Powerbase - User contributions [en]

Martyn Perks

2021-03-19T18:31:17Z

Bristol Chris: Style

{{Powerbase:LM network: Resources}}
[[File:Martyn_Perks.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Martyn Perks in 2010]]
[[Martyn Perks]] is a business consultant associated with the libertarian anti-environmental [[LM network]]. He was “a leading member in London for the [[Campaign Against Militarism]]” in the mid-1990s, <ref>"[https://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/17979174.25-years-ago-art-students-fear-attack-thugs-kill-bill-march-attracts-300/ ‘Kill the bill’ march attracts 300]", Falmouth Packet, 20 October 1994, accessed 19 March 2021</ref> has written for [[Spiked]], <ref>"[http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/author/Martyn%20Perks/ Articles by Martyn Perks]", Spiked website, accessed 2 May 2010</ref> [[Culture Wars]] and the [[Future Cities Project]], has appeared on [[Claire Fox News]] and produced a session for the [[Battle of Ideas]], is a [[Debating Matters]] judge, <ref>"[http://www.debatingmatters.com/people/martyn_perks/ People]", Debating Matters website, accessed 2 June 2010</ref> is a co-author of the [[Big Potatoes]] manifesto <ref>"[http://www.martynperks.com/ Home page]", Martyn Perks website, accessed 2 June 2010</ref> and wrote a publication for [[cScape]].

==Resources==
:Profile "[http://www.bigpotatoes.org/about/ Martyn Perks]", Big Potatoes website, accessed 29 Dec 2010
:Business website [http://www.thinkingapart.com/ Thinking apart]
:Personal website [http://www.martynperks.com/ Martyn Perks]
:Twitter [http://twitter.com/#!/martynperks Martynperks]

==Notes==

<references/>

[[Category:LM network|Perks, Martyn]]

Martyn Perks

2021-03-19T18:30:34Z

Bristol Chris: Earlier reference

{{Powerbase:LM network: Resources}}
[[File:Martyn_Perks.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Martyn Perks in 2010]]
[[Martyn Perks]] is a business consultant associated with the libertarian anti-environmental [[LM network]]. He was “a leading member in London for the [[Campaign Against Militarism]]” in the mid-1990s,<ref>"[https://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/17979174.25-years-ago-art-students-fear-attack-thugs-kill-bill-march-attracts-300/ ‘Kill the bill’ march attracts 300]", Falmouth Packet, 20 October 1994, accessed 19 March 2021</ref> has written for [[Spiked]], <ref>"[http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/author/Martyn%20Perks/ Articles by Martyn Perks]", Spiked website, accessed 2 May 2010</ref> [[Culture Wars]] and the [[Future Cities Project]], has appeared on [[Claire Fox News]] and produced a session for the [[Battle of Ideas]], is a [[Debating Matters]] judge, <ref>"[http://www.debatingmatters.com/people/martyn_perks/ People]", Debating Matters website, accessed 2 June 2010</ref> is a co-author of the [[Big Potatoes]] manifesto <ref>"[http://www.martynperks.com/ Home page]", Martyn Perks website, accessed 2 June 2010</ref> and wrote a publication for [[cScape]].

==Resources==
:Profile "[http://www.bigpotatoes.org/about/ Martyn Perks]", Big Potatoes website, accessed 29 Dec 2010
:Business website [http://www.thinkingapart.com/ Thinking apart]
:Personal website [http://www.martynperks.com/ Martyn Perks]
:Twitter [http://twitter.com/#!/martynperks Martynperks]

==Notes==

<references/>

[[Category:LM network|Perks, Martyn]]

Marco Jacobs (alias)

2016-06-15T23:27:16Z

Bristol Chris: /* Court cases */

{{Undercover_Police_Officer_sidebar|Name=Unknown|Alias=Mark ‘Marco’ Jacobs|Series=undercover police officers|Image=Marco_Jacobs.png|Unit=National Public Order Intelligence Unit|DatesDeployed=2004-09|Targets=Anarchist direct action networks}}

'''‘Mark Jacobs’''', more commonly known as '''‘Marco Jacobs’''', was the assumed identity of an undercover police officer who infiltrated political groups within the activist and anarchist movement. He was active between 2004 and 2009, at first in the Brighton area of southern England, and then Cardiff, south Wales.

It is believed that he worked for the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]],<ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref> and that after the end of his deployment, he was subsequently deployed undercover elsewhere, until publicity surrounding this and other spy operations caused him to be “moved for security reasons” after his “identity was compromised”.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

The role of ‘Jacobs’ as a long-term undercover police spy was brought to public attention in January 2011 in the wake of the unmasking of fellow NPOIU spy Mark Kennedy.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' confirmed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Both South Wales and Metropolitan police maintained a [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] defence of all aspects of Jacobs' deployment. Three people from Cardiff Anarchist Nework spied upon by Jacobs brought their case to the High Court claiming damages for what they had gone through. In March 2015 the Metropolitan police conceded they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.<ref name = COPS>Campaign Opposing Police Surveillance, [http://campaignopposingpolicesurveillance.com/2015/03/26/police-concede-marco-jacobs-was-spycop/ Police Concede Marco Jacobs was Spycop], blog post, 26 March 2015 (accessed June 2016</ref>

More than a year later, and more importantly after the unprecedented apology in November 2015 of the Met police to the eight women who had been in relationships with undercover officers, the case of the Cardiff anarchists is continuing with a further hearing on 7 June 2016.

Jacobs' current whereabouts and status are unknown. Likewise nothing is known of his true identity or history as a police officer.

''N.B. This is a preliminary profile and we are interested in learning more about his activities. If you think you have anything to add or to correct, [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.not get in touch] (PGP key available on request).''

Also see:
* [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]
* [[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

==Overview of undercover tour as ‘Marco Jacobs’==
The man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ first appeared in Brighton in late 2004, and quickly made attempts to inveigle his way into political groups, primarily those of a direct action-oriented anarchist or anti-authoritarian nature. He attended local protests, travelled to demonstrations in other parts of the country, took part in meetings, and socialised with activists.

However, it appears that he was never entirely trusted within the Brighton activist community<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>, and so in 2005 he moved to Cardiff, where he repeated the same repertoire of behaviour, but, it seems, more successfully. Cardiff activist Tom Fowler, pointed at the different character of that city's activist scene compared to Brighton's: “he was a normal working class bloke and the activist scene in Brighton was maybe not somewhere ‘Jacobs’ was fitting in.”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> Fellow Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) activist ‘Verity Smith’ concurred with this view in her account:

::He moved to Cardiff claiming that he’d come from Brighton but that (activists in) Brighton had been hostile to him, had not accepted him and that he’d felt excluded. He said he’d come to Cardiff because we were more open and more tolerant of new people becoming involved and that there was a lot going on in Cardiff in terms of activism and that he wanted to be where things were happening.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp276">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p276.</ref>

Whilst in Cardiff he became more involved in international protest organising networks, and developed close, sometimes sexual, relationships with a number of activists.<ref name="RELATIONSHIPS">See section on [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Relationships|relationships]] for more on this.</ref>

He disappeared in late 2009, having said he was moving to Corfu for a job.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>

Though suspicions about him grew in his absence, nothing more was heard about him until January 2011, when the furore over the [[Mark Kennedy]] affair led to him being acknowledged as a police spy shortly after the public exposure of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]].<ref name="GN3.001">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist ‘Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist’], ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.001">quiteliketheguardianactually, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/471994.html ‘Officer A’], ''Indymedia UK'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.002">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

===Timeline===
For a better overview, a timeline is in the making. The current version collates previously published (though sometimes as yet uncorroborated) claims and privately confirmed details of what ‘Jacobs’ did, and where and when he did it. We still need to talk to people who knew Jacobs, if you have any details to add about his activites and behaviour, do [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.net get in touch].

:''See main article: [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Personal details==

‘Jacobs’ was a heavy-set, hirsute man with a Midlands accent with a wry (or sometimes dark) sense of humour, and a propensity for drinking large volumes of alcohol. It appears he presented somewhat different versions of himself depending on the audience, with a noticeable change in his behaviour and appearance by the time he had moved from Brighton to Cardiff.

===Age===
At the outset of his deployment he was in his mid-to-late thirties. On exposure in January 2011, his age was said to be 44, suggesting a birth year of 1966 or 1967.<ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.001"></ref>

===Physical appearance===
Several accounts note him to be a physically large man (“carrying a little too much weight around the middle”<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>), typically describing him as approximately fifteen stone (210 pounds, or 95kg)<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref><ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ReallyFITw">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his weight at approximately “15/16 stone”.</ref>, and about six foot (183cm) in height.<ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="ReallyFITh">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his height at “around 5'11"”.</ref>

His hair - brown and slightly curly - varied in length and style over the years, from a shaggy mullet to a neater ponytail. He tended to be unshaven, sometimes wearing a beard.<ref name="Hair Notes">See [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Gallery|gallery of photographs]] above.</ref> ''Guardian'' reporters Evans and Lewis suggest that between his deployment in Brighton and the move to Cardiff, ‘Jacobs’ “had the chance to learn from mistakes in Brighton. He became a vegan and changed his appearance, growing his hair to his shoulders and dying it purple.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref> He was also bestowed with large amounts of body hair.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

He had ear piercings and tattoos, including the name ‘Sam’ on his lower back (which he claimed was a tribute to his by then ex-wife), subsequently covered up with a black star, and a piece of Celtic knotwork on one shoulder, which he said he had got when he was in a bike gang as an 18 year old.<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

===Background===

On arriving in Brighton, he claimed to have come from Reading, a city in the Thames Valley area, close to London.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> To activists in Cardiff he presented himself as from Northampton, a supporter of the Northampton Town football club, and moving away from Northampton due to a “messy break-up with a woman” there.<ref name="ABK118ch17p277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref> Accounts generally suggest - based on his accent and on claims made by ‘Jacobs’ himself - that he originally hailed from the English Midlands, possibly Northampton<ref name="ABK118ch17p277"></ref><ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="IM4.008">Courtnee Brantley, [http://indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html?c=on#c263675 ‘Marco information’], ''Indymedia UK'', 24 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014)</ref> or Derby<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>.

===Occupation===

On appearing in Brighton early on in his undercover deployment, ‘Jacobs’ claimed to be “a landscape artist [who] also drove trucks”.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> In Brighton, he presented an elaborated story on how he would do the front of corporate head quarters of companies that would want exactly the same design at their offices, for instance in Edinburgh and Bristol. He would use this as an explanation for the periods of time he was away. However, as he befriended an activist who was in landscaping too, he changed his said-occupation into truck driver and gave away his tools.<ref name = brighton>Interview with group of activists in Brighton, URG, 2 October 2014</ref>

Following his relocation to Cardiff, he had refined his legend and presented himself as a truck driver who spent his time “hauling boxes of shopping catalogues around the country”.<ref name="ABK085p228">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p228.</ref> This part of his cover seems to have been meticulously prepared:

:He would spend hours explaining how he had executed complicated reversing manoeuvres, parking HGV trucks in parking bays ‘designed for Tonka cars’. He had a permanently suntanned right forearm, which friends noticed was noticeably browner than the left, even during the winter. It was, he said, the result of having one arm constantly rested on the truck door by the window...Jacobs talked so much about truck driving he became annoying.<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Domicile===

Whilst in Brighton, he lived in “a house close to Elm Grove,”<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> a high density neighbourhood within the city with a large transient population due to large numbers of houses of multiple occupancy (HMOs) and popularity with students.<ref name="Elm Grove HMOs">Planning & Public Protection, Information & Mapping, [http://present.brighton-hove.gov.uk/Published/C00000120/M00003230/AI00026371/$20120306163530_001865_0006177_Appendix2HanoverandElmGroveHMOandStudentHousingDensity.pdfA.ps.pdf ‘HMO & Student Housing Density: Hanover & Elm Grove Ward’], Brighton & Hove City Council website, November 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

Activists in Brighton remember the flat as 'sparse' and 'clean', with just a Bob Marley poster on the wall. "Looks like the place of a copper" someone said, but by the time that was a running gag - activists say in hindsight.<ref name = brighton/>

In Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ rented a first floor apartment “near Roath Park, on the fringe of the student area.” According to CAN activist ‘Janine’ the flat was barely furnished and “entirely without personality,” with “no photographs or anything else that you would have by the time you were in your 40s.”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Personality===

Cardiff activist ‘Janine’ describes ‘Jacobs’ as “Big, burly, brash and blokey,”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>, an assessment echoed elsewhere, including the Cardiff Anarchist Network statement about him, which described the by-now exposed undercover policeman as “likeable, personally supportive, funny and very useful to have around”.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Several people have noted his use of humour. ‘Verity Smith’ has suggested that “he hid behind this sort of amiable clown thing, he made a joke of everything, deflected everything”.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p280.</ref> Another unnamed source posed a rhetorical question to regional newspaper ''Wales On Sunday'': “If they can send a bloke cracking jokes into your life, who will they send next time?”<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref>

His legend included a messy breakup from a relationship with a woman who abused him. At the time this seemed a believable story, but some people had questions about Jacobs' claims - merely his size and weight made it not very likely that he would end up as the beaten one. In general, his attempt to position himself as a vulnerable person did not really work.<ref name = brighton/>

Publicly available accounts of his time in Brighton suggest that despite his best efforts he remained something of an outsider to the city's activist scene.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> Evans and Lewis claim that he had “few friends” there; their book contains recollections about ‘Jacobs’ from one of these, called ‘Terry’.<ref name="ABK085pp226-227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, pp226-227.</ref> Some people even felt sorry for him, he was trying so hard to fit in, but failed.<ref name = brighton/>
====Changing the mood at meetings====
Several accounts note that ‘Jacobs’ regularly used a number of idiosyncratic phrases.

