentalism]]. Given [[Terry Anderson]], co-author of ''Free Market Environmentalism '' is one of the main contributors its even less surprising. Publications from the Cato Institute advocating private property rights of water include [http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=cats&scid=33&pid=1441248&__utma=1.1873608286482151000.1242883647.1242883647.1262709725.2&__utmb=1.3.10.1262709725&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1262709725.2.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=(organic)|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=Cato%20Institute%20water&__utmv=-&__utmk=67607057 Water For Sale: How Business and the Market Can Resolve the World's Water Crisis] by [[Fredrik Segerfeldt]], [http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=&pid=144126 Water Policy: Ending the Drought] by [[Terry Anderson]] and their Policy Analysis Paper [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=970&full=1 Going With the Flow: Expanding the Water Markets] by [[Terry Anderson]] and [[Donald R. Leal]].

[[Steve Milloy]] - the junkman

Steven Milloy is the “junkman” an industry hack who is an apologist for the tobacco and oil industries. He also routinely denigrates environmentalists as “eco-terrorists” <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041222224400/http://clearproject.org/reports_cato.html CLEAR CLEAR PROFILE: CATO INSTITUTE] Clearproject web Archive (2004), Accessed 31 January 2011</ref> , or psychologically challenged” or “bogus”, “environmental extremists”, “blowhards”, “turkeys”, “nut cases”, or members of the “food police”,<ref>C. Coon, & Erin. Hymel (2003) Sound Policy for the Energy Bill, Heritage Foundation Reports, 23 September </ref> through his website junkscience.com.

PR Watch has tracked Milloy’s activities as a spin doctor for big tobacco and other polluting industries. Going back a decade, to the early nineties Milloy worked as a lobbyist for [[Multinational Business Services]] (MBS), a group hired by [[Philip Morris]] as its primary contact on secondhand smoke issues. Milloy worked under James Tozzi, who was under contract with PM for $40,000 a month in 19935 and up to $610,000 in 1994<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031223125849/http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/clear/view/CV_Vol4_No16.html The Backlash Industry in Kyoto](1997), EWG.org web archive </ref>
Milloy first came to prominence as the Executive Director [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] (TASSC), “an organization that was covertly created by Philip Morris for the express purpose of generating scientific controversy regarding the link between second-hand smoke and cancer” ...

In the late nineties, Milloy was registered as a lobbyist for the EOP Group. In 1997, Congressional lobbying records show that Milloy and the EOP group client’s included American Petroleum Institute, FMC Corp, Fort Howard, International Food Additives Council, and Monsanto.<ref>A. Rowell (1996) Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement, Routledge, 140-143; S. Rampton & J. Stauber (2001) Trust Us, We’re Experts, How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Yours Future, Tarcher / Putnam, p272-274
</ref>{{ref|45}} In 1998, through the EOP Group, Milloy was a registered lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute<ref>S. Rampton & J. Stauber (2001) Trust Us, We’re Experts – How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Yours Future, Tarcher / Puttnam, p273</ref>{{ref|46}}.

TASSC was quietly retired in 1998 only to be replaced by other Milloy websites such as No More Scares.com which was set up with Bonner Cohen, the editor of EPA Watch, published by the American Policy Center (APC), which is headed “by long-time PR pro Thomas DeWeese”<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050108095956/http://www.co2andclimate.org/climate/download/pdf/wcr7-10.pdf WORLD CLIMATE REPORT][http://web.archive.org/web/20050215064653/http://www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html Editors] Co2 and climate web archive (2005) accessed 31 January 2011 </ref>{{ref|47}}. In 2000, the nomorescares website was used to launch a report called “The Fear Profiteers” whose authors included Milloy, Bonner Cohen, John Carlisle, Michael Fumento, Michael Gough, Henry Miller, Kenneth Smith and Elizabeth Whelan. “All have a track record of accepting funding from and defending industries that make dangerous products and pollute the environment”<ref>R. C. Balling Jr. (1992) The Heated Debate, Greenhouse Predictions Versus Climate Reality, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, pxv</ref>. Nomorescare is now also defunct.

Another website runs by Milloy was consumerdistorts.com, which is also defunct, so Milloy’s main weapon of propaganda is junkscience.com and a column for Fox news. In 2001, Milloy published the book Junk Science Judo: Self-Defense Against Health Scares and Scams<ref>[missing 38]</ref>{{ref|49}}, and used the attacks on the World Trade Center to argue the case for more asbestos<ref>L. Miller (2003) “Enviro Trends: Poor to Bear Brunt Of Climate Change --; Worldwatch”, Greenwire, 23 May</ref>{{ref|50}}.

A year later Milloy set up yet another front web-site called StopLabelingLies.com that claims to be dedicated to exposing “examples of false and misleading food and other product labels and their associated marketing campaigns,” but its “real mission is to attack organic foods on behalf of the biotech industry”. The site tries to hide links to Milloy, but was originally registered to Citizens for the Integrity of Science, a paper organization that, according to PR Watch “ Milloy sometimes lists as the sponsor of his other web site, JunkScience.com.”<ref> Rampton, S (2001)[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2001Q4/terror.html Terrorism as Pretext]PR Watch Fourth Quarter 2001, Volume 8, No. 4, Accessed 31 January 2011</ref> Indeed it is as the Citizens for the Integrity of Science that Malloy has joined the CEI and other groups attacking climate change.<ref> Charman, K(1999)[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/avery.html Saving the Planet With Pestilent Statistics]PR Watch, Fourth Quarter 1999, Volume 6, No. 4, Accessed 31 January 2011 </ref>

[[Exxon]] documents show that it has given $30,000 to the Advancement of Sound Science Council rather than Coalition. This organisation does to seem to exist elsewhere, so even though TASSC is widely seen to be defunct, Exxon may still be funding it in a slightly different guise.

==Contact==
*'''Address:''' 1000 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington D.C. 20001-5403
*'''Web Address:''' [http://www.cato.org www.cato.org]

==References==

#{{note|1}} see the sierra magazine article available on their website at http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200207/thinktank_printable.asp
#{{note|2}} from the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/about/index.html
#{{note|3}} quoted in an article on the Tobacco News website available at http://www.tobacco.org/articles/org/cato/
#{{note|4}} from the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/about/about.html
#{{note|5}} from the PFAW website at http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=9261
#{{note|6}} see http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Cato_Institute
#{{note|7}} ibid
#{{note|8}} http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200207/thinktank_printable.asp
#{{note|9}} http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-19n6-10.html
#{{note|10}} see PR Watch website at http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/forcing.html
#{{note|11}} see CEI website at http://www.cei.org/pages/tmoore.cfm
#{{note|12}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/otoole.html
#{{note|13}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/stroup.html
#{{note|14}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/schoenbrod.html
#{{note|15}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/taylor.html
#{{note|16}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/lee.html
#{{note|17}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/vandoren.html
#{{note|18}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/zycher.html
#{{note|19}} information about this book available on the Cato website at http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=cats&scid=17&pid=144919
#{{note|20}} T. Stein (2003) “Unstable Climate Linked To Pollution Boulder Experts Cite Causes Of Warming”, The Denver Post, 5 December.
#{{note|21}} P. J. Michaels (2003) “Posturing and Reality On Warming”, The Washington Times, 16 October.
#{{note|22}} P. J. Michaels (2003) Kyoto: The Hidden Cost Of Victory In Iraq, The Cato Institute; quoted in United Press International (2003) “Think tanks wrap-up V”, 17 April
#{{note|23}} J. L. Brady (2003) “With Clock Ticking, McCain's Push for Climate Change Bill Irritates Colleagues”, Roll Call, 30 October (2003) “Think tanks wrap-up V”, 17 April
#{{note|24}} P. J. Michaels (2003) “Posturing And Reality On Warming”, The Washington Times, 16 October
#{{note|25}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/junkman.html]
#{{note|26}}http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?51]
# {{note|27}}Source Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98.
# {{note|28}}http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=9261
# {{note|29}}http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Cato_Institute
# {{note|30}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/forcing.html
# {{note|31}}http://www.clearproject.org/reports_cato.html
# {{note|32}}C. Coon, & Erin. Hymel (2003) Sound Policy for the Energy Bill, Heritage Foundation Reports, 23 September.
# {{note|33}}http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/clear/view/CV_Vol4_No16.html
# {{note|34}}A. Rowell (1996) Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement, Routledge, 140-143; S. Rampton & J. Stauber (2001) Trust Us, We’re Experts, How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Yours Future, Tarcher / Putnam, p272-274
# {{note|45}}S. Rampton & J. Stauber (2001) Trust Us, We’re Experts – How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Yours Future, Tarcher / Puttnam, p273
# {{note|46}}http://www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html] [http://www.co2andclimate.org/climate/download/pdf/wcr7-10.pdf
# {{note|47}}R. C. Balling Jr. (1992) The Heated Debate, Greenhouse Predictions Versus Climate Reality, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, pxv
# {{note|48}}http://www.Tech Central Station.com/scienceroundtable.html
# {{note|49}}L. Miller (2003) “Enviro Trends: Poor to Bear Brunt Of Climate Change --; Worldwatch”, Greenwire, 23 May.
# {{note|50}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2001Q4/terror.html
# {{note|51}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/avery.html
# {{note|52}}Americans for Non Smokers Rights (2003) Steven J. Milloy – The Junkman Exposed, December.
# {{note|53}}http://www.opensecrets.org/Lobbyists/lobbyist.asp?ID=15971&year=1997
# {{note|54}}http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/opr_viewer.exe?19984MILLOY,$STEVELOB~0
# {{note|55}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/usual.html
# {{note|56}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/usual.html
# {{note|57}}http://www.prwatch.org/spin/August_2001.html
# {{note|58}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2001Q4/junkman.html
# {{note|59}}http://www.prwatch.org/spin/October_2002.html
# {{note|60}}http://www.cei.org/gencon/003,03465.cfm

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:GM]][[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics]]
[[Category: Water]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate]]

Cato Institute

2011-01-25T11:55:16Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

{{Template:Climate badge}}
'''Cato Institute''' was founded in 1977 by [[Edward H. Crane]] and [[Charles H. Koch]], the billionaire co-owner of [[Koch Industries]] which is the US’ second-largest privately owned company and the largest privately owned oil company, with annual revenues of more than $30 billion<ref> Moore, C (2002) [http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200207/thinktank_printable.asp Rethinking the Think Tanks How industry-funded "experts" twist the environmental debate]Sierra Club website, Accessed 25 January 2011 </ref>

{{ref|1}}.

It is named after the “Cato Letters”, a series of libertarian pamphlets, and the think-tank is more libertarian than many of the other right-wing organisations it works with. To this end Cato says that the “The Jeffersonian philosophy that animates Cato's work has increasingly come to be called ‘libertarianism’ or ‘market liberalism’". <ref> [http://www.cato.org/about.php About Cato] Cato Institute website, Accessed 25 January 2011</ref>{{ref|2}}

Although it has a smaller budget than some of the large think-tanks it was seen, in the late nineties at least, as the fourth most influential think-tank in Washington.
{{ref|3}}
==Funding==

Cato maintains that “In order to maintain an independent posture, the Cato Institute accepts no government funding or endowments. Contributions are received from foundations, corporations, and individuals”. {{ref|4}}

According to People for the American Way, Cato has been funded by: {{ref|5}}

*[[Philip Morris]]
*[[R.J. Reynolds]]
*[[Bell Atlantic Network Services]]
*[[BellSouth Corporation]]
*[[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
*[[GTE Corporation]]
*[[Microsoft Corporation]]
*[[Netscape Communications Corporation]]
*[[NYNEX Corporation]]
*[[Sun Microsystems]]
*[[Viacom International]]
*[[American Express]]
*[[Chase Manhattan Bank]]
*[[Chemical Bank]]
*[[Citicorp]]/[[Citibank]]
*[[Commonwealth Fund]]
*[[Prudential Securities]]
*[[Salomon Brothers]]

Energy conglomerates include:
*[[Chevron Companies]]
*[[Exxon Company]]
*[[Shell Oil Company]]
*[[Tenneco Gas]]
*[[American Petroleum Institute]]
*[[Amoco Foundation]]
*[[Atlantic Richfield Foundation]]

Cato's pharmaceutical donors include:
*[[Eli Lilly & Company]]
*[[Merck & Company]]
*[[Pfizer]]

Between 1985 and 2001, the Institute received $15,718,040 in 112 grants from only ten conservative foundations: {{ref|6}}

*[[Castle Rock Foundation]]
*[[Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation]]
*[[Earhart Foundation]]
*[[JM Foundation]]
*[[John M. Olin Foundation]]
*[[Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation]]
*[[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]
*[[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]
*[[Carthage Foundation]]
*[[David H Koch Foundation]]

Since 1998, it has received some $50,000 from Exxon Mobil. {{ref|7}}

==Links to the Bush Administration==

According to Cato in 2001 President George W. Bush appointed a former Cato vice president and a Cato fellow, and two Cato staffers to the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security. According to People for the American Way these include: Former Rep. Tim Penny (D-MN); Sam Beard, Carolyn Weaver, Randy Clerihue, and Andrew Biggs. Mark Groombridge, Special Assistant, Office of the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, State Department also used to work at Cato{{ref|8}}.

==Principals==

*[[Edward H. Crane]] - Founder and President - Board of U.S. Term Limits, and is a member of the [[Mont Pèlerin Society]].
*[[David Boaz]] - Executive Vice President
*[[Ted Galen Carpenter]] - Vice President for Defense and Foreign Policy Studies
*[[James A. Dorn]] - Vice President for Academic Affairs

===Board===

*[[Philip Morris]] boss [[Geoffrey Bible]] and [[Rupert Murdoch]] have both served on the board {{ref|9}}. Current board members include:

*[[Peter Ackerman]] - Managing Director, Rockport Financial Ltd.
*[[K. Tucker Andersen]] - Senior Consultant, Cumberland Associates LLC
*[[Frank Bond]] – Chairman, [[The Foundation Group]]
*[[Edward H. Crane]] - President, Cato Institute
*[[Richard J. Dennis]] - President, Dennis Trading Group
*[[Theodore J. Forstmann]] - Principal, Forstmann Little & Company
*[[Ethelmae C. Humphreys]] - Chairman, Tamko Roofing Products, Inc.
*[[David H. Koch]] - Executive Vice President, Koch Industries, Inc.
*[[John C. Malone]] - Chairman, [[Liberty Media Corporation]]
*[[William A. Niskanen]] - Chairman, Cato Institute
*[[David H. Padden]] - President, Padden & Company
*[[Lewis E. Randall]] - Board Member, E*Trade Financial
*[[Howard S. Rich]] - President, U.S. Term Limits
*[[Frederick W. Smith]] - Chairman & CEO, FedEx Corporation
*[[Jeffrey S. Yass]] - Managing Director, Susquehanna International Group, LLP

===Experts / Scholars / Adjunct Scholars===

*[[Ronald A. Bailey]] - Science correspondent for Reason magazine.
*[[Patrick Basham]] - is founding director of the [[Democracy Institute]] and an adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute's Center for Representative Government.
*[[Robert L. Bradley Jr]]. - is president of the Institute for Energy Research. He is an expert on energy policy and its relation to the environment and an adjunct scholar at the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]].
*[[Terry L. Anderson]] - is executive director of the Political Economy Research Center (see below), and co-author of Free Market Environmentalism.
*[[Kevin Dowd]]
*[[Michael Gough]] - author of Silencing Science, Readings at Risk and Dioxin, Agent Orange, “is an expert on risk assessment and environmental policy” according to CATO. Or according to PR Watch “he has spent much of his career denying that environmental problems even exist ..and he frequently trashes health and environmental advocates”{{ref|10}}.
*Patrick J. Michaels - is a research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia and visiting scientist with the Marshall Institute in Washington, D.C. One of the world’s leading climate sceptics (see below)
*[[Steven J. Milloy]] - is the founder and publisher of junkscience.com, an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute (see below)
*[[Cassandra Chrones Moore]] - an adjunct scholar with the Competitive Enterprise Institute and the author of Haunted Housing: How Toxic Scare Stories Are Spooking the Public Out of House and Home.
*[[Thomas Gale Moore]] - is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution. He is author of Climate of Fear: Why We Shouldn't Worry about Global Warming, and a contributor to the World Climate Report edited by Dr. Patrick Michaels (see below).. Moore was a member of Reagan's Council of Economic Advisors (1985-89){{ref|11}}.
*[[William A. Niskanen]] - Chairman of Cato since 1985. He was previously acting chairman of President Reagan's Council of Economic Advisers. He has also served as director of economics at Ford Motor Company and as a defense analyst for the Pentagon, the RAND Corporation, and the Institute for Defense Analyses.
*[[Randal O'Toole]] – is director of the Thoreau Institute. "He is an expert on environmental policy, public lands, and urban and regional growth”{{ref|12}} . He is the author of The Citizens' Guide to the Forest Service Budget and The Citizens' Guide to the Timber Industry
*Richard L. Stroup - is professor of economics at Montana State University. “He is an expert on privatization, the environment, and Superfund. He is co-author of Economics: Public and Private Choice”{{ref|13}}.
*[[David Schoenbrod]] - professor of law at New York Law School. “He is an expert on the delegation of executive powers, federal regulation, injunctions, air pollution, and institutional reform”{{ref|14}}.
*Jerry Taylor challenges the “market failure” critique of free markets as they pertain to energy policy and environmental protection. “Under Taylor’s direction, the Cato Institute has become the nation's most influential critics of federal and state environmental policy”{{ref|15}}.
*[[Dwight R. Lee]] - professor of economics at the University of Georgia. He is an expert on environmental economics, the economic analysis of government, and labor economics{{ref|16}}.
*[[Peter VanDoren]] - Editor of the quarterly journal Regulation, and an expert in the regulation of housing, land, energy, the environment, transportation and labor{{ref|17}}.
*[[Benjamin Zycher]] - A senior economist at RAND. He is an expert on public finance, regulation, insurance, environmental and energy economics, and the economics of defense{{ref|18}}.

==Issues==

Cato works on all the major policy issues, including a myriad of environmental ones, including Air Pollution Population, Urban Sprawl, and Sustainable Development

Forests and Forestry, 5th Amendment (property rights), Global Warming, Public Lands, Energy, Risk Assessment/Science and Public Policy, Environmental Law, and Regulation, Superfund, Natural Resources, and Water Policy.

Some of its most important and high profile are global warming, “sound science,” attacking the environmental movement - see below and climate

===Climate===

[[Patrick Michaels]] is one of the most often quoted climate sceptics in the US. He is author of "''The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air About Global Warming''” along with [[Robert Balling]], another leading climate sceptic{{ref|19}}.

Over the past few years, Michaels has moderated his position from one where global warming is not happening to one where it is, but it is not as bad as everyone makes out{{ref|20}}.

Said Michaels in October 2003: “Contrary to almost every news report and every staged hearing… scientists know quite precisely how much the planet will warm in the foreseeable future, a modest three-quarters of a degree”{{ref|21}}

Michaels and Cato have spoken out against Kyoto in numerous press articles. For example: “The [[Kyoto Protocol]] is wildly popular in Britain largely because the country seems to lack scientists courageous enough to point out that the government's alarmist view of climate change is without merit”{{ref|22}}. He also opposes domestic US initiatives to tackle climate such as McCain-Lieberman bill, which he calls an “intrusion into business, the economy, and, eventually, into your home”, which “is totally unnecessary”. {{ref|23}}

The [[Cato Institute]] holds regular briefings on global warming, with known climate sceptics. In December 2003, panellists included [[Patrick Michaels]], known-sceptic [[Robert Balling]], Arizona State University and [[Michael Schlesinger]], University of Illinois, who believes that the current scientific knowledge of climate change is not settled and that uncertainties “must be reduced”, amongst others{{ref|24}}. Cato held similar briefings on Climate in Washington in July 2003 and 2002.

He has numerous links to anti-environmental and right-wing groups. He is an advisor to the [[American Council on Science and Health]], [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] (now defunct), the [[American Policy Center]] and [[Consumer Alert]]{{ref|25}}. He has debunked climate change at a press conference for [[Consumer Alert]] along with other known climate sceptics. Along with Robert Balling (who often appears at Cato events) Michaels has represented the fossil-fuel corporate front groups the [[Global Climate Coalition]] and the [[Information Council on the Environment]] (ICE), the later funded by the [[National Coal Association]]. Leaked memos details how the Association planned test marketing of the idea to “reposition global warming as theory (not fact)” {{ref|26}}.

Michaels testified in 1995 that he had received $16,000 in funding in the previous five years from the [[German Coal Association]] and [[Western Fuels Company]]{{ref|27}}.

Michael’s newsletter, the [[World Climate Report]], is funded by the Western Fuels Association, and can be found on the website, www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html, which is run by the Greening Earth Society / Western Fuels. The Contributing Editor is Robert Balling. Sallie Baliunas (See below) has also been a past contributing editor. Other contributors include Dr. Thomas Gale Moore from the Hoover Institution{{ref|28}}. In his book “The Heated Debate”, Balling calls global warming “the mother of all scares”{{ref|29}}. In 1996, Balling and Michaels were listed as a member of ESEF (see below). Balling is also on the Science Roundtable of Tech Central Station.{{ref|30}} (see below)

But he is not the only Cato analyst to dismiss climate change. Jerry Taylor from Cato dismissed the World Watch Report in May 2003 that linked climate change and severe weather events. “It's false”, said Taylor. “There is absolutely no evidence that extreme weather events are on the increase. None. The argument that more and more dollar damages accrue is a reflection of the greater amount of wealth we've created{{ref|31}}”.

===Water===

The [[Cato Institute]] have intermittently contributed to debates over water policy in recent times. Unsurprisngly this has taken a tone which chimes with [[Market Environmentalism]]. Given [[Terry Anderson]], co-author of ''Free Market Environmentalism '' is one of the main contributors its even less surprising. Publications from the Cato Institute advocating private property rights of water include [http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=cats&scid=33&pid=1441248&__utma=1.1873608286482151000.1242883647.1242883647.1262709725.2&__utmb=1.3.10.1262709725&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1262709725.2.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=(organic)|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=Cato%20Institute%20water&__utmv=-&__utmk=67607057 Water For Sale: How Business and the Market Can Resolve the World's Water Crisis] by [[Fredrik Segerfeldt]], [http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=&pid=144126 Water Policy: Ending the Drought] by [[Terry Anderson]] and their Policy Analysis Paper [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=970&full=1 Going With the Flow: Expanding the Water Markets] by [[Terry Anderson]] and [[Donald R. Leal]].

[[Steve Milloy]] - the junkman

Steven Milloy is the “junkman” an industry hack who is an apologist for the tobacco and oil industries. He also routinely denigrates environmentalists as “eco-terrorists”{{ref|32}}, or psychologically challenged” or “bogus”, “environmental extremists”, “blowhards”, “turkeys”, “nut cases”, or members of the “food police”,{{ref|33}} through his website junkscience.com.

PR Watch has tracked Milloy’s activities as a spin doctor for big tobacco and other polluting industries. Going back a decade, to the early nineties Milloy worked as a lobbyist for [[Multinational Business Services]] (MBS), a group hired by [[Philip Morris]] as its primary contact on secondhand smoke issues. Milloy worked under James Tozzi, who was under contract with PM for $40,000 a month in 19935 and up to $610,000 in 1994{{ref|34}}.

Milloy first came to prominence as the Executive Director [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] (TASSC), “an organization that was covertly created by Philip Morris for the express purpose of generating scientific controversy regarding the link between second-hand smoke and cancer” ...

In the late nineties, Milloy was registered as a lobbyist for the EOP Group. In 1997, Congressional lobbying records show that Milloy and the EOP group client’s included American Petroleum Institute, FMC Corp, Fort Howard, International Food Additives Council, and Monsanto.{{ref|45}} In 1998, through the EOP Group, Milloy was a registered lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute{{ref|46}}.

TASSC was quietly retired in 1998 only to be replaced by other Milloy websites such as No More Scares.com which was set up with Bonner Cohen, the editor of EPA Watch, published by the American Policy Center (APC), which is headed “by long-time PR pro Thomas DeWeese”{{ref|47}}. In 2000, the nomorescares website was used to launch a report called “The Fear Profiteers” whose authors included Milloy, Bonner Cohen, John Carlisle, Michael Fumento, Michael Gough, Henry Miller, Kenneth Smith and Elizabeth Whelan. “All have a track record of accepting funding from and defending industries that make dangerous products and pollute the environment”{{ref|48}}. Nomorescare is now also defunct.

Another website runs by Milloy was consumerdistorts.com, which is also defunct, so Milloy’s main weapon of propaganda is junkscience.com and a column for Fox news. In 2001, Milloy published the book Junk Science Judo: Self-Defense Against Health Scares and Scams{{ref|49}}, and used the attacks on the World Trade Center to argue the case for more asbestos{{ref|50}}.

A year later Milloy set up yet another front web-site called StopLabelingLies.com that claims to be dedicated to exposing “examples of false and misleading food and other product labels and their associated marketing campaigns,” but its “real mission is to attack organic foods on behalf of the biotech industry”. The site tries to hide links to Milloy, but was originally registered to Citizens for the Integrity of Science, a paper organization that, according to PR Watch “ Milloy sometimes lists as the sponsor of his other web site, JunkScience.com.”{{ref|51}} Indeed it is as the Citizens for the Integrity of Science that Malloy has joined the CEI and other groups attacking climate change.{{ref|52}}

[[Exxon]] documents show that it has given $30,000 to the Advancement of Sound Science Council rather than Coalition. This organisation does to seem to exist elsewhere, so even though TASSC is widely seen to be defunct, Exxon may still be funding it in a slightly different guise.

==Contact==
*'''Address:''' 1000 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington D.C. 20001-5403
*'''Web Address:''' [http://www.cato.org www.cato.org]

==References==

#{{note|1}} see the sierra magazine article available on their website at http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200207/thinktank_printable.asp
#{{note|2}} from the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/about/index.html
#{{note|3}} quoted in an article on the Tobacco News website available at http://www.tobacco.org/articles/org/cato/
#{{note|4}} from the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/about/about.html
#{{note|5}} from the PFAW website at http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=9261
#{{note|6}} see http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Cato_Institute
#{{note|7}} ibid
#{{note|8}} http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200207/thinktank_printable.asp
#{{note|9}} http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-19n6-10.html
#{{note|10}} see PR Watch website at http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/forcing.html
#{{note|11}} see CEI website at http://www.cei.org/pages/tmoore.cfm
#{{note|12}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/otoole.html
#{{note|13}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/stroup.html
#{{note|14}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/schoenbrod.html
#{{note|15}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/taylor.html
#{{note|16}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/lee.html
#{{note|17}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/vandoren.html
#{{note|18}} see the Cato website at http://www.cato.org/people/zycher.html
#{{note|19}} information about this book available on the Cato website at http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=cats&scid=17&pid=144919
#{{note|20}} T. Stein (2003) “Unstable Climate Linked To Pollution Boulder Experts Cite Causes Of Warming”, The Denver Post, 5 December.
#{{note|21}} P. J. Michaels (2003) “Posturing and Reality On Warming”, The Washington Times, 16 October.
#{{note|22}} P. J. Michaels (2003) Kyoto: The Hidden Cost Of Victory In Iraq, The Cato Institute; quoted in United Press International (2003) “Think tanks wrap-up V”, 17 April
#{{note|23}} J. L. Brady (2003) “With Clock Ticking, McCain's Push for Climate Change Bill Irritates Colleagues”, Roll Call, 30 October (2003) “Think tanks wrap-up V”, 17 April
#{{note|24}} P. J. Michaels (2003) “Posturing And Reality On Warming”, The Washington Times, 16 October
#{{note|25}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/junkman.html]
#{{note|26}}http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?51]
# {{note|27}}Source Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98.
# {{note|28}}http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=9261
# {{note|29}}http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Cato_Institute
# {{note|30}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/forcing.html
# {{note|31}}http://www.clearproject.org/reports_cato.html
# {{note|32}}C. Coon, & Erin. Hymel (2003) Sound Policy for the Energy Bill, Heritage Foundation Reports, 23 September.
# {{note|33}}http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/clear/view/CV_Vol4_No16.html
# {{note|34}}A. Rowell (1996) Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement, Routledge, 140-143; S. Rampton & J. Stauber (2001) Trust Us, We’re Experts, How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Yours Future, Tarcher / Putnam, p272-274
# {{note|45}}S. Rampton & J. Stauber (2001) Trust Us, We’re Experts – How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Yours Future, Tarcher / Puttnam, p273
# {{note|46}}http://www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html] [http://www.co2andclimate.org/climate/download/pdf/wcr7-10.pdf
# {{note|47}}R. C. Balling Jr. (1992) The Heated Debate, Greenhouse Predictions Versus Climate Reality, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, pxv
# {{note|48}}http://www.Tech Central Station.com/scienceroundtable.html
# {{note|49}}L. Miller (2003) “Enviro Trends: Poor to Bear Brunt Of Climate Change --; Worldwatch”, Greenwire, 23 May.
# {{note|50}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2001Q4/terror.html
# {{note|51}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q4/avery.html
# {{note|52}}Americans for Non Smokers Rights (2003) Steven J. Milloy – The Junkman Exposed, December.
# {{note|53}}http://www.opensecrets.org/Lobbyists/lobbyist.asp?ID=15971&year=1997
# {{note|54}}http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/opr_viewer.exe?19984MILLOY,$STEVELOB~0
# {{note|55}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/usual.html
# {{note|56}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/usual.html
# {{note|57}}http://www.prwatch.org/spin/August_2001.html
# {{note|58}}http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2001Q4/junkman.html
# {{note|59}}http://www.prwatch.org/spin/October_2002.html
# {{note|60}}http://www.cei.org/gencon/003,03465.cfm

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:GM]][[Category:Far-Right Think-Tanks (GM)]]
[[Category:Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics]]
[[Category: Water]]
[[Category:Water: Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T19:03:02Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAE began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence'], Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website, Accessed 19 January 2011</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) , [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives']The Motley Fool website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html NEWS RELEASE], BAE Systems website 14 February 2002, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) ,[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html A very British coup at BAE] , The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 </ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T19:01:15Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAE began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence'], Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website, Accessed 19 January 2011</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) , [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives']The Motley Fool website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html NEWS RELEASE
BAE SYSTEMS], BAE Systems website 14 February 2002, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) ,[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html A very British coup at BAE] , The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 </ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T18:59:26Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAE began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence'], Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website, Accessed 19 January 2011</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) , [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives']The Motley Fool website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html NEWS RELEASE
BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet], BAE Systems website 14 February 2002, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) ,[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html'A very British coup at BAE'] , The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 </ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T18:54:17Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAE began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence'], Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website, Accessed 19 January 2011</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) , [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives']The Motley Fool website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T18:23:03Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAE began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence'], Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website, Accessed 19 January 2011</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T18:20:41Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAE began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence'], Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website, Accessed 19 January 2011</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T17:43:40Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAE began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051207090008/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site web archive (2005), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T17:26:49Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990909203846/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm AI REPORT 1999:SAUDI ARABIA] Amnesty International web archive (1999), accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T17:19:31Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> Hirst, C [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia] CAAT website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T17:13:20Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080402010654/http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/ Foreign Shareholding Historical % Foreign Shareholding]BAE Systems web archive (2008), Accessed 18 January 2011</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T15:49:29Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref>BAE Systems website [http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/]</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T15:48:25Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* History and Strategy */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref> http://web.archive.org/web/20070106030047/http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php BAE Systems How we’ve evolved]BAE Systems graduate recruitment site Web Archive (2007), accessed 18 January 2011</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref>BAE Systems website [http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/]</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T15:41:14Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Market Share/Importance */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>[http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006]'BAE Systems Website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]BAE systems website, Accessed 18 January 2011 </ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref> [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]'Results in brief', BAE Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001), [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php The Arms Industry]CAAT website, accessed 18 January 2011</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref>BAE Systems website [http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/]</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-18T15:23:23Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Market Share/Importance */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/static/features/top100/charts/revenue_2006.php Defense News 2006], Defense News Website, Accessed 18 January 2011</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>'BAE Systems at a glance', BAE Systems Annual Report 2006 [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf]</ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>BAE systems website [http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]</ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref>'Results in brief', [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001) Arms Industry Briefing, CAAT website [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php]</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref>BAE Systems website [http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/]</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

List of Members of the House of Lords, 55th UK Parliament

2011-01-17T15:37:40Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* S */

Members of the House of Lords in the UK Parliament following the election of 6 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref> See also [[List of MPs, 55th UK Parliament]].

==Members as of 26 May 2010==
===A===
*[[Alastair Bruce|Lord Aberdare]] Crossbench
*[[Richard Acton|Lord Acton]] Labour
*[[Irene Adams|Baroness Adams of Craigielea]] Labour
*[[Dominic Hubbard|Lord Addington]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Adebowale]] Crossbench
*The [[Andrew Adonis|Lord Adonis]] Labour
*[[Haleh Afshar|Baroness Afshar]] Crossbench
*[[Nazir Ahmed|Lord Ahmed]] Labour
*[[John Alderdice|Lord Alderdice]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Michael Allenby|Viscount Allenby of Megiddo]] Crossbench
*[[Waheed Alli|Lord Alli]] Labour
*[[David Alliance|Lord Alliance]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Alton|Lord Alton of Liverpool]] Crossbench
*The [[Valerie Amos|Baroness Amos]] Labour
*[[Geoffrey Russell|The Lord Ampthill]] Crossbench
*[[Donald Anderson|The Lord Anderson of Swansea]] Labour
*[[Baroness Andrews]] Labour
*The [[Joyce Anelay|Baroness Anelay of St Johns]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Archer of Sandwell]] Labour
*[[Jeffrey Archer|Lord Archer of Weston-Super-Mare]] Other
*[[Robert Armstrong|Lord Armstrong of Ilminster]] Crossbench
*[[Arthur Gore|Earl of Arran]] Conservative
*[[Michael Anthony Ashcroft|Lord Ashcroft]] Conservative
*The [[Paddy Ashdown|Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jack Ashley|The Lord Ashley of Stoke]] Labour
*The [[Catherine Ashton|Baroness Ashton of Upholland]] Other
*[[John Astor|Lord Astor of Hever]] Conservative
*[[William Waldorf Astor|Viscount Astor]] Conservative
*[[Richard Attenborough|Lord Attenborough]] Labour
*[[John Attlee|Earl Attlee]] Conservative
*[[Eric Lubbock|Lord Avebury]] Liberal Democrat

===B===
*[[William Bach|Lord Bach]] Labour
*[[Raj Bagri|Lord Bagri]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Baker of Dorking]] Conservative
*[[Earl Baldwin of Bewdley]] Crossbench
*[[Edward Enda Haughey|Lord Ballyedmond]] Conservative
*[[Lord Barber of Tewkesbury]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Barker]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Barnett]] Labour
*The [[Steve Bassam|Lord Bassam of Brighton]] Labour
*[[Lord Bates]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Bath and Wells]] Bishops
*[[Tim Bell|Lord Bell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Berkeley]] Labour
*[[Lord Best]] Crossbench
*[[Paul Bew|Lord Bew]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhatia]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhattacharyya]] Labour
*[[Lord Bichard]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bilimoria]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Billingham]] Labour
*[[Lord Bilston]] Labour
*[[The Lord Bingham of Cornhill]] Crossbench
*[[John Birt|Lord Birt]] Crossbench
*[[Conrad Black|Lord Black of Crossharbour]] Other
*[[Bishop of Blackburn]] Bishops
*The [[Tessa Blackstone|Baroness Blackstone]] Labour
*[[Norman Backwell|Lord Blackwell]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Blood]] Labour
*[[James Blyth|Lord Blyth of Rowington]] Conservative
*[[Jane Bonham Carter|Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Baroness Boothroyd]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Borrie]] Labour
*[[Lord Boston of Faversham]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bowness]] Conservative
*[[Michael Boyce|Lord Boyce]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Boyd of Duncansby]] Labour
*[[Lord Brabazon of Tara]] Other
*[[Bishop of Bradford]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Bradley]] Labour
*[[Lord Bradshaw]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Melvyn Bragg|Lord Bragg]] Labour
*[[Edwin Bramall|Lord Bramall]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brennan]] Labour
*[[Lord Brett]] Labour
*[[Viscount Bridgeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bridges]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Briggs]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Bristol]] Bishops
*The [[Leon Brittan|Lord Brittan of Spennithorne]] Conservative
*[[Alec Broers|Lord Broers]] Crossbench
*[[Clive Brooke|Lord Brooke of Alverthorpe]] Labour
*The [[Peter Brooke|Lord Brooke of Sutton Mandeville]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Brookeborough]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brookman]] Labour
*[[Lord Brooks]] of Tremorfa Labour
*[[Lord Brougham and Vaux]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood]] Other
*[[Lord Browne of Belmont]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[John Browne|Lord Browne of Madingley]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Browne-Wilkinson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Burnett]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Burns]] Crossbench
*[[Peta Buscombe|Baroness Buscombe]] Conservative
*The [[Robin Butler|Lord Butler of Brockwell]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Butler-Sloss]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Byford]] Conservative

===C===
*The [[Earl of Caithness]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cameron of Dillington]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cameron of Lochbroom]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell of Alloway]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Campbell of Loughborough]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Campbell of Surbiton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell-Savours]] Labour
*[[Rowan Williams|Archbishop of Canterbury]] Bishops
*The [[George Carey|Lord Carey of Clifton]] Crossbench
*[[Alex Carlile|Lord Carlile of Berriew]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Carnegy of Lour]] Other
*The [[Lord Carr of Hadley]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carrington]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carswell]] Crossbench
*Lord [[Carter of Barnes]] Labour
*[[Patrick Carter|Lord Carter of Coles]] Labour
*[[Earl Cathcart]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cavendish of Furness]] Conservative
*[[Peter Gummer|Lord Chadlington]] Conservative
*The [[Alun Jones (Lord Chalfont)|Lord Chalfont]] Crossbench
*The [[Lynda Chalker|Baroness Chalker of Wallasey]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Chandos]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Chester]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Chichester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Chidgey]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Chilver]] Conservative
*[[Lord Chitnis]] Crossbench
*The [[Marquess of Cholmondeley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Chorley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Christopher]] Labour
*[[Baroness Clark of Calton]] Other
*The [[Lord Clark of Windermere]] Labour
*[[Anthony Clarke|Lord Clarke of Hampstead]] Other
*The [[Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony]] Other
*[[Tim Clement-Jones|Lord Clement-Jones]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Stanley Clinton Davis|Lord Clinton-Davis]] Labour
*[[Lord Cobbold]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Coe]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Cohen of Pimlico]] Labour
*The [[Lord Collins of Mapesbury]] Other
*[[Lord Colwyn]] Conservative
*[[Lord Condon]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cope of Berkeley]] Conservative
*[[Lord Corbett of Castle Vale]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Corston]] Labour
*[[Lord Cotter]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Earl of Courtown]] Conservative
*[[Jean Coussins|Baroness Coussins]] Crossbench
*[[Caroline Cox|Baroness Cox]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Craig of Radley]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Craigavon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Crathorne]] Conservative
*The [[Earl of Crawford and Balcarres]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Crawley]] Labour
*The [[Lord Crickhowell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Crisp]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Croham]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cullen of Whitekirk]] Crossbench
*[[Julia Cumberlege|Baroness Cumberlege]] Conservative
*The [[Jack Cunningham|Lord Cunningham of Felling]] Labour
*Lord [[Currie of Marylebone]] Crossbench

===D===
*The [[Lord Darzi of Denham]] Labour
*[[Lord Davidson of Glen Clova]] Labour
*[[Mervyn Davies|Lord Davies of Abersoch]] Labour
*[[Lord Davies of Coity]] Labour
*The [[Lord Davies of Oldham]] Labour
*[[Lord De Mauley]] Conservative
*The [[Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde]] Labour
*[[Lord Dear]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Deech]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Delacourt-Smith of Alteryn]] Other
*[[The Lord Denham]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Derby]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Desai]] Labour
*[[Lord Dholakia]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Dixon]] Labour
*[[Lord Dixon-Smith]] Conservative
*[[Lord Donoughue]] Labour
*The [[Paul Drayson|Lord Drayson]] Labour
*[[The Baroness D'Souza]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Dubs]] Labour
*[[Earl of Dundee]] Conservative
*[[Lydia Dunn|Baroness Dunn]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Durham]] Bishops
*[[Lord Dykes]] Liberal Democrat

===E===
*[[Robin Eames|The Lord Eames]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Eatwell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Eccles of Moulton]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Eccles]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Eden of Winton]] Conservative
*[[Murray Elder|Lord Elder]] Labour
*[[The Lord Elis-Thomas]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Elliott of Morpeth]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elystan-Morgan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Emerton]] Crossbench
*[[Merlin Hay|Earl of Erroll]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Evans of Parkside]] Labour
*[[Matthew Evans|Lord Evans of Temple Guiting]] Labour
*[[Lord Evans of Watford]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Exeter]] Bishops
*[[Derek Ezra|Lord Ezra]] Liberal Democrat

===F===
*[[Charles Falconer|The Lord Falconer of Thoroton]] Labour
*[[Baroness Falkender]] Labour
*[[Viscount Falkland]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Falkner of Margravine]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Farrington of Ribbleton]] Labour
*[[Lord Faulkner of Worcester]] Labour
*[[Lord Fearn]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Feldman]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Fellowes]] Crossbench
*[[The Earl Ferrers]] Conservative
*[[Geoffrey Filkin|Lord Filkin]] Labour
*[[Baroness Finlay of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Flather]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Flowers]] Other
*[[Baroness Fookes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Ford]] Other
*The [[Michael Forsyth|Lord Forsyth of Drumlean]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Foster of Bishop Auckland]] Labour
*[[Norman Foster|Lord Foster of Thames Bank]] Crossbench
*The [[George Foulkes|Lord Foulkes of Cumnock]] Labour
*The [[Norman Fowler|Lord Fowler]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Fraser|Lord Fraser of Carmyllie]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Freeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freud]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freyberg]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Fritchie]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Fyfe of Fairfield]] Labour

===G===
*[[Baroness Gale]] Labour
*[[Baroness Garden of Frognal]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Gardner of Parkes]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Garel-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Bob Gavron|Lord Gavron]] Labour
*[[Lord Geddes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Gibson of Market Rasen]] Labour
*[[Anthony Giddens|Lord Giddens]] Labour
*The [[John Gilbert|Lord Gilbert]] Labour
*[[Earl of Glasgow]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Edward Short|Lord Glenamara]] Labour
*[[Lord Glenarthur]] Conservative
*[[Lord Glentoran]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Gloucester]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Goff of Chieveley]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Golding]] Labour
*The [[Peter Goldsmith|Lord Goldsmith]] Labour
*[[Lord William Goodhart|Lord Goodhart]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Lord Goodlad]] Conservative
*[[Lord Gordon of Strathblane]] Labour
*[[Viscount Goschen]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Goudie]] Labour
*[[Philip Gould|Lord Gould of Brookwood]] Labour
*[[Baroness Gould of Potternewton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grabiner]] Labour
*The [[Lord Graham of Edmonton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grantchester]] Labour
*[[Lord Greaves]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Susan Greenfield|Baroness Greenfield]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Greengross]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Greenway]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Grenfell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Grey-Thompson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Griffiths of Burry Port]] Labour
*[[Brian Griffiths|Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Griffiths]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Grocott]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Guildford]] Bishops
*The [[Charles Guthrie|Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank]] Crossbench

===H===
*[[The Lord Habgood]] Other
*The [[Baroness Hale of Richmond]] Other
*[[Lord Hall of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hameed]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Hamilton of Epsom]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hamwee]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Hanham]] Conservative
*[[David Hannay|Lord Hannay of Chiswick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hanningfield]] Other
*[[The Lord Hardie]] Other
*[[Lord Harries of Pentregarth]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Harris of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Philip Harris|Lord Harris of Peckham]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Harris of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Harrison]] Labour
*[[Lord Hart of Chilton]] Labour
*[[Simon Haskel|Lord Haskel]] Labour
*[[Christopher Haskins|Lord Haskins]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hastings of Scarisbrick]] Crossbench
*The [[Roy Hattersley|Lord Hattersley]] Labour
*[[Lord Haworth]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hayhoe]] Conservative
*[[Helene Hayman|Baroness Hayman]] Other
*The [[Denis Healey|Lord Healey]] Labour
*[[Baroness Henig]] Labour
*[[Lord Henley]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Hereford]] Bishops
*[[Michael Heseltine|The Lord Heseltine]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Higgins]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hilton of Eggardon]] Labour
*[[Lord Hodgson of Astley Abbotts]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Hoffmann]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Hogg|Baroness Hogg]] Conservative
*[[Clive Hollick|Lord Hollick]] Labour
*The [[Patricia Hollis|Baroness Hollis of Heigham]] Labour
*[[Earl of Home]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hooper]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hooson]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Hope of Craighead]] Other
*[[The Lord Hope of Thornes]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Howard of Rising]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howarth of Breckland]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Howarth of Newport]] Labour
*[[The Lord Howe of Aberavon]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howe of Idlicote]] Crossbench
*[[Earl Howe]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Howell of Guildford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howells of St Davids]] Labour
*[[Lord Howie of Troon]] Labour
*[[Doug Hoyle|Lord Hoyle]] Labour
*[[Lord Hughes of Woodside]] Labour
*[[Lord Hunt of Chesterton]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath]] Labour
*The [[Lord Hunt of Wirral]] Conservative
*The [[Douglas Hurd|Lord Hurd of Westwell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hutchinson of Lullington]] Other
*The [[Brian Hutton|Lord Hutton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hylton]] Crossbench

===I===
*[[Peter Imbert|Lord Imbert]] Crossbench
*The [[Peter Inge|Lord Inge]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Inglewood]] Conservative
*The [[Derry Irvine|Lord Irvine of Lairg]] Labour

===J===
*[[Lord Jacobs]] Other
*[[Lord James of Blackheath]] Conservative
*[[Baroness James of Holland Park]] Conservative
*[[Greville Janner|Lord Janner of Braunstone]] Labour
*[[The Lord Janvrin]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme|Lord Jay of Ewelme]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Jay of Paddington]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jenkin of Roding]] Conservative
*[[Joel Joffe|Lord Joffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Jones of Birmingham]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Jones of Cheltenham]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Jones of Whitchurch]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jones]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jopling]] Conservative
*[[Lord Jordan]] Labour
*[[Lord Judd]] Labour
*[[The Lord Judge]] Other

===K===
*[[Lord Kakkar]] Crossbench
*[[Stanley Kalms|Lord Kalms]] Other
*[[Helena Kennedy|Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws]] Labour
*[[Lord Kerr of Kinlochard]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore]] Other
*The [[John Taylor, Lord Kilclooney|Lord Kilclooney]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kilpatrick of Kincraig]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kimball]] Conservative
*The [[Tom King|Lord King of Bridgwater]] Conservative
*[[Lord King of West Bromwich]] Labour
*[[The Lord Kingsdown]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Kingsmill]] Labour
*[[Glenys Kinnock|Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead]] Labour
*The [[Neil Kinnock|Lord Kinnock]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Kirkhill]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkwood of Kirkhope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Knight of Collingtree]] Conservative
*[[Lord Knights]] Crossbench
*[[John Krebs|Lord Krebs]] Crossbench

===L===
*[[Lord Laing of Dunphail]] Conservative
*[[Lord Laird Ulster]] Unionist Party
*[[Lord Laming]] Crossbench
*The [[Norman Lamont|Lord Lamont of Lerwick]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lang of Monkton]] Conservative
*The [[Nigel Lawson|Lord Lawson of Blaby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Layard]] Labour
*[[Lord Lea of Crondall]] Labour
*[[Lord Leach of Fairford]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lee of Trafford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Leicester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Sandy Leitch|Lord Leitch]] Labour
*[[Lord Lester of Herne Hill]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Peter Levene|Lord Levene of Portsoken]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Levy|Lord Levy]] Labour
*The [[Lord Lewis of Newnham]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Lichfield]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Lincoln]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Lindsay]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Linklater of Butterstone]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Lipsey|Lord Lipsey]] Labour
*[[Earl of Listowel]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Liverpool]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Liverpool]] Conservative
*[[Lord Livsey of Talgarth]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Anthony Lloyd|Lord Lloyd of Berwick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lloyd-Webber]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Lockwood]] Labour
*[[Lord Lofthouse of Pontefract]] Labour
*[[Bishop of London]] Bishops
*[[Lord Low of Dalston]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lucas]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Luce]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Ludford|Baroness Ludford]] Other
*[[Lord Luke]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lyell of Markyate]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lyell]] Conservative

===M===
*[[Lord Macaulay of Bragar]] Labour
*The [[Gus Macdonald|Lord Macdonald of Tradeston]] Labour
*[[Norman Somerville Macfarlane|Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden]] Conservative
*The [[John MacGregor|Lord MacGregor of Pulham Market]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Clashfern]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Drumadoon]] Other
*[[Lord MacKenzie of Culkein]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackenzie of Framwellgate]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackie of Benshie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord MacLaurin of Knebworth]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Maclennan of Rogart]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Maddock]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Maginnis of Drumglass]] Ulster Unionist Party
*[[Baroness Mallalieu]] Labour
*The [[Mark Malloch-Brown|Lord Malloch-Brown]] Labour
*The [[Lord Mance]] Other
*[[Bishop of Manchester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Mancroft]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Mandelson|Lord Mandelson]] Labour
*[[Eliza Manningham-Buller|Baroness Manningham-Buller]] Crossbench
*[[Earl of Mar and Kellie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Countess of Mar]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Marland]] Conservative
*[[Lord Marlesford]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Marsh]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Martin of Springburn]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Masham of Ilton]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Mason of Barnsley]] Labour
*[[Baroness Massey of Darwen]] Labour
*The [[Lord Mawhinney]] Conservative
*[[Lord Mawson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Maxton]] Labour
*[[Lord May of Oxford]] Crossbench
*The [[Patrick Mayhew|Lord Mayhew of Twysden]] Conservative
*[[Lord McCarthy]] Labour
*[[John McCluskey|Lord McCluskey]] Crossbench
*[[Lord McColl of Dulwich]] Conservative
*[[Margaret McDonagh|Baroness McDonagh]] Labour
*[[Baroness McFarlane of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord McIntosh of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall]] Labour
*[[Lord McKenzie of Luton]] Labour
*The [[Tom McNally|Lord McNally]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Meacher]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Methuen]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Chilthorne Domer]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Hendon]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Millett]] Crossbench
*[[Parry Mitchell|Lord Mitchell]] Labour
*[[Lord Mogg]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Molyneaux of Killead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Monson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Montagu of Beaulieu]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Montgomery of Alamein]] Crossbench
*The [[Duke of Montrose]] Conservative
*[[Lewis Moonie|Lord Moonie]] Labour
*The [[Lord Moore of Lower Marsh]] Conservative
*[[Lord Moran ]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Morgan of Drefelin]] Labour
*[[Sally Morgan|Baroness Morgan of Huyton]] Labour
*[[Lord Morgan]] Labour
*The [[Lord Morris of Aberavon]] Labour
*[[Baroness Morris of Bolton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Morris of Handsworth ]] Labour
*The [[Lord Morris of Manchester]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Morris of Yardley]] Labour
*[[Lord Morrow]] Democratic Unionist Party
* [[Lord Moser]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Moynihan]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Murphy]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Mustill]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Myners]] Labour

===N===
*[[The Lord Naseby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Neill of Bladen]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Neuberger]] of Abbotsbury Other
*[[Julia Neuberger|Baroness Neuberger]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Pauline Neville-Jones|Baroness Neville-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Lord Newby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Newcastle]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Newton of Braintree]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Emma Nicholson|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Nickson]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Nicol]] Labour
*[[Baroness Noakes]] Conservative
*[[The Duke of Norfolk]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbourne]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbrook]] Conservative
*[[Lord Northfield]] Labour
*[[Lindsay Northover|Baroness Northover]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Norton of Louth]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Norwich]] Bishops

===O===
*[[Lord Oakeshott of Seagrove Bay]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness O'Cathain]] Conservative
*[[Baroness O'Loan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve]] Crossbench
*[[Lord O'Neill of Clackmannan]] Labour
*[[Earl of Onslow]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ouseley]] Crossbench
*The [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] Crossbench
*[[Ronald Oxburgh|Lord Oxburgh]] Crossbench

===P===
*[[Baroness Paisley of St George's]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[Lord Palmer]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Palumbo]] Conservative
*[[Lord Pannick]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Parekh]] Labour
*[[The Lord Parkinson]] Conservative
*[[Lord Patel of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel of Bradford]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Patten of Barnes]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Patten]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Paul]] Labour
*[[Malcolm Pearson|Lord Pearson of Rannoch]] UK Independence Party
*[[The Earl Peel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Pendry]] Labour
*[[Baroness Perry of Southwark]] Conservative
*[[Lord Peston]] Labour
*[[Lord Phillips of Sudbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers]] Other
*[[The Lord Pilkington of Oxenford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Pitkeathley]] Labour
*[[The Lord Plant of Highfield]] Labour
*[[Baroness Platt of Writtle]] Conservative
*[[Lord Charles Henry Plumb|Lord Plumb]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede]] Labour
*[[Charles Powell|Lord Powell of Bayswater]] Crossbench
*[[Usha Prashar|Baroness Prashar]] Crossbench
*The [[James Prior|Lord Prior]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Prosser]] Labour
*[[Lord Prys-Davies]] Labour
*[[Lord Puttnam]] Labour

===Q===
*[[The Baroness Quin]] Labour
*[[Lord Quinton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Quirk]] Crossbench

===R===
*[[The Lord Radice]] Labour
*[[Margaret 'Meta' Ramsay|Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale]] Labour
*[[Lord Ramsbotham]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Rana]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Randall of St Budeaux]] Other
*[[Baroness Rawlings]] Conservative
*[[Lord Razzall]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Rea]] Labour
*[[Lord Reay]] Conservative
*[[Lord Redesdale]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Rees of Ludlow]] Crossbench
*[[William Rees-Mogg|Lord Rees-Mogg]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Rendell of Babergh]] Labour
*[[Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn]] Conservative
*[[Lord Rennard]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Lord Renton of Mount Harry]] Conservative
*[[Robin Renwick|Lord Renwick of Clifton]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Richard]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Richardson of Calow]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Ripon and Leeds]] Bishops
*[[Lord Rix]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Roberts of Conwy]] Conservative
*[[Lord Roberts of Llandudno]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[George Robertson|Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]] Labour
*The [[Lord Rodger of Earlsferry]] Other
*The [[Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Rogan]] Ulster Unionist Party
*[[Lord Rogers of Riverside]] Labour
*[[Lord Rooker]] Labour Independent
*[[Lord Roper]] Other
*[[Lord Rosser]] Labour
*[[Earl of Rosslyn]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Rotherwick]] Conservative
*[[Lord Rowe-Beddoe]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Rowlands]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Royall of Blaisdon]] Labour
*The [[Lord Ryder of Wensum]] Conservative

===S===
*[[Maurice Saatchi|Lord Saatchi]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sacks]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover]] Conservative
*[[David Sainsbury|Lord Sainsbury of Turville]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Salisbury]] Bishops
*The [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] Other
*[[Lady Saltoun of Abernethy]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sandberg]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Russell Sanderson|Lord Sanderson of Bowden]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Sandwich]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Saville of Newdigate]] Other
*[[Lord Sawyer]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Scotland of Asthal]] Labour
*The [[Lord Scott of Foscote]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Scott of Needham Market]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Seccombe]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Selborne]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Selkirk of Douglas]] Conservative
*[[Lord Selsdon]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sewel]] Labour
*[[Lord Sharman]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Sharp of Guildford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Sharples]] Conservative
*[[Lord Shaw of Northstead]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sheikh]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Sheldon]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Shephard of Northwold]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sheppard of Didgemere]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Shrewsbury]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Shutt of Greetland]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Simon|Lord Simon of Highbury]] Labour
*[[Viscount Simon]] Labour
*[[Lord Simpson of Dunkeld]] Other
*[[Lord Skelmersdale]] Conservative
*The [[Robert Skidelsky|Lord Skidelsky]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Slim]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Smith of Clifton]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Smith of Finsbury]] Other
*[[Baroness Smith of Gilmorehill]] Labour
*[[Lord Smith of Kelvin]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Smith of Leigh]] Labour
*[[Lord Snape]] Labour
*[[Earl of Snowdon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Soley]] Labour
*[[Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior]] Conservative
*[[Lord St John of Bletso]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord St John of Fawsley]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Stair]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Steel of Aikwood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Sterling of Plaistow]] Conservative
*[[Lord Stern of Brentford]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Stern]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Ludgate]] Conservative Independent
*[[Dennis Stevenson|Lord Stevenson of Coddenham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Stewartby]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Steyn]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stoddart of Swindon]] Independent Labour
*[[Lord Stone of Blackheath]] Labour
*[[Lord Strabolgi]] Labour
*[[Thomas Galbraith|The Lord Strathclyde]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sugar]] Labour
*[[Stewart Sutherland|Lord Sutherland of Houndwood]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Swinfen]] Conservative
*The [[Elizabeth Symons|Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean]] Labour

===T===
*[[Lord Tanlaw]] Crossbench
*[[Dick Taverne|Lord Taverne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Taylor of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Ann Taylor|The Baroness Taylor of Bolton]] Labour
*[[John Taylor|Lord Taylor of Holbeach]] Conservative
*[[Lord John Taylor of Warwick|Lord Taylor of Warwick]] Conservative
*The [[Norman Tebbitt|Lord Tebbit]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Templeman]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Temple-Morris]] Labour
*[[Viscount Tenby]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Teverson]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Margaret Thatcher|Baroness Thatcher]] Conservative
*[[Lord Thomas of Gresford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Thomas of Macclesfield]] Labour
*[[Lord Thomas of Swynnerton]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Thomas of Walliswood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thomas of Winchester]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thornton]] Labour
*[[Lord Tombs]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tomlinson]] Labour
*[[Jenny Tonge|Baroness Tonge]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tordoff]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Trefgarne]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Trenchard]] Conservative
*[[David Triesman|Lord Triesman]] Other
*The [[David Trimble|Lord Trimble]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Trumpington]] Conservative
*[[Peter Truscott|Lord Truscott]] Other
*[[Lord Tugendhat]] Conservative
*[[Lord Tunnicliffe]] Labour
*[[Leslie Turnberg|Lord Turnberg]] Labour
*[[Andrew Turnbull|Lord Turnbull]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Turner of Camden]] Labour
*[[Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell|Lord Turner of Ecchinswell]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tyler]] Liberal Democrat

===U===
*[[Baroness Uddin]] Labour
*[[The Viscount Ullswater]] Conservative

===V===
*[[Shriti Vadera|The Baroness Vadera]] Labour
*[[Jo Valentine|Baroness Valentine]] Crossbench
*[[Iain Vallance|Lord Vallance of Tummel]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Sandip Verma|Baroness Verma]] Conservative
*[[Richard Vincent|Lord Vincent of Coleshill]] Crossbench
*[[Nigel Vinson|Lord Vinson]] Conservative

===W===
*[[David Waddington|The Lord Waddington]] Conservative
*[[William Wade | Lord Wade of Chorlton]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Wakefield]] Bishops
*[[John Wakeham|The Lord Wakeham]] Conservative
*[[William Waldegrave|The Lord Waldegrave of North Hill]] Conservative
*[[Michael Walker|Lord Walker of Aldringham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe]] Other
*[[The Lord Walker of Worcester]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wall of New Barnet]] Labour
*[[Lord Wallace of Saltaire]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jim Wallace|The Lord Wallace of Tankerness]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Walmsley]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Walpole]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Walton of Detchant]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Warner]] Labour
*[[Mary Warnock|Baroness Warnock]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Warsi]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Warwick of Undercliffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Watson of Invergowrie]] Other
*[[Lord Watson of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Viscount Waverley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wedderburn of Charlton]] Labour
*[[Lord Weidenfeld]] Crossbench
*[[Lord West of Spithead]] Labour
*[[Baroness Whitaker]] Labour
*[[Larry Whitty|The Lord Whitty]] Labour
*[[Baroness Wilcox]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wilkins]] Labour
*The [[Shirley Williams|Baroness Williams of Crosby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Williams of Elvel]] Labour
*[[The Lord Williamson of Horton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Willoughby de Broke]] UK Independence Party
*[[Lord Wilson of Dinton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wilson of Tillyorn]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Scott-Joynt|Bishop of Winchester]] Bishops
*[[David Hennessy|The Lord Windlesham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Winston]] Labour
*[[Lord Wolfson of Sunningdale]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Woolf]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Woolmer of Leeds]] Labour
*[[Lord Wright of Richmond]] Crossbench

===Y===
*[[John Sentamu|Archbishop of York]] Bishops
*[[David Young|The Lord Young of Graffham]] Conservative
*[[Lola Young|Baroness Young of Hornsey]] Crossbench
*[[Anthony Young|Lord Young of Norwood Green]] Labour
*[[Barbara Young|Baroness Young of Old Scone]] Other<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref>

==Dissolution Honours List==
Working peerages and dissolution Honours announced on 28 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/05/peerages-honours-and-appointments-51162 Peerages, honours and appointments], number10.gov.uk, 28 May 2010.</ref>

===Working Peers List===
====Conservative Party====
*[[Guy Black|Guy Vaughan Black]] – former Director [[Press Complaints Commission]], Executive Director [[Telegraph Media Group]]
*Dame [[Margaret Eaton]] OBE – Chairman of [[Local Government Association]]
*[[Edward Peter Lawless Faulks]] QC – barrister, leading practitioner, crime and personal injuries practice
*[[John Gardiner]] – Deputy Chief Executive of [[Countryside Alliance]]
*[[Helen Margaret Newlove]] – campaigner against anti-social behaviour
*[[Dolar Amarshi Popat]] – businessman, Chief Executive of [[TLC Group]], specialising in healthcare and hospitality
*[[Shireen Olive Ritchie]] – Local Government Councillor, specialises in areas of adult and children’s social care
*[[Deborah Stedman-Scott]] OBE, DL, FRSA – Chief Executive of [[Tomorrow’s People]], national employment charity working in deprived areas of UK
*[[Nat Wei]] – founder of [[Teach First]] and also a founder of [[Future Leaders]]
*Hon [[Simon Wolfson|Simon Adam Wolfson]] – Chief Executive of [[NEXT plc]]

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Floella Benjamin]] OBE DL – actor, presenter and campaigner for children’s issues
*[[Mike German]] OBE AM – former Deputy First Minister (Wales)
*[[Meral Hussein Ece]] OBE – Local Government Councillor in Islington, advocate of equality issues
*Sir [[Kenneth (Ken) Macdonald]] QC – former Director of Public Prosecutions
*[[Kathryn (Kate) Jane Parminter]] – former Chief Executive of Campaign to Protect Rural England
*[[John Shipley]] OBE – leading Local Government Councillor in Newcastle upon Tyne

====Labour Party====
*Sir [[Jeremy Hugh Beecham]] DL – senior figure in English local government and first Chairman of the [[Local Government Association]]
*Rt Hon [[Paul Boateng]] – former Government Minister and MP for Brent South
*[[Rita Margaret Donaghy]] CBE – former Chair [[Conciliation and Arbitration Service]]
*[[Jeannie Drake]] – former Deputy General Secretary of the [[Communication Workers Union]]
*Dr [[Dianne Hayter]] – Chair of [[Legal Services Consumer Panel]]
*[[Anna Healy]] – former Government and political adviser, serving in numerous government departments
*[[Roy Kennedy]] – [[Labour Party]]’s Director of Finance and Compliance, long serving member of the Labour Party
*Rt Hon [[Helen Liddell|Helen Lawrie Liddell]] – former Secretary State of Scotland
*[[Roger Liddle|Roger John Liddle]] – former Special Adviser on Europe and Lobbyist
*Rt Hon Dr [[Jack McConnell|Jack Wilson McConnell]] – former First Minister of Scotland
*[[John Monks|John Stephen Monks]] – General Secretary, [[European Trades Union Confederation]]
*[[Sue Nye]] – former Director of Government Relations, Prime Minister’s Office
*[[Maeve Sherlock]] OBE – former Chief Executive of the [[Refugee Council]] and Former Special Advisor to Chancellor
*[[Wilf Stevenson|Robert Wilfrid (Wilf) Stevenson]] – former Director of the [[Smith Institute]] and Special Adviser to the PM
*[[Margaret Wheeler]] MBE – Director of Organisation and Staff Development for the public service union [[UNISON]]
*[[Michael Williams]] – former Special Adviser on Foreign Affairs

===Dissolution List===

====Conservative party====
*[[Timothy Eric Boswell]] – former Whip and Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*[[Angela Frances Browning]] – former Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*Rt Hon [[John Selwyn Gummer]] – former Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Rt Hon [[Michael Howard]] QC – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*[[John Maples|John Craddock Maples]] – former Economic Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Sir [[Michael Spicer]] – former Government Minister for Housing and Chairman of Parliamentary and Scientific Committee

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Richard Allan]] – former MP for Sheffield Hallam and Chair of the Information Select Committee
*[[Matthew Owen John Taylor]] – former MP for Truro and St Austell, Chair of [[National Housing Federation]]
*[[Phil Willis|George Philip (Phil) Willis]] – former MP for Harrogate and Knaresborough, Former Chair of Science and Technology Select Committee

====Labour Party====
*Rt Hon [[Hillary Armstrong|Hillary Jane Armstrong]] – former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for Social Exclusion, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Des Browne|Desmond (Des) Henry Browne]] – former Secretary of State for Defence and held other senior posts in government
*[[Quentin Davies]] – former Government Minister, Defence
*Rt Hon [[Beverley Hughes]] – former Minister of State, Children, Schools and Families
*Rt Hon [[John Hutton]] – former Secretary of State for Business, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Jim Knight|James (Jim) Philip Knight]], Former Minister of State
*Rt Hon [[Tommy McAvoy]] – former Government Deputy Chief Whip
*Rt Hon [[John McFall]] – former Chair of Treasury Select Committee and MP for West Dunbartonshire
*Rt Hon [[John Prescott|John Leslie Prescott]] – former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon Dr [[John Reid]] – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Angela Evans Smith]] – former Minister of State, Cabinet Office
*Rt Hon [[Don Touhig|James Donnelly (Don) Touhig]] – former Parliamentary under Secretary of State (Minister for Veterans), Ministry of Defence
*Rt Hon [[Michael Wills|Michael David Wills]] – former Minister of State, Ministry of Justice

====Democratic Unionist Party====
*Rt Hon [[Ian Paisley|Ian R K Paisley]] – former First Minister and DUP Leader

====Crossbenchers====
*Sir [[Ian Blair]], Former Commissioner of the [[Metropolitan Police]].

==November 2010 Peerages==
Working Peerages announced on 19 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/11/peerages-honours-and-appointments-2-57256 Latest Peerages announced], numnber10.gov.uk, accessed 21 November 2010.</ref>

===Conservative Party===

*[[Tariq Ahmad]] – businessman and former Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Robert Balchin]] DL - Pro-Chancellor of Brunel University
*[[Elizabeth Berridge]] – Director of the [[Conservative Christian Fellowship]]
*Sir [[Michael Bishop]] CBE – career in civil aviation, Chairman of The Michael Bishop Foundation a charitable foundation
*[[Alistair Cooke]] OBE – career in education, authorship and politics
*Sir [[Patrick Cormack]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Michael Dobbs]] – author, presenter and adviser to [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[John Major]]
*[[Robert Edmiston]] – businessman and charity campaigner
*Sir [[Reg Empey]] OBE – Leader of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] 2005 – 2010
*[[Andrew Feldman]] – businessman and Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party
*[[Julian Fellowes]] DL – actor, novelist, film director and screenwriter
*Stanley Fink – Chief Executive of International Standard Asset Management and Chairman of Earth Capital LLP. Treasurer of the Conservative Party
*[[Howard Flight]] – career in finance; held various positions in Conservative Shadow Cabinet, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party 2004 -2005
*[[David Gold]] – senior litigation partner at [[Herbert Smith]] LLP
*[[Michael Grade]] CBE – past Chief Executive of [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Executive Chairman of [[ITV]] plc
*[[Rachael Heyhoe-Flint]] OBE DL – past captain of England women’s cricket team, currently public relations and sports marketing consultant
*[[Anne Jenkin]] – charitable and political work for the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Michael Lord]] – former Conservative MP and former Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
*Rt Hon [[David Maclean]] – former Conservative MP; held a number of Ministerial posts; Opposition Chief Whip 2001 – 2005
*[[George Magan]] – career in finance; former Conservative Party Treasurer and Deputy Chairman of the [[Conservative Party Foundation]]
*Sir [[Bernard Ribeiro]] CBE FRCS – retired Consultant General Surgeon; member of the Health Policy Research Advisory Board of the American College of Surgeons
*[[Fiona Shackleton]] LVO – lawyer specialising in family law
*[[Richard Spring]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Tina Stowell]] MBE – former Head of BBC corporate Affairs; past Deputy Chief of Staff to [[William Hague]] as Leader of HM Opposition
*[[Nicholas True]] CBE – past Deputy Head of the PM’s Policy Unit; former Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords; Leader of Richmond Borough Council
*[[Patience Wheatcroft]] – Editor-in-Chief of the [[Wall Street Journal Europe]]
*[[Gordon Wasserman]] – internationally recognised expert on management of police forces

===Liberal Democrat Party===

*Dr [[Sarah (Sal) Brinton]] – Executive Director of the Association of Universities in the East of England
*[[Dee Doocey]] OBE – Chair of the London Assembly
*[[Qurban Hussain]] – Deputy Group Leader of the Liberal Democrat group on Luton Borough Council
*[[Judith Jolly]] – Chair of Executive Committee of Liberal Democrats in Devon and Cornwall
*[[Susan Kramer]] – former Liberal Democrat MP
*[[Raj Loomba]] – businessman and campaigner for widows’ rights
*[[Jonathan Marks]] – commercial and family law QC with specialist interest in human rights and constitutional reform
*[[Monroe Palmer]] OBE – Liberal Democrat Councillor and Chair of [[Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel]]
*[[Jenny Randerson]] – Liberal Democrat Member of the National Assembly for Wales for Cardiff Central, former Minister in the Welsh Assembly Government
*[[John Sharkey]] – Chairman of the Liberal Democrat 2010 General Election campaign
*[[Nicol Stephen]] – Former Deputy First Minister of Scotland (2005 – 2007) and leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats (2005 – 2008)
*[[Ben Stoneham]] – Liberal Democrat HQ Operations Director
*[[Mike Storey]] CBE – Primary School Head teacher, former Leader of Liverpool City Council, Liberal Democrat Councillor and former Lord Mayor of Liverpool;
*[[Paul Strasburger]] – businessman and philanthropist
*[[Claire Tyler]] – Chief Executive of Relate

===Labour Party===
*Dame [[Joan Bakewell]] DBE – writer and broadcaster
*[[Ray Collins]] – General Secretary of the Labour Party
*[[Maurice Glasman]] – Senior Lecturer in political theory at London Metropolitan University and for his work with [[London Citizens]]
*[[Jonathan Kestenbaum]] – businessman and Chief Executive of [[National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts]]
*[[Oona King]] – Head of Diversity at [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Labour MP; currently journalist and presenter
*[[Ruth Lister]] – Emeritus Professor of Social Policy at Loughbrough University
*[[Eluned Morgan]] – former Labour MEP representing Mid and West Wales; currently Honorary Distinguished Professor at Cardiff University and for her work on low carbon energy
*Sir [[Gulam Noon]] MBE – Chairman and Founder of Noon Products and of the Noon Foundation
*[[Stewart Wood]] – former Downing Street and HMT special adviser, lecturer at University of Oxford; previously Fellow of Magdalen College and co-founder of Nexus
*[[Bryony Worthington]] – career focusing on promoting environmental and social change

===Plaid Cymru===
*Rt Hon [[Dafydd Wigley]] – former Leader of [[Plaid Cymru]]; Honorary President of Plaid Cymru

===Crossbenchers===
*Sir [[Richard Dannatt]] GCB CBE MC DL, Former Chief of the General Staff.

===Notes===
<references/>

[[Category:House of Lords]]

List of Members of the House of Lords, 55th UK Parliament

2011-01-17T15:29:37Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* R */

Members of the House of Lords in the UK Parliament following the election of 6 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref> See also [[List of MPs, 55th UK Parliament]].

==Members as of 26 May 2010==
===A===
*[[Alastair Bruce|Lord Aberdare]] Crossbench
*[[Richard Acton|Lord Acton]] Labour
*[[Irene Adams|Baroness Adams of Craigielea]] Labour
*[[Dominic Hubbard|Lord Addington]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Adebowale]] Crossbench
*The [[Andrew Adonis|Lord Adonis]] Labour
*[[Haleh Afshar|Baroness Afshar]] Crossbench
*[[Nazir Ahmed|Lord Ahmed]] Labour
*[[John Alderdice|Lord Alderdice]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Michael Allenby|Viscount Allenby of Megiddo]] Crossbench
*[[Waheed Alli|Lord Alli]] Labour
*[[David Alliance|Lord Alliance]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Alton|Lord Alton of Liverpool]] Crossbench
*The [[Valerie Amos|Baroness Amos]] Labour
*[[Geoffrey Russell|The Lord Ampthill]] Crossbench
*[[Donald Anderson|The Lord Anderson of Swansea]] Labour
*[[Baroness Andrews]] Labour
*The [[Joyce Anelay|Baroness Anelay of St Johns]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Archer of Sandwell]] Labour
*[[Jeffrey Archer|Lord Archer of Weston-Super-Mare]] Other
*[[Robert Armstrong|Lord Armstrong of Ilminster]] Crossbench
*[[Arthur Gore|Earl of Arran]] Conservative
*[[Michael Anthony Ashcroft|Lord Ashcroft]] Conservative
*The [[Paddy Ashdown|Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jack Ashley|The Lord Ashley of Stoke]] Labour
*The [[Catherine Ashton|Baroness Ashton of Upholland]] Other
*[[John Astor|Lord Astor of Hever]] Conservative
*[[William Waldorf Astor|Viscount Astor]] Conservative
*[[Richard Attenborough|Lord Attenborough]] Labour
*[[John Attlee|Earl Attlee]] Conservative
*[[Eric Lubbock|Lord Avebury]] Liberal Democrat

===B===
*[[William Bach|Lord Bach]] Labour
*[[Raj Bagri|Lord Bagri]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Baker of Dorking]] Conservative
*[[Earl Baldwin of Bewdley]] Crossbench
*[[Edward Enda Haughey|Lord Ballyedmond]] Conservative
*[[Lord Barber of Tewkesbury]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Barker]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Barnett]] Labour
*The [[Steve Bassam|Lord Bassam of Brighton]] Labour
*[[Lord Bates]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Bath and Wells]] Bishops
*[[Tim Bell|Lord Bell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Berkeley]] Labour
*[[Lord Best]] Crossbench
*[[Paul Bew|Lord Bew]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhatia]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhattacharyya]] Labour
*[[Lord Bichard]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bilimoria]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Billingham]] Labour
*[[Lord Bilston]] Labour
*[[The Lord Bingham of Cornhill]] Crossbench
*[[John Birt|Lord Birt]] Crossbench
*[[Conrad Black|Lord Black of Crossharbour]] Other
*[[Bishop of Blackburn]] Bishops
*The [[Tessa Blackstone|Baroness Blackstone]] Labour
*[[Norman Backwell|Lord Blackwell]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Blood]] Labour
*[[James Blyth|Lord Blyth of Rowington]] Conservative
*[[Jane Bonham Carter|Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Baroness Boothroyd]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Borrie]] Labour
*[[Lord Boston of Faversham]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bowness]] Conservative
*[[Michael Boyce|Lord Boyce]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Boyd of Duncansby]] Labour
*[[Lord Brabazon of Tara]] Other
*[[Bishop of Bradford]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Bradley]] Labour
*[[Lord Bradshaw]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Melvyn Bragg|Lord Bragg]] Labour
*[[Edwin Bramall|Lord Bramall]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brennan]] Labour
*[[Lord Brett]] Labour
*[[Viscount Bridgeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bridges]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Briggs]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Bristol]] Bishops
*The [[Leon Brittan|Lord Brittan of Spennithorne]] Conservative
*[[Alec Broers|Lord Broers]] Crossbench
*[[Clive Brooke|Lord Brooke of Alverthorpe]] Labour
*The [[Peter Brooke|Lord Brooke of Sutton Mandeville]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Brookeborough]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brookman]] Labour
*[[Lord Brooks]] of Tremorfa Labour
*[[Lord Brougham and Vaux]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood]] Other
*[[Lord Browne of Belmont]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[John Browne|Lord Browne of Madingley]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Browne-Wilkinson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Burnett]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Burns]] Crossbench
*[[Peta Buscombe|Baroness Buscombe]] Conservative
*The [[Robin Butler|Lord Butler of Brockwell]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Butler-Sloss]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Byford]] Conservative

===C===
*The [[Earl of Caithness]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cameron of Dillington]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cameron of Lochbroom]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell of Alloway]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Campbell of Loughborough]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Campbell of Surbiton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell-Savours]] Labour
*[[Rowan Williams|Archbishop of Canterbury]] Bishops
*The [[George Carey|Lord Carey of Clifton]] Crossbench
*[[Alex Carlile|Lord Carlile of Berriew]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Carnegy of Lour]] Other
*The [[Lord Carr of Hadley]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carrington]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carswell]] Crossbench
*Lord [[Carter of Barnes]] Labour
*[[Patrick Carter|Lord Carter of Coles]] Labour
*[[Earl Cathcart]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cavendish of Furness]] Conservative
*[[Peter Gummer|Lord Chadlington]] Conservative
*The [[Alun Jones (Lord Chalfont)|Lord Chalfont]] Crossbench
*The [[Lynda Chalker|Baroness Chalker of Wallasey]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Chandos]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Chester]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Chichester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Chidgey]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Chilver]] Conservative
*[[Lord Chitnis]] Crossbench
*The [[Marquess of Cholmondeley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Chorley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Christopher]] Labour
*[[Baroness Clark of Calton]] Other
*The [[Lord Clark of Windermere]] Labour
*[[Anthony Clarke|Lord Clarke of Hampstead]] Other
*The [[Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony]] Other
*[[Tim Clement-Jones|Lord Clement-Jones]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Stanley Clinton Davis|Lord Clinton-Davis]] Labour
*[[Lord Cobbold]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Coe]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Cohen of Pimlico]] Labour
*The [[Lord Collins of Mapesbury]] Other
*[[Lord Colwyn]] Conservative
*[[Lord Condon]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cope of Berkeley]] Conservative
*[[Lord Corbett of Castle Vale]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Corston]] Labour
*[[Lord Cotter]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Earl of Courtown]] Conservative
*[[Jean Coussins|Baroness Coussins]] Crossbench
*[[Caroline Cox|Baroness Cox]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Craig of Radley]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Craigavon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Crathorne]] Conservative
*The [[Earl of Crawford and Balcarres]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Crawley]] Labour
*The [[Lord Crickhowell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Crisp]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Croham]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cullen of Whitekirk]] Crossbench
*[[Julia Cumberlege|Baroness Cumberlege]] Conservative
*The [[Jack Cunningham|Lord Cunningham of Felling]] Labour
*Lord [[Currie of Marylebone]] Crossbench

===D===
*The [[Lord Darzi of Denham]] Labour
*[[Lord Davidson of Glen Clova]] Labour
*[[Mervyn Davies|Lord Davies of Abersoch]] Labour
*[[Lord Davies of Coity]] Labour
*The [[Lord Davies of Oldham]] Labour
*[[Lord De Mauley]] Conservative
*The [[Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde]] Labour
*[[Lord Dear]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Deech]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Delacourt-Smith of Alteryn]] Other
*[[The Lord Denham]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Derby]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Desai]] Labour
*[[Lord Dholakia]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Dixon]] Labour
*[[Lord Dixon-Smith]] Conservative
*[[Lord Donoughue]] Labour
*The [[Paul Drayson|Lord Drayson]] Labour
*[[The Baroness D'Souza]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Dubs]] Labour
*[[Earl of Dundee]] Conservative
*[[Lydia Dunn|Baroness Dunn]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Durham]] Bishops
*[[Lord Dykes]] Liberal Democrat

===E===
*[[Robin Eames|The Lord Eames]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Eatwell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Eccles of Moulton]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Eccles]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Eden of Winton]] Conservative
*[[Murray Elder|Lord Elder]] Labour
*[[The Lord Elis-Thomas]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Elliott of Morpeth]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elystan-Morgan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Emerton]] Crossbench
*[[Merlin Hay|Earl of Erroll]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Evans of Parkside]] Labour
*[[Matthew Evans|Lord Evans of Temple Guiting]] Labour
*[[Lord Evans of Watford]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Exeter]] Bishops
*[[Derek Ezra|Lord Ezra]] Liberal Democrat

===F===
*[[Charles Falconer|The Lord Falconer of Thoroton]] Labour
*[[Baroness Falkender]] Labour
*[[Viscount Falkland]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Falkner of Margravine]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Farrington of Ribbleton]] Labour
*[[Lord Faulkner of Worcester]] Labour
*[[Lord Fearn]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Feldman]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Fellowes]] Crossbench
*[[The Earl Ferrers]] Conservative
*[[Geoffrey Filkin|Lord Filkin]] Labour
*[[Baroness Finlay of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Flather]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Flowers]] Other
*[[Baroness Fookes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Ford]] Other
*The [[Michael Forsyth|Lord Forsyth of Drumlean]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Foster of Bishop Auckland]] Labour
*[[Norman Foster|Lord Foster of Thames Bank]] Crossbench
*The [[George Foulkes|Lord Foulkes of Cumnock]] Labour
*The [[Norman Fowler|Lord Fowler]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Fraser|Lord Fraser of Carmyllie]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Freeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freud]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freyberg]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Fritchie]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Fyfe of Fairfield]] Labour

===G===
*[[Baroness Gale]] Labour
*[[Baroness Garden of Frognal]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Gardner of Parkes]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Garel-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Bob Gavron|Lord Gavron]] Labour
*[[Lord Geddes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Gibson of Market Rasen]] Labour
*[[Anthony Giddens|Lord Giddens]] Labour
*The [[John Gilbert|Lord Gilbert]] Labour
*[[Earl of Glasgow]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Edward Short|Lord Glenamara]] Labour
*[[Lord Glenarthur]] Conservative
*[[Lord Glentoran]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Gloucester]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Goff of Chieveley]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Golding]] Labour
*The [[Peter Goldsmith|Lord Goldsmith]] Labour
*[[Lord William Goodhart|Lord Goodhart]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Lord Goodlad]] Conservative
*[[Lord Gordon of Strathblane]] Labour
*[[Viscount Goschen]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Goudie]] Labour
*[[Philip Gould|Lord Gould of Brookwood]] Labour
*[[Baroness Gould of Potternewton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grabiner]] Labour
*The [[Lord Graham of Edmonton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grantchester]] Labour
*[[Lord Greaves]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Susan Greenfield|Baroness Greenfield]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Greengross]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Greenway]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Grenfell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Grey-Thompson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Griffiths of Burry Port]] Labour
*[[Brian Griffiths|Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Griffiths]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Grocott]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Guildford]] Bishops
*The [[Charles Guthrie|Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank]] Crossbench

===H===
*[[The Lord Habgood]] Other
*The [[Baroness Hale of Richmond]] Other
*[[Lord Hall of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hameed]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Hamilton of Epsom]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hamwee]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Hanham]] Conservative
*[[David Hannay|Lord Hannay of Chiswick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hanningfield]] Other
*[[The Lord Hardie]] Other
*[[Lord Harries of Pentregarth]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Harris of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Philip Harris|Lord Harris of Peckham]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Harris of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Harrison]] Labour
*[[Lord Hart of Chilton]] Labour
*[[Simon Haskel|Lord Haskel]] Labour
*[[Christopher Haskins|Lord Haskins]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hastings of Scarisbrick]] Crossbench
*The [[Roy Hattersley|Lord Hattersley]] Labour
*[[Lord Haworth]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hayhoe]] Conservative
*[[Helene Hayman|Baroness Hayman]] Other
*The [[Denis Healey|Lord Healey]] Labour
*[[Baroness Henig]] Labour
*[[Lord Henley]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Hereford]] Bishops
*[[Michael Heseltine|The Lord Heseltine]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Higgins]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hilton of Eggardon]] Labour
*[[Lord Hodgson of Astley Abbotts]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Hoffmann]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Hogg|Baroness Hogg]] Conservative
*[[Clive Hollick|Lord Hollick]] Labour
*The [[Patricia Hollis|Baroness Hollis of Heigham]] Labour
*[[Earl of Home]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hooper]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hooson]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Hope of Craighead]] Other
*[[The Lord Hope of Thornes]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Howard of Rising]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howarth of Breckland]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Howarth of Newport]] Labour
*[[The Lord Howe of Aberavon]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howe of Idlicote]] Crossbench
*[[Earl Howe]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Howell of Guildford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howells of St Davids]] Labour
*[[Lord Howie of Troon]] Labour
*[[Doug Hoyle|Lord Hoyle]] Labour
*[[Lord Hughes of Woodside]] Labour
*[[Lord Hunt of Chesterton]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath]] Labour
*The [[Lord Hunt of Wirral]] Conservative
*The [[Douglas Hurd|Lord Hurd of Westwell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hutchinson of Lullington]] Other
*The [[Brian Hutton|Lord Hutton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hylton]] Crossbench