The pen portrait of his time in Brighton by ‘Dick Tracy’ notes that ‘Jacobs’ was in the habit of “making sarcastic comments in social situations and meetings,” adding that this “may have been an attempt to disrupt activist organising”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> The Cardiff Anarchist Network monograph appears to echo this last supposition, stating that he “changed the culture of the organisation, encouraging a lot of drinking, gossip and back-stabbing.”<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

An otherwise brief FITwatch blog post<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> lists a number of the catchphrases often used by ‘Jacobs’:
::little phrases that were used frequently to deflect question or discussion, or to lighten situations. "Dear diary..." he'd say when we'd be discussing the days/weeks happenings. "And relax..." at the end of meetings or stressful conversations. Everything was "dinky do". He'd do a "welfare check" to see how you were, and generally things were ridic/hillar/bloody marv. Other people's witticisms were greeted with "did you see what he did there?". And that's a "negadive" (negative) or "check".

Based on their interviews with activists who knew ‘Jacobs’, Evans and Lewis claim that he “liked to adopt the persona of a Northern [English] comedian.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

In a similar vein, he would produce spoof minutes from meetings (mentioned in the context of Jacobs taking minutes of Dissent meetings before the G8 summit in Glenneagles).<ref name = brighton/>

====Attitudes towards and promotion of violence====
According to Evans and Lewis, during his time in Brighton ‘Jacobs’ “boasted about getting into pub brawls”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>. One story is a bit more specific, Jacobs claimed to have gone back to Northampton to meet and old mate, and end up receiving a beaten in a pub fight. In hindsight this story did not add up with Jacobs' claims of coming to Brighton because he needed a clean break from his old life.<ref name = brighton/>

By the time he surfaced in Cardiff he claimed that he had been to prison on remand, but was vague about why or what for, preferring instead to allude to a past as “a bit of a fighter.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

One commenter on CAN's statement on Indymedia, ‘stroppyoldgit’, claimed ‘Jacobs’ repeatedly attempted to stir up more militant or violent activity amongst activists at protests, regardless of the circumstances. In particular at a No Borders camp near Gatwick:<ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
::He made a couple of ridiculous interventions in the big meeting before the main march through Crawley to the detention centre, urging us to make the next day a big fight with the cops...He tried to start a gormless violence-obsessed conversation.

===Relationships===

Part of the back story given by ‘Jacobs’ is that “he was separated from his former partner, who used to physically abuse him”.<ref name="AEV040">The Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ''AKJ and others -v- Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others''], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref> The version put forward by Evans and Lewis is slightly different; they present it as a messy divorce from an abusive ex-wife called ‘Sam’ (“who beat him up”) before appearing on the activist scene. Given that he had this name (or at least the letters S A M) tattooed on his back - subsequently covered up with a black star - it seems likely that there was a real person by this name in the life of the police officer playing the part of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="ABK085p227"></ref>

Whilst he is not known to have developed many close bonds with activists in Brighton, an anonymous Indymedia posting claims that during his time there he “slept with at least one woman who was close to the activist scene”.<ref name="IM4.013">a source, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html?c=on#c264095 ‘Another under-the-covers-cop’], ''Indymedia UK'', 30 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref> Activists in Brighton said it was a friend of a friend, and not somebody close to the scene.<ref name = brighton/>

In Brighton, he confided to a friend that he had once kissed a man, but asked for this to remain confidential.<ref name = brighton/>

In contrast he was able to “befriend people from the [south Wales] area around the country at different protests”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> - first meeting CAN activists in 2004<ref name="AEV040"></ref><ref name="AEV067">Lord Justice Maurice Kay & Lady Justice Sharp, [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2013/1342.html ''In the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) on Appeal from the High Court, QBD - Mr Justice Tugendhat HQ12X00132 before LJ Maurice Kay & LJ Sharp - AJA, ARB & Thomas Fowler -v- Chief Constable South Wales Police & ACPO + AKJ, KAW & SUR -v- Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis & ACPO''], Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Royal Courts of Justice, 5 November 2013 (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> - and so decided to move to Cardiff. Here ‘Jacobs’ was able to ingratiate himself into several close friendships. These included:

:*'''Tom Fowler''': an activist involved in, amongst other groups, Cardiff Anarchist Network and South Wales Anarchists, and “then at the centre of Cardiff activism”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref> He says Jacobs “became a very close friend of mine, became more than a close friend of some members of our group.”<ref name="AUD020"></ref> Fowler described ‘Jacobs’ as “privy to all of my decision-making around activism and personal relationships to a really deep level...He was like my best mate. He was the most reliable person in my life.”<ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

:*'''Fran Ryan''': A vegan baker introduced to ‘Jacobs’ by Tom Fowler, Fran Ryan was then 50 and “not herself politically active”, but she “quickly formed a rapport with the undercover police officer.” ‘Jacobs’ even tried (unsuccessfully) to get her to accompany him to a “meeting of European animal rights activists in Vienna”, before she agreed instead to go with him to an animal rights gathering in Essex.<ref name="ABK085p232-233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232-233.</ref>

‘Jacobs’ is also known to have had sexual relationships with at least two activists amongst the groups he spied upon.

:*'''‘Sarah’''': In the summer of 2007, ‘Jacobs’ began a sexual relationship with ‘Sarah’, then 26 years old, and well-connected in activist circles, after they returned from Germany where they had taken part in the anti-G8 Heiligendamm summit protests. The relationship, which only lasted “a few weeks”, was built on a close friendship the two had developed over the previous few years, and began at the prompting of ‘Jacobs’, who had initially suggested that they “take their relationship further” two months before the G8.<ref name="ABK085p231-232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231-232.</ref> (Note that previously ''The Guardian'' had reported that this relationship had taken place in 2008 and lasted three months.<ref name="GN4.001"></ref>)

:*'''‘Deborah’''': In 2009, when she was in a relationship with Tom Fowler, ‘Deborah’ father was terminally ill with cancer. In Fowler's words, ‘Jacobs’ “put himself in the middle of that [relationship]...[and] acted as a father figure to her.” Simultaneously he behaved as a confidant to Fowler, who told him about his and ‘Deborah’'s relationship troubles. When her father died, ‘Jacobs’ attended the funeral. According to Evans and Lewis he “offered her a shoulder to cry on...[then] tried to seduce her”. Initially ‘Deborah’ turned him down, but eventually they embarked on a brief sexual relationship after ‘Jacobs’ told her that he loved her. Then, “believing she was about to begin a serious relationship with the truck driver,” she broke up with Fowler, only for ‘Jacobs’ to suddenly lose interest. <ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

The circumstances of the efforts by ‘Jacobs’ to interpose himself into the lives of activists in Cardiff, and to pursue intimate sexual relationships with targets, has subsequently been the focus of legal action taken by Fowler, ‘Sarah’ and ‘Deborah’ (see [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Court_cases|court cases section]] below).

===Habits, tastes and interests===
This section is pieced together from details noted in the various accounts of ‘Jacobs’' activities, and as such cannot be considered to be either comprehensive or definitive.

====Music====
‘Jacobs’ professed a passion for rock music, and used going to out-of-town gigs - purportedly with friends not from the activist scene - as a pretext for absences from Cardiff.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> A “heavy metal CD collection” is said to have filled the floor of his otherwise spartan Cardiff flat.<ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref> Activist Tom Fowler recalled how the two of them would go to punk gigs in Newport.<ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>

His MySpace page<ref name="PRO092">Mark Jacobs, [https://myspace.com/cardiffmarco/ ‘Mark Jacobs MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2009(?) (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> indicates that he was a fan of the following bands and artists, predominantly heavy metal or hard rock:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AC/DC
|Alice Cooper
|Annihilator
|Big Linda
|Chris Broderick
|Crawler
|Def Leppard
|Evile
|Fathom Down
|Gojira
|Hawkwind
|Hot Leg
|-
|The Hush
|Judas Priest
|Led Zeppelin
|Lovecraaft
|Megadeth
|Metallica
|Motörhead
|Mutant
|Nuclear Theatre
|Onslaught
|Pink Floyd
|Privateer
|-
|Reb Beach
|Sanctity
|Savage Messiah
|Saxon
|Slipknot
|Stone Gods
|Tony Iommi
|Trivium
|V-Twin
|Venom
|Warpath
|Whitesnake
|}

====Alcohol & Drugs====
Both in Brighton and Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ developed a reputation for being able to consume prodigious quantities of alcohol (“a notorious ability to drink huge quantities of alcohol without becoming drunk,” say Evans and Lewis).<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> Cardiff activist Tom Fowler notes that one catchphrase of ‘Jacobs’ was “Strong European lager is my drug of choice.”<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref>

In Brighton, he regularly attended the Cowley Club, an anarchist social centre. He is said to “treated the Cowley bar as his regular,” boasting how much he could drink and was “often generous in buying rounds,”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL219">unknown author, [http://www.roughmusic.org/rm25.html ‘Undercover cop: Brighton's very own pig in a blanket’], ''Rough Music'' #25, February/March 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

In Cardiff his reputation for heavy drinking continued, something noted in the CAN account of his time there, which points towards him “encouraging a lot of drinking”.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

Activist ‘Verity Smith’ commented on this aspect of him:<ref name="ABK118ch17p278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p278.</ref>
: He would be down the pub all the time, he would always have money for drinks, he would be very keen to encourage people to go out drinking with him and used that time to really probe people on what they thought and what their attitudes were and what their opinions were, what their vulnerabilities were. I also think he wanted to instil a drinking culture that automatically excluded those people who were not part of that party scene - because they were working or because they had children or because they were not of that age group or whatever.

His capacity for drink was even noticed overseas, such as at the 2007 anti-G8 Heiligendamm protests in Germany.<ref name="ASL194">Veit Medick, Sven Röbel & Marcel Rosenbach, [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-78602546.html ‘Maulwürfe im Milieu’], ''Der Spiegel'', 23 May 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014): the article notes that “At Heiligendamm [G8 summit in June 2007] about ten foreign police officers were deployed besides Kennedy, including a Welsh colleague with the alias ‘Marco Jacobs’, a supposed truck driver from Cardiff who attracted attention at the Baltic Sea activist camp with his drinking ability. In return, German authorities also sent their undercover officers around the world. The Berlin State Criminal Police Office alone sent five officers to the 2005 G8 protests in Gleneagles, each of whom was accompanied by a liaison officer, who served as a contact person to receive reports from the moles in the movement.” (Translation: BristleKRS)</ref>

The main accounts detailing his activities suggest that ‘Jacobs’ did not consume (illegal) drugs.<ref name="UNDERCOVER">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013.</ref><ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

====Food & diet====
It is perhaps of note that whilst trying to infiltrate the activist milieu in Brighton - where it is received wisdom that he was less successful in penetrating networks - ‘Jacobs’ remained a meat-eating outsider,<ref name="ABK085p226"/> but that by the time he more successfully worked his way into the Cardiff scene he had become vegan.<ref name="ABK085p227"/>


==Activist modus operandi, undercover tradecraft==

===Target groups===
Whilst undercover, ‘Marco Jacobs’ infiltrated (or attempted to infiltrate) a considerable number of political campaigns. He is known to have involved (or attempted to involve) himself in the following networks, groups, issues or tactics:

*Animal rights networks<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp280.</ref>, including Swansea Animal Rights<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Anti-Metrix/RAF St Athan Defence Academy<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Black Bloc<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Camp Bling<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*Camp for Climate Action<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Cardiff Anarchist Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Cowley Club<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref><ref name="ABK085p243">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p243.</ref>
*Dissent! Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Eat Out Vegan Wales<ref name="AWB063">Eat Out Vegan Wales, [http://www.eatoutveganwales.org/ ‘Home page’], ''Eat Out Vegan Wales'' website, accessed 30 August 2014.</ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref>
*Gwent Anarchists<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Heiligendamm G8 protests<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="AEV064"></ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref><ref name="IM4.005"> @rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppygit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref>
*KTS Autonomous Centre<ref name="IM4.009">Nachtermittlungen, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Schweine in zivii’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
*Milford Haven anti-LNG pipeline<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*No Borders<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref> and in particular No Borders South Wales<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*No To NATO<ref name="IM4.005">@rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppyoldgit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 13 June 2014).</ref>
*Pembrokeshire Anarchists<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Rising Tide Network<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.004">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
*St. Petersburg G8 mobilisation and planning<ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277.</ref>
*Smash EDO<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*South Wales Anarchists<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref>

===Notable activity===

During his deployment, ‘Marco Jacobs’ engaged in a number of activities which enabled him to get close or closer to other activists and their decision-making processes. These included:

*Attending protests<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Taking minutes at meetings<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref><ref name = brighton/>

*Writing, editing and distributing newsletters<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Participating in direct action<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Use of practical skills such as driving<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Being a point of contact for groups, particularly in international networks<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.010">someone from paris, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262826 ‘please forward evidence..’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 19 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277-280.</ref>

*Participation in protest and direct action activities overseas (‘summit-hopping’)<ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="AEV064">Andrej Hunko, [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/837/837we04.htm ‘Information on sexual relationships by British undercover investigators in Germany/information for the individuals affected’], written evidence to Home Affairs Committee, Parliament.uk, February 2013 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280"></ref>

* Taking pictures of protest (reportedly brought a camera to the G8 summit in Heiligendamm)<ref name = brighton/>

===Offences believed to have been committed===

'Jacobs' is known to have been arrested with others on two ocassions following doing actions; both times his house was apparently raided, as were the homes of those arrested with him. The first is circa 2004-2005, in Brighton, when he and two others were arrested for fly-positing in the run up to the G8.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> THe second was circa 2006-2007, when he was arrested during pipeline action at Milford Haven.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

There is also an account of him driving with out-of-date insurance.<ref name="ABK085p233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p233.</ref>

===Exfiltration===
In common with other undercover officers who have been unmasked, ‘Jacobs’ appears to have had an exit strategy which saw him preparing those around him for his impending departure, albeit one which apparently played out only over a matter of weeks rather than months, as seems to have been the case with others before him. In effect, he announced that he had been offered a job as a gardener in Corfu<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>, and shortly afterwards left from Cardiff. Contact with several activists in Cardiff was maintained for a few weeks, but then dried up.<ref name="BG4.004"/><ref name="IM4.002"/>

==Exposure and post-exposure issues==
Accounts of the undercover tour of ‘Marco Jacobs’ have repeatedly made mention of how at various times he was suspected of being, if not necessarily a policeman, then certainly something other than a committed political activist. However, despite such suspicions, he remained able to continue his undercover deployment until - it seems - his tour came to a natural conclusion and he was exfiltrated. He was not fully exposed as a police infiltrator until January 2011 - nearly a year and a half after he left Cardiff in August 2009.