===I===
*[[Peter Imbert|Lord Imbert]] Crossbench
*The [[Peter Inge|Lord Inge]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Inglewood]] Conservative
*The [[Derry Irvine|Lord Irvine of Lairg]] Labour

===J===
*[[Lord Jacobs]] Other
*[[Lord James of Blackheath]] Conservative
*[[Baroness James of Holland Park]] Conservative
*[[Greville Janner|Lord Janner of Braunstone]] Labour
*[[The Lord Janvrin]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme|Lord Jay of Ewelme]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Jay of Paddington]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jenkin of Roding]] Conservative
*[[Joel Joffe|Lord Joffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Jones of Birmingham]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Jones of Cheltenham]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Jones of Whitchurch]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jones]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jopling]] Conservative
*[[Lord Jordan]] Labour
*[[Lord Judd]] Labour
*[[The Lord Judge]] Other

===K===
*[[Lord Kakkar]] Crossbench
*[[Stanley Kalms|Lord Kalms]] Other
*[[Helena Kennedy|Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws]] Labour
*[[Lord Kerr of Kinlochard]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore]] Other
*The [[John Taylor, Lord Kilclooney|Lord Kilclooney]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kilpatrick of Kincraig]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kimball]] Conservative
*The [[Tom King|Lord King of Bridgwater]] Conservative
*[[Lord King of West Bromwich]] Labour
*[[The Lord Kingsdown]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Kingsmill]] Labour
*[[Glenys Kinnock|Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead]] Labour
*The [[Neil Kinnock|Lord Kinnock]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Kirkhill]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkwood of Kirkhope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Knight of Collingtree]] Conservative
*[[Lord Knights]] Crossbench
*[[John Krebs|Lord Krebs]] Crossbench

===L===
*[[Lord Laing of Dunphail]] Conservative
*[[Lord Laird Ulster]] Unionist Party
*[[Lord Laming]] Crossbench
*The [[Norman Lamont|Lord Lamont of Lerwick]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lang of Monkton]] Conservative
*The [[Nigel Lawson|Lord Lawson of Blaby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Layard]] Labour
*[[Lord Lea of Crondall]] Labour
*[[Lord Leach of Fairford]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lee of Trafford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Leicester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Sandy Leitch|Lord Leitch]] Labour
*[[Lord Lester of Herne Hill]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Peter Levene|Lord Levene of Portsoken]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Levy|Lord Levy]] Labour
*The [[Lord Lewis of Newnham]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Lichfield]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Lincoln]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Lindsay]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Linklater of Butterstone]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Lipsey|Lord Lipsey]] Labour
*[[Earl of Listowel]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Liverpool]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Liverpool]] Conservative
*[[Lord Livsey of Talgarth]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Anthony Lloyd|Lord Lloyd of Berwick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lloyd-Webber]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Lockwood]] Labour
*[[Lord Lofthouse of Pontefract]] Labour
*[[Bishop of London]] Bishops
*[[Lord Low of Dalston]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lucas]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Luce]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Ludford|Baroness Ludford]] Other
*[[Lord Luke]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lyell of Markyate]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lyell]] Conservative

===M===
*[[Lord Macaulay of Bragar]] Labour
*The [[Gus Macdonald|Lord Macdonald of Tradeston]] Labour
*[[Norman Somerville Macfarlane|Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden]] Conservative
*The [[John MacGregor|Lord MacGregor of Pulham Market]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Clashfern]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Drumadoon]] Other
*[[Lord MacKenzie of Culkein]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackenzie of Framwellgate]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackie of Benshie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord MacLaurin of Knebworth]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Maclennan of Rogart]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Maddock]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Maginnis of Drumglass]] Ulster Unionist Party
*[[Baroness Mallalieu]] Labour
*The [[Mark Malloch-Brown|Lord Malloch-Brown]] Labour
*The [[Lord Mance]] Other
*[[Bishop of Manchester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Mancroft]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Mandelson|Lord Mandelson]] Labour
*[[Eliza Manningham-Buller|Baroness Manningham-Buller]] Crossbench
*[[Earl of Mar and Kellie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Countess of Mar]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Marland]] Conservative
*[[Lord Marlesford]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Marsh]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Martin of Springburn]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Masham of Ilton]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Mason of Barnsley]] Labour
*[[Baroness Massey of Darwen]] Labour
*The [[Lord Mawhinney]] Conservative
*[[Lord Mawson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Maxton]] Labour
*[[Lord May of Oxford]] Crossbench
*The [[Patrick Mayhew|Lord Mayhew of Twysden]] Conservative
*[[Lord McCarthy]] Labour
*[[John McCluskey|Lord McCluskey]] Crossbench
*[[Lord McColl of Dulwich]] Conservative
*[[Margaret McDonagh|Baroness McDonagh]] Labour
*[[Baroness McFarlane of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord McIntosh of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall]] Labour
*[[Lord McKenzie of Luton]] Labour
*The [[Tom McNally|Lord McNally]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Meacher]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Methuen]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Chilthorne Domer]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Hendon]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Millett]] Crossbench
*[[Parry Mitchell|Lord Mitchell]] Labour
*[[Lord Mogg]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Molyneaux of Killead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Monson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Montagu of Beaulieu]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Montgomery of Alamein]] Crossbench
*The [[Duke of Montrose]] Conservative
*[[Lewis Moonie|Lord Moonie]] Labour
*The [[Lord Moore of Lower Marsh]] Conservative
*[[Lord Moran ]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Morgan of Drefelin]] Labour
*[[Sally Morgan|Baroness Morgan of Huyton]] Labour
*[[Lord Morgan]] Labour
*The [[Lord Morris of Aberavon]] Labour
*[[Baroness Morris of Bolton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Morris of Handsworth ]] Labour
*The [[Lord Morris of Manchester]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Morris of Yardley]] Labour
*[[Lord Morrow]] Democratic Unionist Party
* [[Lord Moser]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Moynihan]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Murphy]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Mustill]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Myners]] Labour

===N===
*[[The Lord Naseby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Neill of Bladen]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Neuberger]] of Abbotsbury Other
*[[Julia Neuberger|Baroness Neuberger]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Pauline Neville-Jones|Baroness Neville-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Lord Newby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Newcastle]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Newton of Braintree]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Emma Nicholson|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Nickson]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Nicol]] Labour
*[[Baroness Noakes]] Conservative
*[[The Duke of Norfolk]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbourne]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbrook]] Conservative
*[[Lord Northfield]] Labour
*[[Lindsay Northover|Baroness Northover]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Norton of Louth]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Norwich]] Bishops

===O===
*[[Lord Oakeshott of Seagrove Bay]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness O'Cathain]] Conservative
*[[Baroness O'Loan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve]] Crossbench
*[[Lord O'Neill of Clackmannan]] Labour
*[[Earl of Onslow]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ouseley]] Crossbench
*The [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] Crossbench
*[[Ronald Oxburgh|Lord Oxburgh]] Crossbench

===P===
*[[Baroness Paisley of St George's]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[Lord Palmer]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Palumbo]] Conservative
*[[Lord Pannick]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Parekh]] Labour
*[[The Lord Parkinson]] Conservative
*[[Lord Patel of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel of Bradford]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Patten of Barnes]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Patten]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Paul]] Labour
*[[Malcolm Pearson|Lord Pearson of Rannoch]] UK Independence Party
*[[The Earl Peel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Pendry]] Labour
*[[Baroness Perry of Southwark]] Conservative
*[[Lord Peston]] Labour
*[[Lord Phillips of Sudbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers]] Other
*[[The Lord Pilkington of Oxenford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Pitkeathley]] Labour
*[[The Lord Plant of Highfield]] Labour
*[[Baroness Platt of Writtle]] Conservative
*[[Lord Charles Henry Plumb|Lord Plumb]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede]] Labour
*[[Charles Powell|Lord Powell of Bayswater]] Crossbench
*[[Usha Prashar|Baroness Prashar]] Crossbench
*The [[James Prior|Lord Prior]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Prosser]] Labour
*[[Lord Prys-Davies]] Labour
*[[Lord Puttnam]] Labour

===Q===
*[[The Baroness Quin]] Labour
*[[Lord Quinton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Quirk]] Crossbench

===R===
*[[The Lord Radice]] Labour
*[[Margaret 'Meta' Ramsay|Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale]] Labour
*[[Lord Ramsbotham]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Rana]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Randall of St Budeaux]] Other
*[[Baroness Rawlings]] Conservative
*[[Lord Razzall]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Rea]] Labour
*[[Lord Reay]] Conservative
*[[Lord Redesdale]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Rees of Ludlow]] Crossbench
*[[William Rees-Mogg|Lord Rees-Mogg]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Rendell of Babergh]] Labour
*[[Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn]] Conservative
*[[Lord Rennard]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Lord Renton of Mount Harry]] Conservative
*[[Robin Renwick|Lord Renwick of Clifton]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Richard]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Richardson of Calow]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Ripon and Leeds]] Bishops
*[[Lord Rix]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Roberts of Conwy]] Conservative
*[[Lord Roberts of Llandudno]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[George Robertson|Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]] Labour
*The [[Lord Rodger of Earlsferry]] Other
*The [[Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Rogan]] Ulster Unionist Party
*[[Lord Rogers of Riverside]] Labour
*[[Lord Rooker]] Labour Independent
*[[Lord Roper]] Other
*[[Lord Rosser]] Labour
*[[Earl of Rosslyn]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Rotherwick]] Conservative
*[[Lord Rowe-Beddoe]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Rowlands]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Royall of Blaisdon]] Labour
*The [[Lord Ryder of Wensum]] Conservative

===S===
*[[Maurice Saatchi|Lord Saatchi]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sacks]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover]] Conservative
*[[David Sainsbury|Lord Sainsbury of Turville]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Salisbury]] Bishops
*The [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] Other
*[[Lady Saltoun of Abernethy]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sandberg]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Russell Sanderson|Lord Sanderson of Bowden]] Conservative
*Earl of Sandwich Crossbench
*The Lord Saville of Newdigate Other
*Lord Sawyer Labour
*The Baroness Scotland of Asthal Labour
*The Lord Scott of Foscote Crossbench
*Baroness Scott of Needham Market Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Seccombe Conservative
*Earl of Selborne Conservative
*The Lord Selkirk of Douglas Conservative
*Lord Selsdon Conservative
*Lord Sewel Labour
*Lord Sharman Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharp of Guildford Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharples Conservative
*Lord Shaw of Northstead Conservative
*Lord Sheikh Conservative
*The Lord Sheldon Labour
*The Baroness Shephard of Northwold Conservative
*Lord Sheppard of Didgemere Conservative
*Earl of Shrewsbury Conservative
*The Lord Shutt of Greetland Liberal Democrat
*[[David Simon|Lord Simon of Highbury]] Labour
*[[Viscount Simon]] Labour
*[[Lord Simpson of Dunkeld]] Other
*[[Lord Skelmersdale]] Conservative
*The [[Robert Skidelsky|Lord Skidelsky]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Slim]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Smith of Clifton]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Smith of Finsbury]] Other
*[[Baroness Smith of Gilmorehill]] Labour
*[[Lord Smith of Kelvin]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Smith of Leigh]] Labour
*[[Lord Snape]] Labour
*[[Earl of Snowdon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Soley]] Labour
*[[Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior]] Conservative
*[[Lord St John of Bletso]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord St John of Fawsley]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Stair]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Steel of Aikwood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Sterling of Plaistow]] Conservative
*[[Lord Stern of Brentford]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Stern]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Ludgate]] Conservative Independent
*[[Dennis Stevenson|Lord Stevenson of Coddenham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Stewartby]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Steyn]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stoddart of Swindon]] Independent Labour
*[[Lord Stone of Blackheath]] Labour
*[[Lord Strabolgi]] Labour
*[[Thomas Galbraith|The Lord Strathclyde]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sugar]] Labour
*[[Stewart Sutherland|Lord Sutherland of Houndwood]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Swinfen]] Conservative
*The [[Elizabeth Symons|Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean]] Labour

===T===
*[[Lord Tanlaw]] Crossbench
*[[Dick Taverne|Lord Taverne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Taylor of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Ann Taylor|The Baroness Taylor of Bolton]] Labour
*[[John Taylor|Lord Taylor of Holbeach]] Conservative
*[[Lord John Taylor of Warwick|Lord Taylor of Warwick]] Conservative
*The [[Norman Tebbitt|Lord Tebbit]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Templeman]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Temple-Morris]] Labour
*[[Viscount Tenby]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Teverson]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Margaret Thatcher|Baroness Thatcher]] Conservative
*[[Lord Thomas of Gresford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Thomas of Macclesfield]] Labour
*[[Lord Thomas of Swynnerton]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Thomas of Walliswood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thomas of Winchester]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thornton]] Labour
*[[Lord Tombs]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tomlinson]] Labour
*[[Jenny Tonge|Baroness Tonge]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tordoff]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Trefgarne]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Trenchard]] Conservative
*[[David Triesman|Lord Triesman]] Other
*The [[David Trimble|Lord Trimble]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Trumpington]] Conservative
*[[Peter Truscott|Lord Truscott]] Other
*[[Lord Tugendhat]] Conservative
*[[Lord Tunnicliffe]] Labour
*[[Leslie Turnberg|Lord Turnberg]] Labour
*[[Andrew Turnbull|Lord Turnbull]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Turner of Camden]] Labour
*[[Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell|Lord Turner of Ecchinswell]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tyler]] Liberal Democrat

===U===
*[[Baroness Uddin]] Labour
*[[The Viscount Ullswater]] Conservative

===V===
*[[Shriti Vadera|The Baroness Vadera]] Labour
*[[Jo Valentine|Baroness Valentine]] Crossbench
*[[Iain Vallance|Lord Vallance of Tummel]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Sandip Verma|Baroness Verma]] Conservative
*[[Richard Vincent|Lord Vincent of Coleshill]] Crossbench
*[[Nigel Vinson|Lord Vinson]] Conservative

===W===
*[[David Waddington|The Lord Waddington]] Conservative
*[[William Wade | Lord Wade of Chorlton]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Wakefield]] Bishops
*[[John Wakeham|The Lord Wakeham]] Conservative
*[[William Waldegrave|The Lord Waldegrave of North Hill]] Conservative
*[[Michael Walker|Lord Walker of Aldringham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe]] Other
*[[The Lord Walker of Worcester]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wall of New Barnet]] Labour
*[[Lord Wallace of Saltaire]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jim Wallace|The Lord Wallace of Tankerness]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Walmsley]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Walpole]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Walton of Detchant]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Warner]] Labour
*[[Mary Warnock|Baroness Warnock]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Warsi]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Warwick of Undercliffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Watson of Invergowrie]] Other
*[[Lord Watson of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Viscount Waverley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wedderburn of Charlton]] Labour
*[[Lord Weidenfeld]] Crossbench
*[[Lord West of Spithead]] Labour
*[[Baroness Whitaker]] Labour
*[[Larry Whitty|The Lord Whitty]] Labour
*[[Baroness Wilcox]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wilkins]] Labour
*The [[Shirley Williams|Baroness Williams of Crosby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Williams of Elvel]] Labour
*[[The Lord Williamson of Horton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Willoughby de Broke]] UK Independence Party
*[[Lord Wilson of Dinton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wilson of Tillyorn]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Scott-Joynt|Bishop of Winchester]] Bishops
*[[David Hennessy|The Lord Windlesham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Winston]] Labour
*[[Lord Wolfson of Sunningdale]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Woolf]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Woolmer of Leeds]] Labour
*[[Lord Wright of Richmond]] Crossbench

===Y===
*[[John Sentamu|Archbishop of York]] Bishops
*[[David Young|The Lord Young of Graffham]] Conservative
*[[Lola Young|Baroness Young of Hornsey]] Crossbench
*[[Anthony Young|Lord Young of Norwood Green]] Labour
*[[Barbara Young|Baroness Young of Old Scone]] Other<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref>

==Dissolution Honours List==
Working peerages and dissolution Honours announced on 28 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/05/peerages-honours-and-appointments-51162 Peerages, honours and appointments], number10.gov.uk, 28 May 2010.</ref>

===Working Peers List===
====Conservative Party====
*[[Guy Black|Guy Vaughan Black]] – former Director [[Press Complaints Commission]], Executive Director [[Telegraph Media Group]]
*Dame [[Margaret Eaton]] OBE – Chairman of [[Local Government Association]]
*[[Edward Peter Lawless Faulks]] QC – barrister, leading practitioner, crime and personal injuries practice
*[[John Gardiner]] – Deputy Chief Executive of [[Countryside Alliance]]
*[[Helen Margaret Newlove]] – campaigner against anti-social behaviour
*[[Dolar Amarshi Popat]] – businessman, Chief Executive of [[TLC Group]], specialising in healthcare and hospitality
*[[Shireen Olive Ritchie]] – Local Government Councillor, specialises in areas of adult and children’s social care
*[[Deborah Stedman-Scott]] OBE, DL, FRSA – Chief Executive of [[Tomorrow’s People]], national employment charity working in deprived areas of UK
*[[Nat Wei]] – founder of [[Teach First]] and also a founder of [[Future Leaders]]
*Hon [[Simon Wolfson|Simon Adam Wolfson]] – Chief Executive of [[NEXT plc]]

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Floella Benjamin]] OBE DL – actor, presenter and campaigner for children’s issues
*[[Mike German]] OBE AM – former Deputy First Minister (Wales)
*[[Meral Hussein Ece]] OBE – Local Government Councillor in Islington, advocate of equality issues
*Sir [[Kenneth (Ken) Macdonald]] QC – former Director of Public Prosecutions
*[[Kathryn (Kate) Jane Parminter]] – former Chief Executive of Campaign to Protect Rural England
*[[John Shipley]] OBE – leading Local Government Councillor in Newcastle upon Tyne

====Labour Party====
*Sir [[Jeremy Hugh Beecham]] DL – senior figure in English local government and first Chairman of the [[Local Government Association]]
*Rt Hon [[Paul Boateng]] – former Government Minister and MP for Brent South
*[[Rita Margaret Donaghy]] CBE – former Chair [[Conciliation and Arbitration Service]]
*[[Jeannie Drake]] – former Deputy General Secretary of the [[Communication Workers Union]]
*Dr [[Dianne Hayter]] – Chair of [[Legal Services Consumer Panel]]
*[[Anna Healy]] – former Government and political adviser, serving in numerous government departments
*[[Roy Kennedy]] – [[Labour Party]]’s Director of Finance and Compliance, long serving member of the Labour Party
*Rt Hon [[Helen Liddell|Helen Lawrie Liddell]] – former Secretary State of Scotland
*[[Roger Liddle|Roger John Liddle]] – former Special Adviser on Europe and Lobbyist
*Rt Hon Dr [[Jack McConnell|Jack Wilson McConnell]] – former First Minister of Scotland
*[[John Monks|John Stephen Monks]] – General Secretary, [[European Trades Union Confederation]]
*[[Sue Nye]] – former Director of Government Relations, Prime Minister’s Office
*[[Maeve Sherlock]] OBE – former Chief Executive of the [[Refugee Council]] and Former Special Advisor to Chancellor
*[[Wilf Stevenson|Robert Wilfrid (Wilf) Stevenson]] – former Director of the [[Smith Institute]] and Special Adviser to the PM
*[[Margaret Wheeler]] MBE – Director of Organisation and Staff Development for the public service union [[UNISON]]
*[[Michael Williams]] – former Special Adviser on Foreign Affairs

===Dissolution List===

====Conservative party====
*[[Timothy Eric Boswell]] – former Whip and Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*[[Angela Frances Browning]] – former Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*Rt Hon [[John Selwyn Gummer]] – former Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Rt Hon [[Michael Howard]] QC – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*[[John Maples|John Craddock Maples]] – former Economic Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Sir [[Michael Spicer]] – former Government Minister for Housing and Chairman of Parliamentary and Scientific Committee

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Richard Allan]] – former MP for Sheffield Hallam and Chair of the Information Select Committee
*[[Matthew Owen John Taylor]] – former MP for Truro and St Austell, Chair of [[National Housing Federation]]
*[[Phil Willis|George Philip (Phil) Willis]] – former MP for Harrogate and Knaresborough, Former Chair of Science and Technology Select Committee

====Labour Party====
*Rt Hon [[Hillary Armstrong|Hillary Jane Armstrong]] – former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for Social Exclusion, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Des Browne|Desmond (Des) Henry Browne]] – former Secretary of State for Defence and held other senior posts in government
*[[Quentin Davies]] – former Government Minister, Defence
*Rt Hon [[Beverley Hughes]] – former Minister of State, Children, Schools and Families
*Rt Hon [[John Hutton]] – former Secretary of State for Business, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Jim Knight|James (Jim) Philip Knight]], Former Minister of State
*Rt Hon [[Tommy McAvoy]] – former Government Deputy Chief Whip
*Rt Hon [[John McFall]] – former Chair of Treasury Select Committee and MP for West Dunbartonshire
*Rt Hon [[John Prescott|John Leslie Prescott]] – former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon Dr [[John Reid]] – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Angela Evans Smith]] – former Minister of State, Cabinet Office
*Rt Hon [[Don Touhig|James Donnelly (Don) Touhig]] – former Parliamentary under Secretary of State (Minister for Veterans), Ministry of Defence
*Rt Hon [[Michael Wills|Michael David Wills]] – former Minister of State, Ministry of Justice

====Democratic Unionist Party====
*Rt Hon [[Ian Paisley|Ian R K Paisley]] – former First Minister and DUP Leader

====Crossbenchers====
*Sir [[Ian Blair]], Former Commissioner of the [[Metropolitan Police]].

==November 2010 Peerages==
Working Peerages announced on 19 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/11/peerages-honours-and-appointments-2-57256 Latest Peerages announced], numnber10.gov.uk, accessed 21 November 2010.</ref>

===Conservative Party===

*[[Tariq Ahmad]] – businessman and former Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Robert Balchin]] DL - Pro-Chancellor of Brunel University
*[[Elizabeth Berridge]] – Director of the [[Conservative Christian Fellowship]]
*Sir [[Michael Bishop]] CBE – career in civil aviation, Chairman of The Michael Bishop Foundation a charitable foundation
*[[Alistair Cooke]] OBE – career in education, authorship and politics
*Sir [[Patrick Cormack]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Michael Dobbs]] – author, presenter and adviser to [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[John Major]]
*[[Robert Edmiston]] – businessman and charity campaigner
*Sir [[Reg Empey]] OBE – Leader of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] 2005 – 2010
*[[Andrew Feldman]] – businessman and Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party
*[[Julian Fellowes]] DL – actor, novelist, film director and screenwriter
*Stanley Fink – Chief Executive of International Standard Asset Management and Chairman of Earth Capital LLP. Treasurer of the Conservative Party
*[[Howard Flight]] – career in finance; held various positions in Conservative Shadow Cabinet, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party 2004 -2005
*[[David Gold]] – senior litigation partner at [[Herbert Smith]] LLP
*[[Michael Grade]] CBE – past Chief Executive of [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Executive Chairman of [[ITV]] plc
*[[Rachael Heyhoe-Flint]] OBE DL – past captain of England women’s cricket team, currently public relations and sports marketing consultant
*[[Anne Jenkin]] – charitable and political work for the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Michael Lord]] – former Conservative MP and former Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
*Rt Hon [[David Maclean]] – former Conservative MP; held a number of Ministerial posts; Opposition Chief Whip 2001 – 2005
*[[George Magan]] – career in finance; former Conservative Party Treasurer and Deputy Chairman of the [[Conservative Party Foundation]]
*Sir [[Bernard Ribeiro]] CBE FRCS – retired Consultant General Surgeon; member of the Health Policy Research Advisory Board of the American College of Surgeons
*[[Fiona Shackleton]] LVO – lawyer specialising in family law
*[[Richard Spring]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Tina Stowell]] MBE – former Head of BBC corporate Affairs; past Deputy Chief of Staff to [[William Hague]] as Leader of HM Opposition
*[[Nicholas True]] CBE – past Deputy Head of the PM’s Policy Unit; former Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords; Leader of Richmond Borough Council
*[[Patience Wheatcroft]] – Editor-in-Chief of the [[Wall Street Journal Europe]]
*[[Gordon Wasserman]] – internationally recognised expert on management of police forces

===Liberal Democrat Party===

*Dr [[Sarah (Sal) Brinton]] – Executive Director of the Association of Universities in the East of England
*[[Dee Doocey]] OBE – Chair of the London Assembly
*[[Qurban Hussain]] – Deputy Group Leader of the Liberal Democrat group on Luton Borough Council
*[[Judith Jolly]] – Chair of Executive Committee of Liberal Democrats in Devon and Cornwall
*[[Susan Kramer]] – former Liberal Democrat MP
*[[Raj Loomba]] – businessman and campaigner for widows’ rights
*[[Jonathan Marks]] – commercial and family law QC with specialist interest in human rights and constitutional reform
*[[Monroe Palmer]] OBE – Liberal Democrat Councillor and Chair of [[Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel]]
*[[Jenny Randerson]] – Liberal Democrat Member of the National Assembly for Wales for Cardiff Central, former Minister in the Welsh Assembly Government
*[[John Sharkey]] – Chairman of the Liberal Democrat 2010 General Election campaign
*[[Nicol Stephen]] – Former Deputy First Minister of Scotland (2005 – 2007) and leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats (2005 – 2008)
*[[Ben Stoneham]] – Liberal Democrat HQ Operations Director
*[[Mike Storey]] CBE – Primary School Head teacher, former Leader of Liverpool City Council, Liberal Democrat Councillor and former Lord Mayor of Liverpool;
*[[Paul Strasburger]] – businessman and philanthropist
*[[Claire Tyler]] – Chief Executive of Relate

===Labour Party===
*Dame [[Joan Bakewell]] DBE – writer and broadcaster
*[[Ray Collins]] – General Secretary of the Labour Party
*[[Maurice Glasman]] – Senior Lecturer in political theory at London Metropolitan University and for his work with [[London Citizens]]
*[[Jonathan Kestenbaum]] – businessman and Chief Executive of [[National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts]]
*[[Oona King]] – Head of Diversity at [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Labour MP; currently journalist and presenter
*[[Ruth Lister]] – Emeritus Professor of Social Policy at Loughbrough University
*[[Eluned Morgan]] – former Labour MEP representing Mid and West Wales; currently Honorary Distinguished Professor at Cardiff University and for her work on low carbon energy
*Sir [[Gulam Noon]] MBE – Chairman and Founder of Noon Products and of the Noon Foundation
*[[Stewart Wood]] – former Downing Street and HMT special adviser, lecturer at University of Oxford; previously Fellow of Magdalen College and co-founder of Nexus
*[[Bryony Worthington]] – career focusing on promoting environmental and social change

===Plaid Cymru===
*Rt Hon [[Dafydd Wigley]] – former Leader of [[Plaid Cymru]]; Honorary President of Plaid Cymru

===Crossbenchers===
*Sir [[Richard Dannatt]] GCB CBE MC DL, Former Chief of the General Staff.

===Notes===
<references/>

[[Category:House of Lords]]

List of Members of the House of Lords, 55th UK Parliament

2011-01-17T15:12:36Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* M */

Members of the House of Lords in the UK Parliament following the election of 6 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref> See also [[List of MPs, 55th UK Parliament]].

==Members as of 26 May 2010==
===A===
*[[Alastair Bruce|Lord Aberdare]] Crossbench
*[[Richard Acton|Lord Acton]] Labour
*[[Irene Adams|Baroness Adams of Craigielea]] Labour
*[[Dominic Hubbard|Lord Addington]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Adebowale]] Crossbench
*The [[Andrew Adonis|Lord Adonis]] Labour
*[[Haleh Afshar|Baroness Afshar]] Crossbench
*[[Nazir Ahmed|Lord Ahmed]] Labour
*[[John Alderdice|Lord Alderdice]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Michael Allenby|Viscount Allenby of Megiddo]] Crossbench
*[[Waheed Alli|Lord Alli]] Labour
*[[David Alliance|Lord Alliance]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Alton|Lord Alton of Liverpool]] Crossbench
*The [[Valerie Amos|Baroness Amos]] Labour
*[[Geoffrey Russell|The Lord Ampthill]] Crossbench
*[[Donald Anderson|The Lord Anderson of Swansea]] Labour
*[[Baroness Andrews]] Labour
*The [[Joyce Anelay|Baroness Anelay of St Johns]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Archer of Sandwell]] Labour
*[[Jeffrey Archer|Lord Archer of Weston-Super-Mare]] Other
*[[Robert Armstrong|Lord Armstrong of Ilminster]] Crossbench
*[[Arthur Gore|Earl of Arran]] Conservative
*[[Michael Anthony Ashcroft|Lord Ashcroft]] Conservative
*The [[Paddy Ashdown|Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jack Ashley|The Lord Ashley of Stoke]] Labour
*The [[Catherine Ashton|Baroness Ashton of Upholland]] Other
*[[John Astor|Lord Astor of Hever]] Conservative
*[[William Waldorf Astor|Viscount Astor]] Conservative
*[[Richard Attenborough|Lord Attenborough]] Labour
*[[John Attlee|Earl Attlee]] Conservative
*[[Eric Lubbock|Lord Avebury]] Liberal Democrat

===B===
*[[William Bach|Lord Bach]] Labour
*[[Raj Bagri|Lord Bagri]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Baker of Dorking]] Conservative
*[[Earl Baldwin of Bewdley]] Crossbench
*[[Edward Enda Haughey|Lord Ballyedmond]] Conservative
*[[Lord Barber of Tewkesbury]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Barker]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Barnett]] Labour
*The [[Steve Bassam|Lord Bassam of Brighton]] Labour
*[[Lord Bates]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Bath and Wells]] Bishops
*[[Tim Bell|Lord Bell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Berkeley]] Labour
*[[Lord Best]] Crossbench
*[[Paul Bew|Lord Bew]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhatia]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhattacharyya]] Labour
*[[Lord Bichard]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bilimoria]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Billingham]] Labour
*[[Lord Bilston]] Labour
*[[The Lord Bingham of Cornhill]] Crossbench
*[[John Birt|Lord Birt]] Crossbench
*[[Conrad Black|Lord Black of Crossharbour]] Other
*[[Bishop of Blackburn]] Bishops
*The [[Tessa Blackstone|Baroness Blackstone]] Labour
*[[Norman Backwell|Lord Blackwell]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Blood]] Labour
*[[James Blyth|Lord Blyth of Rowington]] Conservative
*[[Jane Bonham Carter|Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Baroness Boothroyd]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Borrie]] Labour
*[[Lord Boston of Faversham]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bowness]] Conservative
*[[Michael Boyce|Lord Boyce]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Boyd of Duncansby]] Labour
*[[Lord Brabazon of Tara]] Other
*[[Bishop of Bradford]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Bradley]] Labour
*[[Lord Bradshaw]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Melvyn Bragg|Lord Bragg]] Labour
*[[Edwin Bramall|Lord Bramall]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brennan]] Labour
*[[Lord Brett]] Labour
*[[Viscount Bridgeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bridges]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Briggs]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Bristol]] Bishops
*The [[Leon Brittan|Lord Brittan of Spennithorne]] Conservative
*[[Alec Broers|Lord Broers]] Crossbench
*[[Clive Brooke|Lord Brooke of Alverthorpe]] Labour
*The [[Peter Brooke|Lord Brooke of Sutton Mandeville]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Brookeborough]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brookman]] Labour
*[[Lord Brooks]] of Tremorfa Labour
*[[Lord Brougham and Vaux]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood]] Other
*[[Lord Browne of Belmont]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[John Browne|Lord Browne of Madingley]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Browne-Wilkinson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Burnett]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Burns]] Crossbench
*[[Peta Buscombe|Baroness Buscombe]] Conservative
*The [[Robin Butler|Lord Butler of Brockwell]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Butler-Sloss]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Byford]] Conservative

===C===
*The [[Earl of Caithness]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cameron of Dillington]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cameron of Lochbroom]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell of Alloway]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Campbell of Loughborough]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Campbell of Surbiton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell-Savours]] Labour
*[[Rowan Williams|Archbishop of Canterbury]] Bishops
*The [[George Carey|Lord Carey of Clifton]] Crossbench
*[[Alex Carlile|Lord Carlile of Berriew]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Carnegy of Lour]] Other
*The [[Lord Carr of Hadley]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carrington]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carswell]] Crossbench
*Lord [[Carter of Barnes]] Labour
*[[Patrick Carter|Lord Carter of Coles]] Labour
*[[Earl Cathcart]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cavendish of Furness]] Conservative
*[[Peter Gummer|Lord Chadlington]] Conservative
*The [[Alun Jones (Lord Chalfont)|Lord Chalfont]] Crossbench
*The [[Lynda Chalker|Baroness Chalker of Wallasey]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Chandos]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Chester]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Chichester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Chidgey]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Chilver]] Conservative
*[[Lord Chitnis]] Crossbench
*The [[Marquess of Cholmondeley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Chorley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Christopher]] Labour
*[[Baroness Clark of Calton]] Other
*The [[Lord Clark of Windermere]] Labour
*[[Anthony Clarke|Lord Clarke of Hampstead]] Other
*The [[Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony]] Other
*[[Tim Clement-Jones|Lord Clement-Jones]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Stanley Clinton Davis|Lord Clinton-Davis]] Labour
*[[Lord Cobbold]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Coe]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Cohen of Pimlico]] Labour
*The [[Lord Collins of Mapesbury]] Other
*[[Lord Colwyn]] Conservative
*[[Lord Condon]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cope of Berkeley]] Conservative
*[[Lord Corbett of Castle Vale]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Corston]] Labour
*[[Lord Cotter]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Earl of Courtown]] Conservative
*[[Jean Coussins|Baroness Coussins]] Crossbench
*[[Caroline Cox|Baroness Cox]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Craig of Radley]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Craigavon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Crathorne]] Conservative
*The [[Earl of Crawford and Balcarres]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Crawley]] Labour
*The [[Lord Crickhowell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Crisp]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Croham]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cullen of Whitekirk]] Crossbench
*[[Julia Cumberlege|Baroness Cumberlege]] Conservative
*The [[Jack Cunningham|Lord Cunningham of Felling]] Labour
*Lord [[Currie of Marylebone]] Crossbench

===D===
*The [[Lord Darzi of Denham]] Labour
*[[Lord Davidson of Glen Clova]] Labour
*[[Mervyn Davies|Lord Davies of Abersoch]] Labour
*[[Lord Davies of Coity]] Labour
*The [[Lord Davies of Oldham]] Labour
*[[Lord De Mauley]] Conservative
*The [[Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde]] Labour
*[[Lord Dear]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Deech]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Delacourt-Smith of Alteryn]] Other
*[[The Lord Denham]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Derby]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Desai]] Labour
*[[Lord Dholakia]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Dixon]] Labour
*[[Lord Dixon-Smith]] Conservative
*[[Lord Donoughue]] Labour
*The [[Paul Drayson|Lord Drayson]] Labour
*[[The Baroness D'Souza]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Dubs]] Labour
*[[Earl of Dundee]] Conservative
*[[Lydia Dunn|Baroness Dunn]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Durham]] Bishops
*[[Lord Dykes]] Liberal Democrat

===E===
*[[Robin Eames|The Lord Eames]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Eatwell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Eccles of Moulton]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Eccles]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Eden of Winton]] Conservative
*[[Murray Elder|Lord Elder]] Labour
*[[The Lord Elis-Thomas]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Elliott of Morpeth]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elystan-Morgan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Emerton]] Crossbench
*[[Merlin Hay|Earl of Erroll]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Evans of Parkside]] Labour
*[[Matthew Evans|Lord Evans of Temple Guiting]] Labour
*[[Lord Evans of Watford]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Exeter]] Bishops
*[[Derek Ezra|Lord Ezra]] Liberal Democrat

===F===
*[[Charles Falconer|The Lord Falconer of Thoroton]] Labour
*[[Baroness Falkender]] Labour
*[[Viscount Falkland]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Falkner of Margravine]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Farrington of Ribbleton]] Labour
*[[Lord Faulkner of Worcester]] Labour
*[[Lord Fearn]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Feldman]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Fellowes]] Crossbench
*[[The Earl Ferrers]] Conservative
*[[Geoffrey Filkin|Lord Filkin]] Labour
*[[Baroness Finlay of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Flather]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Flowers]] Other
*[[Baroness Fookes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Ford]] Other
*The [[Michael Forsyth|Lord Forsyth of Drumlean]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Foster of Bishop Auckland]] Labour
*[[Norman Foster|Lord Foster of Thames Bank]] Crossbench
*The [[George Foulkes|Lord Foulkes of Cumnock]] Labour
*The [[Norman Fowler|Lord Fowler]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Fraser|Lord Fraser of Carmyllie]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Freeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freud]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freyberg]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Fritchie]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Fyfe of Fairfield]] Labour

===G===
*[[Baroness Gale]] Labour
*[[Baroness Garden of Frognal]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Gardner of Parkes]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Garel-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Bob Gavron|Lord Gavron]] Labour
*[[Lord Geddes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Gibson of Market Rasen]] Labour
*[[Anthony Giddens|Lord Giddens]] Labour
*The [[John Gilbert|Lord Gilbert]] Labour
*[[Earl of Glasgow]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Edward Short|Lord Glenamara]] Labour
*[[Lord Glenarthur]] Conservative
*[[Lord Glentoran]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Gloucester]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Goff of Chieveley]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Golding]] Labour
*The [[Peter Goldsmith|Lord Goldsmith]] Labour
*[[Lord William Goodhart|Lord Goodhart]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Lord Goodlad]] Conservative
*[[Lord Gordon of Strathblane]] Labour
*[[Viscount Goschen]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Goudie]] Labour
*[[Philip Gould|Lord Gould of Brookwood]] Labour
*[[Baroness Gould of Potternewton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grabiner]] Labour
*The [[Lord Graham of Edmonton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grantchester]] Labour
*[[Lord Greaves]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Susan Greenfield|Baroness Greenfield]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Greengross]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Greenway]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Grenfell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Grey-Thompson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Griffiths of Burry Port]] Labour
*[[Brian Griffiths|Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Griffiths]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Grocott]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Guildford]] Bishops
*The [[Charles Guthrie|Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank]] Crossbench

===H===
*[[The Lord Habgood]] Other
*The [[Baroness Hale of Richmond]] Other
*[[Lord Hall of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hameed]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Hamilton of Epsom]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hamwee]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Hanham]] Conservative
*[[David Hannay|Lord Hannay of Chiswick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hanningfield]] Other
*[[The Lord Hardie]] Other
*[[Lord Harries of Pentregarth]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Harris of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Philip Harris|Lord Harris of Peckham]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Harris of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Harrison]] Labour
*[[Lord Hart of Chilton]] Labour
*[[Simon Haskel|Lord Haskel]] Labour
*[[Christopher Haskins|Lord Haskins]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hastings of Scarisbrick]] Crossbench
*The [[Roy Hattersley|Lord Hattersley]] Labour
*[[Lord Haworth]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hayhoe]] Conservative
*[[Helene Hayman|Baroness Hayman]] Other
*The [[Denis Healey|Lord Healey]] Labour
*[[Baroness Henig]] Labour
*[[Lord Henley]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Hereford]] Bishops
*[[Michael Heseltine|The Lord Heseltine]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Higgins]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hilton of Eggardon]] Labour
*[[Lord Hodgson of Astley Abbotts]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Hoffmann]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Hogg|Baroness Hogg]] Conservative
*[[Clive Hollick|Lord Hollick]] Labour
*The [[Patricia Hollis|Baroness Hollis of Heigham]] Labour
*[[Earl of Home]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hooper]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hooson]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Hope of Craighead]] Other
*[[The Lord Hope of Thornes]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Howard of Rising]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howarth of Breckland]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Howarth of Newport]] Labour
*[[The Lord Howe of Aberavon]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howe of Idlicote]] Crossbench
*[[Earl Howe]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Howell of Guildford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howells of St Davids]] Labour
*[[Lord Howie of Troon]] Labour
*[[Doug Hoyle|Lord Hoyle]] Labour
*[[Lord Hughes of Woodside]] Labour
*[[Lord Hunt of Chesterton]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath]] Labour
*The [[Lord Hunt of Wirral]] Conservative
*The [[Douglas Hurd|Lord Hurd of Westwell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hutchinson of Lullington]] Other
*The [[Brian Hutton|Lord Hutton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hylton]] Crossbench

===I===
*[[Peter Imbert|Lord Imbert]] Crossbench
*The [[Peter Inge|Lord Inge]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Inglewood]] Conservative
*The [[Derry Irvine|Lord Irvine of Lairg]] Labour

===J===
*[[Lord Jacobs]] Other
*[[Lord James of Blackheath]] Conservative
*[[Baroness James of Holland Park]] Conservative
*[[Greville Janner|Lord Janner of Braunstone]] Labour
*[[The Lord Janvrin]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme|Lord Jay of Ewelme]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Jay of Paddington]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jenkin of Roding]] Conservative
*[[Joel Joffe|Lord Joffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Jones of Birmingham]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Jones of Cheltenham]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Jones of Whitchurch]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jones]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jopling]] Conservative
*[[Lord Jordan]] Labour
*[[Lord Judd]] Labour
*[[The Lord Judge]] Other

===K===
*[[Lord Kakkar]] Crossbench
*[[Stanley Kalms|Lord Kalms]] Other
*[[Helena Kennedy|Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws]] Labour
*[[Lord Kerr of Kinlochard]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore]] Other
*The [[John Taylor, Lord Kilclooney|Lord Kilclooney]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kilpatrick of Kincraig]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kimball]] Conservative
*The [[Tom King|Lord King of Bridgwater]] Conservative
*[[Lord King of West Bromwich]] Labour
*[[The Lord Kingsdown]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Kingsmill]] Labour
*[[Glenys Kinnock|Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead]] Labour
*The [[Neil Kinnock|Lord Kinnock]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Kirkhill]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkwood of Kirkhope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Knight of Collingtree]] Conservative
*[[Lord Knights]] Crossbench
*[[John Krebs|Lord Krebs]] Crossbench

===L===
*[[Lord Laing of Dunphail]] Conservative
*[[Lord Laird Ulster]] Unionist Party
*[[Lord Laming]] Crossbench
*The [[Norman Lamont|Lord Lamont of Lerwick]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lang of Monkton]] Conservative
*The [[Nigel Lawson|Lord Lawson of Blaby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Layard]] Labour
*[[Lord Lea of Crondall]] Labour
*[[Lord Leach of Fairford]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lee of Trafford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Leicester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Sandy Leitch|Lord Leitch]] Labour
*[[Lord Lester of Herne Hill]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Peter Levene|Lord Levene of Portsoken]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Levy|Lord Levy]] Labour
*The [[Lord Lewis of Newnham]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Lichfield]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Lincoln]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Lindsay]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Linklater of Butterstone]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Lipsey|Lord Lipsey]] Labour
*[[Earl of Listowel]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Liverpool]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Liverpool]] Conservative
*[[Lord Livsey of Talgarth]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Anthony Lloyd|Lord Lloyd of Berwick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lloyd-Webber]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Lockwood]] Labour
*[[Lord Lofthouse of Pontefract]] Labour
*[[Bishop of London]] Bishops
*[[Lord Low of Dalston]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lucas]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Luce]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Ludford|Baroness Ludford]] Other
*[[Lord Luke]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lyell of Markyate]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lyell]] Conservative

===M===
*[[Lord Macaulay of Bragar]] Labour
*The [[Gus Macdonald|Lord Macdonald of Tradeston]] Labour
*[[Norman Somerville Macfarlane|Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden]] Conservative
*The [[John MacGregor|Lord MacGregor of Pulham Market]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Clashfern]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Drumadoon]] Other
*[[Lord MacKenzie of Culkein]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackenzie of Framwellgate]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackie of Benshie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord MacLaurin of Knebworth]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Maclennan of Rogart]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Maddock]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Maginnis of Drumglass]] Ulster Unionist Party
*[[Baroness Mallalieu]] Labour
*The [[Mark Malloch-Brown|Lord Malloch-Brown]] Labour
*The [[Lord Mance]] Other
*[[Bishop of Manchester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Mancroft]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Mandelson|Lord Mandelson]] Labour
*[[Eliza Manningham-Buller|Baroness Manningham-Buller]] Crossbench
*[[Earl of Mar and Kellie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Countess of Mar]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Marland]] Conservative
*[[Lord Marlesford]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Marsh]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Martin of Springburn]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Masham of Ilton]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Mason of Barnsley]] Labour
*[[Baroness Massey of Darwen]] Labour
*The [[Lord Mawhinney]] Conservative
*[[Lord Mawson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Maxton]] Labour
*[[Lord May of Oxford]] Crossbench
*The [[Patrick Mayhew|Lord Mayhew of Twysden]] Conservative
*[[Lord McCarthy]] Labour
*[[John McCluskey|Lord McCluskey]] Crossbench
*[[Lord McColl of Dulwich]] Conservative
*[[Margaret McDonagh|Baroness McDonagh]] Labour
*[[Baroness McFarlane of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord McIntosh of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall]] Labour
*[[Lord McKenzie of Luton]] Labour
*The [[Tom McNally|Lord McNally]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Meacher]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Methuen]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Chilthorne Domer]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Hendon]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Millett]] Crossbench
*[[Parry Mitchell|Lord Mitchell]] Labour
*[[Lord Mogg]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Molyneaux of Killead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Monson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Montagu of Beaulieu]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Montgomery of Alamein]] Crossbench
*The [[Duke of Montrose]] Conservative
*[[Lewis Moonie|Lord Moonie]] Labour
*The [[Lord Moore of Lower Marsh]] Conservative
*[[Lord Moran ]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Morgan of Drefelin]] Labour
*[[Sally Morgan|Baroness Morgan of Huyton]] Labour
*[[Lord Morgan]] Labour
*The [[Lord Morris of Aberavon]] Labour
*[[Baroness Morris of Bolton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Morris of Handsworth ]] Labour
*The [[Lord Morris of Manchester]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Morris of Yardley]] Labour
*[[Lord Morrow]] Democratic Unionist Party
* [[Lord Moser]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Moynihan]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Murphy]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Mustill]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Myners]] Labour

===N===
*[[The Lord Naseby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Neill of Bladen]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Neuberger]] of Abbotsbury Other
*[[Julia Neuberger|Baroness Neuberger]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Pauline Neville-Jones|Baroness Neville-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Lord Newby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Newcastle]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Newton of Braintree]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Emma Nicholson|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Nickson]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Nicol]] Labour
*[[Baroness Noakes]] Conservative
*[[The Duke of Norfolk]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbourne]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbrook]] Conservative
*[[Lord Northfield]] Labour
*[[Lindsay Northover|Baroness Northover]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Norton of Louth]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Norwich]] Bishops

===O===
*[[Lord Oakeshott of Seagrove Bay]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness O'Cathain]] Conservative
*[[Baroness O'Loan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve]] Crossbench
*[[Lord O'Neill of Clackmannan]] Labour
*[[Earl of Onslow]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ouseley]] Crossbench
*The [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] Crossbench
*[[Ronald Oxburgh|Lord Oxburgh]] Crossbench

===P===
*[[Baroness Paisley of St George's]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[Lord Palmer]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Palumbo]] Conservative
*[[Lord Pannick]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Parekh]] Labour
*[[The Lord Parkinson]] Conservative
*[[Lord Patel of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel of Bradford]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Patten of Barnes]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Patten]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Paul]] Labour
*[[Malcolm Pearson|Lord Pearson of Rannoch]] UK Independence Party
*[[The Earl Peel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Pendry]] Labour
*[[Baroness Perry of Southwark]] Conservative
*[[Lord Peston]] Labour
*[[Lord Phillips of Sudbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers]] Other
*[[The Lord Pilkington of Oxenford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Pitkeathley]] Labour
*[[The Lord Plant of Highfield]] Labour
*[[Baroness Platt of Writtle]] Conservative
*[[Lord Charles Henry Plumb|Lord Plumb]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede]] Labour
*[[Charles Powell|Lord Powell of Bayswater]] Crossbench
*[[Usha Prashar|Baroness Prashar]] Crossbench
*The [[James Prior|Lord Prior]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Prosser]] Labour
*[[Lord Prys-Davies]] Labour
*[[Lord Puttnam]] Labour

===Q===
*[[The Baroness Quin]] Labour
*[[Lord Quinton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Quirk]] Crossbench

===R===
*[[The Lord Radice]] Labour
*[[Margaret 'Meta' Ramsay|Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale]] Labour
*[[Lord Ramsbotham]] Crossbench
*Lord Rana Crossbench
*Lord Randall of St Budeaux Other
*Baroness Rawlings Conservative
*Lord Razzall Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rea Labour
*Lord Reay Conservative
*Lord Redesdale Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rees of Ludlow Crossbench
*[[William Rees-Mogg|Lord Rees-Mogg]] Crossbench
*Baroness Rendell of Babergh Labour
*Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn Conservative
*Lord Rennard Liberal Democrat
*The Lord Renton of Mount Harry Conservative
*[[Robin Renwick|Lord Renwick of Clifton]] Crossbench
*The Lord Richard Labour
*The Baroness Richardson of Calow Crossbench
*Bishop of Ripon and Leeds Bishops
*Lord Rix Crossbench
*The Lord Roberts of Conwy Conservative
*Lord Roberts of Llandudno Liberal Democrat
*The [[George Robertson|Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]] Labour
*The Lord Rodger of Earlsferry Other
*The Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rogan Ulster Unionist Party
*Lord Rogers of Riverside Labour
*Lord Rooker Labour Independent
*Lord Roper Other
*Lord Rosser Labour
*Earl of Rosslyn Crossbench
*Lord Rotherwick Conservative
*Lord Rowe-Beddoe Crossbench
*Lord Rowlands Labour
*The Baroness Royall of Blaisdon Labour
*The Lord Ryder of Wensum Conservative

===S===
*[[Maurice Saatchi|Lord Saatchi]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sacks]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover]] Conservative
*[[David Sainsbury|Lord Sainsbury of Turville]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Salisbury]] Bishops
*The [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] Other
*[[Lady Saltoun of Abernethy]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sandberg]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Russell Sanderson|Lord Sanderson of Bowden]] Conservative
*Earl of Sandwich Crossbench
*The Lord Saville of Newdigate Other
*Lord Sawyer Labour
*The Baroness Scotland of Asthal Labour
*The Lord Scott of Foscote Crossbench
*Baroness Scott of Needham Market Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Seccombe Conservative
*Earl of Selborne Conservative
*The Lord Selkirk of Douglas Conservative
*Lord Selsdon Conservative
*Lord Sewel Labour
*Lord Sharman Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharp of Guildford Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharples Conservative
*Lord Shaw of Northstead Conservative
*Lord Sheikh Conservative
*The Lord Sheldon Labour
*The Baroness Shephard of Northwold Conservative
*Lord Sheppard of Didgemere Conservative
*Earl of Shrewsbury Conservative
*The Lord Shutt of Greetland Liberal Democrat
*[[David Simon|Lord Simon of Highbury]] Labour
*[[Viscount Simon]] Labour
*[[Lord Simpson of Dunkeld]] Other
*[[Lord Skelmersdale]] Conservative
*The [[Robert Skidelsky|Lord Skidelsky]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Slim]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Smith of Clifton]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Smith of Finsbury]] Other
*[[Baroness Smith of Gilmorehill]] Labour
*[[Lord Smith of Kelvin]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Smith of Leigh]] Labour
*[[Lord Snape]] Labour
*[[Earl of Snowdon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Soley]] Labour
*[[Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior]] Conservative
*[[Lord St John of Bletso]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord St John of Fawsley]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Stair]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Steel of Aikwood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Sterling of Plaistow]] Conservative
*[[Lord Stern of Brentford]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Stern]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Ludgate]] Conservative Independent
*[[Dennis Stevenson|Lord Stevenson of Coddenham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Stewartby]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Steyn]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stoddart of Swindon]] Independent Labour
*[[Lord Stone of Blackheath]] Labour
*[[Lord Strabolgi]] Labour
*[[Thomas Galbraith|The Lord Strathclyde]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sugar]] Labour
*[[Stewart Sutherland|Lord Sutherland of Houndwood]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Swinfen]] Conservative
*The [[Elizabeth Symons|Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean]] Labour

===T===
*[[Lord Tanlaw]] Crossbench
*[[Dick Taverne|Lord Taverne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Taylor of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Ann Taylor|The Baroness Taylor of Bolton]] Labour
*[[John Taylor|Lord Taylor of Holbeach]] Conservative
*[[Lord John Taylor of Warwick|Lord Taylor of Warwick]] Conservative
*The [[Norman Tebbitt|Lord Tebbit]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Templeman]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Temple-Morris]] Labour
*[[Viscount Tenby]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Teverson]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Margaret Thatcher|Baroness Thatcher]] Conservative
*[[Lord Thomas of Gresford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Thomas of Macclesfield]] Labour
*[[Lord Thomas of Swynnerton]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Thomas of Walliswood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thomas of Winchester]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thornton]] Labour
*[[Lord Tombs]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tomlinson]] Labour
*[[Jenny Tonge|Baroness Tonge]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tordoff]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Trefgarne]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Trenchard]] Conservative
*[[David Triesman|Lord Triesman]] Other
*The [[David Trimble|Lord Trimble]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Trumpington]] Conservative
*[[Peter Truscott|Lord Truscott]] Other
*[[Lord Tugendhat]] Conservative
*[[Lord Tunnicliffe]] Labour
*[[Leslie Turnberg|Lord Turnberg]] Labour
*[[Andrew Turnbull|Lord Turnbull]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Turner of Camden]] Labour
*[[Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell|Lord Turner of Ecchinswell]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tyler]] Liberal Democrat

===U===
*[[Baroness Uddin]] Labour
*[[The Viscount Ullswater]] Conservative

===V===
*[[Shriti Vadera|The Baroness Vadera]] Labour
*[[Jo Valentine|Baroness Valentine]] Crossbench
*[[Iain Vallance|Lord Vallance of Tummel]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Sandip Verma|Baroness Verma]] Conservative
*[[Richard Vincent|Lord Vincent of Coleshill]] Crossbench
*[[Nigel Vinson|Lord Vinson]] Conservative

===W===
*[[David Waddington|The Lord Waddington]] Conservative
*[[William Wade | Lord Wade of Chorlton]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Wakefield]] Bishops
*[[John Wakeham|The Lord Wakeham]] Conservative
*[[William Waldegrave|The Lord Waldegrave of North Hill]] Conservative
*[[Michael Walker|Lord Walker of Aldringham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe]] Other
*[[The Lord Walker of Worcester]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wall of New Barnet]] Labour
*[[Lord Wallace of Saltaire]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jim Wallace|The Lord Wallace of Tankerness]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Walmsley]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Walpole]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Walton of Detchant]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Warner]] Labour
*[[Mary Warnock|Baroness Warnock]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Warsi]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Warwick of Undercliffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Watson of Invergowrie]] Other
*[[Lord Watson of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Viscount Waverley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wedderburn of Charlton]] Labour
*[[Lord Weidenfeld]] Crossbench
*[[Lord West of Spithead]] Labour
*[[Baroness Whitaker]] Labour
*[[Larry Whitty|The Lord Whitty]] Labour
*[[Baroness Wilcox]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wilkins]] Labour
*The [[Shirley Williams|Baroness Williams of Crosby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Williams of Elvel]] Labour
*[[The Lord Williamson of Horton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Willoughby de Broke]] UK Independence Party
*[[Lord Wilson of Dinton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wilson of Tillyorn]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Scott-Joynt|Bishop of Winchester]] Bishops
*[[David Hennessy|The Lord Windlesham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Winston]] Labour
*[[Lord Wolfson of Sunningdale]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Woolf]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Woolmer of Leeds]] Labour
*[[Lord Wright of Richmond]] Crossbench

===Y===
*[[John Sentamu|Archbishop of York]] Bishops
*[[David Young|The Lord Young of Graffham]] Conservative
*[[Lola Young|Baroness Young of Hornsey]] Crossbench
*[[Anthony Young|Lord Young of Norwood Green]] Labour
*[[Barbara Young|Baroness Young of Old Scone]] Other<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref>

==Dissolution Honours List==
Working peerages and dissolution Honours announced on 28 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/05/peerages-honours-and-appointments-51162 Peerages, honours and appointments], number10.gov.uk, 28 May 2010.</ref>

===Working Peers List===
====Conservative Party====
*[[Guy Black|Guy Vaughan Black]] – former Director [[Press Complaints Commission]], Executive Director [[Telegraph Media Group]]
*Dame [[Margaret Eaton]] OBE – Chairman of [[Local Government Association]]
*[[Edward Peter Lawless Faulks]] QC – barrister, leading practitioner, crime and personal injuries practice
*[[John Gardiner]] – Deputy Chief Executive of [[Countryside Alliance]]
*[[Helen Margaret Newlove]] – campaigner against anti-social behaviour
*[[Dolar Amarshi Popat]] – businessman, Chief Executive of [[TLC Group]], specialising in healthcare and hospitality
*[[Shireen Olive Ritchie]] – Local Government Councillor, specialises in areas of adult and children’s social care
*[[Deborah Stedman-Scott]] OBE, DL, FRSA – Chief Executive of [[Tomorrow’s People]], national employment charity working in deprived areas of UK
*[[Nat Wei]] – founder of [[Teach First]] and also a founder of [[Future Leaders]]
*Hon [[Simon Wolfson|Simon Adam Wolfson]] – Chief Executive of [[NEXT plc]]

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Floella Benjamin]] OBE DL – actor, presenter and campaigner for children’s issues
*[[Mike German]] OBE AM – former Deputy First Minister (Wales)
*[[Meral Hussein Ece]] OBE – Local Government Councillor in Islington, advocate of equality issues
*Sir [[Kenneth (Ken) Macdonald]] QC – former Director of Public Prosecutions
*[[Kathryn (Kate) Jane Parminter]] – former Chief Executive of Campaign to Protect Rural England
*[[John Shipley]] OBE – leading Local Government Councillor in Newcastle upon Tyne

====Labour Party====
*Sir [[Jeremy Hugh Beecham]] DL – senior figure in English local government and first Chairman of the [[Local Government Association]]
*Rt Hon [[Paul Boateng]] – former Government Minister and MP for Brent South
*[[Rita Margaret Donaghy]] CBE – former Chair [[Conciliation and Arbitration Service]]
*[[Jeannie Drake]] – former Deputy General Secretary of the [[Communication Workers Union]]
*Dr [[Dianne Hayter]] – Chair of [[Legal Services Consumer Panel]]
*[[Anna Healy]] – former Government and political adviser, serving in numerous government departments
*[[Roy Kennedy]] – [[Labour Party]]’s Director of Finance and Compliance, long serving member of the Labour Party
*Rt Hon [[Helen Liddell|Helen Lawrie Liddell]] – former Secretary State of Scotland
*[[Roger Liddle|Roger John Liddle]] – former Special Adviser on Europe and Lobbyist
*Rt Hon Dr [[Jack McConnell|Jack Wilson McConnell]] – former First Minister of Scotland
*[[John Monks|John Stephen Monks]] – General Secretary, [[European Trades Union Confederation]]
*[[Sue Nye]] – former Director of Government Relations, Prime Minister’s Office
*[[Maeve Sherlock]] OBE – former Chief Executive of the [[Refugee Council]] and Former Special Advisor to Chancellor
*[[Wilf Stevenson|Robert Wilfrid (Wilf) Stevenson]] – former Director of the [[Smith Institute]] and Special Adviser to the PM
*[[Margaret Wheeler]] MBE – Director of Organisation and Staff Development for the public service union [[UNISON]]
*[[Michael Williams]] – former Special Adviser on Foreign Affairs

===Dissolution List===

====Conservative party====
*[[Timothy Eric Boswell]] – former Whip and Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*[[Angela Frances Browning]] – former Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*Rt Hon [[John Selwyn Gummer]] – former Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Rt Hon [[Michael Howard]] QC – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*[[John Maples|John Craddock Maples]] – former Economic Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Sir [[Michael Spicer]] – former Government Minister for Housing and Chairman of Parliamentary and Scientific Committee

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Richard Allan]] – former MP for Sheffield Hallam and Chair of the Information Select Committee
*[[Matthew Owen John Taylor]] – former MP for Truro and St Austell, Chair of [[National Housing Federation]]
*[[Phil Willis|George Philip (Phil) Willis]] – former MP for Harrogate and Knaresborough, Former Chair of Science and Technology Select Committee

====Labour Party====
*Rt Hon [[Hillary Armstrong|Hillary Jane Armstrong]] – former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for Social Exclusion, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Des Browne|Desmond (Des) Henry Browne]] – former Secretary of State for Defence and held other senior posts in government
*[[Quentin Davies]] – former Government Minister, Defence
*Rt Hon [[Beverley Hughes]] – former Minister of State, Children, Schools and Families
*Rt Hon [[John Hutton]] – former Secretary of State for Business, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Jim Knight|James (Jim) Philip Knight]], Former Minister of State
*Rt Hon [[Tommy McAvoy]] – former Government Deputy Chief Whip
*Rt Hon [[John McFall]] – former Chair of Treasury Select Committee and MP for West Dunbartonshire
*Rt Hon [[John Prescott|John Leslie Prescott]] – former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon Dr [[John Reid]] – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Angela Evans Smith]] – former Minister of State, Cabinet Office
*Rt Hon [[Don Touhig|James Donnelly (Don) Touhig]] – former Parliamentary under Secretary of State (Minister for Veterans), Ministry of Defence
*Rt Hon [[Michael Wills|Michael David Wills]] – former Minister of State, Ministry of Justice

====Democratic Unionist Party====
*Rt Hon [[Ian Paisley|Ian R K Paisley]] – former First Minister and DUP Leader

====Crossbenchers====
*Sir [[Ian Blair]], Former Commissioner of the [[Metropolitan Police]].

==November 2010 Peerages==
Working Peerages announced on 19 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/11/peerages-honours-and-appointments-2-57256 Latest Peerages announced], numnber10.gov.uk, accessed 21 November 2010.</ref>

===Conservative Party===

*[[Tariq Ahmad]] – businessman and former Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Robert Balchin]] DL - Pro-Chancellor of Brunel University
*[[Elizabeth Berridge]] – Director of the [[Conservative Christian Fellowship]]
*Sir [[Michael Bishop]] CBE – career in civil aviation, Chairman of The Michael Bishop Foundation a charitable foundation
*[[Alistair Cooke]] OBE – career in education, authorship and politics
*Sir [[Patrick Cormack]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Michael Dobbs]] – author, presenter and adviser to [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[John Major]]
*[[Robert Edmiston]] – businessman and charity campaigner
*Sir [[Reg Empey]] OBE – Leader of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] 2005 – 2010
*[[Andrew Feldman]] – businessman and Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party
*[[Julian Fellowes]] DL – actor, novelist, film director and screenwriter
*Stanley Fink – Chief Executive of International Standard Asset Management and Chairman of Earth Capital LLP. Treasurer of the Conservative Party
*[[Howard Flight]] – career in finance; held various positions in Conservative Shadow Cabinet, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party 2004 -2005
*[[David Gold]] – senior litigation partner at [[Herbert Smith]] LLP
*[[Michael Grade]] CBE – past Chief Executive of [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Executive Chairman of [[ITV]] plc
*[[Rachael Heyhoe-Flint]] OBE DL – past captain of England women’s cricket team, currently public relations and sports marketing consultant
*[[Anne Jenkin]] – charitable and political work for the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Michael Lord]] – former Conservative MP and former Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
*Rt Hon [[David Maclean]] – former Conservative MP; held a number of Ministerial posts; Opposition Chief Whip 2001 – 2005
*[[George Magan]] – career in finance; former Conservative Party Treasurer and Deputy Chairman of the [[Conservative Party Foundation]]
*Sir [[Bernard Ribeiro]] CBE FRCS – retired Consultant General Surgeon; member of the Health Policy Research Advisory Board of the American College of Surgeons
*[[Fiona Shackleton]] LVO – lawyer specialising in family law
*[[Richard Spring]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Tina Stowell]] MBE – former Head of BBC corporate Affairs; past Deputy Chief of Staff to [[William Hague]] as Leader of HM Opposition
*[[Nicholas True]] CBE – past Deputy Head of the PM’s Policy Unit; former Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords; Leader of Richmond Borough Council
*[[Patience Wheatcroft]] – Editor-in-Chief of the [[Wall Street Journal Europe]]
*[[Gordon Wasserman]] – internationally recognised expert on management of police forces

===Liberal Democrat Party===

*Dr [[Sarah (Sal) Brinton]] – Executive Director of the Association of Universities in the East of England
*[[Dee Doocey]] OBE – Chair of the London Assembly
*[[Qurban Hussain]] – Deputy Group Leader of the Liberal Democrat group on Luton Borough Council
*[[Judith Jolly]] – Chair of Executive Committee of Liberal Democrats in Devon and Cornwall
*[[Susan Kramer]] – former Liberal Democrat MP
*[[Raj Loomba]] – businessman and campaigner for widows’ rights
*[[Jonathan Marks]] – commercial and family law QC with specialist interest in human rights and constitutional reform
*[[Monroe Palmer]] OBE – Liberal Democrat Councillor and Chair of [[Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel]]
*[[Jenny Randerson]] – Liberal Democrat Member of the National Assembly for Wales for Cardiff Central, former Minister in the Welsh Assembly Government
*[[John Sharkey]] – Chairman of the Liberal Democrat 2010 General Election campaign
*[[Nicol Stephen]] – Former Deputy First Minister of Scotland (2005 – 2007) and leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats (2005 – 2008)
*[[Ben Stoneham]] – Liberal Democrat HQ Operations Director
*[[Mike Storey]] CBE – Primary School Head teacher, former Leader of Liverpool City Council, Liberal Democrat Councillor and former Lord Mayor of Liverpool;
*[[Paul Strasburger]] – businessman and philanthropist
*[[Claire Tyler]] – Chief Executive of Relate

===Labour Party===
*Dame [[Joan Bakewell]] DBE – writer and broadcaster
*[[Ray Collins]] – General Secretary of the Labour Party
*[[Maurice Glasman]] – Senior Lecturer in political theory at London Metropolitan University and for his work with [[London Citizens]]
*[[Jonathan Kestenbaum]] – businessman and Chief Executive of [[National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts]]
*[[Oona King]] – Head of Diversity at [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Labour MP; currently journalist and presenter
*[[Ruth Lister]] – Emeritus Professor of Social Policy at Loughbrough University
*[[Eluned Morgan]] – former Labour MEP representing Mid and West Wales; currently Honorary Distinguished Professor at Cardiff University and for her work on low carbon energy
*Sir [[Gulam Noon]] MBE – Chairman and Founder of Noon Products and of the Noon Foundation
*[[Stewart Wood]] – former Downing Street and HMT special adviser, lecturer at University of Oxford; previously Fellow of Magdalen College and co-founder of Nexus
*[[Bryony Worthington]] – career focusing on promoting environmental and social change

===Plaid Cymru===
*Rt Hon [[Dafydd Wigley]] – former Leader of [[Plaid Cymru]]; Honorary President of Plaid Cymru

===Crossbenchers===
*Sir [[Richard Dannatt]] GCB CBE MC DL, Former Chief of the General Staff.

===Notes===
<references/>

[[Category:House of Lords]]

List of Members of the House of Lords, 55th UK Parliament

2011-01-17T15:03:11Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* L */

Members of the House of Lords in the UK Parliament following the election of 6 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref> See also [[List of MPs, 55th UK Parliament]].

==Members as of 26 May 2010==
===A===
*[[Alastair Bruce|Lord Aberdare]] Crossbench
*[[Richard Acton|Lord Acton]] Labour
*[[Irene Adams|Baroness Adams of Craigielea]] Labour
*[[Dominic Hubbard|Lord Addington]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Adebowale]] Crossbench
*The [[Andrew Adonis|Lord Adonis]] Labour
*[[Haleh Afshar|Baroness Afshar]] Crossbench
*[[Nazir Ahmed|Lord Ahmed]] Labour
*[[John Alderdice|Lord Alderdice]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Michael Allenby|Viscount Allenby of Megiddo]] Crossbench
*[[Waheed Alli|Lord Alli]] Labour
*[[David Alliance|Lord Alliance]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Alton|Lord Alton of Liverpool]] Crossbench
*The [[Valerie Amos|Baroness Amos]] Labour
*[[Geoffrey Russell|The Lord Ampthill]] Crossbench
*[[Donald Anderson|The Lord Anderson of Swansea]] Labour
*[[Baroness Andrews]] Labour
*The [[Joyce Anelay|Baroness Anelay of St Johns]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Archer of Sandwell]] Labour
*[[Jeffrey Archer|Lord Archer of Weston-Super-Mare]] Other
*[[Robert Armstrong|Lord Armstrong of Ilminster]] Crossbench
*[[Arthur Gore|Earl of Arran]] Conservative
*[[Michael Anthony Ashcroft|Lord Ashcroft]] Conservative
*The [[Paddy Ashdown|Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jack Ashley|The Lord Ashley of Stoke]] Labour
*The [[Catherine Ashton|Baroness Ashton of Upholland]] Other
*[[John Astor|Lord Astor of Hever]] Conservative
*[[William Waldorf Astor|Viscount Astor]] Conservative
*[[Richard Attenborough|Lord Attenborough]] Labour
*[[John Attlee|Earl Attlee]] Conservative
*[[Eric Lubbock|Lord Avebury]] Liberal Democrat

===B===
*[[William Bach|Lord Bach]] Labour
*[[Raj Bagri|Lord Bagri]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Baker of Dorking]] Conservative
*[[Earl Baldwin of Bewdley]] Crossbench
*[[Edward Enda Haughey|Lord Ballyedmond]] Conservative
*[[Lord Barber of Tewkesbury]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Barker]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Barnett]] Labour
*The [[Steve Bassam|Lord Bassam of Brighton]] Labour
*[[Lord Bates]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Bath and Wells]] Bishops
*[[Tim Bell|Lord Bell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Berkeley]] Labour
*[[Lord Best]] Crossbench
*[[Paul Bew|Lord Bew]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhatia]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhattacharyya]] Labour
*[[Lord Bichard]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bilimoria]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Billingham]] Labour
*[[Lord Bilston]] Labour
*[[The Lord Bingham of Cornhill]] Crossbench
*[[John Birt|Lord Birt]] Crossbench
*[[Conrad Black|Lord Black of Crossharbour]] Other
*[[Bishop of Blackburn]] Bishops
*The [[Tessa Blackstone|Baroness Blackstone]] Labour
*[[Norman Backwell|Lord Blackwell]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Blood]] Labour
*[[James Blyth|Lord Blyth of Rowington]] Conservative
*[[Jane Bonham Carter|Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Baroness Boothroyd]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Borrie]] Labour
*[[Lord Boston of Faversham]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bowness]] Conservative
*[[Michael Boyce|Lord Boyce]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Boyd of Duncansby]] Labour
*[[Lord Brabazon of Tara]] Other
*[[Bishop of Bradford]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Bradley]] Labour
*[[Lord Bradshaw]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Melvyn Bragg|Lord Bragg]] Labour
*[[Edwin Bramall|Lord Bramall]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brennan]] Labour
*[[Lord Brett]] Labour
*[[Viscount Bridgeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bridges]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Briggs]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Bristol]] Bishops
*The [[Leon Brittan|Lord Brittan of Spennithorne]] Conservative
*[[Alec Broers|Lord Broers]] Crossbench
*[[Clive Brooke|Lord Brooke of Alverthorpe]] Labour
*The [[Peter Brooke|Lord Brooke of Sutton Mandeville]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Brookeborough]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brookman]] Labour
*[[Lord Brooks]] of Tremorfa Labour
*[[Lord Brougham and Vaux]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood]] Other
*[[Lord Browne of Belmont]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[John Browne|Lord Browne of Madingley]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Browne-Wilkinson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Burnett]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Burns]] Crossbench
*[[Peta Buscombe|Baroness Buscombe]] Conservative
*The [[Robin Butler|Lord Butler of Brockwell]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Butler-Sloss]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Byford]] Conservative

===C===
*The [[Earl of Caithness]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cameron of Dillington]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cameron of Lochbroom]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell of Alloway]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Campbell of Loughborough]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Campbell of Surbiton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell-Savours]] Labour
*[[Rowan Williams|Archbishop of Canterbury]] Bishops
*The [[George Carey|Lord Carey of Clifton]] Crossbench
*[[Alex Carlile|Lord Carlile of Berriew]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Carnegy of Lour]] Other
*The [[Lord Carr of Hadley]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carrington]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carswell]] Crossbench
*Lord [[Carter of Barnes]] Labour
*[[Patrick Carter|Lord Carter of Coles]] Labour
*[[Earl Cathcart]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cavendish of Furness]] Conservative
*[[Peter Gummer|Lord Chadlington]] Conservative
*The [[Alun Jones (Lord Chalfont)|Lord Chalfont]] Crossbench
*The [[Lynda Chalker|Baroness Chalker of Wallasey]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Chandos]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Chester]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Chichester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Chidgey]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Chilver]] Conservative
*[[Lord Chitnis]] Crossbench
*The [[Marquess of Cholmondeley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Chorley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Christopher]] Labour
*[[Baroness Clark of Calton]] Other
*The [[Lord Clark of Windermere]] Labour
*[[Anthony Clarke|Lord Clarke of Hampstead]] Other
*The [[Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony]] Other
*[[Tim Clement-Jones|Lord Clement-Jones]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Stanley Clinton Davis|Lord Clinton-Davis]] Labour
*[[Lord Cobbold]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Coe]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Cohen of Pimlico]] Labour
*The [[Lord Collins of Mapesbury]] Other
*[[Lord Colwyn]] Conservative
*[[Lord Condon]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cope of Berkeley]] Conservative
*[[Lord Corbett of Castle Vale]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Corston]] Labour
*[[Lord Cotter]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Earl of Courtown]] Conservative
*[[Jean Coussins|Baroness Coussins]] Crossbench
*[[Caroline Cox|Baroness Cox]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Craig of Radley]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Craigavon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Crathorne]] Conservative
*The [[Earl of Crawford and Balcarres]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Crawley]] Labour
*The [[Lord Crickhowell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Crisp]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Croham]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cullen of Whitekirk]] Crossbench
*[[Julia Cumberlege|Baroness Cumberlege]] Conservative
*The [[Jack Cunningham|Lord Cunningham of Felling]] Labour
*Lord [[Currie of Marylebone]] Crossbench

===D===
*The [[Lord Darzi of Denham]] Labour
*[[Lord Davidson of Glen Clova]] Labour
*[[Mervyn Davies|Lord Davies of Abersoch]] Labour
*[[Lord Davies of Coity]] Labour
*The [[Lord Davies of Oldham]] Labour
*[[Lord De Mauley]] Conservative
*The [[Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde]] Labour
*[[Lord Dear]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Deech]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Delacourt-Smith of Alteryn]] Other
*[[The Lord Denham]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Derby]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Desai]] Labour
*[[Lord Dholakia]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Dixon]] Labour
*[[Lord Dixon-Smith]] Conservative
*[[Lord Donoughue]] Labour
*The [[Paul Drayson|Lord Drayson]] Labour
*[[The Baroness D'Souza]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Dubs]] Labour
*[[Earl of Dundee]] Conservative
*[[Lydia Dunn|Baroness Dunn]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Durham]] Bishops
*[[Lord Dykes]] Liberal Democrat

===E===
*[[Robin Eames|The Lord Eames]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Eatwell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Eccles of Moulton]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Eccles]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Eden of Winton]] Conservative
*[[Murray Elder|Lord Elder]] Labour
*[[The Lord Elis-Thomas]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Elliott of Morpeth]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elystan-Morgan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Emerton]] Crossbench
*[[Merlin Hay|Earl of Erroll]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Evans of Parkside]] Labour
*[[Matthew Evans|Lord Evans of Temple Guiting]] Labour
*[[Lord Evans of Watford]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Exeter]] Bishops
*[[Derek Ezra|Lord Ezra]] Liberal Democrat

===F===
*[[Charles Falconer|The Lord Falconer of Thoroton]] Labour
*[[Baroness Falkender]] Labour
*[[Viscount Falkland]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Falkner of Margravine]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Farrington of Ribbleton]] Labour
*[[Lord Faulkner of Worcester]] Labour
*[[Lord Fearn]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Feldman]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Fellowes]] Crossbench
*[[The Earl Ferrers]] Conservative
*[[Geoffrey Filkin|Lord Filkin]] Labour
*[[Baroness Finlay of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Flather]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Flowers]] Other
*[[Baroness Fookes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Ford]] Other
*The [[Michael Forsyth|Lord Forsyth of Drumlean]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Foster of Bishop Auckland]] Labour
*[[Norman Foster|Lord Foster of Thames Bank]] Crossbench
*The [[George Foulkes|Lord Foulkes of Cumnock]] Labour
*The [[Norman Fowler|Lord Fowler]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Fraser|Lord Fraser of Carmyllie]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Freeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freud]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freyberg]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Fritchie]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Fyfe of Fairfield]] Labour

===G===
*[[Baroness Gale]] Labour
*[[Baroness Garden of Frognal]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Gardner of Parkes]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Garel-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Bob Gavron|Lord Gavron]] Labour
*[[Lord Geddes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Gibson of Market Rasen]] Labour
*[[Anthony Giddens|Lord Giddens]] Labour
*The [[John Gilbert|Lord Gilbert]] Labour
*[[Earl of Glasgow]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Edward Short|Lord Glenamara]] Labour
*[[Lord Glenarthur]] Conservative
*[[Lord Glentoran]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Gloucester]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Goff of Chieveley]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Golding]] Labour
*The [[Peter Goldsmith|Lord Goldsmith]] Labour
*[[Lord William Goodhart|Lord Goodhart]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Lord Goodlad]] Conservative
*[[Lord Gordon of Strathblane]] Labour
*[[Viscount Goschen]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Goudie]] Labour
*[[Philip Gould|Lord Gould of Brookwood]] Labour
*[[Baroness Gould of Potternewton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grabiner]] Labour
*The [[Lord Graham of Edmonton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grantchester]] Labour
*[[Lord Greaves]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Susan Greenfield|Baroness Greenfield]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Greengross]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Greenway]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Grenfell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Grey-Thompson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Griffiths of Burry Port]] Labour
*[[Brian Griffiths|Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Griffiths]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Grocott]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Guildford]] Bishops
*The [[Charles Guthrie|Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank]] Crossbench

===H===
*[[The Lord Habgood]] Other
*The [[Baroness Hale of Richmond]] Other
*[[Lord Hall of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hameed]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Hamilton of Epsom]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hamwee]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Hanham]] Conservative
*[[David Hannay|Lord Hannay of Chiswick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hanningfield]] Other
*[[The Lord Hardie]] Other
*[[Lord Harries of Pentregarth]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Harris of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Philip Harris|Lord Harris of Peckham]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Harris of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Harrison]] Labour
*[[Lord Hart of Chilton]] Labour
*[[Simon Haskel|Lord Haskel]] Labour
*[[Christopher Haskins|Lord Haskins]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hastings of Scarisbrick]] Crossbench
*The [[Roy Hattersley|Lord Hattersley]] Labour
*[[Lord Haworth]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hayhoe]] Conservative
*[[Helene Hayman|Baroness Hayman]] Other
*The [[Denis Healey|Lord Healey]] Labour
*[[Baroness Henig]] Labour
*[[Lord Henley]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Hereford]] Bishops
*[[Michael Heseltine|The Lord Heseltine]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Higgins]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hilton of Eggardon]] Labour
*[[Lord Hodgson of Astley Abbotts]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Hoffmann]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Hogg|Baroness Hogg]] Conservative
*[[Clive Hollick|Lord Hollick]] Labour
*The [[Patricia Hollis|Baroness Hollis of Heigham]] Labour
*[[Earl of Home]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hooper]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hooson]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Hope of Craighead]] Other
*[[The Lord Hope of Thornes]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Howard of Rising]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howarth of Breckland]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Howarth of Newport]] Labour
*[[The Lord Howe of Aberavon]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howe of Idlicote]] Crossbench
*[[Earl Howe]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Howell of Guildford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howells of St Davids]] Labour
*[[Lord Howie of Troon]] Labour
*[[Doug Hoyle|Lord Hoyle]] Labour
*[[Lord Hughes of Woodside]] Labour
*[[Lord Hunt of Chesterton]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath]] Labour
*The [[Lord Hunt of Wirral]] Conservative
*The [[Douglas Hurd|Lord Hurd of Westwell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hutchinson of Lullington]] Other
*The [[Brian Hutton|Lord Hutton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hylton]] Crossbench

===I===
*[[Peter Imbert|Lord Imbert]] Crossbench
*The [[Peter Inge|Lord Inge]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Inglewood]] Conservative
*The [[Derry Irvine|Lord Irvine of Lairg]] Labour

===J===
*[[Lord Jacobs]] Other
*[[Lord James of Blackheath]] Conservative
*[[Baroness James of Holland Park]] Conservative
*[[Greville Janner|Lord Janner of Braunstone]] Labour
*[[The Lord Janvrin]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme|Lord Jay of Ewelme]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Jay of Paddington]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jenkin of Roding]] Conservative
*[[Joel Joffe|Lord Joffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Jones of Birmingham]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Jones of Cheltenham]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Jones of Whitchurch]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jones]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jopling]] Conservative
*[[Lord Jordan]] Labour
*[[Lord Judd]] Labour
*[[The Lord Judge]] Other

===K===
*[[Lord Kakkar]] Crossbench
*[[Stanley Kalms|Lord Kalms]] Other
*[[Helena Kennedy|Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws]] Labour
*[[Lord Kerr of Kinlochard]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore]] Other
*The [[John Taylor, Lord Kilclooney|Lord Kilclooney]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kilpatrick of Kincraig]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kimball]] Conservative
*The [[Tom King|Lord King of Bridgwater]] Conservative
*[[Lord King of West Bromwich]] Labour
*[[The Lord Kingsdown]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Kingsmill]] Labour
*[[Glenys Kinnock|Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead]] Labour
*The [[Neil Kinnock|Lord Kinnock]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Kirkhill]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkwood of Kirkhope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Knight of Collingtree]] Conservative
*[[Lord Knights]] Crossbench
*[[John Krebs|Lord Krebs]] Crossbench

===L===
*[[Lord Laing of Dunphail]] Conservative
*[[Lord Laird Ulster]] Unionist Party
*[[Lord Laming]] Crossbench
*The [[Norman Lamont|Lord Lamont of Lerwick]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lang of Monkton]] Conservative
*The [[Nigel Lawson|Lord Lawson of Blaby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Layard]] Labour
*[[Lord Lea of Crondall]] Labour
*[[Lord Leach of Fairford]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lee of Trafford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Leicester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Sandy Leitch|Lord Leitch]] Labour
*[[Lord Lester of Herne Hill]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Peter Levene|Lord Levene of Portsoken]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Levy|Lord Levy]] Labour
*The [[Lord Lewis of Newnham]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Lichfield]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Lincoln]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Lindsay]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Linklater of Butterstone]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Lipsey|Lord Lipsey]] Labour
*[[Earl of Listowel]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Liverpool]] Bishops
*[[Earl of Liverpool]] Conservative
*[[Lord Livsey of Talgarth]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Anthony Lloyd|Lord Lloyd of Berwick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lloyd-Webber]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Lockwood]] Labour
*[[Lord Lofthouse of Pontefract]] Labour
*[[Bishop of London]] Bishops
*[[Lord Low of Dalston]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Lucas]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Luce]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Ludford|Baroness Ludford]] Other
*[[Lord Luke]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Lyell of Markyate]] Conservative
*[[Lord Lyell]] Conservative