===Early suspicions in Brighton===
‘Marco Jacobs’ had been suspected of being a police officer by a number of activists at different times. According to the Indymedia account of his time in Brighton, “From the beginning there were suspicions about Marco - In fact he used to joke that everyone thought he was a cop.”<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

The ''Guardian'' journalists' ''Undercover'' book supports this: “activists in Brighton say they became suspicious.” In their account, even ‘Terry’, one of the few to call themselves a friend of ‘Jacobs’ during his Brighton phase, recalls that “The word was, that man is a copper, everyone knows he is a copper...It was something about his deportment that just screamed ‘pig’ to some people.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> According to ‘Terry’, less than a year into his deployment ‘Jacobs’ asked him “‘Everyone thinks I’m a copper, don’t they?”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

Considering that he was subsequent outed, activists in Brighton told the Undercover Research Group:<ref name = brighton/>
: There were rumours about Jacobs, but on the other hand: there are rumours about a lot of people. There was someone very much involved in the scene who would stand up for Jacobs, trusting him. Just because someone is different, he is not necessarily a spy - maybe he was just a bit lost in life. This may have kept people from getting together to investigate Jacobs. One reason for serious doubt was the fact that he claimed to have been involved in hunt sabbing [sabotage] - while up north nobody in activist circles knew him. In hindsight this should have rung a bell... now activists ask themselves: how could he have been involved in radical animal activism before he came to Brighton, and arriving there as a meat-eater?

===Suspicions build in Cardiff===
By the time of his 2009 exfiltration from Cardiff, doubts about him had accrued in that city as well, as ‘Verity Smith’ notes: “By that time a number of us had quite deep suspicions about him but there were such divisions within the group that we hadn’t told each other about them. I didn’t know, for instance, that a number of others in the group shared my suspicions.”<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref> At a leaving party for ‘Jacobs’ in August, even his closest friend in the city, Tom Fowler, joked to him that “If you disappear in a few months, you do realise that means you’re a cop, don’t you?”<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref>

For a period of time following his putative departure to Corfu he continued to exchange text messages with some of his activist friends, and sent postcards. However, these “dried up” soon after, his UK mobile phone number became no longer recognised, and his Greek mobile phone was reset to not accept incoming calls or texts.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> He also failed to update his social media accounts, such as his MySpace page.<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2010 (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref>

No more was heard from him, and as a result “suspicions crystallised, but by now he had completely disappeared.”<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

By February 2010, the suspicions had grown to the point that the person running the No Borders South Wales MySpace account left a message on that of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2011(?) (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref> (who had not updated his page in months) which directly referenced the uncertainty. It read: “Yassoo. Kalla? Dear Marco, hope all is well/you're not a cop. Al [sic] the best, Cardiff.”<ref name="IM4.014">Someone, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262774 ‘Comment on his myspace page’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref>

With no word from him for some time, a number of Cardiff Anarchist Network activists began to come to the conclusion that he had been a police spy: “at that point people’s suspicions consolidated and people started to talk to each other and ask whether he was a cop. The group got together and talked about it, there was broad agreement that we thought he probably was but we didn’t know what to do about it. People outside the group were quite dismissive and often we weren’t believed,” says ‘Verity Smith’.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281"></ref>

===Exposure===
On 14 January 2011 - five days after ''The Guardian'' exposed [[Mark Kennedy]]<ref name="GN2.002">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists ‘Undercover officer spied on green activists’], ''The Guardian'', 9 January 2011 (accessed 31 August 2014). This was however more than a fortnight after the ''Sunday Times'' had picked up on the story, Tim Rayment & Jonathan Leake, [http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Society/article484345.ece ‘7-year snitch: ‘Flash’ the activist is a secret cop’], ''Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010 (accessed 5 June 2014) after reading about [[Mark Kennedy|‘Flash’]] on Indymedia, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466477.html ‘Mark 'Stone/Kennedy' exposed as undercover police officer’], ''Indymedia UK'', 21 October 2010 (Accessed 31 August 2014).</ref>) - the paper published a piece on its website which whilst not naming or picturing the man known to those he spied upon as ‘Marco Jacobs’, clearly identified him as an undercover police officer.<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

It is thought likely that police sources asked ''The Guardian'' not to identify ‘Jacobs’ by work, name or photograph in the same way they did in regards of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]], an [[NPOIU]] spy who was publicly exposed two days prior on 12 January.<ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014). Some people thought ''The Guardian'' “bowed to pressure from the cops to keep his identity a secret”, see Emily Apple, [http://domesticextremist.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/death-grief-and-undercover-cops/ ‘Death, grief, and undercover cops’], ''Random Reflections of a Domestic Extremist'' blog, 13 February 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref> Instead the paper initially referred to him only as ‘Officer B’<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> in the same way that [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Watson’]] was at first labelled only as [[Officer A (disambiguation)|‘Officer A’]]. She was confirmed as a serving police officer by “intelligence officials”<ref name="GN3.002"></ref> and “senior police officers”<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>, with further corroboration coming in April in the ''Times''.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

However, campaign group FITwatch, immediately published on their website a précis of the ''Guardian'' story the night before the print edition was due to hit the streets, which included naming and publishing photographs of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>. The next day - 15 January - they reposted the same article to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' revealed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> A further blog post followed on 18 January, with more photographs.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref>
''The Guardian'' followed a few days later, on 19 January, identifying ‘Jacobs’ by name and photograph. That same day activists from Cardiff Anarchist Network released a statement about ‘Jacobs’ which was published on both the South Wales Anarchists website<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref> and on Indymedia UK.<ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>; ‘Dick Tracy’ then also posted the account of ‘Jacobs’' Brighton deployment to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

===Court cases===
Since his exposure three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network who were spied on for four years by Jacobs initiated a court action against the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan]] and [[South Wales Police|South Wales]] police forces over the effect of Jacobs' intrusion in their lives and the distress it has caused. Two had sexual relationships with Jacobs, the third is a man who was the partner of one of one of them and was very close friends with Jacobs. However, the police responded by saying they can [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] whether 'Jacobs' was a police officer, mirroring other similiar cases.

In early 2013 Judge Michael Tugendhat, summarised the case around the sexual relationships formed by ‘Jacobs’ in Cardiff as:<ref name="AEV040">Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ‘AKJ & ors v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis & ors and AJA & ors v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis & ors [2013] EWHC 32 (QB)’], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref>
::Between 2005 and 2009 MJ [Marco Jacobs] formed (apparently) close relationships with all three Tuckers Claimants, including intimate sexual relationships with AJA [‘Sarah’] and ARB [‘Deborah’]. MJ instigated a sexual relationship with ARB at a time when she was in a relationship with Mr Fowler. During the course of those relationships, MJ purported to be a confidante, empathiser and source of close support to each of the Tuckers Claimants, including in relation to deeply personal aspects of their lives: he attended, for example, the funeral of ARB’s father after his death from cancer. In doing so, he exploited the vulnerabilities of the Tuckers Claimants and sought to encourage them to rely on him emotionally. None of the Tuckers Claimants would have entered into these relationships with MJ had they been aware of his true identity as a police officer.

In March 2015, the three came to the High Court in London to challenge the use of NCND in relation to their claim for damages. In a partial victory, the police said that they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.

Whilst the Metropolitan Police did not say they were dropping the use of NCND, they effectively admitted that Jacobs had been an undercover. However, no further evidence has yet been released to shine a light as to who sent Jacobs to spy, what they asked him to do, and how much they knew of his abuse of those he targeted.<ref name = COPS/>

The next hearing in the High Court in London is set for 7 June 2016.

* For more on the NCND defense of the police, see the [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] page at the Police Spies Out of Lives website, by the Support group for women's legal action against undercover policing.

==Gallery==
This section brings together all the publicly available photographs of ‘Marco Jacobs’. Where known, any date, location, subject and rights information will be given with a picture.

===FITwatch, 14 January 2011===
In the wake of the first mainstream reference to ‘Lynn Watson’ on 13 January 2011,<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref> the following day (14 January 2011) FITwatch published the first exposé (including picture) of the man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ - a statement put out in the name of Cardiff Anarchist Network.<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>

<gallery>
File:Marco Jacobs.png|Undated Marco Jacobs photo
</gallery>

===FITwatch, 18 January 2011===
Four days later, FITwatch posted up additional photos of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> Several of these photographs were subsequently used by mainstream media outlets, such as ''The Guardian'', to illustrate their articles about ‘Jacobs’.

<gallery>
File:Marco1.jpg|1. Undated photo - a cropped version of this photo was subsequently used by ''The Guardian'' from 19 January 2011 onwards<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
File:marco2.jpg|2. Undated photo
File:1Marco3.jpg|3. Undated photo - used by ''The Guardian'' from 3 May 2011 onwards<ref name="ASL221">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans, Paddy Allen & Simon Jeffrey, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/interactive/2011/may/03/undercover-police-environmental-activists-interactive ‘Police spies and corporate infiltrators - an interactive guide to what we know so far’], ''The Guardian'', 3 May 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL220">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/gallery/2013/jun/24/undercover-police-spies-unmasked-in-pictures/ ‘Undercover police spies unmasked - in pictures’], ''The Guardian'', 24 June 2013 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
File:marco4.jpg|4. Undated photo
File:marco5.jpg|5. Undated photo
</gallery>

===South Wales Anarchists, 19 January 2014===
The next day, the CAN statement previously posted to the FITwatch blog was also published on the website of South Wales Anarchists.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
<gallery>
File:180px-Marco_Jacobs_-_full.png|Less cropped version of original undated photograph (See above)
</gallery>

==Other Undercover Research sources==
For ease of reference the full list of all known material specifically relating to the undercover police officer known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ has been put onto a separate page in addition to the end notes below.
::*[[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

::*Also see [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Notes==
<references/>

Marco Jacobs (alias)

2016-06-15T21:54:04Z

Bristol Chris:

{{Undercover_Police_Officer_sidebar|Name=Unknown|Alias=Mark ‘Marco’ Jacobs|Series=undercover police officers|Image=Marco_Jacobs.png|Unit=National Public Order Intelligence Unit|DatesDeployed=2004-09|Targets=Anarchist direct action networks}}

'''‘Mark Jacobs’''', more commonly known as '''‘Marco Jacobs’''', was the assumed identity of an undercover police officer who infiltrated political groups within the activist and anarchist movement. He was active between 2004 and 2009, at first in the Brighton area of southern England, and then Cardiff, south Wales.

It is believed that he worked for the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]],<ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref> and that after the end of his deployment, he was subsequently deployed undercover elsewhere, until publicity surrounding this and other spy operations caused him to be “moved for security reasons” after his “identity was compromised”.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

The role of ‘Jacobs’ as a long-term undercover police spy was brought to public attention in January 2011 in the wake of the unmasking of fellow NPOIU spy Mark Kennedy.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' confirmed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Both South Wales and Metropolitan police maintained a [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] defence of all aspects of Jacobs' deployment. Three people from Cardiff Anarchist Nework spied upon by Jacobs brought their case to the High Court claiming damages for what they had gone through. In March 2015 the Metropolitan police conceded they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.<ref name = COPS>Campaign Opposing Police Surveillance, [http://campaignopposingpolicesurveillance.com/2015/03/26/police-concede-marco-jacobs-was-spycop/ Police Concede Marco Jacobs was Spycop], blog post, 26 March 2015 (accessed June 2016</ref>

More than a year later, and more importantly after the unprecedented apology in November 2015 of the Met police to the eight women who had been in relationships with undercover officers, the case of the Cardiff anarchists is continuing with a further hearing on 7 June 2016.

Jacobs' current whereabouts and status are unknown. Likewise nothing is known of his true identity or history as a police officer.

''N.B. This is a preliminary profile and we are interested in learning more about his activities. If you think you have anything to add or to correct, [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.not get in touch] (PGP key available on request).''

Also see:
* [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]
* [[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

==Overview of undercover tour as ‘Marco Jacobs’==
The man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ first appeared in Brighton in late 2004, and quickly made attempts to inveigle his way into political groups, primarily those of a direct action-oriented anarchist or anti-authoritarian nature. He attended local protests, travelled to demonstrations in other parts of the country, took part in meetings, and socialised with activists.

However, it appears that he was never entirely trusted within the Brighton activist community<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>, and so in 2005 he moved to Cardiff, where he repeated the same repertoire of behaviour, but, it seems, more successfully. Cardiff activist Tom Fowler, pointed at the different character of that city's activist scene compared to Brighton's: “he was a normal working class bloke and the activist scene in Brighton was maybe not somewhere ‘Jacobs’ was fitting in.”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> Fellow Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) activist ‘Verity Smith’ concurred with this view in her account:

::He moved to Cardiff claiming that he’d come from Brighton but that (activists in) Brighton had been hostile to him, had not accepted him and that he’d felt excluded. He said he’d come to Cardiff because we were more open and more tolerant of new people becoming involved and that there was a lot going on in Cardiff in terms of activism and that he wanted to be where things were happening.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp276">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p276.</ref>

Whilst in Cardiff he became more involved in international protest organising networks, and developed close, sometimes sexual, relationships with a number of activists.<ref name="RELATIONSHIPS">See section on [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Relationships|relationships]] for more on this.</ref>

He disappeared in late 2009, having said he was moving to Corfu for a job.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>

Though suspicions about him grew in his absence, nothing more was heard about him until January 2011, when the furore over the [[Mark Kennedy]] affair led to him being acknowledged as a police spy shortly after the public exposure of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]].<ref name="GN3.001">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist ‘Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist’], ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.001">quiteliketheguardianactually, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/471994.html ‘Officer A’], ''Indymedia UK'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.002">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

===Timeline===
For a better overview, a timeline is in the making. The current version collates previously published (though sometimes as yet uncorroborated) claims and privately confirmed details of what ‘Jacobs’ did, and where and when he did it. We still need to talk to people who knew Jacobs, if you have any details to add about his activites and behaviour, do [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.net get in touch].