===M===
*[[Lord Macaulay of Bragar]] Labour
*The [[Gus Macdonald|Lord Macdonald of Tradeston]] Labour
*[[Norman Somerville Macfarlane|Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden]] Conservative
*The [[John MacGregor|Lord MacGregor of Pulham Market]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Clashfern]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Drumadoon]] Other
*[[Lord MacKenzie of Culkein]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackenzie of Framwellgate]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackie of Benshie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord MacLaurin of Knebworth]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Maclennan of Rogart]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Maddock]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Maginnis of Drumglass]] Ulster Unionist Party
*[[Baroness Mallalieu]] Labour
*The [[Mark Malloch-Brown|Lord Malloch-Brown]] Labour
*The Lord Mance Other
*Bishop of Manchester Bishops
*Lord Mancroft Conservative
*The [[Peter Mandelson|Lord Mandelson]] Labour
*[[Eliza Manningham-Buller|Baroness Manningham-Buller]] Crossbench
*Earl of Mar and Kellie Liberal Democrat
*Countess of Mar Crossbench
*Lord Marland Conservative
*Lord Marlesford Conservative
*The Lord Marsh Crossbench
*Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge Crossbench
*The Lord Martin of Springburn Crossbench
*Baroness Masham of Ilton Crossbench
*The Lord Mason of Barnsley Labour
*Baroness Massey of Darwen Labour
*The Lord Mawhinney Conservative
*Lord Mawson Crossbench
*Lord Maxton Labour
*Lord May of Oxford Crossbench
*The [[Patrick Mayhew|Lord Mayhew of Twysden]] Conservative
*Lord McCarthy Labour
*[[John McCluskey|Lord McCluskey]] Crossbench
*Lord McColl of Dulwich Conservative
*[[Margaret McDonagh|Baroness McDonagh]] Labour
*Baroness McFarlane of Llandaff Crossbench
*The Lord McIntosh of Haringey Labour
*Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall Labour
*Lord McKenzie of Luton Labour
*The [[Tom McNally|Lord McNally]] Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Meacher Crossbench
*Lord Methuen Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Chilthorne Domer]] Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Miller of Hendon Conservative
*The Lord Millett Crossbench
*[[Parry Mitchell|Lord Mitchell]] Labour
*Lord Mogg Crossbench
*The Lord Molyneaux of Killead Crossbench
*Lord Monson Crossbench
*Lord Montagu of Beaulieu Conservative
*Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Crossbench
*The Duke of Montrose Conservative
*[[Lewis Moonie|Lord Moonie]] Labour
*The Lord Moore of Lower Marsh Conservative
*Lord Moran Crossbench
*Baroness Morgan of Drefelin Labour
*[[Sally Morgan|Baroness Morgan of Huyton]] Labour
*Lord Morgan Labour
*The Lord Morris of Aberavon Labour
*Baroness Morris of Bolton Conservative
*Lord Morris of Handsworth Labour
*The Lord Morris of Manchester Labour
*The Baroness Morris of Yardley Labour
*Lord Morrow Democratic Unionist Party
*Lord Moser Crossbench
*Lord Moynihan Conservative
*Baroness Murphy Crossbench
*The Lord Mustill Crossbench
*Lord Myners Labour

===N===
*[[The Lord Naseby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Neill of Bladen]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Neuberger]] of Abbotsbury Other
*[[Julia Neuberger|Baroness Neuberger]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Pauline Neville-Jones|Baroness Neville-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Lord Newby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Newcastle]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Newton of Braintree]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Emma Nicholson|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Nickson]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Nicol]] Labour
*[[Baroness Noakes]] Conservative
*[[The Duke of Norfolk]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbourne]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbrook]] Conservative
*[[Lord Northfield]] Labour
*[[Lindsay Northover|Baroness Northover]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Norton of Louth]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Norwich]] Bishops

===O===
*[[Lord Oakeshott of Seagrove Bay]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness O'Cathain]] Conservative
*[[Baroness O'Loan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve]] Crossbench
*[[Lord O'Neill of Clackmannan]] Labour
*[[Earl of Onslow]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ouseley]] Crossbench
*The [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] Crossbench
*[[Ronald Oxburgh|Lord Oxburgh]] Crossbench

===P===
*[[Baroness Paisley of St George's]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[Lord Palmer]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Palumbo]] Conservative
*[[Lord Pannick]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Parekh]] Labour
*[[The Lord Parkinson]] Conservative
*[[Lord Patel of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel of Bradford]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Patten of Barnes]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Patten]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Paul]] Labour
*[[Malcolm Pearson|Lord Pearson of Rannoch]] UK Independence Party
*[[The Earl Peel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Pendry]] Labour
*[[Baroness Perry of Southwark]] Conservative
*[[Lord Peston]] Labour
*[[Lord Phillips of Sudbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers]] Other
*[[The Lord Pilkington of Oxenford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Pitkeathley]] Labour
*[[The Lord Plant of Highfield]] Labour
*[[Baroness Platt of Writtle]] Conservative
*[[Lord Charles Henry Plumb|Lord Plumb]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede]] Labour
*[[Charles Powell|Lord Powell of Bayswater]] Crossbench
*[[Usha Prashar|Baroness Prashar]] Crossbench
*The [[James Prior|Lord Prior]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Prosser]] Labour
*[[Lord Prys-Davies]] Labour
*[[Lord Puttnam]] Labour

===Q===
*[[The Baroness Quin]] Labour
*[[Lord Quinton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Quirk]] Crossbench

===R===
*[[The Lord Radice]] Labour
*[[Margaret 'Meta' Ramsay|Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale]] Labour
*[[Lord Ramsbotham]] Crossbench
*Lord Rana Crossbench
*Lord Randall of St Budeaux Other
*Baroness Rawlings Conservative
*Lord Razzall Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rea Labour
*Lord Reay Conservative
*Lord Redesdale Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rees of Ludlow Crossbench
*[[William Rees-Mogg|Lord Rees-Mogg]] Crossbench
*Baroness Rendell of Babergh Labour
*Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn Conservative
*Lord Rennard Liberal Democrat
*The Lord Renton of Mount Harry Conservative
*[[Robin Renwick|Lord Renwick of Clifton]] Crossbench
*The Lord Richard Labour
*The Baroness Richardson of Calow Crossbench
*Bishop of Ripon and Leeds Bishops
*Lord Rix Crossbench
*The Lord Roberts of Conwy Conservative
*Lord Roberts of Llandudno Liberal Democrat
*The [[George Robertson|Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]] Labour
*The Lord Rodger of Earlsferry Other
*The Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rogan Ulster Unionist Party
*Lord Rogers of Riverside Labour
*Lord Rooker Labour Independent
*Lord Roper Other
*Lord Rosser Labour
*Earl of Rosslyn Crossbench
*Lord Rotherwick Conservative
*Lord Rowe-Beddoe Crossbench
*Lord Rowlands Labour
*The Baroness Royall of Blaisdon Labour
*The Lord Ryder of Wensum Conservative

===S===
*[[Maurice Saatchi|Lord Saatchi]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sacks]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover]] Conservative
*[[David Sainsbury|Lord Sainsbury of Turville]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Salisbury]] Bishops
*The [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] Other
*[[Lady Saltoun of Abernethy]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sandberg]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Russell Sanderson|Lord Sanderson of Bowden]] Conservative
*Earl of Sandwich Crossbench
*The Lord Saville of Newdigate Other
*Lord Sawyer Labour
*The Baroness Scotland of Asthal Labour
*The Lord Scott of Foscote Crossbench
*Baroness Scott of Needham Market Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Seccombe Conservative
*Earl of Selborne Conservative
*The Lord Selkirk of Douglas Conservative
*Lord Selsdon Conservative
*Lord Sewel Labour
*Lord Sharman Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharp of Guildford Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharples Conservative
*Lord Shaw of Northstead Conservative
*Lord Sheikh Conservative
*The Lord Sheldon Labour
*The Baroness Shephard of Northwold Conservative
*Lord Sheppard of Didgemere Conservative
*Earl of Shrewsbury Conservative
*The Lord Shutt of Greetland Liberal Democrat
*[[David Simon|Lord Simon of Highbury]] Labour
*[[Viscount Simon]] Labour
*[[Lord Simpson of Dunkeld]] Other
*[[Lord Skelmersdale]] Conservative
*The [[Robert Skidelsky|Lord Skidelsky]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Slim]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Smith of Clifton]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Smith of Finsbury]] Other
*[[Baroness Smith of Gilmorehill]] Labour
*[[Lord Smith of Kelvin]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Smith of Leigh]] Labour
*[[Lord Snape]] Labour
*[[Earl of Snowdon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Soley]] Labour
*[[Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior]] Conservative
*[[Lord St John of Bletso]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord St John of Fawsley]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Stair]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Steel of Aikwood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Sterling of Plaistow]] Conservative
*[[Lord Stern of Brentford]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Stern]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Ludgate]] Conservative Independent
*[[Dennis Stevenson|Lord Stevenson of Coddenham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Stewartby]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Steyn]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stoddart of Swindon]] Independent Labour
*[[Lord Stone of Blackheath]] Labour
*[[Lord Strabolgi]] Labour
*[[Thomas Galbraith|The Lord Strathclyde]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sugar]] Labour
*[[Stewart Sutherland|Lord Sutherland of Houndwood]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Swinfen]] Conservative
*The [[Elizabeth Symons|Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean]] Labour

===T===
*[[Lord Tanlaw]] Crossbench
*[[Dick Taverne|Lord Taverne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Taylor of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Ann Taylor|The Baroness Taylor of Bolton]] Labour
*[[John Taylor|Lord Taylor of Holbeach]] Conservative
*[[Lord John Taylor of Warwick|Lord Taylor of Warwick]] Conservative
*The [[Norman Tebbitt|Lord Tebbit]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Templeman]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Temple-Morris]] Labour
*[[Viscount Tenby]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Teverson]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Margaret Thatcher|Baroness Thatcher]] Conservative
*[[Lord Thomas of Gresford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Thomas of Macclesfield]] Labour
*[[Lord Thomas of Swynnerton]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Thomas of Walliswood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thomas of Winchester]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thornton]] Labour
*[[Lord Tombs]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tomlinson]] Labour
*[[Jenny Tonge|Baroness Tonge]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tordoff]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Trefgarne]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Trenchard]] Conservative
*[[David Triesman|Lord Triesman]] Other
*The [[David Trimble|Lord Trimble]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Trumpington]] Conservative
*[[Peter Truscott|Lord Truscott]] Other
*[[Lord Tugendhat]] Conservative
*[[Lord Tunnicliffe]] Labour
*[[Leslie Turnberg|Lord Turnberg]] Labour
*[[Andrew Turnbull|Lord Turnbull]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Turner of Camden]] Labour
*[[Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell|Lord Turner of Ecchinswell]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tyler]] Liberal Democrat

===U===
*[[Baroness Uddin]] Labour
*[[The Viscount Ullswater]] Conservative

===V===
*[[Shriti Vadera|The Baroness Vadera]] Labour
*[[Jo Valentine|Baroness Valentine]] Crossbench
*[[Iain Vallance|Lord Vallance of Tummel]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Sandip Verma|Baroness Verma]] Conservative
*[[Richard Vincent|Lord Vincent of Coleshill]] Crossbench
*[[Nigel Vinson|Lord Vinson]] Conservative

===W===
*[[David Waddington|The Lord Waddington]] Conservative
*[[William Wade | Lord Wade of Chorlton]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Wakefield]] Bishops
*[[John Wakeham|The Lord Wakeham]] Conservative
*[[William Waldegrave|The Lord Waldegrave of North Hill]] Conservative
*[[Michael Walker|Lord Walker of Aldringham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe]] Other
*[[The Lord Walker of Worcester]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wall of New Barnet]] Labour
*[[Lord Wallace of Saltaire]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jim Wallace|The Lord Wallace of Tankerness]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Walmsley]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Walpole]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Walton of Detchant]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Warner]] Labour
*[[Mary Warnock|Baroness Warnock]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Warsi]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Warwick of Undercliffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Watson of Invergowrie]] Other
*[[Lord Watson of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Viscount Waverley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wedderburn of Charlton]] Labour
*[[Lord Weidenfeld]] Crossbench
*[[Lord West of Spithead]] Labour
*[[Baroness Whitaker]] Labour
*[[Larry Whitty|The Lord Whitty]] Labour
*[[Baroness Wilcox]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wilkins]] Labour
*The [[Shirley Williams|Baroness Williams of Crosby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Williams of Elvel]] Labour
*[[The Lord Williamson of Horton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Willoughby de Broke]] UK Independence Party
*[[Lord Wilson of Dinton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wilson of Tillyorn]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Scott-Joynt|Bishop of Winchester]] Bishops
*[[David Hennessy|The Lord Windlesham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Winston]] Labour
*[[Lord Wolfson of Sunningdale]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Woolf]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Woolmer of Leeds]] Labour
*[[Lord Wright of Richmond]] Crossbench

===Y===
*[[John Sentamu|Archbishop of York]] Bishops
*[[David Young|The Lord Young of Graffham]] Conservative
*[[Lola Young|Baroness Young of Hornsey]] Crossbench
*[[Anthony Young|Lord Young of Norwood Green]] Labour
*[[Barbara Young|Baroness Young of Old Scone]] Other<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref>

==Dissolution Honours List==
Working peerages and dissolution Honours announced on 28 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/05/peerages-honours-and-appointments-51162 Peerages, honours and appointments], number10.gov.uk, 28 May 2010.</ref>

===Working Peers List===
====Conservative Party====
*[[Guy Black|Guy Vaughan Black]] – former Director [[Press Complaints Commission]], Executive Director [[Telegraph Media Group]]
*Dame [[Margaret Eaton]] OBE – Chairman of [[Local Government Association]]
*[[Edward Peter Lawless Faulks]] QC – barrister, leading practitioner, crime and personal injuries practice
*[[John Gardiner]] – Deputy Chief Executive of [[Countryside Alliance]]
*[[Helen Margaret Newlove]] – campaigner against anti-social behaviour
*[[Dolar Amarshi Popat]] – businessman, Chief Executive of [[TLC Group]], specialising in healthcare and hospitality
*[[Shireen Olive Ritchie]] – Local Government Councillor, specialises in areas of adult and children’s social care
*[[Deborah Stedman-Scott]] OBE, DL, FRSA – Chief Executive of [[Tomorrow’s People]], national employment charity working in deprived areas of UK
*[[Nat Wei]] – founder of [[Teach First]] and also a founder of [[Future Leaders]]
*Hon [[Simon Wolfson|Simon Adam Wolfson]] – Chief Executive of [[NEXT plc]]

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Floella Benjamin]] OBE DL – actor, presenter and campaigner for children’s issues
*[[Mike German]] OBE AM – former Deputy First Minister (Wales)
*[[Meral Hussein Ece]] OBE – Local Government Councillor in Islington, advocate of equality issues
*Sir [[Kenneth (Ken) Macdonald]] QC – former Director of Public Prosecutions
*[[Kathryn (Kate) Jane Parminter]] – former Chief Executive of Campaign to Protect Rural England
*[[John Shipley]] OBE – leading Local Government Councillor in Newcastle upon Tyne

====Labour Party====
*Sir [[Jeremy Hugh Beecham]] DL – senior figure in English local government and first Chairman of the [[Local Government Association]]
*Rt Hon [[Paul Boateng]] – former Government Minister and MP for Brent South
*[[Rita Margaret Donaghy]] CBE – former Chair [[Conciliation and Arbitration Service]]
*[[Jeannie Drake]] – former Deputy General Secretary of the [[Communication Workers Union]]
*Dr [[Dianne Hayter]] – Chair of [[Legal Services Consumer Panel]]
*[[Anna Healy]] – former Government and political adviser, serving in numerous government departments
*[[Roy Kennedy]] – [[Labour Party]]’s Director of Finance and Compliance, long serving member of the Labour Party
*Rt Hon [[Helen Liddell|Helen Lawrie Liddell]] – former Secretary State of Scotland
*[[Roger Liddle|Roger John Liddle]] – former Special Adviser on Europe and Lobbyist
*Rt Hon Dr [[Jack McConnell|Jack Wilson McConnell]] – former First Minister of Scotland
*[[John Monks|John Stephen Monks]] – General Secretary, [[European Trades Union Confederation]]
*[[Sue Nye]] – former Director of Government Relations, Prime Minister’s Office
*[[Maeve Sherlock]] OBE – former Chief Executive of the [[Refugee Council]] and Former Special Advisor to Chancellor
*[[Wilf Stevenson|Robert Wilfrid (Wilf) Stevenson]] – former Director of the [[Smith Institute]] and Special Adviser to the PM
*[[Margaret Wheeler]] MBE – Director of Organisation and Staff Development for the public service union [[UNISON]]
*[[Michael Williams]] – former Special Adviser on Foreign Affairs

===Dissolution List===

====Conservative party====
*[[Timothy Eric Boswell]] – former Whip and Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*[[Angela Frances Browning]] – former Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*Rt Hon [[John Selwyn Gummer]] – former Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Rt Hon [[Michael Howard]] QC – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*[[John Maples|John Craddock Maples]] – former Economic Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Sir [[Michael Spicer]] – former Government Minister for Housing and Chairman of Parliamentary and Scientific Committee

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Richard Allan]] – former MP for Sheffield Hallam and Chair of the Information Select Committee
*[[Matthew Owen John Taylor]] – former MP for Truro and St Austell, Chair of [[National Housing Federation]]
*[[Phil Willis|George Philip (Phil) Willis]] – former MP for Harrogate and Knaresborough, Former Chair of Science and Technology Select Committee

====Labour Party====
*Rt Hon [[Hillary Armstrong|Hillary Jane Armstrong]] – former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for Social Exclusion, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Des Browne|Desmond (Des) Henry Browne]] – former Secretary of State for Defence and held other senior posts in government
*[[Quentin Davies]] – former Government Minister, Defence
*Rt Hon [[Beverley Hughes]] – former Minister of State, Children, Schools and Families
*Rt Hon [[John Hutton]] – former Secretary of State for Business, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Jim Knight|James (Jim) Philip Knight]], Former Minister of State
*Rt Hon [[Tommy McAvoy]] – former Government Deputy Chief Whip
*Rt Hon [[John McFall]] – former Chair of Treasury Select Committee and MP for West Dunbartonshire
*Rt Hon [[John Prescott|John Leslie Prescott]] – former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon Dr [[John Reid]] – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Angela Evans Smith]] – former Minister of State, Cabinet Office
*Rt Hon [[Don Touhig|James Donnelly (Don) Touhig]] – former Parliamentary under Secretary of State (Minister for Veterans), Ministry of Defence
*Rt Hon [[Michael Wills|Michael David Wills]] – former Minister of State, Ministry of Justice

====Democratic Unionist Party====
*Rt Hon [[Ian Paisley|Ian R K Paisley]] – former First Minister and DUP Leader

====Crossbenchers====
*Sir [[Ian Blair]], Former Commissioner of the [[Metropolitan Police]].

==November 2010 Peerages==
Working Peerages announced on 19 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/11/peerages-honours-and-appointments-2-57256 Latest Peerages announced], numnber10.gov.uk, accessed 21 November 2010.</ref>

===Conservative Party===

*[[Tariq Ahmad]] – businessman and former Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Robert Balchin]] DL - Pro-Chancellor of Brunel University
*[[Elizabeth Berridge]] – Director of the [[Conservative Christian Fellowship]]
*Sir [[Michael Bishop]] CBE – career in civil aviation, Chairman of The Michael Bishop Foundation a charitable foundation
*[[Alistair Cooke]] OBE – career in education, authorship and politics
*Sir [[Patrick Cormack]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Michael Dobbs]] – author, presenter and adviser to [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[John Major]]
*[[Robert Edmiston]] – businessman and charity campaigner
*Sir [[Reg Empey]] OBE – Leader of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] 2005 – 2010
*[[Andrew Feldman]] – businessman and Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party
*[[Julian Fellowes]] DL – actor, novelist, film director and screenwriter
*Stanley Fink – Chief Executive of International Standard Asset Management and Chairman of Earth Capital LLP. Treasurer of the Conservative Party
*[[Howard Flight]] – career in finance; held various positions in Conservative Shadow Cabinet, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party 2004 -2005
*[[David Gold]] – senior litigation partner at [[Herbert Smith]] LLP
*[[Michael Grade]] CBE – past Chief Executive of [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Executive Chairman of [[ITV]] plc
*[[Rachael Heyhoe-Flint]] OBE DL – past captain of England women’s cricket team, currently public relations and sports marketing consultant
*[[Anne Jenkin]] – charitable and political work for the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Michael Lord]] – former Conservative MP and former Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
*Rt Hon [[David Maclean]] – former Conservative MP; held a number of Ministerial posts; Opposition Chief Whip 2001 – 2005
*[[George Magan]] – career in finance; former Conservative Party Treasurer and Deputy Chairman of the [[Conservative Party Foundation]]
*Sir [[Bernard Ribeiro]] CBE FRCS – retired Consultant General Surgeon; member of the Health Policy Research Advisory Board of the American College of Surgeons
*[[Fiona Shackleton]] LVO – lawyer specialising in family law
*[[Richard Spring]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Tina Stowell]] MBE – former Head of BBC corporate Affairs; past Deputy Chief of Staff to [[William Hague]] as Leader of HM Opposition
*[[Nicholas True]] CBE – past Deputy Head of the PM’s Policy Unit; former Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords; Leader of Richmond Borough Council
*[[Patience Wheatcroft]] – Editor-in-Chief of the [[Wall Street Journal Europe]]
*[[Gordon Wasserman]] – internationally recognised expert on management of police forces

===Liberal Democrat Party===

*Dr [[Sarah (Sal) Brinton]] – Executive Director of the Association of Universities in the East of England
*[[Dee Doocey]] OBE – Chair of the London Assembly
*[[Qurban Hussain]] – Deputy Group Leader of the Liberal Democrat group on Luton Borough Council
*[[Judith Jolly]] – Chair of Executive Committee of Liberal Democrats in Devon and Cornwall
*[[Susan Kramer]] – former Liberal Democrat MP
*[[Raj Loomba]] – businessman and campaigner for widows’ rights
*[[Jonathan Marks]] – commercial and family law QC with specialist interest in human rights and constitutional reform
*[[Monroe Palmer]] OBE – Liberal Democrat Councillor and Chair of [[Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel]]
*[[Jenny Randerson]] – Liberal Democrat Member of the National Assembly for Wales for Cardiff Central, former Minister in the Welsh Assembly Government
*[[John Sharkey]] – Chairman of the Liberal Democrat 2010 General Election campaign
*[[Nicol Stephen]] – Former Deputy First Minister of Scotland (2005 – 2007) and leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats (2005 – 2008)
*[[Ben Stoneham]] – Liberal Democrat HQ Operations Director
*[[Mike Storey]] CBE – Primary School Head teacher, former Leader of Liverpool City Council, Liberal Democrat Councillor and former Lord Mayor of Liverpool;
*[[Paul Strasburger]] – businessman and philanthropist
*[[Claire Tyler]] – Chief Executive of Relate

===Labour Party===
*Dame [[Joan Bakewell]] DBE – writer and broadcaster
*[[Ray Collins]] – General Secretary of the Labour Party
*[[Maurice Glasman]] – Senior Lecturer in political theory at London Metropolitan University and for his work with [[London Citizens]]
*[[Jonathan Kestenbaum]] – businessman and Chief Executive of [[National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts]]
*[[Oona King]] – Head of Diversity at [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Labour MP; currently journalist and presenter
*[[Ruth Lister]] – Emeritus Professor of Social Policy at Loughbrough University
*[[Eluned Morgan]] – former Labour MEP representing Mid and West Wales; currently Honorary Distinguished Professor at Cardiff University and for her work on low carbon energy
*Sir [[Gulam Noon]] MBE – Chairman and Founder of Noon Products and of the Noon Foundation
*[[Stewart Wood]] – former Downing Street and HMT special adviser, lecturer at University of Oxford; previously Fellow of Magdalen College and co-founder of Nexus
*[[Bryony Worthington]] – career focusing on promoting environmental and social change

===Plaid Cymru===
*Rt Hon [[Dafydd Wigley]] – former Leader of [[Plaid Cymru]]; Honorary President of Plaid Cymru

===Crossbenchers===
*Sir [[Richard Dannatt]] GCB CBE MC DL, Former Chief of the General Staff.

===Notes===
<references/>

[[Category:House of Lords]]

List of Members of the House of Lords, 55th UK Parliament

2011-01-17T14:56:34Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* C */

Members of the House of Lords in the UK Parliament following the election of 6 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref> See also [[List of MPs, 55th UK Parliament]].

==Members as of 26 May 2010==
===A===
*[[Alastair Bruce|Lord Aberdare]] Crossbench
*[[Richard Acton|Lord Acton]] Labour
*[[Irene Adams|Baroness Adams of Craigielea]] Labour
*[[Dominic Hubbard|Lord Addington]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Adebowale]] Crossbench
*The [[Andrew Adonis|Lord Adonis]] Labour
*[[Haleh Afshar|Baroness Afshar]] Crossbench
*[[Nazir Ahmed|Lord Ahmed]] Labour
*[[John Alderdice|Lord Alderdice]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Michael Allenby|Viscount Allenby of Megiddo]] Crossbench
*[[Waheed Alli|Lord Alli]] Labour
*[[David Alliance|Lord Alliance]] Liberal Democrat
*[[David Alton|Lord Alton of Liverpool]] Crossbench
*The [[Valerie Amos|Baroness Amos]] Labour
*[[Geoffrey Russell|The Lord Ampthill]] Crossbench
*[[Donald Anderson|The Lord Anderson of Swansea]] Labour
*[[Baroness Andrews]] Labour
*The [[Joyce Anelay|Baroness Anelay of St Johns]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Archer of Sandwell]] Labour
*[[Jeffrey Archer|Lord Archer of Weston-Super-Mare]] Other
*[[Robert Armstrong|Lord Armstrong of Ilminster]] Crossbench
*[[Arthur Gore|Earl of Arran]] Conservative
*[[Michael Anthony Ashcroft|Lord Ashcroft]] Conservative
*The [[Paddy Ashdown|Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jack Ashley|The Lord Ashley of Stoke]] Labour
*The [[Catherine Ashton|Baroness Ashton of Upholland]] Other
*[[John Astor|Lord Astor of Hever]] Conservative
*[[William Waldorf Astor|Viscount Astor]] Conservative
*[[Richard Attenborough|Lord Attenborough]] Labour
*[[John Attlee|Earl Attlee]] Conservative
*[[Eric Lubbock|Lord Avebury]] Liberal Democrat

===B===
*[[William Bach|Lord Bach]] Labour
*[[Raj Bagri|Lord Bagri]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Baker of Dorking]] Conservative
*[[Earl Baldwin of Bewdley]] Crossbench
*[[Edward Enda Haughey|Lord Ballyedmond]] Conservative
*[[Lord Barber of Tewkesbury]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Barker]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Barnett]] Labour
*The [[Steve Bassam|Lord Bassam of Brighton]] Labour
*[[Lord Bates]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Bath and Wells]] Bishops
*[[Tim Bell|Lord Bell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Berkeley]] Labour
*[[Lord Best]] Crossbench
*[[Paul Bew|Lord Bew]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhatia]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bhattacharyya]] Labour
*[[Lord Bichard]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Bilimoria]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Billingham]] Labour
*[[Lord Bilston]] Labour
*[[The Lord Bingham of Cornhill]] Crossbench
*[[John Birt|Lord Birt]] Crossbench
*[[Conrad Black|Lord Black of Crossharbour]] Other
*[[Bishop of Blackburn]] Bishops
*The [[Tessa Blackstone|Baroness Blackstone]] Labour
*[[Norman Backwell|Lord Blackwell]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Blood]] Labour
*[[James Blyth|Lord Blyth of Rowington]] Conservative
*[[Jane Bonham Carter|Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Baroness Boothroyd]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Borrie]] Labour
*[[Lord Boston of Faversham]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bowness]] Conservative
*[[Michael Boyce|Lord Boyce]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Boyd of Duncansby]] Labour
*[[Lord Brabazon of Tara]] Other
*[[Bishop of Bradford]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Bradley]] Labour
*[[Lord Bradshaw]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Melvyn Bragg|Lord Bragg]] Labour
*[[Edwin Bramall|Lord Bramall]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brennan]] Labour
*[[Lord Brett]] Labour
*[[Viscount Bridgeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Bridges]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Briggs]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Bristol]] Bishops
*The [[Leon Brittan|Lord Brittan of Spennithorne]] Conservative
*[[Alec Broers|Lord Broers]] Crossbench
*[[Clive Brooke|Lord Brooke of Alverthorpe]] Labour
*The [[Peter Brooke|Lord Brooke of Sutton Mandeville]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Brookeborough]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Brookman]] Labour
*[[Lord Brooks]] of Tremorfa Labour
*[[Lord Brougham and Vaux]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood]] Other
*[[Lord Browne of Belmont]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[John Browne|Lord Browne of Madingley]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Browne-Wilkinson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Burnett]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Burns]] Crossbench
*[[Peta Buscombe|Baroness Buscombe]] Conservative
*The [[Robin Butler|Lord Butler of Brockwell]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Butler-Sloss]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Byford]] Conservative

===C===
*The [[Earl of Caithness]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cameron of Dillington]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cameron of Lochbroom]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell of Alloway]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Campbell of Loughborough]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Campbell of Surbiton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Campbell-Savours]] Labour
*[[Rowan Williams|Archbishop of Canterbury]] Bishops
*The [[George Carey|Lord Carey of Clifton]] Crossbench
*[[Alex Carlile|Lord Carlile of Berriew]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Carnegy of Lour]] Other
*The [[Lord Carr of Hadley]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carrington]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Carswell]] Crossbench
*Lord [[Carter of Barnes]] Labour
*[[Patrick Carter|Lord Carter of Coles]] Labour
*[[Earl Cathcart]] Conservative
*[[Lord Cavendish of Furness]] Conservative
*[[Peter Gummer|Lord Chadlington]] Conservative
*The [[Alun Jones (Lord Chalfont)|Lord Chalfont]] Crossbench
*The [[Lynda Chalker|Baroness Chalker of Wallasey]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Chandos]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Chester]] Bishops
*[[Bishop of Chichester]] Bishops
*[[Lord Chidgey]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Chilver]] Conservative
*[[Lord Chitnis]] Crossbench
*The [[Marquess of Cholmondeley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Chorley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Christopher]] Labour
*[[Baroness Clark of Calton]] Other
*The [[Lord Clark of Windermere]] Labour
*[[Anthony Clarke|Lord Clarke of Hampstead]] Other
*The [[Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony]] Other
*[[Tim Clement-Jones|Lord Clement-Jones]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Stanley Clinton Davis|Lord Clinton-Davis]] Labour
*[[Lord Cobbold]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Coe]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Cohen of Pimlico]] Labour
*The [[Lord Collins of Mapesbury]] Other
*[[Lord Colwyn]] Conservative
*[[Lord Condon]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cope of Berkeley]] Conservative
*[[Lord Corbett of Castle Vale]] Labour
*The [[Baroness Corston]] Labour
*[[Lord Cotter]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Earl of Courtown]] Conservative
*[[Jean Coussins|Baroness Coussins]] Crossbench
*[[Caroline Cox|Baroness Cox]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Craig of Radley]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Craigavon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Crathorne]] Conservative
*The [[Earl of Crawford and Balcarres]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Crawley]] Labour
*The [[Lord Crickhowell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Crisp]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Croham]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Cullen of Whitekirk]] Crossbench
*[[Julia Cumberlege|Baroness Cumberlege]] Conservative
*The [[Jack Cunningham|Lord Cunningham of Felling]] Labour
*Lord [[Currie of Marylebone]] Crossbench

===D===
*The [[Lord Darzi of Denham]] Labour
*[[Lord Davidson of Glen Clova]] Labour
*[[Mervyn Davies|Lord Davies of Abersoch]] Labour
*[[Lord Davies of Coity]] Labour
*The [[Lord Davies of Oldham]] Labour
*[[Lord De Mauley]] Conservative
*The [[Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde]] Labour
*[[Lord Dear]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Deech]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Delacourt-Smith of Alteryn]] Other
*[[The Lord Denham]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Derby]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Desai]] Labour
*[[Lord Dholakia]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Dixon]] Labour
*[[Lord Dixon-Smith]] Conservative
*[[Lord Donoughue]] Labour
*The [[Paul Drayson|Lord Drayson]] Labour
*[[The Baroness D'Souza]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Dubs]] Labour
*[[Earl of Dundee]] Conservative
*[[Lydia Dunn|Baroness Dunn]] Crossbench
*[[Bishop of Durham]] Bishops
*[[Lord Dykes]] Liberal Democrat

===E===
*[[Robin Eames|The Lord Eames]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Eatwell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Eccles of Moulton]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Eccles]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Eden of Winton]] Conservative
*[[Murray Elder|Lord Elder]] Labour
*[[The Lord Elis-Thomas]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Elliott of Morpeth]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Elystan-Morgan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Emerton]] Crossbench
*[[Merlin Hay|Earl of Erroll]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Evans of Parkside]] Labour
*[[Matthew Evans|Lord Evans of Temple Guiting]] Labour
*[[Lord Evans of Watford]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Exeter]] Bishops
*[[Derek Ezra|Lord Ezra]] Liberal Democrat

===F===
*[[Charles Falconer|The Lord Falconer of Thoroton]] Labour
*[[Baroness Falkender]] Labour
*[[Viscount Falkland]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Falkner of Margravine]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Farrington of Ribbleton]] Labour
*[[Lord Faulkner of Worcester]] Labour
*[[Lord Fearn]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Feldman]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Fellowes]] Crossbench
*[[The Earl Ferrers]] Conservative
*[[Geoffrey Filkin|Lord Filkin]] Labour
*[[Baroness Finlay of Llandaff]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Flather]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Flowers]] Other
*[[Baroness Fookes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Ford]] Other
*The [[Michael Forsyth|Lord Forsyth of Drumlean]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Foster of Bishop Auckland]] Labour
*[[Norman Foster|Lord Foster of Thames Bank]] Crossbench
*The [[George Foulkes|Lord Foulkes of Cumnock]] Labour
*The [[Norman Fowler|Lord Fowler]] Conservative
*The [[Peter Fraser|Lord Fraser of Carmyllie]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Freeman]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freud]] Conservative
*[[Lord Freyberg]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Fritchie]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Fyfe of Fairfield]] Labour

===G===
*[[Baroness Gale]] Labour
*[[Baroness Garden of Frognal]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Gardner of Parkes]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Garel-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Bob Gavron|Lord Gavron]] Labour
*[[Lord Geddes]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Gibson of Market Rasen]] Labour
*[[Anthony Giddens|Lord Giddens]] Labour
*The [[John Gilbert|Lord Gilbert]] Labour
*[[Earl of Glasgow]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Edward Short|Lord Glenamara]] Labour
*[[Lord Glenarthur]] Conservative
*[[Lord Glentoran]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Gloucester]] Bishops
*The [[Lord Goff of Chieveley]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Golding]] Labour
*The [[Peter Goldsmith|Lord Goldsmith]] Labour
*[[Lord William Goodhart|Lord Goodhart]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Lord Goodlad]] Conservative
*[[Lord Gordon of Strathblane]] Labour
*[[Viscount Goschen]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Goudie]] Labour
*[[Philip Gould|Lord Gould of Brookwood]] Labour
*[[Baroness Gould of Potternewton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grabiner]] Labour
*The [[Lord Graham of Edmonton]] Labour
*[[Lord Grantchester]] Labour
*[[Lord Greaves]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Susan Greenfield|Baroness Greenfield]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Greengross]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Greenway]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Grenfell]] Labour
*[[Baroness Grey-Thompson]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Griffiths of Burry Port]] Labour
*[[Brian Griffiths|Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Griffiths]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Grocott]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Guildford]] Bishops
*The [[Charles Guthrie|Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank]] Crossbench

===H===
*[[The Lord Habgood]] Other
*The [[Baroness Hale of Richmond]] Other
*[[Lord Hall of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hameed]] Crossbench
*The [[Lord Hamilton of Epsom]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hamwee]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Hanham]] Conservative
*[[David Hannay|Lord Hannay of Chiswick]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hanningfield]] Other
*[[The Lord Hardie]] Other
*[[Lord Harries of Pentregarth]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Harris of Haringey]] Labour
*[[Philip Harris|Lord Harris of Peckham]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Harris of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Harrison]] Labour
*[[Lord Hart of Chilton]] Labour
*[[Simon Haskel|Lord Haskel]] Labour
*[[Christopher Haskins|Lord Haskins]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hastings of Scarisbrick]] Crossbench
*The [[Roy Hattersley|Lord Hattersley]] Labour
*[[Lord Haworth]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hayhoe]] Conservative
*[[Helene Hayman|Baroness Hayman]] Other
*The [[Denis Healey|Lord Healey]] Labour
*[[Baroness Henig]] Labour
*[[Lord Henley]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Hereford]] Bishops
*[[Michael Heseltine|The Lord Heseltine]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Higgins]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hilton of Eggardon]] Labour
*[[Lord Hodgson of Astley Abbotts]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Hoffmann]] Crossbench
*[[Sarah Hogg|Baroness Hogg]] Conservative
*[[Clive Hollick|Lord Hollick]] Labour
*The [[Patricia Hollis|Baroness Hollis of Heigham]] Labour
*[[Earl of Home]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Hooper]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hooson]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Hope of Craighead]] Other
*[[The Lord Hope of Thornes]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Howard of Rising]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howarth of Breckland]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Howarth of Newport]] Labour
*[[The Lord Howe of Aberavon]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howe of Idlicote]] Crossbench
*[[Earl Howe]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Howell of Guildford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Howells of St Davids]] Labour
*[[Lord Howie of Troon]] Labour
*[[Doug Hoyle|Lord Hoyle]] Labour
*[[Lord Hughes of Woodside]] Labour
*[[Lord Hunt of Chesterton]] Labour
*[[The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath]] Labour
*The [[Lord Hunt of Wirral]] Conservative
*The [[Douglas Hurd|Lord Hurd of Westwell]] Conservative
*[[Lord Hutchinson of Lullington]] Other
*The [[Brian Hutton|Lord Hutton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Hylton]] Crossbench

===I===
*[[Peter Imbert|Lord Imbert]] Crossbench
*The [[Peter Inge|Lord Inge]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Inglewood]] Conservative
*The [[Derry Irvine|Lord Irvine of Lairg]] Labour

===J===
*[[Lord Jacobs]] Other
*[[Lord James of Blackheath]] Conservative
*[[Baroness James of Holland Park]] Conservative
*[[Greville Janner|Lord Janner of Braunstone]] Labour
*[[The Lord Janvrin]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme|Lord Jay of Ewelme]] Crossbench
*[[The Baroness Jay of Paddington]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jenkin of Roding]] Conservative
*[[Joel Joffe|Lord Joffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Jones of Birmingham]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Jones of Cheltenham]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Jones of Whitchurch]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jones]] Labour
*[[The Lord Jopling]] Conservative
*[[Lord Jordan]] Labour
*[[Lord Judd]] Labour
*[[The Lord Judge]] Other

===K===
*[[Lord Kakkar]] Crossbench
*[[Stanley Kalms|Lord Kalms]] Other
*[[Helena Kennedy|Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws]] Labour
*[[Lord Kerr of Kinlochard]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore]] Other
*The [[John Taylor, Lord Kilclooney|Lord Kilclooney]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kilpatrick of Kincraig]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Kimball]] Conservative
*The [[Tom King|Lord King of Bridgwater]] Conservative
*[[Lord King of West Bromwich]] Labour
*[[The Lord Kingsdown]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Kingsmill]] Labour
*[[Glenys Kinnock|Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead]] Labour
*The [[Neil Kinnock|Lord Kinnock]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Kirkhill]] Labour
*[[Lord Kirkwood of Kirkhope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Knight of Collingtree]] Conservative
*[[Lord Knights]] Crossbench
*[[John Krebs|Lord Krebs]] Crossbench

===L===
*Lord Laing of Dunphail Conservative
*Lord Laird Ulster Unionist Party
*Lord Laming Crossbench
*The [[Norman Lamont|Lord Lamont of Lerwick]] Conservative
*The Lord Lang of Monkton Conservative
*The [[Nigel Lawson|Lord Lawson of Blaby]] Conservative
*Lord Layard Labour
*Lord Lea of Crondall Labour
*Lord Leach of Fairford Conservative
*Lord Lee of Trafford Liberal Democrat
*Bishop of Leicester Bishops
*[[Lord Sandy Leitch|Lord Leitch]] Labour
*Lord Lester of Herne Hill Liberal Democrat
*[[Peter Levene|Lord Levene of Portsoken]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Levy|Lord Levy]] Labour
*The Lord Lewis of Newnham Crossbench
*Bishop of Lichfield Bishops
*Bishop of Lincoln Bishops
*Earl of Lindsay Conservative
*Baroness Linklater of Butterstone Liberal Democrat
*[[David Lipsey|Lord Lipsey]] Labour
*Earl of Listowel Crossbench
*Bishop of Liverpool Bishops
*Earl of Liverpool Conservative
*Lord Livsey of Talgarth Liberal Democrat
*The [[Anthony Lloyd|Lord Lloyd of Berwick]] Crossbench
*Lord Lloyd-Webber Conservative
*Baroness Lockwood Labour
*Lord Lofthouse of Pontefract Labour
*Bishop of London Bishops
*Lord Low of Dalston Crossbench
*Lord Lucas Conservative
*The Lord Luce Crossbench
*[[Sarah Ludford|Baroness Ludford]] Other
*Lord Luke Conservative
*The Lord Lyell of Markyate Conservative
*Lord Lyell Conservative

===M===
*[[Lord Macaulay of Bragar]] Labour
*The [[Gus Macdonald|Lord Macdonald of Tradeston]] Labour
*[[Norman Somerville Macfarlane|Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden]] Conservative
*The [[John MacGregor|Lord MacGregor of Pulham Market]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Clashfern]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Mackay of Drumadoon]] Other
*[[Lord MacKenzie of Culkein]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackenzie of Framwellgate]] Labour
*[[Lord Mackie of Benshie]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord MacLaurin of Knebworth]] Conservative
*The [[Lord Maclennan of Rogart]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Maddock]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Maginnis of Drumglass]] Ulster Unionist Party
*[[Baroness Mallalieu]] Labour
*The [[Mark Malloch-Brown|Lord Malloch-Brown]] Labour
*The Lord Mance Other
*Bishop of Manchester Bishops
*Lord Mancroft Conservative
*The [[Peter Mandelson|Lord Mandelson]] Labour
*[[Eliza Manningham-Buller|Baroness Manningham-Buller]] Crossbench
*Earl of Mar and Kellie Liberal Democrat
*Countess of Mar Crossbench
*Lord Marland Conservative
*Lord Marlesford Conservative
*The Lord Marsh Crossbench
*Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge Crossbench
*The Lord Martin of Springburn Crossbench
*Baroness Masham of Ilton Crossbench
*The Lord Mason of Barnsley Labour
*Baroness Massey of Darwen Labour
*The Lord Mawhinney Conservative
*Lord Mawson Crossbench
*Lord Maxton Labour
*Lord May of Oxford Crossbench
*The [[Patrick Mayhew|Lord Mayhew of Twysden]] Conservative
*Lord McCarthy Labour
*[[John McCluskey|Lord McCluskey]] Crossbench
*Lord McColl of Dulwich Conservative
*[[Margaret McDonagh|Baroness McDonagh]] Labour
*Baroness McFarlane of Llandaff Crossbench
*The Lord McIntosh of Haringey Labour
*Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall Labour
*Lord McKenzie of Luton Labour
*The [[Tom McNally|Lord McNally]] Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Meacher Crossbench
*Lord Methuen Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Miller of Chilthorne Domer]] Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Miller of Hendon Conservative
*The Lord Millett Crossbench
*[[Parry Mitchell|Lord Mitchell]] Labour
*Lord Mogg Crossbench
*The Lord Molyneaux of Killead Crossbench
*Lord Monson Crossbench
*Lord Montagu of Beaulieu Conservative
*Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Crossbench
*The Duke of Montrose Conservative
*[[Lewis Moonie|Lord Moonie]] Labour
*The Lord Moore of Lower Marsh Conservative
*Lord Moran Crossbench
*Baroness Morgan of Drefelin Labour
*[[Sally Morgan|Baroness Morgan of Huyton]] Labour
*Lord Morgan Labour
*The Lord Morris of Aberavon Labour
*Baroness Morris of Bolton Conservative
*Lord Morris of Handsworth Labour
*The Lord Morris of Manchester Labour
*The Baroness Morris of Yardley Labour
*Lord Morrow Democratic Unionist Party
*Lord Moser Crossbench
*Lord Moynihan Conservative
*Baroness Murphy Crossbench
*The Lord Mustill Crossbench
*Lord Myners Labour

===N===
*[[The Lord Naseby]] Conservative
*[[Lord Neill of Bladen]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Neuberger]] of Abbotsbury Other
*[[Julia Neuberger|Baroness Neuberger]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Pauline Neville-Jones|Baroness Neville-Jones]] Conservative
*[[Lord Newby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Bishop of Newcastle]] Bishops
*[[The Lord Newton of Braintree]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead]] Crossbench
*[[Emma Nicholson|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Nickson]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Nicol]] Labour
*[[Baroness Noakes]] Conservative
*[[The Duke of Norfolk]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbourne]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Northbrook]] Conservative
*[[Lord Northfield]] Labour
*[[Lindsay Northover|Baroness Northover]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Norton of Louth]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Norwich]] Bishops

===O===
*[[Lord Oakeshott of Seagrove Bay]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness O'Cathain]] Conservative
*[[Baroness O'Loan]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve]] Crossbench
*[[Lord O'Neill of Clackmannan]] Labour
*[[Earl of Onslow]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ouseley]] Crossbench
*The [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] Crossbench
*[[Ronald Oxburgh|Lord Oxburgh]] Crossbench

===P===
*[[Baroness Paisley of St George's]] Democratic Unionist Party
*[[Lord Palmer]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Palumbo]] Conservative
*[[Lord Pannick]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Parekh]] Labour
*[[The Lord Parkinson]] Conservative
*[[Lord Patel of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel of Bradford]] Labour
*[[Lord Patel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Patten of Barnes]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Patten]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Paul]] Labour
*[[Malcolm Pearson|Lord Pearson of Rannoch]] UK Independence Party
*[[The Earl Peel]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Pendry]] Labour
*[[Baroness Perry of Southwark]] Conservative
*[[Lord Peston]] Labour
*[[Lord Phillips of Sudbury]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers]] Other
*[[The Lord Pilkington of Oxenford]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Pitkeathley]] Labour
*[[The Lord Plant of Highfield]] Labour
*[[Baroness Platt of Writtle]] Conservative
*[[Lord Charles Henry Plumb|Lord Plumb]] Conservative
*[[Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede]] Labour
*[[Charles Powell|Lord Powell of Bayswater]] Crossbench
*[[Usha Prashar|Baroness Prashar]] Crossbench
*The [[James Prior|Lord Prior]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Prosser]] Labour
*[[Lord Prys-Davies]] Labour
*[[Lord Puttnam]] Labour

===Q===
*[[The Baroness Quin]] Labour
*[[Lord Quinton]] Conservative
*[[Lord Quirk]] Crossbench

===R===
*[[The Lord Radice]] Labour
*[[Margaret 'Meta' Ramsay|Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale]] Labour
*[[Lord Ramsbotham]] Crossbench
*Lord Rana Crossbench
*Lord Randall of St Budeaux Other
*Baroness Rawlings Conservative
*Lord Razzall Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rea Labour
*Lord Reay Conservative
*Lord Redesdale Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rees of Ludlow Crossbench
*[[William Rees-Mogg|Lord Rees-Mogg]] Crossbench
*Baroness Rendell of Babergh Labour
*Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn Conservative
*Lord Rennard Liberal Democrat
*The Lord Renton of Mount Harry Conservative
*[[Robin Renwick|Lord Renwick of Clifton]] Crossbench
*The Lord Richard Labour
*The Baroness Richardson of Calow Crossbench
*Bishop of Ripon and Leeds Bishops
*Lord Rix Crossbench
*The Lord Roberts of Conwy Conservative
*Lord Roberts of Llandudno Liberal Democrat
*The [[George Robertson|Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]] Labour
*The Lord Rodger of Earlsferry Other
*The Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank Liberal Democrat
*Lord Rogan Ulster Unionist Party
*Lord Rogers of Riverside Labour
*Lord Rooker Labour Independent
*Lord Roper Other
*Lord Rosser Labour
*Earl of Rosslyn Crossbench
*Lord Rotherwick Conservative
*Lord Rowe-Beddoe Crossbench
*Lord Rowlands Labour
*The Baroness Royall of Blaisdon Labour
*The Lord Ryder of Wensum Conservative

===S===
*[[Maurice Saatchi|Lord Saatchi]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sacks]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover]] Conservative
*[[David Sainsbury|Lord Sainsbury of Turville]] Labour
*[[Bishop of Salisbury]] Bishops
*The [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] Other
*[[Lady Saltoun of Abernethy]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Sandberg]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Russell Sanderson|Lord Sanderson of Bowden]] Conservative
*Earl of Sandwich Crossbench
*The Lord Saville of Newdigate Other
*Lord Sawyer Labour
*The Baroness Scotland of Asthal Labour
*The Lord Scott of Foscote Crossbench
*Baroness Scott of Needham Market Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Seccombe Conservative
*Earl of Selborne Conservative
*The Lord Selkirk of Douglas Conservative
*Lord Selsdon Conservative
*Lord Sewel Labour
*Lord Sharman Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharp of Guildford Liberal Democrat
*Baroness Sharples Conservative
*Lord Shaw of Northstead Conservative
*Lord Sheikh Conservative
*The Lord Sheldon Labour
*The Baroness Shephard of Northwold Conservative
*Lord Sheppard of Didgemere Conservative
*Earl of Shrewsbury Conservative
*The Lord Shutt of Greetland Liberal Democrat
*[[David Simon|Lord Simon of Highbury]] Labour
*[[Viscount Simon]] Labour
*[[Lord Simpson of Dunkeld]] Other
*[[Lord Skelmersdale]] Conservative
*The [[Robert Skidelsky|Lord Skidelsky]] Crossbench
*[[Viscount Slim]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Smith of Clifton]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Smith of Finsbury]] Other
*[[Baroness Smith of Gilmorehill]] Labour
*[[Lord Smith of Kelvin]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Smith of Leigh]] Labour
*[[Lord Snape]] Labour
*[[Earl of Snowdon]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Soley]] Labour
*[[Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior]] Conservative
*[[Lord St John of Bletso]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord St John of Fawsley]] Conservative
*[[Earl of Stair]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Steel of Aikwood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Sterling of Plaistow]] Conservative
*[[Lord Stern of Brentford]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Stern]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stevens of Ludgate]] Conservative Independent
*[[Dennis Stevenson|Lord Stevenson of Coddenham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Stewartby]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Steyn]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Stoddart of Swindon]] Independent Labour
*[[Lord Stone of Blackheath]] Labour
*[[Lord Strabolgi]] Labour
*[[Thomas Galbraith|The Lord Strathclyde]] Conservative
*[[Lord Sugar]] Labour
*[[Stewart Sutherland|Lord Sutherland of Houndwood]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Swinfen]] Conservative
*The [[Elizabeth Symons|Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean]] Labour

===T===
*[[Lord Tanlaw]] Crossbench
*[[Dick Taverne|Lord Taverne]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Taylor of Blackburn]] Labour
*[[Ann Taylor|The Baroness Taylor of Bolton]] Labour
*[[John Taylor|Lord Taylor of Holbeach]] Conservative
*[[Lord John Taylor of Warwick|Lord Taylor of Warwick]] Conservative
*The [[Norman Tebbitt|Lord Tebbit]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Templeman]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Temple-Morris]] Labour
*[[Viscount Tenby]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Teverson]] Liberal Democrat
*The [[Margaret Thatcher|Baroness Thatcher]] Conservative
*[[Lord Thomas of Gresford]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Thomas of Macclesfield]] Labour
*[[Lord Thomas of Swynnerton]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Thomas of Walliswood]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thomas of Winchester]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Thornton]] Labour
*[[Lord Tombs]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tomlinson]] Labour
*[[Jenny Tonge|Baroness Tonge]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tope]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Tordoff]] Liberal Democrat
*[[The Lord Trefgarne]] Conservative
*[[Viscount Trenchard]] Conservative
*[[David Triesman|Lord Triesman]] Other
*The [[David Trimble|Lord Trimble]] Conservative
*[[The Baroness Trumpington]] Conservative
*[[Peter Truscott|Lord Truscott]] Other
*[[Lord Tugendhat]] Conservative
*[[Lord Tunnicliffe]] Labour
*[[Leslie Turnberg|Lord Turnberg]] Labour
*[[Andrew Turnbull|Lord Turnbull]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Turner of Camden]] Labour
*[[Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell|Lord Turner of Ecchinswell]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Tyler]] Liberal Democrat

===U===
*[[Baroness Uddin]] Labour
*[[The Viscount Ullswater]] Conservative

===V===
*[[Shriti Vadera|The Baroness Vadera]] Labour
*[[Jo Valentine|Baroness Valentine]] Crossbench
*[[Iain Vallance|Lord Vallance of Tummel]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Sandip Verma|Baroness Verma]] Conservative
*[[Richard Vincent|Lord Vincent of Coleshill]] Crossbench
*[[Nigel Vinson|Lord Vinson]] Conservative

===W===
*[[David Waddington|The Lord Waddington]] Conservative
*[[William Wade | Lord Wade of Chorlton]] Conservative
*[[Bishop of Wakefield]] Bishops
*[[John Wakeham|The Lord Wakeham]] Conservative
*[[William Waldegrave|The Lord Waldegrave of North Hill]] Conservative
*[[Michael Walker|Lord Walker of Aldringham]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe]] Other
*[[The Lord Walker of Worcester]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wall of New Barnet]] Labour
*[[Lord Wallace of Saltaire]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Jim Wallace|The Lord Wallace of Tankerness]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Baroness Walmsley]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Walpole]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Walton of Detchant]] Crossbench
*[[The Lord Warner]] Labour
*[[Mary Warnock|Baroness Warnock]] Crossbench
*[[Baroness Warsi]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Warwick of Undercliffe]] Labour
*[[Lord Watson of Invergowrie]] Other
*[[Lord Watson of Richmond]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Viscount Waverley]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wedderburn of Charlton]] Labour
*[[Lord Weidenfeld]] Crossbench
*[[Lord West of Spithead]] Labour
*[[Baroness Whitaker]] Labour
*[[Larry Whitty|The Lord Whitty]] Labour
*[[Baroness Wilcox]] Conservative
*[[Baroness Wilkins]] Labour
*The [[Shirley Williams|Baroness Williams of Crosby]] Liberal Democrat
*[[Lord Williams of Elvel]] Labour
*[[The Lord Williamson of Horton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Willoughby de Broke]] UK Independence Party
*[[Lord Wilson of Dinton]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Wilson of Tillyorn]] Crossbench
*[[Michael Scott-Joynt|Bishop of Winchester]] Bishops
*[[David Hennessy|The Lord Windlesham]] Conservative
*[[Lord Winston]] Labour
*[[Lord Wolfson of Sunningdale]] Conservative
*[[The Lord Woolf]] Crossbench
*[[Lord Woolmer of Leeds]] Labour
*[[Lord Wright of Richmond]] Crossbench

===Y===
*[[John Sentamu|Archbishop of York]] Bishops
*[[David Young|The Lord Young of Graffham]] Conservative
*[[Lola Young|Baroness Young of Hornsey]] Crossbench
*[[Anthony Young|Lord Young of Norwood Green]] Labour
*[[Barbara Young|Baroness Young of Old Scone]] Other<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/ Lists of Members of the House of Lords], www.parliament.uk, accessed 26 May 2010.</ref>

==Dissolution Honours List==
Working peerages and dissolution Honours announced on 28 May 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/05/peerages-honours-and-appointments-51162 Peerages, honours and appointments], number10.gov.uk, 28 May 2010.</ref>

===Working Peers List===
====Conservative Party====
*[[Guy Black|Guy Vaughan Black]] – former Director [[Press Complaints Commission]], Executive Director [[Telegraph Media Group]]
*Dame [[Margaret Eaton]] OBE – Chairman of [[Local Government Association]]
*[[Edward Peter Lawless Faulks]] QC – barrister, leading practitioner, crime and personal injuries practice
*[[John Gardiner]] – Deputy Chief Executive of [[Countryside Alliance]]
*[[Helen Margaret Newlove]] – campaigner against anti-social behaviour
*[[Dolar Amarshi Popat]] – businessman, Chief Executive of [[TLC Group]], specialising in healthcare and hospitality
*[[Shireen Olive Ritchie]] – Local Government Councillor, specialises in areas of adult and children’s social care
*[[Deborah Stedman-Scott]] OBE, DL, FRSA – Chief Executive of [[Tomorrow’s People]], national employment charity working in deprived areas of UK
*[[Nat Wei]] – founder of [[Teach First]] and also a founder of [[Future Leaders]]
*Hon [[Simon Wolfson|Simon Adam Wolfson]] – Chief Executive of [[NEXT plc]]

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Floella Benjamin]] OBE DL – actor, presenter and campaigner for children’s issues
*[[Mike German]] OBE AM – former Deputy First Minister (Wales)
*[[Meral Hussein Ece]] OBE – Local Government Councillor in Islington, advocate of equality issues
*Sir [[Kenneth (Ken) Macdonald]] QC – former Director of Public Prosecutions
*[[Kathryn (Kate) Jane Parminter]] – former Chief Executive of Campaign to Protect Rural England
*[[John Shipley]] OBE – leading Local Government Councillor in Newcastle upon Tyne

====Labour Party====
*Sir [[Jeremy Hugh Beecham]] DL – senior figure in English local government and first Chairman of the [[Local Government Association]]
*Rt Hon [[Paul Boateng]] – former Government Minister and MP for Brent South
*[[Rita Margaret Donaghy]] CBE – former Chair [[Conciliation and Arbitration Service]]
*[[Jeannie Drake]] – former Deputy General Secretary of the [[Communication Workers Union]]
*Dr [[Dianne Hayter]] – Chair of [[Legal Services Consumer Panel]]
*[[Anna Healy]] – former Government and political adviser, serving in numerous government departments
*[[Roy Kennedy]] – [[Labour Party]]’s Director of Finance and Compliance, long serving member of the Labour Party
*Rt Hon [[Helen Liddell|Helen Lawrie Liddell]] – former Secretary State of Scotland
*[[Roger Liddle|Roger John Liddle]] – former Special Adviser on Europe and Lobbyist
*Rt Hon Dr [[Jack McConnell|Jack Wilson McConnell]] – former First Minister of Scotland
*[[John Monks|John Stephen Monks]] – General Secretary, [[European Trades Union Confederation]]
*[[Sue Nye]] – former Director of Government Relations, Prime Minister’s Office
*[[Maeve Sherlock]] OBE – former Chief Executive of the [[Refugee Council]] and Former Special Advisor to Chancellor
*[[Wilf Stevenson|Robert Wilfrid (Wilf) Stevenson]] – former Director of the [[Smith Institute]] and Special Adviser to the PM
*[[Margaret Wheeler]] MBE – Director of Organisation and Staff Development for the public service union [[UNISON]]
*[[Michael Williams]] – former Special Adviser on Foreign Affairs

===Dissolution List===

====Conservative party====
*[[Timothy Eric Boswell]] – former Whip and Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*[[Angela Frances Browning]] – former Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
*Rt Hon [[John Selwyn Gummer]] – former Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Rt Hon [[Michael Howard]] QC – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*[[John Maples|John Craddock Maples]] – former Economic Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition
*Sir [[Michael Spicer]] – former Government Minister for Housing and Chairman of Parliamentary and Scientific Committee

====Liberal Democrat Party====
*[[Richard Allan]] – former MP for Sheffield Hallam and Chair of the Information Select Committee
*[[Matthew Owen John Taylor]] – former MP for Truro and St Austell, Chair of [[National Housing Federation]]
*[[Phil Willis|George Philip (Phil) Willis]] – former MP for Harrogate and Knaresborough, Former Chair of Science and Technology Select Committee

====Labour Party====
*Rt Hon [[Hillary Armstrong|Hillary Jane Armstrong]] – former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for Social Exclusion, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Des Browne|Desmond (Des) Henry Browne]] – former Secretary of State for Defence and held other senior posts in government
*[[Quentin Davies]] – former Government Minister, Defence
*Rt Hon [[Beverley Hughes]] – former Minister of State, Children, Schools and Families
*Rt Hon [[John Hutton]] – former Secretary of State for Business, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Jim Knight|James (Jim) Philip Knight]], Former Minister of State
*Rt Hon [[Tommy McAvoy]] – former Government Deputy Chief Whip
*Rt Hon [[John McFall]] – former Chair of Treasury Select Committee and MP for West Dunbartonshire
*Rt Hon [[John Prescott|John Leslie Prescott]] – former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon Dr [[John Reid]] – former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government
*Rt Hon [[Angela Evans Smith]] – former Minister of State, Cabinet Office
*Rt Hon [[Don Touhig|James Donnelly (Don) Touhig]] – former Parliamentary under Secretary of State (Minister for Veterans), Ministry of Defence
*Rt Hon [[Michael Wills|Michael David Wills]] – former Minister of State, Ministry of Justice

====Democratic Unionist Party====
*Rt Hon [[Ian Paisley|Ian R K Paisley]] – former First Minister and DUP Leader

====Crossbenchers====
*Sir [[Ian Blair]], Former Commissioner of the [[Metropolitan Police]].

==November 2010 Peerages==
Working Peerages announced on 19 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/11/peerages-honours-and-appointments-2-57256 Latest Peerages announced], numnber10.gov.uk, accessed 21 November 2010.</ref>

===Conservative Party===

*[[Tariq Ahmad]] – businessman and former Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Robert Balchin]] DL - Pro-Chancellor of Brunel University
*[[Elizabeth Berridge]] – Director of the [[Conservative Christian Fellowship]]
*Sir [[Michael Bishop]] CBE – career in civil aviation, Chairman of The Michael Bishop Foundation a charitable foundation
*[[Alistair Cooke]] OBE – career in education, authorship and politics
*Sir [[Patrick Cormack]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Michael Dobbs]] – author, presenter and adviser to [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[John Major]]
*[[Robert Edmiston]] – businessman and charity campaigner
*Sir [[Reg Empey]] OBE – Leader of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] 2005 – 2010
*[[Andrew Feldman]] – businessman and Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party
*[[Julian Fellowes]] DL – actor, novelist, film director and screenwriter
*Stanley Fink – Chief Executive of International Standard Asset Management and Chairman of Earth Capital LLP. Treasurer of the Conservative Party
*[[Howard Flight]] – career in finance; held various positions in Conservative Shadow Cabinet, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party 2004 -2005
*[[David Gold]] – senior litigation partner at [[Herbert Smith]] LLP
*[[Michael Grade]] CBE – past Chief Executive of [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Executive Chairman of [[ITV]] plc
*[[Rachael Heyhoe-Flint]] OBE DL – past captain of England women’s cricket team, currently public relations and sports marketing consultant
*[[Anne Jenkin]] – charitable and political work for the Conservative Party
*Sir [[Michael Lord]] – former Conservative MP and former Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
*Rt Hon [[David Maclean]] – former Conservative MP; held a number of Ministerial posts; Opposition Chief Whip 2001 – 2005
*[[George Magan]] – career in finance; former Conservative Party Treasurer and Deputy Chairman of the [[Conservative Party Foundation]]
*Sir [[Bernard Ribeiro]] CBE FRCS – retired Consultant General Surgeon; member of the Health Policy Research Advisory Board of the American College of Surgeons
*[[Fiona Shackleton]] LVO – lawyer specialising in family law
*[[Richard Spring]] – former Conservative MP
*[[Tina Stowell]] MBE – former Head of BBC corporate Affairs; past Deputy Chief of Staff to [[William Hague]] as Leader of HM Opposition
*[[Nicholas True]] CBE – past Deputy Head of the PM’s Policy Unit; former Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords; Leader of Richmond Borough Council
*[[Patience Wheatcroft]] – Editor-in-Chief of the [[Wall Street Journal Europe]]
*[[Gordon Wasserman]] – internationally recognised expert on management of police forces

===Liberal Democrat Party===

*Dr [[Sarah (Sal) Brinton]] – Executive Director of the Association of Universities in the East of England
*[[Dee Doocey]] OBE – Chair of the London Assembly
*[[Qurban Hussain]] – Deputy Group Leader of the Liberal Democrat group on Luton Borough Council
*[[Judith Jolly]] – Chair of Executive Committee of Liberal Democrats in Devon and Cornwall
*[[Susan Kramer]] – former Liberal Democrat MP
*[[Raj Loomba]] – businessman and campaigner for widows’ rights
*[[Jonathan Marks]] – commercial and family law QC with specialist interest in human rights and constitutional reform
*[[Monroe Palmer]] OBE – Liberal Democrat Councillor and Chair of [[Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel]]
*[[Jenny Randerson]] – Liberal Democrat Member of the National Assembly for Wales for Cardiff Central, former Minister in the Welsh Assembly Government
*[[John Sharkey]] – Chairman of the Liberal Democrat 2010 General Election campaign
*[[Nicol Stephen]] – Former Deputy First Minister of Scotland (2005 – 2007) and leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats (2005 – 2008)
*[[Ben Stoneham]] – Liberal Democrat HQ Operations Director
*[[Mike Storey]] CBE – Primary School Head teacher, former Leader of Liverpool City Council, Liberal Democrat Councillor and former Lord Mayor of Liverpool;
*[[Paul Strasburger]] – businessman and philanthropist
*[[Claire Tyler]] – Chief Executive of Relate

===Labour Party===
*Dame [[Joan Bakewell]] DBE – writer and broadcaster
*[[Ray Collins]] – General Secretary of the Labour Party
*[[Maurice Glasman]] – Senior Lecturer in political theory at London Metropolitan University and for his work with [[London Citizens]]
*[[Jonathan Kestenbaum]] – businessman and Chief Executive of [[National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts]]
*[[Oona King]] – Head of Diversity at [[Channel 4 Television]] and former Labour MP; currently journalist and presenter
*[[Ruth Lister]] – Emeritus Professor of Social Policy at Loughbrough University
*[[Eluned Morgan]] – former Labour MEP representing Mid and West Wales; currently Honorary Distinguished Professor at Cardiff University and for her work on low carbon energy
*Sir [[Gulam Noon]] MBE – Chairman and Founder of Noon Products and of the Noon Foundation
*[[Stewart Wood]] – former Downing Street and HMT special adviser, lecturer at University of Oxford; previously Fellow of Magdalen College and co-founder of Nexus
*[[Bryony Worthington]] – career focusing on promoting environmental and social change

===Plaid Cymru===
*Rt Hon [[Dafydd Wigley]] – former Leader of [[Plaid Cymru]]; Honorary President of Plaid Cymru

===Crossbenchers===
*Sir [[Richard Dannatt]] GCB CBE MC DL, Former Chief of the General Staff.

===Notes===
<references/>

[[Category:House of Lords]]

George C. Marshall Institute

2011-01-06T16:05:49Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Board of Directors */

'''George C. Marshall Institute''', established in 1984, is a right-wing think-tank that conducts technical assessments of scientific issues with an impact on public policy. It maintains that “purely scientific appraisals are often politicized and misused by interest groups. The Marshall Institute seeks to counter this trend by providing policymakers with rigorous, clearly written and unbiased technical analyses on a range of public policy issues”.<ref>[http://www.marshall.org/category.php?id=6 About The Marshall Institute],(undated),Marshall Institute website(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

It started during the Reagan era to push for funding for Reagan’s [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and the Star Wars programme, but whilst still working on defence issues has broadened out to be a leading think-tank debunking climate change.

== Issues ==

*Civic Environmentalism
*Climate change
*National Defence
*Bioterrorism
*Missile Defence
*Public Policy

== Funding ==

In the late nineties, the then George C, Marshall President [[Jeffrey Salmon]] wrote that “Since the Marshall Institute was founded in 1984, we have restricted our fund raising to private foundations and individual donors. Given our initial research interest - strategic missile defense - the Institute could easily have received grants from the defense industry, but the Board determined that it would try to avoid the charge of being corporate financed by refusing all donations from industry. When the Institute turned its attention to the science of global warming we could have changed our policy and appealed successfully to industry for financial support. But again, we wanted to keep the debate on the facts of the matter and escape the allegation - a red herring if there ever was one - that the Marshall Institute spoke for big business.

Over the summer our Board determined that the limitation we had placed on our sources of funding no longer made sense. Not only was it clear that nothing could be done to shake the lie of corporate sponsorship, but the positions we had taken over the last decade and a-half were so crystal-clear that it would be absurd to claim that the Marshall Institute was tailoring its position to fit the needs of some corporate interest … . From now on the Marshall Institute will accept grants for general program support from corporate foundations and in some cases directly from corporations. The Board has also determined that before we accept a grant it must be clear to us that the corporate foundation or corporation offering us funding must have a prior record of supporting well-known environmental groups, or groups with a record of opposing the deployment of ballistic missile defenses. This fall, the Institute received its first-ever grant from a corporate foundation-- the [[Exxon Education Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding], Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

The Institute then listed “recent” funders that included: [[Richard Lounsbery Foundation]]; [[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]; [[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]; American Standard Companies; Exxon Education Foundation; [[H.B. Earhart Foundation]]; [[John M. Olin Foundation]]; [[Gelman Education Foundation]]; [[Fieldstead Foundation]]; [[Historical Research Foundation]] and [[Charles and Jean Brunie Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding],Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the article on funding was removed on the 3 May 2001.<ref>[http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/george_c_marshall_institute.html Non-Profit Organizations Receiving Corporate Funding]cspinet.org website, Accessed 16 December 2010.</ref>

We also know that the Institute has received $7,178,803 from 105 grants since 1985 from the following conservative foundations.<ref>[http://old.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=137 RECIPIENT GRANTS George C. Marshall Institute], MediaTransparency.org Old Site, Accessed 02 January 2010</ref>:

*[[Castle Rock Foundation]]
*[[Earhart Foundation]]
*[[John M. Olin Foundation]]
*[[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]
*[[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]
*[[Carthage Foundation]]

Since 1998 the George C Marshall Institute has received $250,000 from [[Exxon]].<ref> Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98.</ref>

== Links to other right-wing groups ==

In July 2003 the George C. Marshall Institute, and [[Hoover Institution]] released the book ''Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking''. Present at the press conference were [[Michael Gough]] from the [[CATO Institute]]; Roger Bate from the [[AEI]]/ [[CEI]] / [[International Policy Network]]; and [[Henry Miller]], from the [[Hoover Institution]].<ref> U.S. Newswire (2003), “George C. Marshall Institute, Hoover Institution Release ‘Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking’”, 23 July</ref> Also:

==Climate==

In 1989, the George C Marshall Institute released a report arguing that “cyclical variations in the intensity of the sun would offset any climate change associated with elevated greenhouse gases”. <ref> Union of Concerned Scientists, [http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/global_warming_contrarians/global-warming-skeptic.html Global Warming Skeptics], accessed 21 December 2010; and Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> Although it was refuted by the [[IPCC]], the report was used by the Bush Sr. Administration to argue for a more lenient climate change policy. <ref>Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> It has since published numerous reports and articles attacking the [[Kyoto protocol]] and undermining the science of climate. It is a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition.

The Institute has two main climate sceptics involved, [[William O’Keefe]] and [[Sallie Baliunas]] who works with a colleague [[Willie Soon]]. Baliunas argues that carbon dioxide is not the reason for global warming, but the sun.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031231172520/http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/sci8-22-99.html Science], Web Archive 2003, Accessed 2 January 2010</ref>. She says:

“The scientific history drawn from nature and man's observations over the last millennium suggests that a strong trend of human-induced warming does not exist. The scientific facts indicate that costly policies to combat global warming are unlikely to mitigate any of climate's ever-present natural risks, but they could reduce society's economic ability to cope with them”<ref> Baliunas, S (25 July, 2003), [http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=149 Combatting global warming would be a waste], George Marshall Institute website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>.

Baliunas is often reported in the media as an unbiased scientist<ref> Mckie, R (2003),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/jul/13/climatechange.theobserver The heat is on... and it's getting hotter still], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref> Sample,I (1 September 2003) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/sep/01/research.highereducation Not just warmer: it's the hottest for 2,000 years], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref> as an Astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and as a past Deputy Director of Mount Wilson Observatory. Whilst this is true she has clear political and corporate connections that undermine her scientific credibility. She is not an unbiased scientist at all.

Dr. Baliunas serves as Senior Scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute in Washington, DC, and chairs the Institute's Science Advisory Board. Her colleague at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center, Willie Soon is also a senior scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute[12]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040606231804/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=3 Dr. Sallie Baliunas],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040610061750/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=5 Dr. Willie Soon],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>. When asked by the press, Soon has declined to reveal how much he is paid to work at the Institute.<ref> Nesmith, J (2 June 2003),[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/124642_warming02.html Foes of global warming theory have energy ties]Seattle PI website, Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>.

As far back as a decade ago Baliunas went on a speaking media tour organised by a PR firm working for the corporate front group the [[Global Climate Coalition]]<ref> Greenpeace (2001), A Decade Of Dirty Tricks - Exxonmobil’s Attempts To Stop The World Tackling Climate Change, July, pp6</ref>. In 1993-94 Baliunas received the Robert Wesson Endowment Fund for Scholarship on Scientific Philosophy and Public Policy as the visiting scholar in residence at the right-wing [[Hoover Institution]]. Since then other “Wesson” Fellows have included known climate sceptic [[Fred Singer]] (three times) and biotech proponent [[Henry I. Miller]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040224135256/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/research/nwesson.html HOOVER INSTITUTION The Robert Wesson Fellowship]Web Archive (2004), Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>

In 1996, Baliunas and Soon were listed as members of ESEF – the European Science and Environment Forum – a corporate front / Wise Use group in Europe (see below)

Baliunas is also on the Science and Economics Advisory Council of the [[Annapolis Center]], along with Richard Lindzen another climate septic and Randall Lutter, from the American Enterprise Institute. Also on the board is Dr. [[Paul Reiter]], Professor and Head of Insects and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute, Paris. In the nineties Reiter was invited by the CEI on behalf of the Cooler Heads Coalition to address a conference in Washington <ref> Reiter, P (1998)[http://cei.org/news-letters-cooler-heads-digest/global-warming-and-vector-borne-disease-warmer-sicker Global Warming And Vector-Borne Disease: Is Warmer Sicker?]CEI Website, accessed 2 January 2011 </ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040311113025/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/annapctr/seac.htm The Annapolis Center Science and Economic Advisory Council]Web Archive (2003), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref><ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20031202194953/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/News/baliunas.pdf FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE]Web Archive (2003),Accessed 2 January 2011.</ref> In 2003, he wrote a chapter in a book debunking climate change published in association with the International Policy Network (see below). The Annapolis Center has received $556,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Baliunas is also on the Board of Academic and Scientific Advisors of the [[Wise Use]] group, the Committee for A Constructive Tomorrow (see above). Other climate sceptics, industry apologists or right wing activists on the board include [[Robert C. Balling]], [[Bruce Ames]], [[Roger Bate]], [[Hugh Ellsaesser]], [[Michael Fumento]], [[Sherwood B. Idso]], [[Patrick J. Michaels]], [[A. Alan Moghissi]], [[Frederic Seitz]], [[Gerd-Rainer Weber]], and [[Elizabeth Whelan]].[17]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20071023040446/http://www.cfact.org/what_is_cfact.htm Our Most Noble, or Not-So-Noble, Quest]Web Archive (2007) </ref> CFACT has received some $185,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Both Baliunas and Soon work closely with [[James K. Glassman]] from the [[American Enterprise Institute]] who is the host of [[Tech Central Station]] and Baliunas is a co-host herself. Willie Soon is the Scientific Director of [[Tech Central Station]][18]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070520113716/http://www.techcentralstation.com/biosoonwillie.html Willie Soon]TCS Web Archive 2007,</ref>. Both Baliunas and Soon are on Tech Central Station’s Science Roundtable[19]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051026095325/http://techcentralstation.com/scienceroundtable.html] TCS Web Archive (2005), Note: Ctrl+A makes names visible. </ref>

She has worked with the [[Heartland Institute]] and [[Heritage Foundation]], the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]], amongst others in the US and Spiked online. She is also on the Scientific Advisory Forum of the [[Scientific Alliance]] in the UK, a UK-based [[Wise Use]] type organisation set up by quarryman [[Robert Durward]] in 2001 (see below). The Forum includes some of the most vociferous pro-GM scientists and [[Philip Stott]], a leading climate sceptic. (See [[Scientific Alliance]].)<ref> Baliunas,S Ph.D., Soon,W Ph.D (2000)[http://www.heartland.org/policybot/results/9842/The_Rains_of_Ranchipur.html The Rains of Ranchipur] Heartland Institute, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> Baliunas, S (2002)[http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/The-Real-Story-About-Climate-Change Warming Up to the Truth: The Real Story About Climate Change]The Heritage Foundation, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080102055453/http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=112 Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D. Biography]Web Archive (2008), CEI website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref> Baliunas, S [http://web.archive.org/web/20031108022419/http://www.eco.freedom.org/el/20030602/sallie.shtml Humanity may not be to blame for global warming after all] Eco-Logic.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

In February 2002, The Institute re-released a study called Climate Change and Policy: Making the Connection. The preface for the European re-issue was written by Philip Stott. The [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF) issued a news release listing Stott among the individuals to contact for further information and stated that the report was “based on the work of a group of science and policy experts convened by the American George C. Marshall Institute.” ESEF also thanked the “International Policy Network for supporting the publication of this report.” See IPN NEED REF

Baliunas is also on the Scientific Advisory board of the [[Greening Earth Society]], along with Robert Balling and Patrick Michaels. The Greening Earth Society a front organisation started and funded by [[Western Fuels]] and other utility companies.<ref> Giller, J (1999)[http://web.archive.org/web/20040815004823/http://www.gristmagazine.com/busted/busted122099.asp Who's the Chump?]Grist Magazine online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.freedomwriter.com/Archive/Issue_14/art_lit.htm 'THIS LAND IS OUR LAND"] Freedomwriter website, Accessed3 January 2011 </ref> [[Western Fuels]] funds Michael’s newsletter of which Baliunas is a past contributing editor.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

A Clear report in 1998 showed how “Greening Earth Society and Western Fuels are essentially the same organization. Both are located at the same office suite in Arlington, VA. They share the same leader, [[Fred Palmer]], several WFA board members serve as the board for GES, and they have the same "manager of communications and governmental affairs," [[Ned Leonard]]. Leonard and Palmer are both registered lobbyists for [[Western Fuels Association]]<ref> CLEAR (1998)[http://web.archive.org/web/20050117093402/http://clearproject.org/reports_westernfuels.html Western Fuels Association's Astroturf Empire]CLEAR "the anti-environmentalism watchdog group" Web Archive (2005), accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

Baliunas is also on the Advisory board of The [[Statistical Assessment Service]] (STATS), which “ is a stealth PR operation of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] (CMPA)” according to PR Watch<ref> Sourcewatch [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Statistical_Assessment_Service Statistical Assessment Service], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>STATS at George Mason University [http://web.archive.org/web/20060522192138/http://www.stats.org/record.jsp?type=page&ID=2 Who we are at STATS], Web Archive (2006), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. STATS claims to be a non-partisan education organization that "looks at the way that scientific and quantitative information/research are presented by the media, and works with journalists to help them convey this information more accurately and effectively." Actually, it's a right-wing affiliate of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] whose true mission is to bash environmentalists, feminists and consumer groups. Its director of research, [[David Murray]], is not a statistician. He's a former anthropology professor who first won the favour of the far right when he suggested that society should reaffirm the sanctity of family values by returning to the practice of referring to children of single mothers as “bastards”<ref> [http://www.prwatch.org/links/science.html Science], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

The CMPA was started by [[Robert Lichter]] and his wife. According to FAIR: “From 1986 to 1988, Robert Lichter was a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. Fund-raising letters for the launch of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] contained endorsements from leading right-wing figures like [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Pat Buchanan]], [[Ed Meese]] (see CRC) and [[Pat Robertson]]”<ref> Naureckas, J (1992) [http://www.fair.org/reports/lichter-memo.html Study of Bias or Biased Study?], FAIR web Archive (2005), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. From 1986-2002, the CMPA received $2,500,000 in 43 grants from just five right-wing foundations, Sarah Scaife, Eahart, John Olin, Smith Richardson, Lynde and Harry Bradley, and Carthage.<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20041016114643/http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?573 Center for Media and Public Affairs, Inc] Web Archive mediatransparency.org (2004), Accessed3 January 2011</ref>

Baliunas has also appeared at events or other Exxon-sponsored institutes. In 2002, the Foundation [[for American Communications]] got $175,000 from [[ExxonMobil]] for its "science journalism programme”. In April 2003, Baliunas appeared at a FAC event giving a talk “Analyzing Environmental Issues: Tools for Journalists”. Baliunas’ session reported “techniques for journalists to use in reporting on risks and claims using global climate change as a case study”<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

But these connections are rarely mentioned by the press. You even have GWC’s other climate sceptic [[William O’Keefe]] quoting Baliunas and Willie Soon in press articles as coming from the Harvard Smithsonian Center without mentioning that the two are both “senior scientists” of the same right-wing think tank that O’Keefe is the President of, that is funded by Exxon<ref> O'Keefe,W (2004)[http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=186 Climate debate isn't about action, it's about knowledge]The Marshall Institute, Accessed 3January 2011</ref>. In January 2004, BBC Radio Four ran an 40 minute radio programme called “the Climate Wars” that gave an in-depth look at Baliunas’ and Hoon’s recent involvement in the climate controversy that mentioned that the two were “linked to the Marshall” Institute, without mentioning their other extensive links to industry or the fact that the think tank is heavily funded by industry.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

The study that the BBC referred to had been published in January 2003 by Baliunas and Soon which argued that the world was warmer in the Middle Ages than it is today. The paper was published in the journal Climate Review. Although the majority of funding came from government agencies, some $53,000 came from the American Petroleum Institute<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref>

The paper generated a flood of complaints. In July, 13 scientists took the unusual step of publishing an extended rebuttal in the American Geophysical Union's house journal, Eos.<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref> Three of the journal’s editors subsequently resigned arguing it should not have been published. But this did not stop the paper being used by the Bush administration to justify inaction <ref> Greenwire (2003) “Climate Change: Editors Resign Over Global Warming Story”, 31 July</ref>. The editor-in-chief of [[Climate Research]], [[Hans Von Storch]], also resigned after the publisher of Climate Research refused publish to the following editorial:

:“The major result of the Soon and Baliunas paper ‘Across the world, many records reveal that the 20th century is probably not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium’ can not be concluded from the evidence presented in that paper, even if the statement itself may be true. It is not a problem of different “opinions” but whether the methodology is adequate of not. Thus, the review process of Climate research failed to confront the authors with necessary and legitimate methodological questions which should have been addressed in the finally printed paper”.<ref> H. von Storch (2003) Editorial, Climate Research, 28 July that was not published so Storch resigned.</ref>

The Baliunas Study was also used by the White House to justify inaction on climate change. In the summer of 2003 the White House published a report on the state of the environment. But it emerged that White House officials had “tried to force the EPA to alter the scientific content of a report in order to play down the risks of global warming”. The editing eliminated references to studies concluding that recent warming is partly caused by human activity from burning fossil fuels. In its place the White House wanted to insert the Baliunas study. An internal EPA decision paper noted that White House officials were insisting on “major edits” to the climate change section. In a leaked internal paper, EPA staff warned that the report “no longer accurately represents scientific consensus on climate change”. The EPA ultimately pulled the global warming section from the report to avoid publishing information that was not scientifically credible.<ref>A. C. Revkin with K. Q. Seelye (2003) “Report by EPA Leaves out Data on Climate Change”, Washington Post, 19 June, p1</ref><ref> Symons, J (2003) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46181-2003Jul11?language=printer How Bush and Co. Obscure the Science]Washington Post Online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

But Senator [[James Inhofe]], R-Okla., who chairs the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, and a known climate sceptic himself, copied and distributed the work. At open hearings in July 2003 he praised it:

“The 1,000-year climate study that the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics has compiled is a powerful, new work of science. It has received much attention, and rightfully so”, Inhofe said. “The powerful new findings of this most comprehensive of studies shiver the timbers of the adrift Chicken Little crowd”.<ref> I. Sanchez (2003) “Harvard Warming Study Draws Fire”, Harvard Crimson, 12 September</ref>

Inhofe also said about climate change that the “the science is not there. This may go down as the greatest hoax ever perpetuated against the American people”.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

In 2003 Ada Consulting Services’ clients included [[Aures Energy]] and [[Edison Electric Institute]] for which Ada was paid $25,000.[42] According to Newsweek: “Few business leaders worked harder to see George W. Bush elected president than his old Yale classmate [[Thomas Kuhn]]. As chief of the Edison Electric Institute, the lobbying arm of the electric-utility industry, Kuhn led a parade of corporate trade groups that threw its support to Bush early in the 2000 campaign. Kuhn also wanted to make sure that the Bushies remembered who was generous when it counted. In a May 1999 memo urging electric executives to write $1,000 checks, he reminded them to include a special "tracking code" devised to "insure that our industry is credited" for its contributions. By Election Day, electric utilities had donated $12.4 million to Bush and other GOP candidates”<ref> M. Isikoff & T. Trent Gegax with B. Turque (2001) “Where There's Smoke..”, Newsweek, 26 March</ref>.