:''See main article: [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Personal details==

‘Jacobs’ was a heavy-set, hirsute man with a Midlands accent with a wry (or sometimes dark) sense of humour, and a propensity for drinking large volumes of alcohol. It appears he presented somewhat different versions of himself depending on the audience, with a noticeable change in his behaviour and appearance by the time he had moved from Brighton to Cardiff.

===Age===
At the outset of his deployment he was in his mid-to-late thirties. On exposure in January 2011, his age was said to be 44, suggesting a birth year of 1966 or 1967.<ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.001"></ref>

===Physical appearance===
Several accounts note him to be a physically large man (“carrying a little too much weight around the middle”<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>), typically describing him as approximately fifteen stone (210 pounds, or 95kg)<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref><ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ReallyFITw">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his weight at approximately “15/16 stone”.</ref>, and about six foot (183cm) in height.<ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="ReallyFITh">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his height at “around 5'11"”.</ref>

His hair - brown and slightly curly - varied in length and style over the years, from a shaggy mullet to a neater ponytail. He tended to be unshaven, sometimes wearing a beard.<ref name="Hair Notes">See [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Gallery|gallery of photographs]] above.</ref> ''Guardian'' reporters Evans and Lewis suggest that between his deployment in Brighton and the move to Cardiff, ‘Jacobs’ “had the chance to learn from mistakes in Brighton. He became a vegan and changed his appearance, growing his hair to his shoulders and dying it purple.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref> He was also bestowed with large amounts of body hair.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

He had ear piercings and tattoos, including the name ‘Sam’ on his lower back (which he claimed was a tribute to his by then ex-wife), subsequently covered up with a black star, and a piece of Celtic knotwork on one shoulder, which he said he had got when he was in a bike gang as an 18 year old.<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

===Background===

On arriving in Brighton, he claimed to have come from Reading, a city in the Thames Valley area, close to London.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> To activists in Cardiff he presented himself as from Northampton, a supporter of the Northampton Town football club, and moving away from Northampton due to a “messy break-up with a woman” there.<ref name="ABK118ch17p277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref> Accounts generally suggest - based on his accent and on claims made by ‘Jacobs’ himself - that he originally hailed from the English Midlands, possibly Northampton<ref name="ABK118ch17p277"></ref><ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="IM4.008">Courtnee Brantley, [http://indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html?c=on#c263675 ‘Marco information’], ''Indymedia UK'', 24 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014)</ref> or Derby<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>.

===Occupation===

On appearing in Brighton early on in his undercover deployment, ‘Jacobs’ claimed to be “a landscape artist [who] also drove trucks”.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> In Brighton, he presented an elaborated story on how he would do the front of corporate head quarters of companies that would want exactly the same design at their offices, for instance in Edinburgh and Bristol. He would use this as an explanation for the periods of time he was away. However, as he befriended an activist who was in landscaping too, he changed his said-occupation into truck driver and gave away his tools.<ref name = brighton>Interview with group of activists in Brighton, URG, 2 October 2014</ref>

Following his relocation to Cardiff, he had refined his legend and presented himself as a truck driver who spent his time “hauling boxes of shopping catalogues around the country”.<ref name="ABK085p228">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p228.</ref> This part of his cover seems to have been meticulously prepared:

:He would spend hours explaining how he had executed complicated reversing manoeuvres, parking HGV trucks in parking bays ‘designed for Tonka cars’. He had a permanently suntanned right forearm, which friends noticed was noticeably browner than the left, even during the winter. It was, he said, the result of having one arm constantly rested on the truck door by the window...Jacobs talked so much about truck driving he became annoying.<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Domicile===

Whilst in Brighton, he lived in “a house close to Elm Grove,”<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> a high density neighbourhood within the city with a large transient population due to large numbers of houses of multiple occupancy (HMOs) and popularity with students.<ref name="Elm Grove HMOs">Planning & Public Protection, Information & Mapping, [http://present.brighton-hove.gov.uk/Published/C00000120/M00003230/AI00026371/$20120306163530_001865_0006177_Appendix2HanoverandElmGroveHMOandStudentHousingDensity.pdfA.ps.pdf ‘HMO & Student Housing Density: Hanover & Elm Grove Ward’], Brighton & Hove City Council website, November 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

Activists in Brighton remember the flat as 'sparse' and 'clean', with just a Bob Marley poster on the wall. "Looks like the place of a copper" someone said, but by the time that was a running gag - activists say in hindsight.<ref name = brighton/>

In Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ rented a first floor apartment “near Roath Park, on the fringe of the student area.” According to CAN activist ‘Janine’ the flat was barely furnished and “entirely without personality,” with “no photographs or anything else that you would have by the time you were in your 40s.”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Personality===

Cardiff activist ‘Janine’ describes ‘Jacobs’ as “Big, burly, brash and blokey,”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>, an assessment echoed elsewhere, including the Cardiff Anarchist Network statement about him, which described the by-now exposed undercover policeman as “likeable, personally supportive, funny and very useful to have around”.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Several people have noted his use of humour. ‘Verity Smith’ has suggested that “he hid behind this sort of amiable clown thing, he made a joke of everything, deflected everything”.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p280.</ref> Another unnamed source posed a rhetorical question to regional newspaper ''Wales On Sunday'': “If they can send a bloke cracking jokes into your life, who will they send next time?”<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref>

His legend included a messy breakup from a relationship with a woman who abused him. At the time this seemed a believable story, but some people had questions about Jacobs' claims - merely his size and weight made it not very likely that he would end up as the beaten one. In general, his attempt to position himself as a vulnerable person did not really work.<ref name = brighton/>

Publicly available accounts of his time in Brighton suggest that despite his best efforts he remained something of an outsider to the city's activist scene.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> Evans and Lewis claim that he had “few friends” there; their book contains recollections about ‘Jacobs’ from one of these, called ‘Terry’.<ref name="ABK085pp226-227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, pp226-227.</ref> Some people even felt sorry for him, he was trying so hard to fit in, but failed.<ref name = brighton/>
====Changing the mood at meetings====
Several accounts note that ‘Jacobs’ regularly used a number of idiosyncratic phrases.

The pen portrait of his time in Brighton by ‘Dick Tracy’ notes that ‘Jacobs’ was in the habit of “making sarcastic comments in social situations and meetings,” adding that this “may have been an attempt to disrupt activist organising”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> The Cardiff Anarchist Network monograph appears to echo this last supposition, stating that he “changed the culture of the organisation, encouraging a lot of drinking, gossip and back-stabbing.”<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

An otherwise brief FITwatch blog post<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> lists a number of the catchphrases often used by ‘Jacobs’:
::little phrases that were used frequently to deflect question or discussion, or to lighten situations. "Dear diary..." he'd say when we'd be discussing the days/weeks happenings. "And relax..." at the end of meetings or stressful conversations. Everything was "dinky do". He'd do a "welfare check" to see how you were, and generally things were ridic/hillar/bloody marv. Other people's witticisms were greeted with "did you see what he did there?". And that's a "negadive" (negative) or "check".

Based on their interviews with activists who knew ‘Jacobs’, Evans and Lewis claim that he “liked to adopt the persona of a Northern [English] comedian.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

In a similar vein, he would produce spoof minutes from meetings (mentioned in the context of Jacobs taking minutes of Dissent meetings before the G8 summit in Glenneagles).<ref name = brighton/>

====Attitudes towards and promotion of violence====
According to Evans and Lewis, during his time in Brighton ‘Jacobs’ “boasted about getting into pub brawls”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>. One story is a bit more specific, Jacobs claimed to have gone back to Northampton to meet and old mate, and end up receiving a beaten in a pub fight. In hindsight this story did not add up with Jacobs' claims of coming to Brighton because he needed a clean break from his old life.<ref name = brighton/>

By the time he surfaced in Cardiff he claimed that he had been to prison on remand, but was vague about why or what for, preferring instead to allude to a past as “a bit of a fighter.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

One commenter on CAN's statement on Indymedia, ‘stroppyoldgit’, claimed ‘Jacobs’ repeatedly attempted to stir up more militant or violent activity amongst activists at protests, regardless of the circumstances. In particular at a No Borders camp near Gatwick:<ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
::He made a couple of ridiculous interventions in the big meeting before the main march through Crawley to the detention centre, urging us to make the next day a big fight with the cops...He tried to start a gormless violence-obsessed conversation.

===Relationships===

Part of the back story given by ‘Jacobs’ is that “he was separated from his former partner, who used to physically abuse him”.<ref name="AEV040">The Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ''AKJ and others -v- Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others''], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref> The version put forward by Evans and Lewis is slightly different; they present it as a messy divorce from an abusive ex-wife called ‘Sam’ (“who beat him up”) before appearing on the activist scene. Given that he had this name (or at least the letters S A M) tattooed on his back - subsequently covered up with a black star - it seems likely that there was a real person by this name in the life of the police officer playing the part of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="ABK085p227"></ref>

Whilst he is not known to have developed many close bonds with activists in Brighton, an anonymous Indymedia posting claims that during his time there he “slept with at least one woman who was close to the activist scene”.<ref name="IM4.013">a source, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html?c=on#c264095 ‘Another under-the-covers-cop’], ''Indymedia UK'', 30 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref> Activists in Brighton said it was a friend of a friend, and not somebody close to the scene.<ref name = brighton/>

In Brighton, he confided to a friend that he had once kissed a man, but asked for this to remain confidential.<ref name = brighton/>

In contrast he was able to “befriend people from the [south Wales] area around the country at different protests”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> - first meeting CAN activists in 2004<ref name="AEV040"></ref><ref name="AEV067">Lord Justice Maurice Kay & Lady Justice Sharp, [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2013/1342.html ''In the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) on Appeal from the High Court, QBD - Mr Justice Tugendhat HQ12X00132 before LJ Maurice Kay & LJ Sharp - AJA, ARB & Thomas Fowler -v- Chief Constable South Wales Police & ACPO + AKJ, KAW & SUR -v- Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis & ACPO''], Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Royal Courts of Justice, 5 November 2013 (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> - and so decided to move to Cardiff. Here ‘Jacobs’ was able to ingratiate himself into several close friendships. These included:

:*'''Tom Fowler''': an activist involved in, amongst other groups, Cardiff Anarchist Network and South Wales Anarchists, and “then at the centre of Cardiff activism”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref> He says Jacobs “became a very close friend of mine, became more than a close friend of some members of our group.”<ref name="AUD020"></ref> Fowler described ‘Jacobs’ as “privy to all of my decision-making around activism and personal relationships to a really deep level...He was like my best mate. He was the most reliable person in my life.”<ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

:*'''Fran Ryan''': A vegan baker introduced to ‘Jacobs’ by Tom Fowler, Fran Ryan was then 50 and “not herself politically active”, but she “quickly formed a rapport with the undercover police officer.” ‘Jacobs’ even tried (unsuccessfully) to get her to accompany him to a “meeting of European animal rights activists in Vienna”, before she agreed instead to go with him to an animal rights gathering in Essex.<ref name="ABK085p232-233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232-233.</ref>

‘Jacobs’ is also known to have had sexual relationships with at least two activists amongst the groups he spied upon.

:*'''‘Sarah’''': In the summer of 2007, ‘Jacobs’ began a sexual relationship with ‘Sarah’, then 26 years old, and well-connected in activist circles, after they returned from Germany where they had taken part in the anti-G8 Heiligendamm summit protests. The relationship, which only lasted “a few weeks”, was built on a close friendship the two had developed over the previous few years, and began at the prompting of ‘Jacobs’, who had initially suggested that they “take their relationship further” two months before the G8.<ref name="ABK085p231-232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231-232.</ref> (Note that previously ''The Guardian'' had reported that this relationship had taken place in 2008 and lasted three months.<ref name="GN4.001"></ref>)

:*'''‘Deborah’''': In 2009, when she was in a relationship with Tom Fowler, ‘Deborah’ father was terminally ill with cancer. In Fowler's words, ‘Jacobs’ “put himself in the middle of that [relationship]...[and] acted as a father figure to her.” Simultaneously he behaved as a confidant to Fowler, who told him about his and ‘Deborah’'s relationship troubles. When her father died, ‘Jacobs’ attended the funeral. According to Evans and Lewis he “offered her a shoulder to cry on...[then] tried to seduce her”. Initially ‘Deborah’ turned him down, but eventually they embarked on a brief sexual relationship after ‘Jacobs’ told her that he loved her. Then, “believing she was about to begin a serious relationship with the truck driver,” she broke up with Fowler, only for ‘Jacobs’ to suddenly lose interest. <ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

The circumstances of the efforts by ‘Jacobs’ to interpose himself into the lives of activists in Cardiff, and to pursue intimate sexual relationships with targets, has subsequently been the focus of legal action taken by Fowler, ‘Sarah’ and ‘Deborah’ (see [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Court_cases|court cases section]] below).

===Habits, tastes and interests===
This section is pieced together from details noted in the various accounts of ‘Jacobs’' activities, and as such cannot be considered to be either comprehensive or definitive.

====Music====
‘Jacobs’ professed a passion for rock music, and used going to out-of-town gigs - purportedly with friends not from the activist scene - as a pretext for absences from Cardiff.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> A “heavy metal CD collection” is said to have filled the floor of his otherwise spartan Cardiff flat.<ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref> Activist Tom Fowler recalled how the two of them would go to punk gigs in Newport.<ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>

His MySpace page<ref name="PRO092">Mark Jacobs, [https://myspace.com/cardiffmarco/ ‘Mark Jacobs MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2009(?) (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> indicates that he was a fan of the following bands and artists, predominantly heavy metal or hard rock:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AC/DC
|Alice Cooper
|Annihilator
|Big Linda
|Chris Broderick
|Crawler
|Def Leppard
|Evile
|Fathom Down
|Gojira
|Hawkwind
|Hot Leg
|-
|The Hush
|Judas Priest
|Led Zeppelin
|Lovecraaft
|Megadeth
|Metallica
|Motörhead
|Mutant
|Nuclear Theatre
|Onslaught
|Pink Floyd
|Privateer
|-
|Reb Beach
|Sanctity
|Savage Messiah
|Saxon
|Slipknot
|Stone Gods
|Tony Iommi
|Trivium
|V-Twin
|Venom
|Warpath
|Whitesnake
|}

====Alcohol & Drugs====
Both in Brighton and Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ developed a reputation for being able to consume prodigious quantities of alcohol (“a notorious ability to drink huge quantities of alcohol without becoming drunk,” say Evans and Lewis).<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> Cardiff activist Tom Fowler notes that one catchphrase of ‘Jacobs’ was “Strong European lager is my drug of choice.”<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref>

In Brighton, he regularly attended the Cowley Club, an anarchist social centre. He is said to “treated the Cowley bar as his regular,” boasting how much he could drink and was “often generous in buying rounds,”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL219">unknown author, [http://www.roughmusic.org/rm25.html ‘Undercover cop: Brighton's very own pig in a blanket’], ''Rough Music'' #25, February/March 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

In Cardiff his reputation for heavy drinking continued, something noted in the CAN account of his time there, which points towards him “encouraging a lot of drinking”.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

Activist ‘Verity Smith’ commented on this aspect of him:<ref name="ABK118ch17p278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p278.</ref>
: He would be down the pub all the time, he would always have money for drinks, he would be very keen to encourage people to go out drinking with him and used that time to really probe people on what they thought and what their attitudes were and what their opinions were, what their vulnerabilities were. I also think he wanted to instil a drinking culture that automatically excluded those people who were not part of that party scene - because they were working or because they had children or because they were not of that age group or whatever.

His capacity for drink was even noticed overseas, such as at the 2007 anti-G8 Heiligendamm protests in Germany.<ref name="ASL194">Veit Medick, Sven Röbel & Marcel Rosenbach, [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-78602546.html ‘Maulwürfe im Milieu’], ''Der Spiegel'', 23 May 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014): the article notes that “At Heiligendamm [G8 summit in June 2007] about ten foreign police officers were deployed besides Kennedy, including a Welsh colleague with the alias ‘Marco Jacobs’, a supposed truck driver from Cardiff who attracted attention at the Baltic Sea activist camp with his drinking ability. In return, German authorities also sent their undercover officers around the world. The Berlin State Criminal Police Office alone sent five officers to the 2005 G8 protests in Gleneagles, each of whom was accompanied by a liaison officer, who served as a contact person to receive reports from the moles in the movement.” (Translation: BristleKRS)</ref>

The main accounts detailing his activities suggest that ‘Jacobs’ did not consume (illegal) drugs.<ref name="UNDERCOVER">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013.</ref><ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

====Food & diet====
It is perhaps of note that whilst trying to infiltrate the activist milieu in Brighton - where it is received wisdom that he was less successful in penetrating networks - ‘Jacobs’ remained a meat-eating outsider,<ref name="ABK085p226"/> but that by the time he more successfully worked his way into the Cardiff scene he had become vegan.<ref name="ABK085p227"/>


==Activist modus operandi, undercover tradecraft==

===Target groups===
Whilst undercover, ‘Marco Jacobs’ infiltrated (or attempted to infiltrate) a considerable number of political campaigns. He is known to have involved (or attempted to involve) himself in the following networks, groups, issues or tactics:

*Animal rights networks<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp280.</ref>, including Swansea Animal Rights<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Anti-Metrix/RAF St Athan Defence Academy<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Black Bloc<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Camp Bling<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*Camp for Climate Action<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Cardiff Anarchist Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Cowley Club<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref><ref name="ABK085p243">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p243.</ref>
*Dissent! Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Eat Out Vegan Wales<ref name="AWB063">Eat Out Vegan Wales, [http://www.eatoutveganwales.org/ ‘Home page’], ''Eat Out Vegan Wales'' website, accessed 30 August 2014.</ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref>
*Gwent Anarchists<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Heiligendamm G8 protests<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="AEV064"></ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref><ref name="IM4.005"> @rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppygit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref>
*KTS Autonomous Centre<ref name="IM4.009">Nachtermittlungen, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Schweine in zivii’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
*Milford Haven anti-LNG pipeline<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*No Borders<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref> and in particular No Borders South Wales<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*No To NATO<ref name="IM4.005">@rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppyoldgit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 13 June 2014).</ref>
*Pembrokeshire Anarchists<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Rising Tide Network<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.004">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
*St. Petersburg G8 mobilisation and planning<ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277.</ref>
*Smash EDO<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*South Wales Anarchists<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref>

===Notable activity===

During his deployment, ‘Marco Jacobs’ engaged in a number of activities which enabled him to get close or closer to other activists and their decision-making processes. These included:

*Attending protests<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Taking minutes at meetings<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref><ref name = brighton/>

*Writing, editing and distributing newsletters<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Participating in direct action<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Use of practical skills such as driving<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Being a point of contact for groups, particularly in international networks<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.010">someone from paris, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262826 ‘please forward evidence..’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 19 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277-280.</ref>

*Participation in protest and direct action activities overseas (‘summit-hopping’)<ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="AEV064">Andrej Hunko, [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/837/837we04.htm ‘Information on sexual relationships by British undercover investigators in Germany/information for the individuals affected’], written evidence to Home Affairs Committee, Parliament.uk, February 2013 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280"></ref>

* Taking pictures of protest (reportedly brought a camera to the G8 summit in Heiligendamm)<ref name = brighton/>

===Offences believed to have been committed===

'Jacobs' is known to have been arrested with others on two ocassions following doing actions; both times his house was apparently raided, as were the homes of those arrested with him. The first is circa 2004-2005, in Brighton, when he and two others were arrested for fly-positing in the run up to the G8.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> THe second was circa 2006-2007, when he was arrested during pipeline action at Milford Haven.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

There is also an account of him driving with out-of-date insurance.<ref name="ABK085p233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p233.</ref>

===Exfiltration===
In common with other undercover officers who have been unmasked, ‘Jacobs’ appears to have had an exit strategy which saw him preparing those around him for his impending departure, albeit one which apparently played out only over a matter of weeks rather than months, as seems to have been the case with others before him. In effect, he announced that he had been offered a job as a gardener in Corfu<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>, and shortly afterwards left from Cardiff. Contact with several activists in Cardiff was maintained for a few weeks, but then dried up.<ref name="BG4.004"/><ref name="IM4.002"/>

==Exposure and post-exposure issues==
Accounts of the undercover tour of ‘Marco Jacobs’ have repeatedly made mention of how at various times he was suspected of being, if not necessarily a policeman, then certainly something other than a committed political activist. However, despite such suspicions, he remained able to continue his undercover deployment until - it seems - his tour came to a natural conclusion and he was exfiltrated. He was not fully exposed as a police infiltrator until January 2011 - nearly a year and a half after he left Cardiff in August 2009.

===Early suspicions in Brighton===
‘Marco Jacobs’ had been suspected of being a police officer by a number of activists at different times. According to the Indymedia account of his time in Brighton, “From the beginning there were suspicions about Marco - In fact he used to joke that everyone thought he was a cop.”<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

The ''Guardian'' journalists' ''Undercover'' book supports this: “activists in Brighton say they became suspicious.” In their account, even ‘Terry’, one of the few to call themselves a friend of ‘Jacobs’ during his Brighton phase, recalls that “The word was, that man is a copper, everyone knows he is a copper...It was something about his deportment that just screamed ‘pig’ to some people.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> According to ‘Terry’, less than a year into his deployment ‘Jacobs’ asked him “‘Everyone thinks I’m a copper, don’t they?”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

Considering that he was subsequent outed, activists in Brighton told the Undercover Research Group:<ref name = brighton/>
: There were rumours about Jacobs, but on the other hand: there are rumours about a lot of people. There was someone very much involved in the scene who would stand up for Jacobs, trusting him. Just because someone is different, he is not necessarily a spy - maybe he was just a bit lost in life. This may have kept people from getting together to investigate Jacobs. One reason for serious doubt was the fact that he claimed to have been involved in hunt sabbing [sabotage] - while up north nobody in activist circles knew him. In hindsight this should have rung a bell... now activists ask themselves: how could he have been involved in radical animal activism before he came to Brighton, and arriving there as a meat-eater?

===Suspicions build in Cardiff===
By the time of his 2009 exfiltration from Cardiff, doubts about him had accrued in that city as well, as ‘Verity Smith’ notes: “By that time a number of us had quite deep suspicions about him but there were such divisions within the group that we hadn’t told each other about them. I didn’t know, for instance, that a number of others in the group shared my suspicions.”<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref> At a leaving party for ‘Jacobs’ in August, even his closest friend in the city, Tom Fowler, joked to him that “If you disappear in a few months, you do realise that means you’re a cop, don’t you?”<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref>

For a period of time following his putative departure to Corfu he continued to exchange text messages with some of his activist friends, and sent postcards. However, these “dried up” soon after, his UK mobile phone number became no longer recognised, and his Greek mobile phone was reset to not accept incoming calls or texts.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> He also failed to update his social media accounts, such as his MySpace page.<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2010 (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref>

No more was heard from him, and as a result “suspicions crystallised, but by now he had completely disappeared.”<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

By February 2010, the suspicions had grown to the point that the person running the No Borders South Wales MySpace account left a message on that of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2011(?) (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref> (who had not updated his page in months) which directly referenced the uncertainty. It read: “Yassoo. Kalla? Dear Marco, hope all is well/you're not a cop. Al [sic] the best, Cardiff.”<ref name="IM4.014">Someone, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262774 ‘Comment on his myspace page’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref>

With no word from him for some time, a number of Cardiff Anarchist Network activists began to come to the conclusion that he had been a police spy: “at that point people’s suspicions consolidated and people started to talk to each other and ask whether he was a cop. The group got together and talked about it, there was broad agreement that we thought he probably was but we didn’t know what to do about it. People outside the group were quite dismissive and often we weren’t believed,” says ‘Verity Smith’.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281"></ref>

===Exposure===
On 14 January 2011 - five days after ''The Guardian'' exposed [[Mark Kennedy]]<ref name="GN2.002">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists ‘Undercover officer spied on green activists’], ''The Guardian'', 9 January 2011 (accessed 31 August 2014). This was however more than a fortnight after the ''Sunday Times'' had picked up on the story, Tim Rayment & Jonathan Leake, [http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Society/article484345.ece ‘7-year snitch: ‘Flash’ the activist is a secret cop’], ''Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010 (accessed 5 June 2014) after reading about [[Mark Kennedy|‘Flash’]] on Indymedia, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466477.html ‘Mark 'Stone/Kennedy' exposed as undercover police officer’], ''Indymedia UK'', 21 October 2010 (Accessed 31 August 2014).</ref>) - the paper published a piece on its website which whilst not naming or picturing the man known to those he spied upon as ‘Marco Jacobs’, clearly identified him as an undercover police officer.<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

It is thought likely that police sources asked ''The Guardian'' not to identify ‘Jacobs’ by work, name or photograph in the same way they did in regards of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]], an [[NPOIU]] spy who was publicly exposed two days prior on 12 January.<ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014). Some people thought ''The Guardian'' “bowed to pressure from the cops to keep his identity a secret”, see Emily Apple, [http://domesticextremist.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/death-grief-and-undercover-cops/ ‘Death, grief, and undercover cops’], ''Random Reflections of a Domestic Extremist'' blog, 13 February 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref> Instead the paper initially referred to him only as ‘Officer B’<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> in the same way that [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Watson’]] was at first labelled only as [[Officer A (disambiguation)|‘Officer A’]]. She was confirmed as a serving police officer by “intelligence officials”<ref name="GN3.002"></ref> and “senior police officers”<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>, with further corroboration coming in April in the ''Times''.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

However, campaign group FITwatch, immediately published on their website a précis of the ''Guardian'' story the night before the print edition was due to hit the streets, which included naming and publishing photographs of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>. The next day - 15 January - they reposted the same article to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' revealed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> A further blog post followed on 18 January, with more photographs.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref>
''The Guardian'' followed a few days later, on 19 January, identifying ‘Jacobs’ by name and photograph. That same day activists from Cardiff Anarchist Network released a statement about ‘Jacobs’ which was published on both the South Wales Anarchists website<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref> and on Indymedia UK.<ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>; ‘Dick Tracy’ then also posted the account of ‘Jacobs’' Brighton deployment to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

===Court cases===
Since his exposure three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network who were spied on for four years by Jacobs have initated a court action against the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan]] and [[South Wales Police|South Wales]] police forces over the effect of Jacobs' intrusion in their lives and the distress it has caused. Two had sexual relationships with Jacobs, the third is a man who was the partner of one of one of them and was very close friends with Jacobs. However, the police responded by saying they can [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] whether 'Jacobs' was a police officer, mirroring other similiar cases.