[[Air Quality Standards Coalition]]: According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest it is a “coalition of more than 500 businesses and trade groups... Created specifically to battle the clean air proposals, the coalition operates out of the offices of the National Association of Manufacturers, a Washington-based trade group. Its leadership includes top managers of petroleum, automotive and utility companies”<ref> [http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/air_quality_standards_coalition.html AIR QUALITY STANDARDS COALITION]Cspinet website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

[[Superfund Action Alliance]], which is a business coalition that has received financing from amongst others Chevron Corp, AT&T Corp, WMX Technologies, Union Pacific / Southern Pacific, Rail Corp, Boeing Co, General Electric, Gulfstream / Forstmann Little, United Technologies Corp, Zeneca Inc, Dow Chemical Co, General Motors, Lockheed Martin Corp, American Trucking Association, Browning-Ferris Industries, Amoco Corp, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Bethlehem Steel Corp, BP America Incorporated, Raytheon Co, and Westinghouse Electric Corp.[45]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20040616090731/http://www.commoncause.org/publications/return_6.htm Return on Investment]Web Archive (2004) CommonCause.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>
==People==

[[Frederick Seitz]] | [[Fred Singer]][[Robert Jastrow]]

===Principals===

*[[Jeff Kueter]] - President
*[[Lynn Wallis]] - Vice President of Operations
*[[Mark Herlong]] - Program Director
*[[Elle Collver]] - Membership Co-ordinator
*[[Andrew Plieninger]] - Adjunct Scholar

===Board of Directors===

*[[Frederick Seitz]] - Chairman Emeritus (GMI); President Emeritus of Rockefeller University, Chair of the Board of SEPP and on the board of Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow. Ex-Advisory board of TASSC (see below) (deceased)
*[[William O'Keefe]] - CEO (GMI); President, Solutions Consulting, Inc., George C. Marshall Institute
*Dr[[Bruce N. Ames]] - Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley; Was on the Advisory board of the now defunct TASSC, and academic advisor to the Reason Foundation and Fred Singer’s SEPP.
*[[Sallie Baliunas]] - Astrophysicist - George Marshall Institute Senior Scientist
*[[Thomas L. Clancy, Jr.]] - Author
*[[William Happer]] - Eugene Higgens Professor of Physics, Princeton University
*[[Willis M. Hawkins]] - Senior Advisor to Lockheed Corporation
*[[Bernadine Healy]] - Cleveland Clinic Foundation
*[[John H. Moore]] - President, Grove City College
*[[Robert Sproull]] - Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Rochester
*[[Chauncey Starr]] - President Emeritus, Electric Power Research Institute
*[[Charles Krauthammer]] - Syndicated Columnist
===Roundtable Speakers===
*[[Dr. Andrew Aldrin]]
*[[James O'Brien]]
*[[Steven P. Anderson]]
*Major General [[James Armor]]
*[[Charles S. Baker]]
*[[Dr. Timothy Ball]]
*[[Robert Balling]]
*[[Roger Bate]]
*[[Dr. Richard Belzer]]
*[[Michael Booen]]
*[[Dr. Peter Bradford]]
*[[Tommy Brazie]]
*Dr. [[Steven Bucci]]
*[[Richard Buenneke]]
*[[Joe Burns]]
*[[Lt. Gen. John Campbell]], USAF (ret.)
<ref>[http://www.marshall.org/speakers.php Roundtable Speakers], George Marshall Institute website, Accessed 6 Janurary 2011</ref>

''Former members of the Board of Directors''
*[[William A. Nierenberg]]

==Contact==

*'''Address:''' 1625 K Street, NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20006
*'''Web address:''' http://www.marshall.org/

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics]]
[[Category:Climate Change]]
[[Category:Climate]]
[[Category:Climate: Industry Lobby Groups]]

George C. Marshall Institute

2011-01-06T16:04:20Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* People */

'''George C. Marshall Institute''', established in 1984, is a right-wing think-tank that conducts technical assessments of scientific issues with an impact on public policy. It maintains that “purely scientific appraisals are often politicized and misused by interest groups. The Marshall Institute seeks to counter this trend by providing policymakers with rigorous, clearly written and unbiased technical analyses on a range of public policy issues”.<ref>[http://www.marshall.org/category.php?id=6 About The Marshall Institute],(undated),Marshall Institute website(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

It started during the Reagan era to push for funding for Reagan’s [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and the Star Wars programme, but whilst still working on defence issues has broadened out to be a leading think-tank debunking climate change.

== Issues ==

*Civic Environmentalism
*Climate change
*National Defence
*Bioterrorism
*Missile Defence
*Public Policy

== Funding ==

In the late nineties, the then George C, Marshall President [[Jeffrey Salmon]] wrote that “Since the Marshall Institute was founded in 1984, we have restricted our fund raising to private foundations and individual donors. Given our initial research interest - strategic missile defense - the Institute could easily have received grants from the defense industry, but the Board determined that it would try to avoid the charge of being corporate financed by refusing all donations from industry. When the Institute turned its attention to the science of global warming we could have changed our policy and appealed successfully to industry for financial support. But again, we wanted to keep the debate on the facts of the matter and escape the allegation - a red herring if there ever was one - that the Marshall Institute spoke for big business.

Over the summer our Board determined that the limitation we had placed on our sources of funding no longer made sense. Not only was it clear that nothing could be done to shake the lie of corporate sponsorship, but the positions we had taken over the last decade and a-half were so crystal-clear that it would be absurd to claim that the Marshall Institute was tailoring its position to fit the needs of some corporate interest … . From now on the Marshall Institute will accept grants for general program support from corporate foundations and in some cases directly from corporations. The Board has also determined that before we accept a grant it must be clear to us that the corporate foundation or corporation offering us funding must have a prior record of supporting well-known environmental groups, or groups with a record of opposing the deployment of ballistic missile defenses. This fall, the Institute received its first-ever grant from a corporate foundation-- the [[Exxon Education Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding], Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

The Institute then listed “recent” funders that included: [[Richard Lounsbery Foundation]]; [[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]; [[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]; American Standard Companies; Exxon Education Foundation; [[H.B. Earhart Foundation]]; [[John M. Olin Foundation]]; [[Gelman Education Foundation]]; [[Fieldstead Foundation]]; [[Historical Research Foundation]] and [[Charles and Jean Brunie Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding],Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the article on funding was removed on the 3 May 2001.<ref>[http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/george_c_marshall_institute.html Non-Profit Organizations Receiving Corporate Funding]cspinet.org website, Accessed 16 December 2010.</ref>

We also know that the Institute has received $7,178,803 from 105 grants since 1985 from the following conservative foundations.<ref>[http://old.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=137 RECIPIENT GRANTS George C. Marshall Institute], MediaTransparency.org Old Site, Accessed 02 January 2010</ref>:

*[[Castle Rock Foundation]]
*[[Earhart Foundation]]
*[[John M. Olin Foundation]]
*[[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]
*[[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]
*[[Carthage Foundation]]

Since 1998 the George C Marshall Institute has received $250,000 from [[Exxon]].<ref> Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98.</ref>

== Links to other right-wing groups ==

In July 2003 the George C. Marshall Institute, and [[Hoover Institution]] released the book ''Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking''. Present at the press conference were [[Michael Gough]] from the [[CATO Institute]]; Roger Bate from the [[AEI]]/ [[CEI]] / [[International Policy Network]]; and [[Henry Miller]], from the [[Hoover Institution]].<ref> U.S. Newswire (2003), “George C. Marshall Institute, Hoover Institution Release ‘Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking’”, 23 July</ref> Also:

==Climate==

In 1989, the George C Marshall Institute released a report arguing that “cyclical variations in the intensity of the sun would offset any climate change associated with elevated greenhouse gases”. <ref> Union of Concerned Scientists, [http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/global_warming_contrarians/global-warming-skeptic.html Global Warming Skeptics], accessed 21 December 2010; and Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> Although it was refuted by the [[IPCC]], the report was used by the Bush Sr. Administration to argue for a more lenient climate change policy. <ref>Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> It has since published numerous reports and articles attacking the [[Kyoto protocol]] and undermining the science of climate. It is a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition.

The Institute has two main climate sceptics involved, [[William O’Keefe]] and [[Sallie Baliunas]] who works with a colleague [[Willie Soon]]. Baliunas argues that carbon dioxide is not the reason for global warming, but the sun.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031231172520/http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/sci8-22-99.html Science], Web Archive 2003, Accessed 2 January 2010</ref>. She says:

“The scientific history drawn from nature and man's observations over the last millennium suggests that a strong trend of human-induced warming does not exist. The scientific facts indicate that costly policies to combat global warming are unlikely to mitigate any of climate's ever-present natural risks, but they could reduce society's economic ability to cope with them”<ref> Baliunas, S (25 July, 2003), [http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=149 Combatting global warming would be a waste], George Marshall Institute website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>.

Baliunas is often reported in the media as an unbiased scientist<ref> Mckie, R (2003),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/jul/13/climatechange.theobserver The heat is on... and it's getting hotter still], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref> Sample,I (1 September 2003) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/sep/01/research.highereducation Not just warmer: it's the hottest for 2,000 years], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref> as an Astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and as a past Deputy Director of Mount Wilson Observatory. Whilst this is true she has clear political and corporate connections that undermine her scientific credibility. She is not an unbiased scientist at all.

Dr. Baliunas serves as Senior Scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute in Washington, DC, and chairs the Institute's Science Advisory Board. Her colleague at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center, Willie Soon is also a senior scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute[12]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040606231804/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=3 Dr. Sallie Baliunas],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040610061750/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=5 Dr. Willie Soon],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>. When asked by the press, Soon has declined to reveal how much he is paid to work at the Institute.<ref> Nesmith, J (2 June 2003),[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/124642_warming02.html Foes of global warming theory have energy ties]Seattle PI website, Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>.

As far back as a decade ago Baliunas went on a speaking media tour organised by a PR firm working for the corporate front group the [[Global Climate Coalition]]<ref> Greenpeace (2001), A Decade Of Dirty Tricks - Exxonmobil’s Attempts To Stop The World Tackling Climate Change, July, pp6</ref>. In 1993-94 Baliunas received the Robert Wesson Endowment Fund for Scholarship on Scientific Philosophy and Public Policy as the visiting scholar in residence at the right-wing [[Hoover Institution]]. Since then other “Wesson” Fellows have included known climate sceptic [[Fred Singer]] (three times) and biotech proponent [[Henry I. Miller]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040224135256/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/research/nwesson.html HOOVER INSTITUTION The Robert Wesson Fellowship]Web Archive (2004), Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>

In 1996, Baliunas and Soon were listed as members of ESEF – the European Science and Environment Forum – a corporate front / Wise Use group in Europe (see below)

Baliunas is also on the Science and Economics Advisory Council of the [[Annapolis Center]], along with Richard Lindzen another climate septic and Randall Lutter, from the American Enterprise Institute. Also on the board is Dr. [[Paul Reiter]], Professor and Head of Insects and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute, Paris. In the nineties Reiter was invited by the CEI on behalf of the Cooler Heads Coalition to address a conference in Washington <ref> Reiter, P (1998)[http://cei.org/news-letters-cooler-heads-digest/global-warming-and-vector-borne-disease-warmer-sicker Global Warming And Vector-Borne Disease: Is Warmer Sicker?]CEI Website, accessed 2 January 2011 </ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040311113025/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/annapctr/seac.htm The Annapolis Center Science and Economic Advisory Council]Web Archive (2003), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref><ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20031202194953/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/News/baliunas.pdf FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE]Web Archive (2003),Accessed 2 January 2011.</ref> In 2003, he wrote a chapter in a book debunking climate change published in association with the International Policy Network (see below). The Annapolis Center has received $556,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Baliunas is also on the Board of Academic and Scientific Advisors of the [[Wise Use]] group, the Committee for A Constructive Tomorrow (see above). Other climate sceptics, industry apologists or right wing activists on the board include [[Robert C. Balling]], [[Bruce Ames]], [[Roger Bate]], [[Hugh Ellsaesser]], [[Michael Fumento]], [[Sherwood B. Idso]], [[Patrick J. Michaels]], [[A. Alan Moghissi]], [[Frederic Seitz]], [[Gerd-Rainer Weber]], and [[Elizabeth Whelan]].[17]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20071023040446/http://www.cfact.org/what_is_cfact.htm Our Most Noble, or Not-So-Noble, Quest]Web Archive (2007) </ref> CFACT has received some $185,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Both Baliunas and Soon work closely with [[James K. Glassman]] from the [[American Enterprise Institute]] who is the host of [[Tech Central Station]] and Baliunas is a co-host herself. Willie Soon is the Scientific Director of [[Tech Central Station]][18]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070520113716/http://www.techcentralstation.com/biosoonwillie.html Willie Soon]TCS Web Archive 2007,</ref>. Both Baliunas and Soon are on Tech Central Station’s Science Roundtable[19]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051026095325/http://techcentralstation.com/scienceroundtable.html] TCS Web Archive (2005), Note: Ctrl+A makes names visible. </ref>

She has worked with the [[Heartland Institute]] and [[Heritage Foundation]], the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]], amongst others in the US and Spiked online. She is also on the Scientific Advisory Forum of the [[Scientific Alliance]] in the UK, a UK-based [[Wise Use]] type organisation set up by quarryman [[Robert Durward]] in 2001 (see below). The Forum includes some of the most vociferous pro-GM scientists and [[Philip Stott]], a leading climate sceptic. (See [[Scientific Alliance]].)<ref> Baliunas,S Ph.D., Soon,W Ph.D (2000)[http://www.heartland.org/policybot/results/9842/The_Rains_of_Ranchipur.html The Rains of Ranchipur] Heartland Institute, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> Baliunas, S (2002)[http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/The-Real-Story-About-Climate-Change Warming Up to the Truth: The Real Story About Climate Change]The Heritage Foundation, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080102055453/http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=112 Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D. Biography]Web Archive (2008), CEI website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref> Baliunas, S [http://web.archive.org/web/20031108022419/http://www.eco.freedom.org/el/20030602/sallie.shtml Humanity may not be to blame for global warming after all] Eco-Logic.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

In February 2002, The Institute re-released a study called Climate Change and Policy: Making the Connection. The preface for the European re-issue was written by Philip Stott. The [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF) issued a news release listing Stott among the individuals to contact for further information and stated that the report was “based on the work of a group of science and policy experts convened by the American George C. Marshall Institute.” ESEF also thanked the “International Policy Network for supporting the publication of this report.” See IPN NEED REF

Baliunas is also on the Scientific Advisory board of the [[Greening Earth Society]], along with Robert Balling and Patrick Michaels. The Greening Earth Society a front organisation started and funded by [[Western Fuels]] and other utility companies.<ref> Giller, J (1999)[http://web.archive.org/web/20040815004823/http://www.gristmagazine.com/busted/busted122099.asp Who's the Chump?]Grist Magazine online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.freedomwriter.com/Archive/Issue_14/art_lit.htm 'THIS LAND IS OUR LAND"] Freedomwriter website, Accessed3 January 2011 </ref> [[Western Fuels]] funds Michael’s newsletter of which Baliunas is a past contributing editor.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

A Clear report in 1998 showed how “Greening Earth Society and Western Fuels are essentially the same organization. Both are located at the same office suite in Arlington, VA. They share the same leader, [[Fred Palmer]], several WFA board members serve as the board for GES, and they have the same "manager of communications and governmental affairs," [[Ned Leonard]]. Leonard and Palmer are both registered lobbyists for [[Western Fuels Association]]<ref> CLEAR (1998)[http://web.archive.org/web/20050117093402/http://clearproject.org/reports_westernfuels.html Western Fuels Association's Astroturf Empire]CLEAR "the anti-environmentalism watchdog group" Web Archive (2005), accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

Baliunas is also on the Advisory board of The [[Statistical Assessment Service]] (STATS), which “ is a stealth PR operation of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] (CMPA)” according to PR Watch<ref> Sourcewatch [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Statistical_Assessment_Service Statistical Assessment Service], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>STATS at George Mason University [http://web.archive.org/web/20060522192138/http://www.stats.org/record.jsp?type=page&ID=2 Who we are at STATS], Web Archive (2006), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. STATS claims to be a non-partisan education organization that "looks at the way that scientific and quantitative information/research are presented by the media, and works with journalists to help them convey this information more accurately and effectively." Actually, it's a right-wing affiliate of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] whose true mission is to bash environmentalists, feminists and consumer groups. Its director of research, [[David Murray]], is not a statistician. He's a former anthropology professor who first won the favour of the far right when he suggested that society should reaffirm the sanctity of family values by returning to the practice of referring to children of single mothers as “bastards”<ref> [http://www.prwatch.org/links/science.html Science], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

The CMPA was started by [[Robert Lichter]] and his wife. According to FAIR: “From 1986 to 1988, Robert Lichter was a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. Fund-raising letters for the launch of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] contained endorsements from leading right-wing figures like [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Pat Buchanan]], [[Ed Meese]] (see CRC) and [[Pat Robertson]]”<ref> Naureckas, J (1992) [http://www.fair.org/reports/lichter-memo.html Study of Bias or Biased Study?], FAIR web Archive (2005), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. From 1986-2002, the CMPA received $2,500,000 in 43 grants from just five right-wing foundations, Sarah Scaife, Eahart, John Olin, Smith Richardson, Lynde and Harry Bradley, and Carthage.<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20041016114643/http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?573 Center for Media and Public Affairs, Inc] Web Archive mediatransparency.org (2004), Accessed3 January 2011</ref>

Baliunas has also appeared at events or other Exxon-sponsored institutes. In 2002, the Foundation [[for American Communications]] got $175,000 from [[ExxonMobil]] for its "science journalism programme”. In April 2003, Baliunas appeared at a FAC event giving a talk “Analyzing Environmental Issues: Tools for Journalists”. Baliunas’ session reported “techniques for journalists to use in reporting on risks and claims using global climate change as a case study”<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

But these connections are rarely mentioned by the press. You even have GWC’s other climate sceptic [[William O’Keefe]] quoting Baliunas and Willie Soon in press articles as coming from the Harvard Smithsonian Center without mentioning that the two are both “senior scientists” of the same right-wing think tank that O’Keefe is the President of, that is funded by Exxon<ref> O'Keefe,W (2004)[http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=186 Climate debate isn't about action, it's about knowledge]The Marshall Institute, Accessed 3January 2011</ref>. In January 2004, BBC Radio Four ran an 40 minute radio programme called “the Climate Wars” that gave an in-depth look at Baliunas’ and Hoon’s recent involvement in the climate controversy that mentioned that the two were “linked to the Marshall” Institute, without mentioning their other extensive links to industry or the fact that the think tank is heavily funded by industry.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

The study that the BBC referred to had been published in January 2003 by Baliunas and Soon which argued that the world was warmer in the Middle Ages than it is today. The paper was published in the journal Climate Review. Although the majority of funding came from government agencies, some $53,000 came from the American Petroleum Institute<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref>

The paper generated a flood of complaints. In July, 13 scientists took the unusual step of publishing an extended rebuttal in the American Geophysical Union's house journal, Eos.<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref> Three of the journal’s editors subsequently resigned arguing it should not have been published. But this did not stop the paper being used by the Bush administration to justify inaction <ref> Greenwire (2003) “Climate Change: Editors Resign Over Global Warming Story”, 31 July</ref>. The editor-in-chief of [[Climate Research]], [[Hans Von Storch]], also resigned after the publisher of Climate Research refused publish to the following editorial:

:“The major result of the Soon and Baliunas paper ‘Across the world, many records reveal that the 20th century is probably not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium’ can not be concluded from the evidence presented in that paper, even if the statement itself may be true. It is not a problem of different “opinions” but whether the methodology is adequate of not. Thus, the review process of Climate research failed to confront the authors with necessary and legitimate methodological questions which should have been addressed in the finally printed paper”.<ref> H. von Storch (2003) Editorial, Climate Research, 28 July that was not published so Storch resigned.</ref>

The Baliunas Study was also used by the White House to justify inaction on climate change. In the summer of 2003 the White House published a report on the state of the environment. But it emerged that White House officials had “tried to force the EPA to alter the scientific content of a report in order to play down the risks of global warming”. The editing eliminated references to studies concluding that recent warming is partly caused by human activity from burning fossil fuels. In its place the White House wanted to insert the Baliunas study. An internal EPA decision paper noted that White House officials were insisting on “major edits” to the climate change section. In a leaked internal paper, EPA staff warned that the report “no longer accurately represents scientific consensus on climate change”. The EPA ultimately pulled the global warming section from the report to avoid publishing information that was not scientifically credible.<ref>A. C. Revkin with K. Q. Seelye (2003) “Report by EPA Leaves out Data on Climate Change”, Washington Post, 19 June, p1</ref><ref> Symons, J (2003) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46181-2003Jul11?language=printer How Bush and Co. Obscure the Science]Washington Post Online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

But Senator [[James Inhofe]], R-Okla., who chairs the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, and a known climate sceptic himself, copied and distributed the work. At open hearings in July 2003 he praised it:

“The 1,000-year climate study that the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics has compiled is a powerful, new work of science. It has received much attention, and rightfully so”, Inhofe said. “The powerful new findings of this most comprehensive of studies shiver the timbers of the adrift Chicken Little crowd”.<ref> I. Sanchez (2003) “Harvard Warming Study Draws Fire”, Harvard Crimson, 12 September</ref>

Inhofe also said about climate change that the “the science is not there. This may go down as the greatest hoax ever perpetuated against the American people”.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

In 2003 Ada Consulting Services’ clients included [[Aures Energy]] and [[Edison Electric Institute]] for which Ada was paid $25,000.[42] According to Newsweek: “Few business leaders worked harder to see George W. Bush elected president than his old Yale classmate [[Thomas Kuhn]]. As chief of the Edison Electric Institute, the lobbying arm of the electric-utility industry, Kuhn led a parade of corporate trade groups that threw its support to Bush early in the 2000 campaign. Kuhn also wanted to make sure that the Bushies remembered who was generous when it counted. In a May 1999 memo urging electric executives to write $1,000 checks, he reminded them to include a special "tracking code" devised to "insure that our industry is credited" for its contributions. By Election Day, electric utilities had donated $12.4 million to Bush and other GOP candidates”<ref> M. Isikoff & T. Trent Gegax with B. Turque (2001) “Where There's Smoke..”, Newsweek, 26 March</ref>.

[[Air Quality Standards Coalition]]: According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest it is a “coalition of more than 500 businesses and trade groups... Created specifically to battle the clean air proposals, the coalition operates out of the offices of the National Association of Manufacturers, a Washington-based trade group. Its leadership includes top managers of petroleum, automotive and utility companies”<ref> [http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/air_quality_standards_coalition.html AIR QUALITY STANDARDS COALITION]Cspinet website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

[[Superfund Action Alliance]], which is a business coalition that has received financing from amongst others Chevron Corp, AT&T Corp, WMX Technologies, Union Pacific / Southern Pacific, Rail Corp, Boeing Co, General Electric, Gulfstream / Forstmann Little, United Technologies Corp, Zeneca Inc, Dow Chemical Co, General Motors, Lockheed Martin Corp, American Trucking Association, Browning-Ferris Industries, Amoco Corp, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Bethlehem Steel Corp, BP America Incorporated, Raytheon Co, and Westinghouse Electric Corp.[45]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20040616090731/http://www.commoncause.org/publications/return_6.htm Return on Investment]Web Archive (2004) CommonCause.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>
==People==

[[Frederick Seitz]] | [[Fred Singer]][[Robert Jastrow]]

===Principals===

*[[Jeff Kueter]] - President
*[[Lynn Wallis]] - Vice President of Operations
*[[Mark Herlong]] - Program Director
*[[Elle Collver]] - Membership Co-ordinator
*[[Andrew Plieninger]] - Adjunct Scholar

===Board of Directors===

*[[Frederick Seitz]] - Chairman Emeritus (GMI); President Emeritus of Rockefeller University, Chair of the Board of SEPP and on the board of Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow. Ex-Advisory board of TASSC (see below) (deceased)
*[[William O'Keefe]] - CEO (GMI); President, Solutions Consulting, Inc., George C. Marshall Institute
*Dr[[Bruce N. Ames]] - Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley; Was on the Advisory board of the now defunct TASSC, and academic advisor to the Reason Foundation and Fred Singer’s SEPP.
*[[Sallie Baliunas]] - Astrophysicist - George Marshall Institute Senior Scientist
*[[Thomas L. Clancy, Jr.]] - Author
*[[William Happer]] - Eugene Higgens Professor of Physics, Princeton University
*[[Willis M. Hawkins]] - Senior Advisor to Lockheed Corporation
*[[Bernadine Healy]] - Cleveland Clinic Foundation
*[[John H. Moore]] - President, Grove City College
*[[Robert Sproull]] - Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Rochester
*[[Chauncey Starr]] - President Emeritus, Electric Power Research Institute
*[[Charles Krauthammer]] - Syndicated Columnist
===Roundtable Speakers===
*[[Dr. Andrew Aldrin]]
*[[James O'Brien]]
*[[Steven P. Anderson]]
*Major General [[James Armor]]
*[[Charles S. Baker]]
*[[Dr. Timothy Ball]]
*[[Robert Balling]]
*[[Roger Bate]]
*[[Dr. Richard Belzer]]
*[[Michael Booen]]
*[[Dr. Peter Bradford]]
*[[Tommy Brazie]]
*Dr. [[Steven Bucci]]
*[[Richard Buenneke]]
*[[Joe Burns]]
*Lt. Gen. [[John Campbell]], USAF (ret.)
<ref>[http://www.marshall.org/speakers.php Roundtable Speakers], George Marshall Institute website, Accessed 6 Janurary 2011</ref>

''Former members of the Board of Directors''
*[[William A. Nierenberg]]

==Contact==

*'''Address:''' 1625 K Street, NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20006
*'''Web address:''' http://www.marshall.org/

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics]]
[[Category:Climate Change]]
[[Category:Climate]]
[[Category:Climate: Industry Lobby Groups]]

George C. Marshall Institute

2011-01-06T14:27:39Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Principals */

'''George C. Marshall Institute''', established in 1984, is a right-wing think-tank that conducts technical assessments of scientific issues with an impact on public policy. It maintains that “purely scientific appraisals are often politicized and misused by interest groups. The Marshall Institute seeks to counter this trend by providing policymakers with rigorous, clearly written and unbiased technical analyses on a range of public policy issues”.<ref>[http://www.marshall.org/category.php?id=6 About The Marshall Institute],(undated),Marshall Institute website(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

It started during the Reagan era to push for funding for Reagan’s [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and the Star Wars programme, but whilst still working on defence issues has broadened out to be a leading think-tank debunking climate change.

== Issues ==

*Civic Environmentalism
*Climate change
*National Defence
*Bioterrorism
*Missile Defence
*Public Policy

== Funding ==

In the late nineties, the then George C, Marshall President [[Jeffrey Salmon]] wrote that “Since the Marshall Institute was founded in 1984, we have restricted our fund raising to private foundations and individual donors. Given our initial research interest - strategic missile defense - the Institute could easily have received grants from the defense industry, but the Board determined that it would try to avoid the charge of being corporate financed by refusing all donations from industry. When the Institute turned its attention to the science of global warming we could have changed our policy and appealed successfully to industry for financial support. But again, we wanted to keep the debate on the facts of the matter and escape the allegation - a red herring if there ever was one - that the Marshall Institute spoke for big business.

Over the summer our Board determined that the limitation we had placed on our sources of funding no longer made sense. Not only was it clear that nothing could be done to shake the lie of corporate sponsorship, but the positions we had taken over the last decade and a-half were so crystal-clear that it would be absurd to claim that the Marshall Institute was tailoring its position to fit the needs of some corporate interest … . From now on the Marshall Institute will accept grants for general program support from corporate foundations and in some cases directly from corporations. The Board has also determined that before we accept a grant it must be clear to us that the corporate foundation or corporation offering us funding must have a prior record of supporting well-known environmental groups, or groups with a record of opposing the deployment of ballistic missile defenses. This fall, the Institute received its first-ever grant from a corporate foundation-- the [[Exxon Education Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding], Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

The Institute then listed “recent” funders that included: [[Richard Lounsbery Foundation]]; [[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]; [[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]; American Standard Companies; Exxon Education Foundation; [[H.B. Earhart Foundation]]; [[John M. Olin Foundation]]; [[Gelman Education Foundation]]; [[Fieldstead Foundation]]; [[Historical Research Foundation]] and [[Charles and Jean Brunie Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding],Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the article on funding was removed on the 3 May 2001.<ref>[http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/george_c_marshall_institute.html Non-Profit Organizations Receiving Corporate Funding]cspinet.org website, Accessed 16 December 2010.</ref>

We also know that the Institute has received $7,178,803 from 105 grants since 1985 from the following conservative foundations.<ref>[http://old.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=137 RECIPIENT GRANTS George C. Marshall Institute], MediaTransparency.org Old Site, Accessed 02 January 2010</ref>:

*[[Castle Rock Foundation]]
*[[Earhart Foundation]]
*[[John M. Olin Foundation]]
*[[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]
*[[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]
*[[Carthage Foundation]]

Since 1998 the George C Marshall Institute has received $250,000 from [[Exxon]].<ref> Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98.</ref>

== Links to other right-wing groups ==

In July 2003 the George C. Marshall Institute, and [[Hoover Institution]] released the book ''Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking''. Present at the press conference were [[Michael Gough]] from the [[CATO Institute]]; Roger Bate from the [[AEI]]/ [[CEI]] / [[International Policy Network]]; and [[Henry Miller]], from the [[Hoover Institution]].<ref> U.S. Newswire (2003), “George C. Marshall Institute, Hoover Institution Release ‘Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking’”, 23 July</ref> Also:

==Climate==

In 1989, the George C Marshall Institute released a report arguing that “cyclical variations in the intensity of the sun would offset any climate change associated with elevated greenhouse gases”. <ref> Union of Concerned Scientists, [http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/global_warming_contrarians/global-warming-skeptic.html Global Warming Skeptics], accessed 21 December 2010; and Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> Although it was refuted by the [[IPCC]], the report was used by the Bush Sr. Administration to argue for a more lenient climate change policy. <ref>Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> It has since published numerous reports and articles attacking the [[Kyoto protocol]] and undermining the science of climate. It is a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition.

The Institute has two main climate sceptics involved, [[William O’Keefe]] and [[Sallie Baliunas]] who works with a colleague [[Willie Soon]]. Baliunas argues that carbon dioxide is not the reason for global warming, but the sun.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031231172520/http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/sci8-22-99.html Science], Web Archive 2003, Accessed 2 January 2010</ref>. She says:

“The scientific history drawn from nature and man's observations over the last millennium suggests that a strong trend of human-induced warming does not exist. The scientific facts indicate that costly policies to combat global warming are unlikely to mitigate any of climate's ever-present natural risks, but they could reduce society's economic ability to cope with them”<ref> Baliunas, S (25 July, 2003), [http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=149 Combatting global warming would be a waste], George Marshall Institute website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>.

Baliunas is often reported in the media as an unbiased scientist<ref> Mckie, R (2003),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/jul/13/climatechange.theobserver The heat is on... and it's getting hotter still], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref> Sample,I (1 September 2003) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/sep/01/research.highereducation Not just warmer: it's the hottest for 2,000 years], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref> as an Astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and as a past Deputy Director of Mount Wilson Observatory. Whilst this is true she has clear political and corporate connections that undermine her scientific credibility. She is not an unbiased scientist at all.

Dr. Baliunas serves as Senior Scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute in Washington, DC, and chairs the Institute's Science Advisory Board. Her colleague at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center, Willie Soon is also a senior scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute[12]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040606231804/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=3 Dr. Sallie Baliunas],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040610061750/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=5 Dr. Willie Soon],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>. When asked by the press, Soon has declined to reveal how much he is paid to work at the Institute.<ref> Nesmith, J (2 June 2003),[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/124642_warming02.html Foes of global warming theory have energy ties]Seattle PI website, Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>.

As far back as a decade ago Baliunas went on a speaking media tour organised by a PR firm working for the corporate front group the [[Global Climate Coalition]]<ref> Greenpeace (2001), A Decade Of Dirty Tricks - Exxonmobil’s Attempts To Stop The World Tackling Climate Change, July, pp6</ref>. In 1993-94 Baliunas received the Robert Wesson Endowment Fund for Scholarship on Scientific Philosophy and Public Policy as the visiting scholar in residence at the right-wing [[Hoover Institution]]. Since then other “Wesson” Fellows have included known climate sceptic [[Fred Singer]] (three times) and biotech proponent [[Henry I. Miller]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040224135256/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/research/nwesson.html HOOVER INSTITUTION The Robert Wesson Fellowship]Web Archive (2004), Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>

In 1996, Baliunas and Soon were listed as members of ESEF – the European Science and Environment Forum – a corporate front / Wise Use group in Europe (see below)

Baliunas is also on the Science and Economics Advisory Council of the [[Annapolis Center]], along with Richard Lindzen another climate septic and Randall Lutter, from the American Enterprise Institute. Also on the board is Dr. [[Paul Reiter]], Professor and Head of Insects and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute, Paris. In the nineties Reiter was invited by the CEI on behalf of the Cooler Heads Coalition to address a conference in Washington <ref> Reiter, P (1998)[http://cei.org/news-letters-cooler-heads-digest/global-warming-and-vector-borne-disease-warmer-sicker Global Warming And Vector-Borne Disease: Is Warmer Sicker?]CEI Website, accessed 2 January 2011 </ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040311113025/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/annapctr/seac.htm The Annapolis Center Science and Economic Advisory Council]Web Archive (2003), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref><ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20031202194953/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/News/baliunas.pdf FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE]Web Archive (2003),Accessed 2 January 2011.</ref> In 2003, he wrote a chapter in a book debunking climate change published in association with the International Policy Network (see below). The Annapolis Center has received $556,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Baliunas is also on the Board of Academic and Scientific Advisors of the [[Wise Use]] group, the Committee for A Constructive Tomorrow (see above). Other climate sceptics, industry apologists or right wing activists on the board include [[Robert C. Balling]], [[Bruce Ames]], [[Roger Bate]], [[Hugh Ellsaesser]], [[Michael Fumento]], [[Sherwood B. Idso]], [[Patrick J. Michaels]], [[A. Alan Moghissi]], [[Frederic Seitz]], [[Gerd-Rainer Weber]], and [[Elizabeth Whelan]].[17]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20071023040446/http://www.cfact.org/what_is_cfact.htm Our Most Noble, or Not-So-Noble, Quest]Web Archive (2007) </ref> CFACT has received some $185,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Both Baliunas and Soon work closely with [[James K. Glassman]] from the [[American Enterprise Institute]] who is the host of [[Tech Central Station]] and Baliunas is a co-host herself. Willie Soon is the Scientific Director of [[Tech Central Station]][18]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070520113716/http://www.techcentralstation.com/biosoonwillie.html Willie Soon]TCS Web Archive 2007,</ref>. Both Baliunas and Soon are on Tech Central Station’s Science Roundtable[19]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051026095325/http://techcentralstation.com/scienceroundtable.html] TCS Web Archive (2005), Note: Ctrl+A makes names visible. </ref>

She has worked with the [[Heartland Institute]] and [[Heritage Foundation]], the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]], amongst others in the US and Spiked online. She is also on the Scientific Advisory Forum of the [[Scientific Alliance]] in the UK, a UK-based [[Wise Use]] type organisation set up by quarryman [[Robert Durward]] in 2001 (see below). The Forum includes some of the most vociferous pro-GM scientists and [[Philip Stott]], a leading climate sceptic. (See [[Scientific Alliance]].)<ref> Baliunas,S Ph.D., Soon,W Ph.D (2000)[http://www.heartland.org/policybot/results/9842/The_Rains_of_Ranchipur.html The Rains of Ranchipur] Heartland Institute, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> Baliunas, S (2002)[http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/The-Real-Story-About-Climate-Change Warming Up to the Truth: The Real Story About Climate Change]The Heritage Foundation, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080102055453/http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=112 Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D. Biography]Web Archive (2008), CEI website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref> Baliunas, S [http://web.archive.org/web/20031108022419/http://www.eco.freedom.org/el/20030602/sallie.shtml Humanity may not be to blame for global warming after all] Eco-Logic.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

In February 2002, The Institute re-released a study called Climate Change and Policy: Making the Connection. The preface for the European re-issue was written by Philip Stott. The [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF) issued a news release listing Stott among the individuals to contact for further information and stated that the report was “based on the work of a group of science and policy experts convened by the American George C. Marshall Institute.” ESEF also thanked the “International Policy Network for supporting the publication of this report.” See IPN NEED REF

Baliunas is also on the Scientific Advisory board of the [[Greening Earth Society]], along with Robert Balling and Patrick Michaels. The Greening Earth Society a front organisation started and funded by [[Western Fuels]] and other utility companies.<ref> Giller, J (1999)[http://web.archive.org/web/20040815004823/http://www.gristmagazine.com/busted/busted122099.asp Who's the Chump?]Grist Magazine online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.freedomwriter.com/Archive/Issue_14/art_lit.htm 'THIS LAND IS OUR LAND"] Freedomwriter website, Accessed3 January 2011 </ref> [[Western Fuels]] funds Michael’s newsletter of which Baliunas is a past contributing editor.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

A Clear report in 1998 showed how “Greening Earth Society and Western Fuels are essentially the same organization. Both are located at the same office suite in Arlington, VA. They share the same leader, [[Fred Palmer]], several WFA board members serve as the board for GES, and they have the same "manager of communications and governmental affairs," [[Ned Leonard]]. Leonard and Palmer are both registered lobbyists for [[Western Fuels Association]]<ref> CLEAR (1998)[http://web.archive.org/web/20050117093402/http://clearproject.org/reports_westernfuels.html Western Fuels Association's Astroturf Empire]CLEAR "the anti-environmentalism watchdog group" Web Archive (2005), accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

Baliunas is also on the Advisory board of The [[Statistical Assessment Service]] (STATS), which “ is a stealth PR operation of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] (CMPA)” according to PR Watch<ref> Sourcewatch [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Statistical_Assessment_Service Statistical Assessment Service], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>STATS at George Mason University [http://web.archive.org/web/20060522192138/http://www.stats.org/record.jsp?type=page&ID=2 Who we are at STATS], Web Archive (2006), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. STATS claims to be a non-partisan education organization that "looks at the way that scientific and quantitative information/research are presented by the media, and works with journalists to help them convey this information more accurately and effectively." Actually, it's a right-wing affiliate of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] whose true mission is to bash environmentalists, feminists and consumer groups. Its director of research, [[David Murray]], is not a statistician. He's a former anthropology professor who first won the favour of the far right when he suggested that society should reaffirm the sanctity of family values by returning to the practice of referring to children of single mothers as “bastards”<ref> [http://www.prwatch.org/links/science.html Science], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

The CMPA was started by [[Robert Lichter]] and his wife. According to FAIR: “From 1986 to 1988, Robert Lichter was a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. Fund-raising letters for the launch of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] contained endorsements from leading right-wing figures like [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Pat Buchanan]], [[Ed Meese]] (see CRC) and [[Pat Robertson]]”<ref> Naureckas, J (1992) [http://www.fair.org/reports/lichter-memo.html Study of Bias or Biased Study?], FAIR web Archive (2005), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. From 1986-2002, the CMPA received $2,500,000 in 43 grants from just five right-wing foundations, Sarah Scaife, Eahart, John Olin, Smith Richardson, Lynde and Harry Bradley, and Carthage.<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20041016114643/http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?573 Center for Media and Public Affairs, Inc] Web Archive mediatransparency.org (2004), Accessed3 January 2011</ref>

Baliunas has also appeared at events or other Exxon-sponsored institutes. In 2002, the Foundation [[for American Communications]] got $175,000 from [[ExxonMobil]] for its "science journalism programme”. In April 2003, Baliunas appeared at a FAC event giving a talk “Analyzing Environmental Issues: Tools for Journalists”. Baliunas’ session reported “techniques for journalists to use in reporting on risks and claims using global climate change as a case study”<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

But these connections are rarely mentioned by the press. You even have GWC’s other climate sceptic [[William O’Keefe]] quoting Baliunas and Willie Soon in press articles as coming from the Harvard Smithsonian Center without mentioning that the two are both “senior scientists” of the same right-wing think tank that O’Keefe is the President of, that is funded by Exxon<ref> O'Keefe,W (2004)[http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=186 Climate debate isn't about action, it's about knowledge]The Marshall Institute, Accessed 3January 2011</ref>. In January 2004, BBC Radio Four ran an 40 minute radio programme called “the Climate Wars” that gave an in-depth look at Baliunas’ and Hoon’s recent involvement in the climate controversy that mentioned that the two were “linked to the Marshall” Institute, without mentioning their other extensive links to industry or the fact that the think tank is heavily funded by industry.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

The study that the BBC referred to had been published in January 2003 by Baliunas and Soon which argued that the world was warmer in the Middle Ages than it is today. The paper was published in the journal Climate Review. Although the majority of funding came from government agencies, some $53,000 came from the American Petroleum Institute<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref>

The paper generated a flood of complaints. In July, 13 scientists took the unusual step of publishing an extended rebuttal in the American Geophysical Union's house journal, Eos.<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref> Three of the journal’s editors subsequently resigned arguing it should not have been published. But this did not stop the paper being used by the Bush administration to justify inaction <ref> Greenwire (2003) “Climate Change: Editors Resign Over Global Warming Story”, 31 July</ref>. The editor-in-chief of [[Climate Research]], [[Hans Von Storch]], also resigned after the publisher of Climate Research refused publish to the following editorial:

:“The major result of the Soon and Baliunas paper ‘Across the world, many records reveal that the 20th century is probably not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium’ can not be concluded from the evidence presented in that paper, even if the statement itself may be true. It is not a problem of different “opinions” but whether the methodology is adequate of not. Thus, the review process of Climate research failed to confront the authors with necessary and legitimate methodological questions which should have been addressed in the finally printed paper”.<ref> H. von Storch (2003) Editorial, Climate Research, 28 July that was not published so Storch resigned.</ref>

The Baliunas Study was also used by the White House to justify inaction on climate change. In the summer of 2003 the White House published a report on the state of the environment. But it emerged that White House officials had “tried to force the EPA to alter the scientific content of a report in order to play down the risks of global warming”. The editing eliminated references to studies concluding that recent warming is partly caused by human activity from burning fossil fuels. In its place the White House wanted to insert the Baliunas study. An internal EPA decision paper noted that White House officials were insisting on “major edits” to the climate change section. In a leaked internal paper, EPA staff warned that the report “no longer accurately represents scientific consensus on climate change”. The EPA ultimately pulled the global warming section from the report to avoid publishing information that was not scientifically credible.<ref>A. C. Revkin with K. Q. Seelye (2003) “Report by EPA Leaves out Data on Climate Change”, Washington Post, 19 June, p1</ref><ref> Symons, J (2003) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46181-2003Jul11?language=printer How Bush and Co. Obscure the Science]Washington Post Online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

But Senator [[James Inhofe]], R-Okla., who chairs the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, and a known climate sceptic himself, copied and distributed the work. At open hearings in July 2003 he praised it:

“The 1,000-year climate study that the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics has compiled is a powerful, new work of science. It has received much attention, and rightfully so”, Inhofe said. “The powerful new findings of this most comprehensive of studies shiver the timbers of the adrift Chicken Little crowd”.<ref> I. Sanchez (2003) “Harvard Warming Study Draws Fire”, Harvard Crimson, 12 September</ref>

Inhofe also said about climate change that the “the science is not there. This may go down as the greatest hoax ever perpetuated against the American people”.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

In 2003 Ada Consulting Services’ clients included [[Aures Energy]] and [[Edison Electric Institute]] for which Ada was paid $25,000.[42] According to Newsweek: “Few business leaders worked harder to see George W. Bush elected president than his old Yale classmate [[Thomas Kuhn]]. As chief of the Edison Electric Institute, the lobbying arm of the electric-utility industry, Kuhn led a parade of corporate trade groups that threw its support to Bush early in the 2000 campaign. Kuhn also wanted to make sure that the Bushies remembered who was generous when it counted. In a May 1999 memo urging electric executives to write $1,000 checks, he reminded them to include a special "tracking code" devised to "insure that our industry is credited" for its contributions. By Election Day, electric utilities had donated $12.4 million to Bush and other GOP candidates”<ref> M. Isikoff & T. Trent Gegax with B. Turque (2001) “Where There's Smoke..”, Newsweek, 26 March</ref>.