In early 2013 Judge Michael Tugendhat, summarised the case around the sexual relationships formed by ‘Jacobs’ in Cardiff as:<ref name="AEV040">The Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ''AKJ and others -v- Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others''], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref>
::Between 2005 and 2009 MJ [Marco Jacobs] formed (apparently) close relationships with all three Tuckers Claimants, including intimate sexual relationships with AJA [‘Sarah’] and ARB [‘Deborah’]. MJ instigated a sexual relationship with ARB at a time when she was in a relationship with Mr Fowler. During the course of those relationships, MJ purported to be a confidante, empathiser and source of close support to each of the Tuckers Claimants, including in relation to deeply personal aspects of their lives: he attended, for example, the funeral of ARB’s father after his death from cancer. In doing so, he exploited the vulnerabilities of the Tuckers Claimants and sought to encourage them to rely on him emotionally. None of the Tuckers Claimants would have entered into these relationships with MJ had they been aware of his true identity as a police officer.

In March 2015, the three came to the High Court in London to challenge the use of NCND in relation to their claim for damages. In a partial victory, the police said that they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.

Whilst the Metropolitan Police did not say they were dropping the use of NCND, they effectively admitted that Jacobs had been an undercover. However, no further evidence has yet been released to shine a light as to who sent Jacobs to spy, what they asked him to do, and how much they knew of his abuse of those he targeted.<ref name = COPS/>

The next hearing in the High Court in London is set for 7 June 2016.

* For more on the NCND defense of the police, see the [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] page at the Police Spies Out of Lives website, by the Support group for women's legal action against undercover policing.

==Gallery==
This section brings together all the publicly available photographs of ‘Marco Jacobs’. Where known, any date, location, subject and rights information will be given with a picture.

===FITwatch, 14 January 2011===
In the wake of the first mainstream reference to ‘Lynn Watson’ on 13 January 2011,<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref> the following day (14 January 2011) FITwatch published the first exposé (including picture) of the man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ - a statement put out in the name of Cardiff Anarchist Network.<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>

<gallery>
File:Marco Jacobs.png|Undated Marco Jacobs photo
</gallery>

===FITwatch, 18 January 2011===
Four days later, FITwatch posted up additional photos of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> Several of these photographs were subsequently used by mainstream media outlets, such as ''The Guardian'', to illustrate their articles about ‘Jacobs’.

<gallery>
File:Marco1.jpg|1. Undated photo - a cropped version of this photo was subsequently used by ''The Guardian'' from 19 January 2011 onwards<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
File:marco2.jpg|2. Undated photo
File:1Marco3.jpg|3. Undated photo - used by ''The Guardian'' from 3 May 2011 onwards<ref name="ASL221">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans, Paddy Allen & Simon Jeffrey, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/interactive/2011/may/03/undercover-police-environmental-activists-interactive ‘Police spies and corporate infiltrators - an interactive guide to what we know so far’], ''The Guardian'', 3 May 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL220">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/gallery/2013/jun/24/undercover-police-spies-unmasked-in-pictures/ ‘Undercover police spies unmasked - in pictures’], ''The Guardian'', 24 June 2013 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
File:marco4.jpg|4. Undated photo
File:marco5.jpg|5. Undated photo
</gallery>

===South Wales Anarchists, 19 January 2014===
The next day, the CAN statement previously posted to the FITwatch blog was also published on the website of South Wales Anarchists.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
<gallery>
File:180px-Marco_Jacobs_-_full.png|Less cropped version of original undated photograph (See above)
</gallery>

==Other Undercover Research sources==
For ease of reference the full list of all known material specifically relating to the undercover police officer known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ has been put onto a separate page in addition to the end notes below.
::*[[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

::*Also see [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Notes==
<references/>

Marco Jacobs (alias)

2016-06-15T21:53:01Z

Bristol Chris: /* Other Undercover Researc sources */

{{Undercover_Police_Officer_sidebar|Name=Unknown|Alias=Mark ‘Marco’ Jacobs|Series=undercover police officers|Image=Marco_Jacobs.png|Unit=National Public Order Intelligence Unit|DatesDeployed=2004-09|Targets=Anarchist direct action networks}}

'''‘Mark Jacobs’''', more commonly known as '''‘Marco Jacobs’''', was the assumed identity of an undercover police officer who infiltrated political groups within the activist and anarchist movement. He was active between 2004 and 2009, at first in the Brighton area of southern England, and then Cardiff, south Wales.

It is believed that he worked for the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]],<ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref> and that after the end of his deployment, he was subsequently deployed undercover elsewhere, until publicity surrounding this and other spy operations caused him to be “moved for security reasons” after his “identity was compromised”.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

The role of ‘Jacobs’ as a long-term undercover police spy was brought to public attention in January 2011 in the wake of the unmasking of fellow NPOIU spy Mark Kennedy.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' confirmed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Both South Wales and Metropolitan police maintained a [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] defence of all aspects of Jacobs' deployment. Three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network spied upon by Jacobs brought their case to the High Court claiming damages for what they had gone through. In March 2015 the Metropolitan police conceded they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.<ref name = COPS>Campaign Oppossing Police Surveillance, [http://campaignopposingpolicesurveillance.com/2015/03/26/police-concede-marco-jacobs-was-spycop/ Police Concede Marco Jacobs was Spycop], blog post, 26 March 2015 (accessed June 2016</ref>

More than a year later, and more importantly after the unprecedented apology in November 2015 of the Met police to the eight women who had been in relationships with undercover officers, the case of the Cardiff anarchists is continuing with a further hearing on 7 June 2016.

Jacobs' current whereabouts and status are unknown. Likewise nothing is known of his true identity or history as a police officer.

''N.B. This is a preliminary profile and we are interested in learning more about his activities. If you think you have anything to add or to correct, [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.not get in touch] (PGP key available on request).''

Also see:
* [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]
* [[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

==Overview of undercover tour as ‘Marco Jacobs’==
The man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ first appeared in Brighton in late 2004, and quickly made attempts to inveigle his way into political groups, primarily those of a direct action-oriented anarchist or anti-authoritarian nature. He attended local protests, travelled to demonstrations in other parts of the country, took part in meetings, and socialised with activists.

However, it appears that he was never entirely trusted within the Brighton activist community<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>, and so in 2005 he moved to Cardiff, where he repeated the same repertoire of behaviour, but, it seems, more successfully. Cardiff activist Tom Fowler, pointed at the different character of that city's activist scene compared to Brighton's: “he was a normal working class bloke and the activist scene in Brighton was maybe not somewhere ‘Jacobs’ was fitting in.”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> Fellow Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) activist ‘Verity Smith’ concurred with this view in her account:

::He moved to Cardiff claiming that he’d come from Brighton but that (activists in) Brighton had been hostile to him, had not accepted him and that he’d felt excluded. He said he’d come to Cardiff because we were more open and more tolerant of new people becoming involved and that there was a lot going on in Cardiff in terms of activism and that he wanted to be where things were happening.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp276">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p276.</ref>

Whilst in Cardiff he became more involved in international protest organising networks, and developed close, sometimes sexual, relationships with a number of activists.<ref name="RELATIONSHIPS">See section on [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Relationships|relationships]] for more on this.</ref>

He disappeared in late 2009, having said he was moving to Corfu for a job.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>

Though suspicions about him grew in his absence, nothing more was heard about him until January 2011, when the furore over the [[Mark Kennedy]] affair led to him being acknowledged as a police spy shortly after the public exposure of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]].<ref name="GN3.001">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist ‘Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist’], ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.001">quiteliketheguardianactually, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/471994.html ‘Officer A’], ''Indymedia UK'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.002">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

===Timeline===
For a better overview, a timeline is in the making. The current version collates previously published (though sometimes as yet uncorroborated) claims and privately confirmed details of what ‘Jacobs’ did, and where and when he did it. We still need to talk to people who knew Jacobs, if you have any details to add about his activites and behaviour, do [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.net get in touch].

:''See main article: [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Personal details==

‘Jacobs’ was a heavy-set, hirsute man with a Midlands accent with a wry (or sometimes dark) sense of humour, and a propensity for drinking large volumes of alcohol. It appears he presented somewhat different versions of himself depending on the audience, with a noticeable change in his behaviour and appearance by the time he had moved from Brighton to Cardiff.

===Age===
At the outset of his deployment he was in his mid-to-late thirties. On exposure in January 2011, his age was said to be 44, suggesting a birth year of 1966 or 1967.<ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.001"></ref>

===Physical appearance===
Several accounts note him to be a physically large man (“carrying a little too much weight around the middle”<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>), typically describing him as approximately fifteen stone (210 pounds, or 95kg)<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref><ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ReallyFITw">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his weight at approximately “15/16 stone”.</ref>, and about six foot (183cm) in height.<ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="ReallyFITh">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his height at “around 5'11"”.</ref>

His hair - brown and slightly curly - varied in length and style over the years, from a shaggy mullet to a neater ponytail. He tended to be unshaven, sometimes wearing a beard.<ref name="Hair Notes">See [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Gallery|gallery of photographs]] above.</ref> ''Guardian'' reporters Evans and Lewis suggest that between his deployment in Brighton and the move to Cardiff, ‘Jacobs’ “had the chance to learn from mistakes in Brighton. He became a vegan and changed his appearance, growing his hair to his shoulders and dying it purple.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref> He was also bestowed with large amounts of body hair.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

He had ear piercings and tattoos, including the name ‘Sam’ on his lower back (which he claimed was a tribute to his by then ex-wife), subsequently covered up with a black star, and a piece of Celtic knotwork on one shoulder, which he said he had got when he was in a bike gang as an 18 year old.<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

===Background===

On arriving in Brighton, he claimed to have come from Reading, a city in the Thames Valley area, close to London.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> To activists in Cardiff he presented himself as from Northampton, a supporter of the Northampton Town football club, and moving away from Northampton due to a “messy break-up with a woman” there.<ref name="ABK118ch17p277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref> Accounts generally suggest - based on his accent and on claims made by ‘Jacobs’ himself - that he originally hailed from the English Midlands, possibly Northampton<ref name="ABK118ch17p277"></ref><ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="IM4.008">Courtnee Brantley, [http://indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html?c=on#c263675 ‘Marco information’], ''Indymedia UK'', 24 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014)</ref> or Derby<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>.

===Occupation===

On appearing in Brighton early on in his undercover deployment, ‘Jacobs’ claimed to be “a landscape artist [who] also drove trucks”.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> In Brighton, he presented an elaborated story on how he would do the front of corporate head quarters of companies that would want exactly the same design at their offices, for instance in Edinburgh and Bristol. He would use this as an explanation for the periods of time he was away. However, as he befriended an activist who was in landscaping too, he changed his said-occupation into truck driver and gave away his tools.<ref name = brighton>Interview with group of activists in Brighton, URG, 2 October 2014</ref>

Following his relocation to Cardiff, he had refined his legend and presented himself as a truck driver who spent his time “hauling boxes of shopping catalogues around the country”.<ref name="ABK085p228">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p228.</ref> This part of his cover seems to have been meticulously prepared:

:He would spend hours explaining how he had executed complicated reversing manoeuvres, parking HGV trucks in parking bays ‘designed for Tonka cars’. He had a permanently suntanned right forearm, which friends noticed was noticeably browner than the left, even during the winter. It was, he said, the result of having one arm constantly rested on the truck door by the window...Jacobs talked so much about truck driving he became annoying.<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Domicile===

Whilst in Brighton, he lived in “a house close to Elm Grove,”<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> a high density neighbourhood within the city with a large transient population due to large numbers of houses of multiple occupancy (HMOs) and popularity with students.<ref name="Elm Grove HMOs">Planning & Public Protection, Information & Mapping, [http://present.brighton-hove.gov.uk/Published/C00000120/M00003230/AI00026371/$20120306163530_001865_0006177_Appendix2HanoverandElmGroveHMOandStudentHousingDensity.pdfA.ps.pdf ‘HMO & Student Housing Density: Hanover & Elm Grove Ward’], Brighton & Hove City Council website, November 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

Activists in Brighton remember the flat as 'sparse' and 'clean', with just a Bob Marley poster on the wall. "Looks like the place of a copper" someone said, but by the time that was a running gag - activists say in hindsight.<ref name = brighton/>

In Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ rented a first floor apartment “near Roath Park, on the fringe of the student area.” According to CAN activist ‘Janine’ the flat was barely furnished and “entirely without personality,” with “no photographs or anything else that you would have by the time you were in your 40s.”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Personality===

Cardiff activist ‘Janine’ describes ‘Jacobs’ as “Big, burly, brash and blokey,”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>, an assessment echoed elsewhere, including the Cardiff Anarchist Network statement about him, which described the by-now exposed undercover policeman as “likeable, personally supportive, funny and very useful to have around”.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Several people have noted his use of humour. ‘Verity Smith’ has suggested that “he hid behind this sort of amiable clown thing, he made a joke of everything, deflected everything”.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p280.</ref> Another unnamed source posed a rhetorical question to regional newspaper ''Wales On Sunday'': “If they can send a bloke cracking jokes into your life, who will they send next time?”<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref>

His legend included a messy breakup from a relationship with a woman who abused him. At the time this seemed a believable story, but some people had questions about Jacobs' claims - merely his size and weight made it not very likely that he would end up as the beaten one. In general, his attempt to position himself as a vulnerable person did not really work.<ref name = brighton/>

Publicly available accounts of his time in Brighton suggest that despite his best efforts he remained something of an outsider to the city's activist scene.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> Evans and Lewis claim that he had “few friends” there; their book contains recollections about ‘Jacobs’ from one of these, called ‘Terry’.<ref name="ABK085pp226-227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, pp226-227.</ref> Some people even felt sorry for him, he was trying so hard to fit in, but failed.<ref name = brighton/>
====Changing the mood at meetings====
Several accounts note that ‘Jacobs’ regularly used a number of idiosyncratic phrases.

The pen portrait of his time in Brighton by ‘Dick Tracy’ notes that ‘Jacobs’ was in the habit of “making sarcastic comments in social situations and meetings,” adding that this “may have been an attempt to disrupt activist organising”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> The Cardiff Anarchist Network monograph appears to echo this last supposition, stating that he “changed the culture of the organisation, encouraging a lot of drinking, gossip and back-stabbing.”<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

An otherwise brief FITwatch blog post<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> lists a number of the catchphrases often used by ‘Jacobs’:
::little phrases that were used frequently to deflect question or discussion, or to lighten situations. "Dear diary..." he'd say when we'd be discussing the days/weeks happenings. "And relax..." at the end of meetings or stressful conversations. Everything was "dinky do". He'd do a "welfare check" to see how you were, and generally things were ridic/hillar/bloody marv. Other people's witticisms were greeted with "did you see what he did there?". And that's a "negadive" (negative) or "check".

Based on their interviews with activists who knew ‘Jacobs’, Evans and Lewis claim that he “liked to adopt the persona of a Northern [English] comedian.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

In a similar vein, he would produce spoof minutes from meetings (mentioned in the context of Jacobs taking minutes of Dissent meetings before the G8 summit in Glenneagles).<ref name = brighton/>

====Attitudes towards and promotion of violence====
According to Evans and Lewis, during his time in Brighton ‘Jacobs’ “boasted about getting into pub brawls”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>. One story is a bit more specific, Jacobs claimed to have gone back to Northampton to meet and old mate, and end up receiving a beaten in a pub fight. In hindsight this story did not add up with Jacobs' claims of coming to Brighton because he needed a clean break from his old life.<ref name = brighton/>

By the time he surfaced in Cardiff he claimed that he had been to prison on remand, but was vague about why or what for, preferring instead to allude to a past as “a bit of a fighter.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

One commenter on CAN's statement on Indymedia, ‘stroppyoldgit’, claimed ‘Jacobs’ repeatedly attempted to stir up more militant or violent activity amongst activists at protests, regardless of the circumstances. In particular at a No Borders camp near Gatwick:<ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
::He made a couple of ridiculous interventions in the big meeting before the main march through Crawley to the detention centre, urging us to make the next day a big fight with the cops...He tried to start a gormless violence-obsessed conversation.

===Relationships===

Part of the back story given by ‘Jacobs’ is that “he was separated from his former partner, who used to physically abuse him”.<ref name="AEV040">The Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ''AKJ and others -v- Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others''], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref> The version put forward by Evans and Lewis is slightly different; they present it as a messy divorce from an abusive ex-wife called ‘Sam’ (“who beat him up”) before appearing on the activist scene. Given that he had this name (or at least the letters S A M) tattooed on his back - subsequently covered up with a black star - it seems likely that there was a real person by this name in the life of the police officer playing the part of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="ABK085p227"></ref>

Whilst he is not known to have developed many close bonds with activists in Brighton, an anonymous Indymedia posting claims that during his time there he “slept with at least one woman who was close to the activist scene”.<ref name="IM4.013">a source, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html?c=on#c264095 ‘Another under-the-covers-cop’], ''Indymedia UK'', 30 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref> Activists in Brighton said it was a friend of a friend, and not somebody close to the scene.<ref name = brighton/>

In Brighton, he confided to a friend that he had once kissed a man, but asked for this to remain confidential.<ref name = brighton/>

In contrast he was able to “befriend people from the [south Wales] area around the country at different protests”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> - first meeting CAN activists in 2004<ref name="AEV040"></ref><ref name="AEV067">Lord Justice Maurice Kay & Lady Justice Sharp, [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2013/1342.html ''In the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) on Appeal from the High Court, QBD - Mr Justice Tugendhat HQ12X00132 before LJ Maurice Kay & LJ Sharp - AJA, ARB & Thomas Fowler -v- Chief Constable South Wales Police & ACPO + AKJ, KAW & SUR -v- Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis & ACPO''], Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Royal Courts of Justice, 5 November 2013 (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> - and so decided to move to Cardiff. Here ‘Jacobs’ was able to ingratiate himself into several close friendships. These included:

:*'''Tom Fowler''': an activist involved in, amongst other groups, Cardiff Anarchist Network and South Wales Anarchists, and “then at the centre of Cardiff activism”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref> He says Jacobs “became a very close friend of mine, became more than a close friend of some members of our group.”<ref name="AUD020"></ref> Fowler described ‘Jacobs’ as “privy to all of my decision-making around activism and personal relationships to a really deep level...He was like my best mate. He was the most reliable person in my life.”<ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

:*'''Fran Ryan''': A vegan baker introduced to ‘Jacobs’ by Tom Fowler, Fran Ryan was then 50 and “not herself politically active”, but she “quickly formed a rapport with the undercover police officer.” ‘Jacobs’ even tried (unsuccessfully) to get her to accompany him to a “meeting of European animal rights activists in Vienna”, before she agreed instead to go with him to an animal rights gathering in Essex.<ref name="ABK085p232-233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232-233.</ref>

‘Jacobs’ is also known to have had sexual relationships with at least two activists amongst the groups he spied upon.

:*'''‘Sarah’''': In the summer of 2007, ‘Jacobs’ began a sexual relationship with ‘Sarah’, then 26 years old, and well-connected in activist circles, after they returned from Germany where they had taken part in the anti-G8 Heiligendamm summit protests. The relationship, which only lasted “a few weeks”, was built on a close friendship the two had developed over the previous few years, and began at the prompting of ‘Jacobs’, who had initially suggested that they “take their relationship further” two months before the G8.<ref name="ABK085p231-232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231-232.</ref> (Note that previously ''The Guardian'' had reported that this relationship had taken place in 2008 and lasted three months.<ref name="GN4.001"></ref>)

:*'''‘Deborah’''': In 2009, when she was in a relationship with Tom Fowler, ‘Deborah’ father was terminally ill with cancer. In Fowler's words, ‘Jacobs’ “put himself in the middle of that [relationship]...[and] acted as a father figure to her.” Simultaneously he behaved as a confidant to Fowler, who told him about his and ‘Deborah’'s relationship troubles. When her father died, ‘Jacobs’ attended the funeral. According to Evans and Lewis he “offered her a shoulder to cry on...[then] tried to seduce her”. Initially ‘Deborah’ turned him down, but eventually they embarked on a brief sexual relationship after ‘Jacobs’ told her that he loved her. Then, “believing she was about to begin a serious relationship with the truck driver,” she broke up with Fowler, only for ‘Jacobs’ to suddenly lose interest. <ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

The circumstances of the efforts by ‘Jacobs’ to interpose himself into the lives of activists in Cardiff, and to pursue intimate sexual relationships with targets, has subsequently been the focus of legal action taken by Fowler, ‘Sarah’ and ‘Deborah’ (see [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Court_cases|court cases section]] below).

===Habits, tastes and interests===
This section is pieced together from details noted in the various accounts of ‘Jacobs’' activities, and as such cannot be considered to be either comprehensive or definitive.

====Music====
‘Jacobs’ professed a passion for rock music, and used going to out-of-town gigs - purportedly with friends not from the activist scene - as a pretext for absences from Cardiff.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> A “heavy metal CD collection” is said to have filled the floor of his otherwise spartan Cardiff flat.<ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref> Activist Tom Fowler recalled how the two of them would go to punk gigs in Newport.<ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>

His MySpace page<ref name="PRO092">Mark Jacobs, [https://myspace.com/cardiffmarco/ ‘Mark Jacobs MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2009(?) (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> indicates that he was a fan of the following bands and artists, predominantly heavy metal or hard rock:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AC/DC
|Alice Cooper
|Annihilator
|Big Linda
|Chris Broderick
|Crawler
|Def Leppard
|Evile
|Fathom Down
|Gojira
|Hawkwind
|Hot Leg
|-
|The Hush
|Judas Priest
|Led Zeppelin
|Lovecraaft
|Megadeth
|Metallica
|Motörhead
|Mutant
|Nuclear Theatre
|Onslaught
|Pink Floyd
|Privateer
|-
|Reb Beach
|Sanctity
|Savage Messiah
|Saxon
|Slipknot
|Stone Gods
|Tony Iommi
|Trivium
|V-Twin
|Venom
|Warpath
|Whitesnake
|}

====Alcohol & Drugs====
Both in Brighton and Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ developed a reputation for being able to consume prodigious quantities of alcohol (“a notorious ability to drink huge quantities of alcohol without becoming drunk,” say Evans and Lewis).<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> Cardiff activist Tom Fowler notes that one catchphrase of ‘Jacobs’ was “Strong European lager is my drug of choice.”<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref>

In Brighton, he regularly attended the Cowley Club, an anarchist social centre. He is said to “treated the Cowley bar as his regular,” boasting how much he could drink and was “often generous in buying rounds,”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL219">unknown author, [http://www.roughmusic.org/rm25.html ‘Undercover cop: Brighton's very own pig in a blanket’], ''Rough Music'' #25, February/March 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

In Cardiff his reputation for heavy drinking continued, something noted in the CAN account of his time there, which points towards him “encouraging a lot of drinking”.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

Activist ‘Verity Smith’ commented on this aspect of him:<ref name="ABK118ch17p278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p278.</ref>
: He would be down the pub all the time, he would always have money for drinks, he would be very keen to encourage people to go out drinking with him and used that time to really probe people on what they thought and what their attitudes were and what their opinions were, what their vulnerabilities were. I also think he wanted to instil a drinking culture that automatically excluded those people who were not part of that party scene - because they were working or because they had children or because they were not of that age group or whatever.

His capacity for drink was even noticed overseas, such as at the 2007 anti-G8 Heiligendamm protests in Germany.<ref name="ASL194">Veit Medick, Sven Röbel & Marcel Rosenbach, [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-78602546.html ‘Maulwürfe im Milieu’], ''Der Spiegel'', 23 May 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014): the article notes that “At Heiligendamm [G8 summit in June 2007] about ten foreign police officers were deployed besides Kennedy, including a Welsh colleague with the alias ‘Marco Jacobs’, a supposed truck driver from Cardiff who attracted attention at the Baltic Sea activist camp with his drinking ability. In return, German authorities also sent their undercover officers around the world. The Berlin State Criminal Police Office alone sent five officers to the 2005 G8 protests in Gleneagles, each of whom was accompanied by a liaison officer, who served as a contact person to receive reports from the moles in the movement.” (Translation: BristleKRS)</ref>

The main accounts detailing his activities suggest that ‘Jacobs’ did not consume (illegal) drugs.<ref name="UNDERCOVER">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013.</ref><ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

====Food & diet====
It is perhaps of note that whilst trying to infiltrate the activist milieu in Brighton - where it is received wisdom that he was less successful in penetrating networks - ‘Jacobs’ remained a meat-eating outsider,<ref name="ABK085p226"/> but that by the time he more successfully worked his way into the Cardiff scene he had become vegan.<ref name="ABK085p227"/>


==Activist modus operandi, undercover tradecraft==

===Target groups===
Whilst undercover, ‘Marco Jacobs’ infiltrated (or attempted to infiltrate) a considerable number of political campaigns. He is known to have involved (or attempted to involve) himself in the following networks, groups, issues or tactics:

*Animal rights networks<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp280.</ref>, including Swansea Animal Rights<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Anti-Metrix/RAF St Athan Defence Academy<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Black Bloc<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Camp Bling<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*Camp for Climate Action<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Cardiff Anarchist Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Cowley Club<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref><ref name="ABK085p243">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p243.</ref>
*Dissent! Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Eat Out Vegan Wales<ref name="AWB063">Eat Out Vegan Wales, [http://www.eatoutveganwales.org/ ‘Home page’], ''Eat Out Vegan Wales'' website, accessed 30 August 2014.</ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref>
*Gwent Anarchists<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Heiligendamm G8 protests<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="AEV064"></ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref><ref name="IM4.005"> @rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppygit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref>
*KTS Autonomous Centre<ref name="IM4.009">Nachtermittlungen, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Schweine in zivii’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
*Milford Haven anti-LNG pipeline<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*No Borders<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref> and in particular No Borders South Wales<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*No To NATO<ref name="IM4.005">@rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppyoldgit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 13 June 2014).</ref>
*Pembrokeshire Anarchists<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Rising Tide Network<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.004">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
*St. Petersburg G8 mobilisation and planning<ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277.</ref>
*Smash EDO<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*South Wales Anarchists<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref>

===Notable activity===

During his deployment, ‘Marco Jacobs’ engaged in a number of activities which enabled him to get close or closer to other activists and their decision-making processes. These included:

*Attending protests<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Taking minutes at meetings<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref><ref name = brighton/>

*Writing, editing and distributing newsletters<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Participating in direct action<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Use of practical skills such as driving<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Being a point of contact for groups, particularly in international networks<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.010">someone from paris, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262826 ‘please forward evidence..’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 19 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277-280.</ref>

*Participation in protest and direct action activities overseas (‘summit-hopping’)<ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="AEV064">Andrej Hunko, [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/837/837we04.htm ‘Information on sexual relationships by British undercover investigators in Germany/information for the individuals affected’], written evidence to Home Affairs Committee, Parliament.uk, February 2013 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280"></ref>

* Taking pictures of protest (reportedly brought a camera to the G8 summit in Heiligendamm)<ref name = brighton/>

===Offences believed to have been committed===

'Jacobs' is known to have been arrested with others on two ocassions following doing actions; both times his house was apparently raided, as were the homes of those arrested with him. The first is circa 2004-2005, in Brighton, when he and two others were arrested for fly-positing in the run up to the G8.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> THe second was circa 2006-2007, when he was arrested during pipeline action at Milford Haven.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

There is also an account of him driving with out-of-date insurance.<ref name="ABK085p233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p233.</ref>

===Exfiltration===
In common with other undercover officers who have been unmasked, ‘Jacobs’ appears to have had an exit strategy which saw him preparing those around him for his impending departure, albeit one which apparently played out only over a matter of weeks rather than months, as seems to have been the case with others before him. In effect, he announced that he had been offered a job as a gardener in Corfu<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>, and shortly afterwards left from Cardiff. Contact with several activists in Cardiff was maintained for a few weeks, but then dried up.<ref name="BG4.004"/><ref name="IM4.002"/>

==Exposure and post-exposure issues==
Accounts of the undercover tour of ‘Marco Jacobs’ have repeatedly made mention of how at various times he was suspected of being, if not necessarily a policeman, then certainly something other than a committed political activist. However, despite such suspicions, he remained able to continue his undercover deployment until - it seems - his tour came to a natural conclusion and he was exfiltrated. He was not fully exposed as a police infiltrator until January 2011 - nearly a year and a half after he left Cardiff in August 2009.