[[Air Quality Standards Coalition]]: According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest it is a “coalition of more than 500 businesses and trade groups... Created specifically to battle the clean air proposals, the coalition operates out of the offices of the National Association of Manufacturers, a Washington-based trade group. Its leadership includes top managers of petroleum, automotive and utility companies”<ref> [http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/air_quality_standards_coalition.html AIR QUALITY STANDARDS COALITION]Cspinet website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

[[Superfund Action Alliance]], which is a business coalition that has received financing from amongst others Chevron Corp, AT&T Corp, WMX Technologies, Union Pacific / Southern Pacific, Rail Corp, Boeing Co, General Electric, Gulfstream / Forstmann Little, United Technologies Corp, Zeneca Inc, Dow Chemical Co, General Motors, Lockheed Martin Corp, American Trucking Association, Browning-Ferris Industries, Amoco Corp, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Bethlehem Steel Corp, BP America Incorporated, Raytheon Co, and Westinghouse Electric Corp.[45]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20040616090731/http://www.commoncause.org/publications/return_6.htm Return on Investment]Web Archive (2004) CommonCause.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>
==People==

[[Frederick Seitz]] | [[Fred Singer]]

===Principals===

*[[Jeff Kueter]] - President
*[[Lynn Wallis]] - Vice President of Operations
*[[Mark Herlong]] - Program Director
*[[Elle Collver]] - Membership Co-ordinator
*[[Andrew Plieninger]] - Adjunct Scholar

===Board of Directors===

*[[Robert Jastrow]] - Chairman of the Board of Directors (GMI); former Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Mount Wilson Institute
*[[Frederick Seitz]] - Chairman Emeritus (GMI); President Emeritus of Rockefeller University, Chair of the Board of SEPP and on the board of Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow. Ex-Advisory board of TASSC (see below)
*[[William O'Keefe]] - President (GMI); President, Solutions Consulting, Inc.
*[[Bruce N. Ames]] - Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley; Was on the Advisory board of the now defunct TASSC, and academic advisor to the Reason Foundation and Fred Singer’s SEPP.
*[[Sallie Baliunas]] - Astrophysicist - George Marshall Institute Senior Scientist
*[[Thomas L. Clancy, Jr.]] - Author
*[[William Happer]] - Eugene Higgens Professor of Physics, Princeton University
*[[Willis M. Hawkins]] - Senior Advisor to Lockheed Corporation
*[[Bernadine Healy]] - Cleveland Clinic Foundation
*[[John H. Moore]] - President, Grove City College
*[[Robert Sproull]] - Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Rochester
*[[Chauncey Starr]] - President Emeritus, Electric Power Research Institute
*[[Charles Krauthammer]] - Syndicated Columnist

''Former members of the Board of Directors''
*[[William A. Nierenberg]]
==Contact==

*'''Address:''' 1625 K Street, NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20006
*'''Web address:''' http://www.marshall.org/

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics]]
[[Category:Climate Change]]
[[Category:Climate]]
[[Category:Climate: Industry Lobby Groups]]

George C. Marshall Institute

2011-01-06T14:21:36Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Funding */

'''George C. Marshall Institute''', established in 1984, is a right-wing think-tank that conducts technical assessments of scientific issues with an impact on public policy. It maintains that “purely scientific appraisals are often politicized and misused by interest groups. The Marshall Institute seeks to counter this trend by providing policymakers with rigorous, clearly written and unbiased technical analyses on a range of public policy issues”.<ref>[http://www.marshall.org/category.php?id=6 About The Marshall Institute],(undated),Marshall Institute website(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

It started during the Reagan era to push for funding for Reagan’s [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and the Star Wars programme, but whilst still working on defence issues has broadened out to be a leading think-tank debunking climate change.

== Issues ==

*Civic Environmentalism
*Climate change
*National Defence
*Bioterrorism
*Missile Defence
*Public Policy

== Funding ==

In the late nineties, the then George C, Marshall President [[Jeffrey Salmon]] wrote that “Since the Marshall Institute was founded in 1984, we have restricted our fund raising to private foundations and individual donors. Given our initial research interest - strategic missile defense - the Institute could easily have received grants from the defense industry, but the Board determined that it would try to avoid the charge of being corporate financed by refusing all donations from industry. When the Institute turned its attention to the science of global warming we could have changed our policy and appealed successfully to industry for financial support. But again, we wanted to keep the debate on the facts of the matter and escape the allegation - a red herring if there ever was one - that the Marshall Institute spoke for big business.

Over the summer our Board determined that the limitation we had placed on our sources of funding no longer made sense. Not only was it clear that nothing could be done to shake the lie of corporate sponsorship, but the positions we had taken over the last decade and a-half were so crystal-clear that it would be absurd to claim that the Marshall Institute was tailoring its position to fit the needs of some corporate interest … . From now on the Marshall Institute will accept grants for general program support from corporate foundations and in some cases directly from corporations. The Board has also determined that before we accept a grant it must be clear to us that the corporate foundation or corporation offering us funding must have a prior record of supporting well-known environmental groups, or groups with a record of opposing the deployment of ballistic missile defenses. This fall, the Institute received its first-ever grant from a corporate foundation-- the [[Exxon Education Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding], Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

The Institute then listed “recent” funders that included: [[Richard Lounsbery Foundation]]; [[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]; [[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]; American Standard Companies; Exxon Education Foundation; [[H.B. Earhart Foundation]]; [[John M. Olin Foundation]]; [[Gelman Education Foundation]]; [[Fieldstead Foundation]]; [[Historical Research Foundation]] and [[Charles and Jean Brunie Foundation]].<ref>Salmon. J,[http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm A Note on Funding],Marshall Institute web archive,(accessed 15 December 2010)</ref>

According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the article on funding was removed on the 3 May 2001.<ref>[http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/george_c_marshall_institute.html Non-Profit Organizations Receiving Corporate Funding]cspinet.org website, Accessed 16 December 2010.</ref>

We also know that the Institute has received $7,178,803 from 105 grants since 1985 from the following conservative foundations.<ref>[http://old.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=137 RECIPIENT GRANTS George C. Marshall Institute], MediaTransparency.org Old Site, Accessed 02 January 2010</ref>:

*[[Castle Rock Foundation]]
*[[Earhart Foundation]]
*[[John M. Olin Foundation]]
*[[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]
*[[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]
*[[Carthage Foundation]]

Since 1998 the George C Marshall Institute has received $250,000 from [[Exxon]].<ref> Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98.</ref>

== Links to other right-wing groups ==

In July 2003 the George C. Marshall Institute, and [[Hoover Institution]] released the book ''Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking''. Present at the press conference were [[Michael Gough]] from the [[CATO Institute]]; Roger Bate from the [[AEI]]/ [[CEI]] / [[International Policy Network]]; and [[Henry Miller]], from the [[Hoover Institution]].<ref> U.S. Newswire (2003), “George C. Marshall Institute, Hoover Institution Release ‘Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking’”, 23 July</ref> Also:

==Climate==

In 1989, the George C Marshall Institute released a report arguing that “cyclical variations in the intensity of the sun would offset any climate change associated with elevated greenhouse gases”. <ref> Union of Concerned Scientists, [http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/global_warming_contrarians/global-warming-skeptic.html Global Warming Skeptics], accessed 21 December 2010; and Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> Although it was refuted by the [[IPCC]], the report was used by the Bush Sr. Administration to argue for a more lenient climate change policy. <ref>Rowell, Andrew (1996) ''Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement'', Routledge, p 141 </ref> It has since published numerous reports and articles attacking the [[Kyoto protocol]] and undermining the science of climate. It is a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition.

The Institute has two main climate sceptics involved, [[William O’Keefe]] and [[Sallie Baliunas]] who works with a colleague [[Willie Soon]]. Baliunas argues that carbon dioxide is not the reason for global warming, but the sun.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031231172520/http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/sci8-22-99.html Science], Web Archive 2003, Accessed 2 January 2010</ref>. She says:

“The scientific history drawn from nature and man's observations over the last millennium suggests that a strong trend of human-induced warming does not exist. The scientific facts indicate that costly policies to combat global warming are unlikely to mitigate any of climate's ever-present natural risks, but they could reduce society's economic ability to cope with them”<ref> Baliunas, S (25 July, 2003), [http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=149 Combatting global warming would be a waste], George Marshall Institute website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>.

Baliunas is often reported in the media as an unbiased scientist<ref> Mckie, R (2003),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/jul/13/climatechange.theobserver The heat is on... and it's getting hotter still], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref> Sample,I (1 September 2003) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/sep/01/research.highereducation Not just warmer: it's the hottest for 2,000 years], Guardian website, Accessed 2 January 2011</ref> as an Astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and as a past Deputy Director of Mount Wilson Observatory. Whilst this is true she has clear political and corporate connections that undermine her scientific credibility. She is not an unbiased scientist at all.

Dr. Baliunas serves as Senior Scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute in Washington, DC, and chairs the Institute's Science Advisory Board. Her colleague at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center, Willie Soon is also a senior scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute[12]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040606231804/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=3 Dr. Sallie Baliunas],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040610061750/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=5 Dr. Willie Soon],web archive(2004), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref>. When asked by the press, Soon has declined to reveal how much he is paid to work at the Institute.<ref> Nesmith, J (2 June 2003),[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/124642_warming02.html Foes of global warming theory have energy ties]Seattle PI website, Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>.

As far back as a decade ago Baliunas went on a speaking media tour organised by a PR firm working for the corporate front group the [[Global Climate Coalition]]<ref> Greenpeace (2001), A Decade Of Dirty Tricks - Exxonmobil’s Attempts To Stop The World Tackling Climate Change, July, pp6</ref>. In 1993-94 Baliunas received the Robert Wesson Endowment Fund for Scholarship on Scientific Philosophy and Public Policy as the visiting scholar in residence at the right-wing [[Hoover Institution]]. Since then other “Wesson” Fellows have included known climate sceptic [[Fred Singer]] (three times) and biotech proponent [[Henry I. Miller]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040224135256/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/research/nwesson.html HOOVER INSTITUTION The Robert Wesson Fellowship]Web Archive (2004), Accessed 2 January 2011 </ref>

In 1996, Baliunas and Soon were listed as members of ESEF – the European Science and Environment Forum – a corporate front / Wise Use group in Europe (see below)

Baliunas is also on the Science and Economics Advisory Council of the [[Annapolis Center]], along with Richard Lindzen another climate septic and Randall Lutter, from the American Enterprise Institute. Also on the board is Dr. [[Paul Reiter]], Professor and Head of Insects and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute, Paris. In the nineties Reiter was invited by the CEI on behalf of the Cooler Heads Coalition to address a conference in Washington <ref> Reiter, P (1998)[http://cei.org/news-letters-cooler-heads-digest/global-warming-and-vector-borne-disease-warmer-sicker Global Warming And Vector-Borne Disease: Is Warmer Sicker?]CEI Website, accessed 2 January 2011 </ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040311113025/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/annapctr/seac.htm The Annapolis Center Science and Economic Advisory Council]Web Archive (2003), Accessed 2 January 2011</ref><ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20031202194953/http://www.annapoliscenter.org/News/baliunas.pdf FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE]Web Archive (2003),Accessed 2 January 2011.</ref> In 2003, he wrote a chapter in a book debunking climate change published in association with the International Policy Network (see below). The Annapolis Center has received $556,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Baliunas is also on the Board of Academic and Scientific Advisors of the [[Wise Use]] group, the Committee for A Constructive Tomorrow (see above). Other climate sceptics, industry apologists or right wing activists on the board include [[Robert C. Balling]], [[Bruce Ames]], [[Roger Bate]], [[Hugh Ellsaesser]], [[Michael Fumento]], [[Sherwood B. Idso]], [[Patrick J. Michaels]], [[A. Alan Moghissi]], [[Frederic Seitz]], [[Gerd-Rainer Weber]], and [[Elizabeth Whelan]].[17]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20071023040446/http://www.cfact.org/what_is_cfact.htm Our Most Noble, or Not-So-Noble, Quest]Web Archive (2007) </ref> CFACT has received some $185,000 from Exxon since 1998.

Both Baliunas and Soon work closely with [[James K. Glassman]] from the [[American Enterprise Institute]] who is the host of [[Tech Central Station]] and Baliunas is a co-host herself. Willie Soon is the Scientific Director of [[Tech Central Station]][18]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070520113716/http://www.techcentralstation.com/biosoonwillie.html Willie Soon]TCS Web Archive 2007,</ref>. Both Baliunas and Soon are on Tech Central Station’s Science Roundtable[19]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051026095325/http://techcentralstation.com/scienceroundtable.html] TCS Web Archive (2005), Note: Ctrl+A makes names visible. </ref>

She has worked with the [[Heartland Institute]] and [[Heritage Foundation]], the [[Science and Environmental Policy Project]], amongst others in the US and Spiked online. She is also on the Scientific Advisory Forum of the [[Scientific Alliance]] in the UK, a UK-based [[Wise Use]] type organisation set up by quarryman [[Robert Durward]] in 2001 (see below). The Forum includes some of the most vociferous pro-GM scientists and [[Philip Stott]], a leading climate sceptic. (See [[Scientific Alliance]].)<ref> Baliunas,S Ph.D., Soon,W Ph.D (2000)[http://www.heartland.org/policybot/results/9842/The_Rains_of_Ranchipur.html The Rains of Ranchipur] Heartland Institute, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> Baliunas, S (2002)[http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/The-Real-Story-About-Climate-Change Warming Up to the Truth: The Real Story About Climate Change]The Heritage Foundation, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref> <ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20080102055453/http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=112 Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D. Biography]Web Archive (2008), CEI website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref> Baliunas, S [http://web.archive.org/web/20031108022419/http://www.eco.freedom.org/el/20030602/sallie.shtml Humanity may not be to blame for global warming after all] Eco-Logic.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

In February 2002, The Institute re-released a study called Climate Change and Policy: Making the Connection. The preface for the European re-issue was written by Philip Stott. The [[European Science and Environment Forum]] (ESEF) issued a news release listing Stott among the individuals to contact for further information and stated that the report was “based on the work of a group of science and policy experts convened by the American George C. Marshall Institute.” ESEF also thanked the “International Policy Network for supporting the publication of this report.” See IPN NEED REF

Baliunas is also on the Scientific Advisory board of the [[Greening Earth Society]], along with Robert Balling and Patrick Michaels. The Greening Earth Society a front organisation started and funded by [[Western Fuels]] and other utility companies.<ref> Giller, J (1999)[http://web.archive.org/web/20040815004823/http://www.gristmagazine.com/busted/busted122099.asp Who's the Chump?]Grist Magazine online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.freedomwriter.com/Archive/Issue_14/art_lit.htm 'THIS LAND IS OUR LAND"] Freedomwriter website, Accessed3 January 2011 </ref> [[Western Fuels]] funds Michael’s newsletter of which Baliunas is a past contributing editor.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

A Clear report in 1998 showed how “Greening Earth Society and Western Fuels are essentially the same organization. Both are located at the same office suite in Arlington, VA. They share the same leader, [[Fred Palmer]], several WFA board members serve as the board for GES, and they have the same "manager of communications and governmental affairs," [[Ned Leonard]]. Leonard and Palmer are both registered lobbyists for [[Western Fuels Association]]<ref> CLEAR (1998)[http://web.archive.org/web/20050117093402/http://clearproject.org/reports_westernfuels.html Western Fuels Association's Astroturf Empire]CLEAR "the anti-environmentalism watchdog group" Web Archive (2005), accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

Baliunas is also on the Advisory board of The [[Statistical Assessment Service]] (STATS), which “ is a stealth PR operation of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] (CMPA)” according to PR Watch<ref> Sourcewatch [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Statistical_Assessment_Service Statistical Assessment Service], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref><ref>STATS at George Mason University [http://web.archive.org/web/20060522192138/http://www.stats.org/record.jsp?type=page&ID=2 Who we are at STATS], Web Archive (2006), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. STATS claims to be a non-partisan education organization that "looks at the way that scientific and quantitative information/research are presented by the media, and works with journalists to help them convey this information more accurately and effectively." Actually, it's a right-wing affiliate of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] whose true mission is to bash environmentalists, feminists and consumer groups. Its director of research, [[David Murray]], is not a statistician. He's a former anthropology professor who first won the favour of the far right when he suggested that society should reaffirm the sanctity of family values by returning to the practice of referring to children of single mothers as “bastards”<ref> [http://www.prwatch.org/links/science.html Science], Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

The CMPA was started by [[Robert Lichter]] and his wife. According to FAIR: “From 1986 to 1988, Robert Lichter was a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. Fund-raising letters for the launch of the [[Center for Media and Public Affairs]] contained endorsements from leading right-wing figures like [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Pat Buchanan]], [[Ed Meese]] (see CRC) and [[Pat Robertson]]”<ref> Naureckas, J (1992) [http://www.fair.org/reports/lichter-memo.html Study of Bias or Biased Study?], FAIR web Archive (2005), Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>. From 1986-2002, the CMPA received $2,500,000 in 43 grants from just five right-wing foundations, Sarah Scaife, Eahart, John Olin, Smith Richardson, Lynde and Harry Bradley, and Carthage.<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20041016114643/http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?573 Center for Media and Public Affairs, Inc] Web Archive mediatransparency.org (2004), Accessed3 January 2011</ref>

Baliunas has also appeared at events or other Exxon-sponsored institutes. In 2002, the Foundation [[for American Communications]] got $175,000 from [[ExxonMobil]] for its "science journalism programme”. In April 2003, Baliunas appeared at a FAC event giving a talk “Analyzing Environmental Issues: Tools for Journalists”. Baliunas’ session reported “techniques for journalists to use in reporting on risks and claims using global climate change as a case study”<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004042/http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652 Sallie Baliunas],FACSNET Web Archive(2007),Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

But these connections are rarely mentioned by the press. You even have GWC’s other climate sceptic [[William O’Keefe]] quoting Baliunas and Willie Soon in press articles as coming from the Harvard Smithsonian Center without mentioning that the two are both “senior scientists” of the same right-wing think tank that O’Keefe is the President of, that is funded by Exxon<ref> O'Keefe,W (2004)[http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=186 Climate debate isn't about action, it's about knowledge]The Marshall Institute, Accessed 3January 2011</ref>. In January 2004, BBC Radio Four ran an 40 minute radio programme called “the Climate Wars” that gave an in-depth look at Baliunas’ and Hoon’s recent involvement in the climate controversy that mentioned that the two were “linked to the Marshall” Institute, without mentioning their other extensive links to industry or the fact that the think tank is heavily funded by industry.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

The study that the BBC referred to had been published in January 2003 by Baliunas and Soon which argued that the world was warmer in the Middle Ages than it is today. The paper was published in the journal Climate Review. Although the majority of funding came from government agencies, some $53,000 came from the American Petroleum Institute<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref>

The paper generated a flood of complaints. In July, 13 scientists took the unusual step of publishing an extended rebuttal in the American Geophysical Union's house journal, Eos.<ref> R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16.</ref> Three of the journal’s editors subsequently resigned arguing it should not have been published. But this did not stop the paper being used by the Bush administration to justify inaction <ref> Greenwire (2003) “Climate Change: Editors Resign Over Global Warming Story”, 31 July</ref>. The editor-in-chief of [[Climate Research]], [[Hans Von Storch]], also resigned after the publisher of Climate Research refused publish to the following editorial:

:“The major result of the Soon and Baliunas paper ‘Across the world, many records reveal that the 20th century is probably not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium’ can not be concluded from the evidence presented in that paper, even if the statement itself may be true. It is not a problem of different “opinions” but whether the methodology is adequate of not. Thus, the review process of Climate research failed to confront the authors with necessary and legitimate methodological questions which should have been addressed in the finally printed paper”.<ref> H. von Storch (2003) Editorial, Climate Research, 28 July that was not published so Storch resigned.</ref>

The Baliunas Study was also used by the White House to justify inaction on climate change. In the summer of 2003 the White House published a report on the state of the environment. But it emerged that White House officials had “tried to force the EPA to alter the scientific content of a report in order to play down the risks of global warming”. The editing eliminated references to studies concluding that recent warming is partly caused by human activity from burning fossil fuels. In its place the White House wanted to insert the Baliunas study. An internal EPA decision paper noted that White House officials were insisting on “major edits” to the climate change section. In a leaked internal paper, EPA staff warned that the report “no longer accurately represents scientific consensus on climate change”. The EPA ultimately pulled the global warming section from the report to avoid publishing information that was not scientifically credible.<ref>A. C. Revkin with K. Q. Seelye (2003) “Report by EPA Leaves out Data on Climate Change”, Washington Post, 19 June, p1</ref><ref> Symons, J (2003) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46181-2003Jul11?language=printer How Bush and Co. Obscure the Science]Washington Post Online, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>

But Senator [[James Inhofe]], R-Okla., who chairs the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, and a known climate sceptic himself, copied and distributed the work. At open hearings in July 2003 he praised it:

“The 1,000-year climate study that the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics has compiled is a powerful, new work of science. It has received much attention, and rightfully so”, Inhofe said. “The powerful new findings of this most comprehensive of studies shiver the timbers of the adrift Chicken Little crowd”.<ref> I. Sanchez (2003) “Harvard Warming Study Draws Fire”, Harvard Crimson, 12 September</ref>

Inhofe also said about climate change that the “the science is not there. This may go down as the greatest hoax ever perpetuated against the American people”.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml Climate Wars]BBC Radio 4 Programme, (13 & 20 January 2004) 8.00-8.40pm, Accessed 3 January 2011 </ref>

In 2003 Ada Consulting Services’ clients included [[Aures Energy]] and [[Edison Electric Institute]] for which Ada was paid $25,000.[42] According to Newsweek: “Few business leaders worked harder to see George W. Bush elected president than his old Yale classmate [[Thomas Kuhn]]. As chief of the Edison Electric Institute, the lobbying arm of the electric-utility industry, Kuhn led a parade of corporate trade groups that threw its support to Bush early in the 2000 campaign. Kuhn also wanted to make sure that the Bushies remembered who was generous when it counted. In a May 1999 memo urging electric executives to write $1,000 checks, he reminded them to include a special "tracking code" devised to "insure that our industry is credited" for its contributions. By Election Day, electric utilities had donated $12.4 million to Bush and other GOP candidates”<ref> M. Isikoff & T. Trent Gegax with B. Turque (2001) “Where There's Smoke..”, Newsweek, 26 March</ref>.

[[Air Quality Standards Coalition]]: According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest it is a “coalition of more than 500 businesses and trade groups... Created specifically to battle the clean air proposals, the coalition operates out of the offices of the National Association of Manufacturers, a Washington-based trade group. Its leadership includes top managers of petroleum, automotive and utility companies”<ref> [http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/air_quality_standards_coalition.html AIR QUALITY STANDARDS COALITION]Cspinet website, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>.

[[Superfund Action Alliance]], which is a business coalition that has received financing from amongst others Chevron Corp, AT&T Corp, WMX Technologies, Union Pacific / Southern Pacific, Rail Corp, Boeing Co, General Electric, Gulfstream / Forstmann Little, United Technologies Corp, Zeneca Inc, Dow Chemical Co, General Motors, Lockheed Martin Corp, American Trucking Association, Browning-Ferris Industries, Amoco Corp, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Bethlehem Steel Corp, BP America Incorporated, Raytheon Co, and Westinghouse Electric Corp.[45]<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20040616090731/http://www.commoncause.org/publications/return_6.htm Return on Investment]Web Archive (2004) CommonCause.org, Accessed 3 January 2011</ref>
==People==

[[Frederick Seitz]] | [[Fred Singer]]

===Principals===

*[[Jeff Kueter]] - Executive Director
*[[Lynn Wallis]] - Vice President of Operations
*[[Mark Herlong]] - Program Director
*[[Elle Collver]] - Membership Co-ordinator
*[[Andrew Plieninger]] - Intern

===Board of Directors===

*[[Robert Jastrow]] - Chairman of the Board of Directors (GMI); former Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Mount Wilson Institute
*[[Frederick Seitz]] - Chairman Emeritus (GMI); President Emeritus of Rockefeller University, Chair of the Board of SEPP and on the board of Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow. Ex-Advisory board of TASSC (see below)
*[[William O'Keefe]] - President (GMI); President, Solutions Consulting, Inc.
*[[Bruce N. Ames]] - Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley; Was on the Advisory board of the now defunct TASSC, and academic advisor to the Reason Foundation and Fred Singer’s SEPP.
*[[Sallie Baliunas]] - Astrophysicist - George Marshall Institute Senior Scientist
*[[Thomas L. Clancy, Jr.]] - Author
*[[William Happer]] - Eugene Higgens Professor of Physics, Princeton University
*[[Willis M. Hawkins]] - Senior Advisor to Lockheed Corporation
*[[Bernadine Healy]] - Cleveland Clinic Foundation
*[[John H. Moore]] - President, Grove City College
*[[Robert Sproull]] - Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Rochester
*[[Chauncey Starr]] - President Emeritus, Electric Power Research Institute
*[[Charles Krauthammer]] - Syndicated Columnist

''Former members of the Board of Directors''
*[[William A. Nierenberg]]
==Contact==

*'''Address:''' 1625 K Street, NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20006
*'''Web address:''' http://www.marshall.org/

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:Think Tanks]]
[[Category:Climate Change Sceptics]]
[[Category:Climate Change]]
[[Category:Climate]]
[[Category:Climate: Industry Lobby Groups]]

User talk:Darryl Gadzekpo

2011-01-04T16:49:01Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* George Marshall Institute page */

== Codex ==

Hi Darryl, thanks for all your work on Codex, I've sent a message to your email but we also can use this function as a way to talk... have also sent a link on reference styles for various things which might be of help: http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Powerbase:A_Guide_to_Referencing#Reference_examples.
cheers --[[User:Melissa Jones|Melissa Jones]] 00:07, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

== George Marshall Institute page ==

Hi Darryl, Happy New Year!
Thanks for your hard work on updating all the George Marshall Institute page references, it's much appreciated. I am about to delete the old references from the actual page but thought I would paste them here for the moment in case you're not finished or we need to double check anything.--[[User:Melissa Jones|Melissa Jones]] 16:38, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

References

* [1] http://www.marshall.org/category.php?id=6
* [2] http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm
* [3] http://web.archive.org/web/20020913050409/http://www.marshall.org/funding.htm
* [4] http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/george_c_marshall_institute.html
* [5] http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?137
* [6] Source Greenpeace - data from company reports for 98, 00, 01, 02 – data not available for 99 and pre-98.
* [7] U.S. Newswire (2003) “George C. Marshall Institute, Hoover Institution Release ‘Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking’”, 23 July.
* [8] Union of Concerned Scientists, Global Warming Skeptics; A. Rowell (1996) Green Backlash – Global Subversion of the Environment Movement, Routledge, p141
* [9] http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/sci8-22-99.html
* [10] http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=149
* [11] See for example: http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,997171,00.html; http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1032980,00.html
* [12] http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=3; http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/view_speaker.asp?idspeaker=5
* [13] http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/124642_warming02.html
* [14] Greenpeace (2001) A Decade Of Dirty Tricks - Exxonmobil’s Attempts To Stop The World Tackling Climate Change, July, p6
* [15] http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/research/nwesson.html
* [16] http://www.cei.org/gencon/014,01520.cfm www.annapoliscenter.org/News/baliunas.pdf; http://www.annapoliscenter.org/annapctr/seac.htm
* [17] http://www.cfact.org/what_is_cfact.htm
* [18] http://www.Tech Central Station.com/biosoonwillie.html
* [19] http://www.Tech Central Station.com/scienceroundtable.html
* [20] http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=9842; http://www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/HL758.cfm http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=112; http://www.eco.freedom.org/el/20030602/sallie.shtml;

http://www.spiked-online.com/panicattack/strand2b.stm

* [21] http://www.gristmagazine.com/busted/busted122099.asp; http://www.ucsusa.org/publications/nucleus.cfm?publicationID=318http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/greening_earth_society.html; http://www.freedomwriter.com/Archive/Issue_14/art_lit.htm
* [22] http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652
* [23] http://www.clearproject.org/reports_westernfuels.html
* [24] http://www.stats.org/record.jsp?type=page&ID=2; http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Statistical_Assessment_Service
* [25] http://www.prwatch.org/links/science.html
* [26] http://www.fair.org/reports/lichter-memo.html
* [27] http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?573
* [28] http://www.facsnet.org/sources/newssources/results.php3?id=652
* [29] http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=186
* [30] http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/climatewars.shtml
* [31] R. Monastersky (2003) “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16
* [32] R. Monastersky (2003 “Storm Brews Over Global Warming”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 September. p16
* [33] Greenwire (2003) “Climate Change: Editors Resign Over Global Warming Story”, 31 July,
* [34] H. von Storch (2003) Editorial, Climate Research, 28 July that was not published so Storch resigned.
* [35] http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46181-2003Jul11?language=printer; A. C. Revkin with K. Q. Seelye (2003) “Report by EPA Leaves out Data on Climate Change”, Washington Post, 19 June, p1
* [36] I. Sanchez (2003) “Harvard Warming Study Draws Fire”, Harvard Crimson, 12 September.
* [37] BBC Radio 4 (2004) “Climate Wars”, 18 January.
* [38] http://www.marshall.org/experts.php?id=83
* [39] http://www.globalclimate.org/
* [40] http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/opr_gifviewer.exe?/2003/01/000/390/000390576|1
* [41] http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/opr_gifviewer.exe?/2002/01/000/575/000575663|2
* [42] http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/opr_gifviewer.exe?/2003/01/000/271/000271474|1
* [43] M. Isikoff & T. Trent Gegax with B. Turque (2001) “Where There's Smoke..”, Newsweek, 26 March
* [44] http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/air_quality_standards_coalition.html
* [45] http://www.commoncause.org/publications/return_6.htm – includes funding from executives and subsidiaries

Hi, I only had issues with 40-42 references. First they weren't numbered in the document and I could not retrieve any data on them, but that was all. Also the reference i found for one of the first stats about funding was from a later date i think, and the total sum received is greater than originally stated, not sure as to what you wanted to do regarding this,

BAe Systems

2011-01-04T12:40:24Z

Darryl Gadzekpo: /* Market Share/Importance */

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080517032504rn_1/www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/bae.php BAE Systems Statistics & Information for 2006],Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) web Archive (2008), Accessed 4 January 2011</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>Defense News Top 100 http://defensenews.com/index.php?S=06top100</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>'BAE Systems at a glance', BAE Systems Annual Report 2006 [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf]</ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>BAE systems website [http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]</ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref>'Results in brief', [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001) Arms Industry Briefing, CAAT website [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php]</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref>BAE Systems website [http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/]</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-04T12:08:46Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_1081014135812.html NEWS RELEASE](2008), BAE Systems website, Accessed 4 January 2011 </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) website [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/baes.php]
</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>Defense News Top 100 http://defensenews.com/index.php?S=06top100</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>'BAE Systems at a glance', BAE Systems Annual Report 2006 [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf]</ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>BAE systems website [http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]</ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref>'Results in brief', [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001) Arms Industry Briefing, CAAT website [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php]</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref>BAE Systems website [http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/]</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]

BAe Systems

2011-01-03T19:51:03Z

Darryl Gadzekpo:

<blockquote style="background-color:beige;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;width:50%">"The Systems Company Innovating for a Safer World." —BAE Systems North American website<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_ccomms_cr01.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility Review 2001]BAE Systems Website, Accessed April 2001</ref></blockquote>

==Industry Areas==

BAE Systems plc is a global arms company, with interests also in civilian avionics and engineering. Its subsidiaries are also involved in providing intelligence, personnel and logistics support to US/UK military.

===Market Share/Importance===

BAE Systems aims to be "the premier global defence and aerospace company delivering a full range of products and services for air, land and naval forces". <ref>BAE Systems website </ref> As such, the company has interests in areas spanning the range of avionics and defence systems, from hardware manufacture to personnel training. Primarily, however, BAE is an arms company, with military equipment currently accounting for around 80% of the company's total sales. <ref>Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) website [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/baes.php]
</ref> In 2005 their military revenue amounted to $20,935 million (from a total revenue of $26,500 million). <ref>Defense News Top 100 http://defensenews.com/index.php?S=06top100</ref> It is the world's fourth largest defence and aerospace firm, behind [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]]. <ref>ibid.</ref>

The company is a significant employer, directly employing around 88,600 people. <ref>'BAE Systems at a glance', BAE Systems Annual Report 2006 [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf]</ref> Over a third of its workforce is outside the UK, largely in their other five home markets – the US, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. BAE Systems is present in five continents, with "customers and partners in more than 100 countries", <ref>BAE systems website [http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/index.htm About Us]</ref> and its order book at the end of 2006 totalled £31.7 billion. <ref>'Results in brief', [http://www.investis.com/investors/downloads/annualreport2006.pdf BAE Systems Annual Report 2006, p.3]</ref> Its biggest rivals are the US companies [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Boeing]] and [[Northrop Grumman]], as well as the European syndicate [[EADS]] Inc, which formed when BAE acquired GEC (see History, below). In theory, BAE Systems is financially strong enough to attempt a takeover of its rivals. However, BAE Systems' ambition to merge with [[Boeing]] or [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] has been ruled out by the US government. <ref> Wrigley, C. (2001) Arms Industry Briefing, CAAT website [http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/companies/arms-industry.php]</ref> Nevertheless, its desire to break into the US market, by far the largest in the world for arms companies, continues unabated.

==History and Strategy==

British Aerospace (BAe) was first formed as a nationalised corporation in April 1977 by the merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. State control over the arms trade didn't survive for very long under the Thatcher government, however, with the UK Government selling 51.57% of its shares in BAe in February 1981, upon its formation as a public limited company (PLC). <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> In 1985, the UK Government sold its remaining shares, keeping only a special £1 'golden' share in order to ensure that the company continued under British control. <ref>BAE Systems website [http://production.investis.com/investors/shareholder/shforeign/]</ref>

At around the same time as it became an entirely privately-owned company, BAe became involved in one of the biggest trade scandals of the 1980s -- the Al Yamamah deals with Saudia Arabia. According to the Financial Times, the arms deal (known as Al Yamamah II) was "the biggest [UK] sale ever of anything, to anyone". <ref> cited in Hirst, C. 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia,' CAAT website http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/countries/saudi-arabia.php</ref> The deals were condemned by [[Amnesty International]] as a clear endorsement of a country in the hands of a repressive regime who display a "persistent pattern of gross human rights violations". <ref>Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/mde23.htm</ref> BAe was the prime contractor for the entire deal, which included the sale of 48 Tornado bombers, 24 Tornado fighters, 30 Hawk trainer-fighters, and a large number of Rapier missiles. It also involved millions of pounds worth of corrupt commissions paid to Arabian businessmen, which the Conservative government of the time denied (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section). Needless to say, this part of the company's history does not appear on its own corporate timeline.

Meanwhile, in 1988 BAe began to expand its holdings, starting with the acquistion of the [[Rover]] group. By 1991 [[Heckler & Koch GMbh]], the German small arms company, had joined them, and in 1992 the company reorganised itself. The arms side of the company were amalgamated into British Aerospace Defence Limited, whereas three new companies were formed to replace British Aerospace (Commercial Aircraft) Limited. These were British Aerospace Airbus Limited, British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Limited and British Aerospace Corporate Jets Limited.<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> As well as internal reorganisation, BAe also began to form alliances with other companies in the arms sector; in October 1993 a joint venture company was formed with [[GEC-Marconi]] to "manage and develop their involvement in the naval Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) guided weapons project."<ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> This reflected the increasing trend for co-operation between companies in the sector.

Undeterred by the outrage and corruption which had mired its arms deals to Saudi Arabia, in November 1996 the Conservative Government handed BAe another morally dubious trade agreement. A large shipment of arms, including 16 Hawk fighter aircraft, was to be sent to the dictatorship that ruled Indonesia, despite widespread suspicion that they would inevitably be used to facilitate the repression of East Timor. As [[Robin Cook]] stated in the House of Commons in 1994, "Hawk aircraft have been observed on bombing runs in East Timor in most years since 1984." <ref>Hildyard, N. (1999) [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51970 Snouts in the Trough]: Export Credit Agencies, Corporate Welfare and Policy Incoherence', Corner House Briefing No. 14, The Corner House website</ref> Unsurprisingly, this evidence did nothing to dissuade BAe from extracting the maximum profit available from the deal.

In the following years, BAe continued to restructure its business, concentrating more heavily on its 'core competencies' and divesting its shares in other, unrelated businesses. In March 1998, for example, it disposed of shares representing a 16.11% ownership of [[Orange]] plc, making £763.8 million. Meanwhile, it increased its interest in the civil aerospace interest of Airbus, and continued to expand into the US arms market by joining [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Joint Strike Fighter project team. In September 1998 it entered into partnership agreements (along with Rolls Royce) with the Universities of Cambridge, Sheffield and Southampton in order to "research into future engineering design processes." <ref>BAE Systems Company History, BAE Systems graduate recruitment site [http://www.graduates-baesystems.com/html/corporateTimeline.php]</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]])

Perhaps the biggest change for company came in January 1999, when British Aerospace announced its merger with GEC's [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] business (essentially the arms dealing side of [[GEC-Marconi]]). In November 1999, the two businesses merged, creating a new corporate entity named BAE Systems, which became the largest arms dealer in the world. All was not necessarily rosy with the new company, however, with a profits warning issued on January 10, 2001, wiping away a quarter of the company's value on the stockmarket. <ref>Kuo, D. (2001) Market Comment: 'BAE Systems Dives', The Motley Fool website [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2001/c010110b.htm]</ref>

New developments have, however, made the company's future look bright. The British Government continues to look after its corporate friends, with the recent £28 million sale of a military air-traffic control system to debt-stricken Tanzania causing outrage among ordinary voters. As [[Justin Forsyth]], Oxfam's head of policy, has put it: "It is outrageous that Tanzania's debt relief will go towards bolstering the profits of BAE and Barclays bank rather than helping the poor people of Tanzania". <ref>Denny, C. (2001) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tanzania/story/0,11441,623358,00.html Backlash over costly high-tech for Tanzania], The ''Guardian'' website, 21 December 2001
</ref> On top of this, the British government is currently mounting an intensive campaign to sell 60 Hawk jets, worth £1bn, to India. This is despite the danger of the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir spilling into war and destabilising the entire region. BAE Systems has already sold Jaguar combat aircraft to India in licensing deals that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) refuses to disclose <ref>Norton-Taylor, R. (2002) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,688932,00.html British plane sales to India raise fears of nuclear use], The ''Guardian'' website, 23 April 2002</ref> (see [[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes|Corporate Crimes]] section).

External factors have also helped to secure BAE's future - most notably the fallout from the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th, 2001. The "War on Terrorism" cannot fail to boost BAE's profits, and as the Board of BAE point out in their preliminary results for 2001, the loss of revenue from civilian aeronautics will be mitigated "by the overall improvement in performance in the other business groups." <ref>'BAE SYSTEMS delivers 2001 financial results to plan with a strong order book and balance sheet', BAE Systems website 14 February 2002 [http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2002/press_14022002.html]</ref> In other words, the fall in civilian air traffic doesn't matter to BAE Systems, because they will continue to profit from the spiral of death and destruction which constitutes the arms trade. The outlook is bright for this company only when it is bleak for the rest of the world.

Despite an increase in share prices and a generally good outlook for the company, on Tuesday March 26th, 2002, a boardroom coup shocked The City. This lead to the departure of CEO John Weston, who had been with the company for more than 30 years. It has been suggested that his style clashed with the Chairman of the Board of Directors, [[Sir Richard Evans]], and that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) resented being "bullied" by Weston. As the ''Observer'' put it: "Weston had irritated Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] by his opposition to the Government's defence procurement process... Evans is good at relationship building; Weston has sometimes been criticised for adopting a more robust approach with officials." <ref>Wachman, R. (2002) 'A very British coup at BAE', 31/3/02, The ''Observer'' website, 31 March 2002 [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,676379,00.html]</ref> Whatever the reason, [[Mike Turner]] (formerly Chief Operating Officer) was quickly promoted to the vacant CEO spot, and The City expects more changes to occur soon, not least in the orientation of the company. Rather than a single focus on the United States, it is thought that Turner will concentrate on keeping the activities of BAE diversified, and on rebuilding relations with the MoD.

==Intelligence support in Iraq==
BAE set up Human Terrain Systems (HTS) at the beginning of the 2003 US attack on Iraq. HTS hires anthropologists and embeds them with US/UK military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan to provide culture sensitive interpretation to advice local commanders, and to gather intelligence.<ref>William O Beeman, [Iraq's lethal fieldwork], Le monde diplomatique, March 2008</ref>

==Contact, References and Resources==
===Contact===
===Resources===
*[[BAe Systems: Products/Projects]]
*[[BAe Systems: Who, Where, How much?]]
*[[BAe Systems: Influence/Lobbying]]
*[[BAe Systems: Corporate Crimes]]

==External Links==
*Campaign Against Arms Trade http://www.caat.org.uk/
*BAE Systems http://www.baesystems.com/
*Defense News http://defensenews.com/
*Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/
*The Corner House http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/
*Guardian Unlimited http://www.guardian.co.uk/

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Transnational Corporations]]
[[Category:Arms Industry]]