===Early suspicions in Brighton===
‘Marco Jacobs’ had been suspected of being a police officer by a number of activists at different times. According to the Indymedia account of his time in Brighton, “From the beginning there were suspicions about Marco - In fact he used to joke that everyone thought he was a cop.”<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

The ''Guardian'' journalists' ''Undercover'' book supports this: “activists in Brighton say they became suspicious.” In their account, even ‘Terry’, one of the few to call themselves a friend of ‘Jacobs’ during his Brighton phase, recalls that “The word was, that man is a copper, everyone knows he is a copper...It was something about his deportment that just screamed ‘pig’ to some people.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> According to ‘Terry’, less than a year into his deployment ‘Jacobs’ asked him “‘Everyone thinks I’m a copper, don’t they?”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

Considering that he was subsequent outed, activists in Brighton told the Undercover Research Group:<ref name = brighton/>
: There were rumours about Jacobs, but on the other hand: there are rumours about a lot of people. There was someone very much involved in the scene who would stand up for Jacobs, trusting him. Just because someone is different, he is not necessarily a spy - maybe he was just a bit lost in life. This may have kept people from getting together to investigate Jacobs. One reason for serious doubt was the fact that he claimed to have been involved in hunt sabbing [sabotage] - while up north nobody in activist circles knew him. In hindsight this should have rung a bell... now activists ask themselves: how could he have been involved in radical animal activism before he came to Brighton, and arriving there as a meat-eater?

===Suspicions build in Cardiff===
By the time of his 2009 exfiltration from Cardiff, doubts about him had accrued in that city as well, as ‘Verity Smith’ notes: “By that time a number of us had quite deep suspicions about him but there were such divisions within the group that we hadn’t told each other about them. I didn’t know, for instance, that a number of others in the group shared my suspicions.”<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref> At a leaving party for ‘Jacobs’ in August, even his closest friend in the city, Tom Fowler, joked to him that “If you disappear in a few months, you do realise that means you’re a cop, don’t you?”<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref>

For a period of time following his putative departure to Corfu he continued to exchange text messages with some of his activist friends, and sent postcards. However, these “dried up” soon after, his UK mobile phone number became no longer recognised, and his Greek mobile phone was reset to not accept incoming calls or texts.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> He also failed to update his social media accounts, such as his MySpace page.<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2010 (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref>

No more was heard from him, and as a result “suspicions crystallised, but by now he had completely disappeared.”<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

By February 2010, the suspicions had grown to the point that the person running the No Borders South Wales MySpace account left a message on that of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2011(?) (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref> (who had not updated his page in months) which directly referenced the uncertainty. It read: “Yassoo. Kalla? Dear Marco, hope all is well/you're not a cop. Al [sic] the best, Cardiff.”<ref name="IM4.014">Someone, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262774 ‘Comment on his myspace page’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref>

With no word from him for some time, a number of Cardiff Anarchist Network activists began to come to the conclusion that he had been a police spy: “at that point people’s suspicions consolidated and people started to talk to each other and ask whether he was a cop. The group got together and talked about it, there was broad agreement that we thought he probably was but we didn’t know what to do about it. People outside the group were quite dismissive and often we weren’t believed,” says ‘Verity Smith’.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281"></ref>

===Exposure===
On 14 January 2011 - five days after ''The Guardian'' exposed [[Mark Kennedy]]<ref name="GN2.002">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists ‘Undercover officer spied on green activists’], ''The Guardian'', 9 January 2011 (accessed 31 August 2014). This was however more than a fortnight after the ''Sunday Times'' had picked up on the story, Tim Rayment & Jonathan Leake, [http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Society/article484345.ece ‘7-year snitch: ‘Flash’ the activist is a secret cop’], ''Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010 (accessed 5 June 2014) after reading about [[Mark Kennedy|‘Flash’]] on Indymedia, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466477.html ‘Mark 'Stone/Kennedy' exposed as undercover police officer’], ''Indymedia UK'', 21 October 2010 (Accessed 31 August 2014).</ref>) - the paper published a piece on its website which whilst not naming or picturing the man known to those he spied upon as ‘Marco Jacobs’, clearly identified him as an undercover police officer.<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

It is thought likely that police sources asked ''The Guardian'' not to identify ‘Jacobs’ by work, name or photograph in the same way they did in regards of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]], an [[NPOIU]] spy who was publicly exposed two days prior on 12 January.<ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014). Some people thought ''The Guardian'' “bowed to pressure from the cops to keep his identity a secret”, see Emily Apple, [http://domesticextremist.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/death-grief-and-undercover-cops/ ‘Death, grief, and undercover cops’], ''Random Reflections of a Domestic Extremist'' blog, 13 February 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref> Instead the paper initially referred to him only as ‘Officer B’<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> in the same way that [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Watson’]] was at first labelled only as [[Officer A (disambiguation)|‘Officer A’]]. She was confirmed as a serving police officer by “intelligence officials”<ref name="GN3.002"></ref> and “senior police officers”<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>, with further corroboration coming in April in the ''Times''.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

However, campaign group FITwatch, immediately published on their website a précis of the ''Guardian'' story the night before the print edition was due to hit the streets, which included naming and publishing photographs of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>. The next day - 15 January - they reposted the same article to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' revealed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> A further blog post followed on 18 January, with more photographs.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref>
''The Guardian'' followed a few days later, on 19 January, identifying ‘Jacobs’ by name and photograph. That same day activists from Cardiff Anarchist Network released a statement about ‘Jacobs’ which was published on both the South Wales Anarchists website<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref> and on Indymedia UK.<ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>; ‘Dick Tracy’ then also posted the account of ‘Jacobs’' Brighton deployment to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

===Court cases===
Since his exposure three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network who were spied on for four years by Jacobs have initated a court action against the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan]] and [[South Wales Police|South Wales]] police forces over the effect of Jacobs' intrusion in their lives and the distress it has caused. Two had sexual relationships with Jacobs, the third is a man who was the partner of one of one of them and was very close friends with Jacobs. However, the police responded by saying they can [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] whether 'Jacobs' was a police officer, mirroring other similiar cases.

In early 2013 Judge Michael Tugendhat, summarised the case around the sexual relationships formed by ‘Jacobs’ in Cardiff as:<ref name="AEV040">The Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ''AKJ and others -v- Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others''], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref>
::Between 2005 and 2009 MJ [Marco Jacobs] formed (apparently) close relationships with all three Tuckers Claimants, including intimate sexual relationships with AJA [‘Sarah’] and ARB [‘Deborah’]. MJ instigated a sexual relationship with ARB at a time when she was in a relationship with Mr Fowler. During the course of those relationships, MJ purported to be a confidante, empathiser and source of close support to each of the Tuckers Claimants, including in relation to deeply personal aspects of their lives: he attended, for example, the funeral of ARB’s father after his death from cancer. In doing so, he exploited the vulnerabilities of the Tuckers Claimants and sought to encourage them to rely on him emotionally. None of the Tuckers Claimants would have entered into these relationships with MJ had they been aware of his true identity as a police officer.

In March 2015, the three came to the High Court in London to challenge the use of NCND in relation to their claim for damages. In a partial victory, the police said that they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.

Whilst the Metropolitan Police did not say they were dropping the use of NCND, they effectively admitted that Jacobs had been an undercover. However, no further evidence has yet been released to shine a light as to who sent Jacobs to spy, what they asked him to do, and how much they knew of his abuse of those he targeted.<ref name = COPS/>

The next hearing in the High Court in London is set for 7 June 2016.

* For more on the NCND defense of the police, see the [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] page at the Police Spies Out of Lives website, by the Support group for women's legal action against undercover policing.

==Gallery==
This section brings together all the publicly available photographs of ‘Marco Jacobs’. Where known, any date, location, subject and rights information will be given with a picture.

===FITwatch, 14 January 2011===
In the wake of the first mainstream reference to ‘Lynn Watson’ on 13 January 2011,<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref> the following day (14 January 2011) FITwatch published the first exposé (including picture) of the man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ - a statement put out in the name of Cardiff Anarchist Network.<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>

<gallery>
File:Marco Jacobs.png|Undated Marco Jacobs photo
</gallery>

===FITwatch, 18 January 2011===
Four days later, FITwatch posted up additional photos of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> Several of these photographs were subsequently used by mainstream media outlets, such as ''The Guardian'', to illustrate their articles about ‘Jacobs’.

<gallery>
File:Marco1.jpg|1. Undated photo - a cropped version of this photo was subsequently used by ''The Guardian'' from 19 January 2011 onwards<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
File:marco2.jpg|2. Undated photo
File:1Marco3.jpg|3. Undated photo - used by ''The Guardian'' from 3 May 2011 onwards<ref name="ASL221">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans, Paddy Allen & Simon Jeffrey, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/interactive/2011/may/03/undercover-police-environmental-activists-interactive ‘Police spies and corporate infiltrators - an interactive guide to what we know so far’], ''The Guardian'', 3 May 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL220">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/gallery/2013/jun/24/undercover-police-spies-unmasked-in-pictures/ ‘Undercover police spies unmasked - in pictures’], ''The Guardian'', 24 June 2013 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
File:marco4.jpg|4. Undated photo
File:marco5.jpg|5. Undated photo
</gallery>

===South Wales Anarchists, 19 January 2014===
The next day, the CAN statement previously posted to the FITwatch blog was also published on the website of South Wales Anarchists.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
<gallery>
File:180px-Marco_Jacobs_-_full.png|Less cropped version of original undated photograph (See above)
</gallery>

==Other Undercover Research sources==
For ease of reference the full list of all known material specifically relating to the undercover police officer known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ has been put onto a separate page in addition to the end notes below.
::*[[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

::*Also see [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Notes==
<references/>

Marco Jacobs (alias)

2016-06-15T21:52:42Z

Bristol Chris: /* South Wales Anarchists, 19 January 2014 */

{{Undercover_Police_Officer_sidebar|Name=Unknown|Alias=Mark ‘Marco’ Jacobs|Series=undercover police officers|Image=Marco_Jacobs.png|Unit=National Public Order Intelligence Unit|DatesDeployed=2004-09|Targets=Anarchist direct action networks}}

'''‘Mark Jacobs’''', more commonly known as '''‘Marco Jacobs’''', was the assumed identity of an undercover police officer who infiltrated political groups within the activist and anarchist movement. He was active between 2004 and 2009, at first in the Brighton area of southern England, and then Cardiff, south Wales.

It is believed that he worked for the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]],<ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref> and that after the end of his deployment, he was subsequently deployed undercover elsewhere, until publicity surrounding this and other spy operations caused him to be “moved for security reasons” after his “identity was compromised”.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

The role of ‘Jacobs’ as a long-term undercover police spy was brought to public attention in January 2011 in the wake of the unmasking of fellow NPOIU spy Mark Kennedy.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' confirmed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Both South Wales and Metropolitan police maintained a [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] defence of all aspects of Jacobs' deployment. Three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network spied upon by Jacobs brought their case to the High Court claiming damages for what they had gone through. In March 2015 the Metropolitan police conceded they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.<ref name = COPS>Campaign Oppossing Police Surveillance, [http://campaignopposingpolicesurveillance.com/2015/03/26/police-concede-marco-jacobs-was-spycop/ Police Concede Marco Jacobs was Spycop], blog post, 26 March 2015 (accessed June 2016</ref>

More than a year later, and more importantly after the unprecedented apology in November 2015 of the Met police to the eight women who had been in relationships with undercover officers, the case of the Cardiff anarchists is continuing with a further hearing on 7 June 2016.

Jacobs' current whereabouts and status are unknown. Likewise nothing is known of his true identity or history as a police officer.

''N.B. This is a preliminary profile and we are interested in learning more about his activities. If you think you have anything to add or to correct, [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.not get in touch] (PGP key available on request).''

Also see:
* [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]
* [[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

==Overview of undercover tour as ‘Marco Jacobs’==
The man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ first appeared in Brighton in late 2004, and quickly made attempts to inveigle his way into political groups, primarily those of a direct action-oriented anarchist or anti-authoritarian nature. He attended local protests, travelled to demonstrations in other parts of the country, took part in meetings, and socialised with activists.

However, it appears that he was never entirely trusted within the Brighton activist community<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>, and so in 2005 he moved to Cardiff, where he repeated the same repertoire of behaviour, but, it seems, more successfully. Cardiff activist Tom Fowler, pointed at the different character of that city's activist scene compared to Brighton's: “he was a normal working class bloke and the activist scene in Brighton was maybe not somewhere ‘Jacobs’ was fitting in.”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> Fellow Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) activist ‘Verity Smith’ concurred with this view in her account:

::He moved to Cardiff claiming that he’d come from Brighton but that (activists in) Brighton had been hostile to him, had not accepted him and that he’d felt excluded. He said he’d come to Cardiff because we were more open and more tolerant of new people becoming involved and that there was a lot going on in Cardiff in terms of activism and that he wanted to be where things were happening.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp276">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p276.</ref>

Whilst in Cardiff he became more involved in international protest organising networks, and developed close, sometimes sexual, relationships with a number of activists.<ref name="RELATIONSHIPS">See section on [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Relationships|relationships]] for more on this.</ref>

He disappeared in late 2009, having said he was moving to Corfu for a job.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>

Though suspicions about him grew in his absence, nothing more was heard about him until January 2011, when the furore over the [[Mark Kennedy]] affair led to him being acknowledged as a police spy shortly after the public exposure of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]].<ref name="GN3.001">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist ‘Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist’], ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.001">quiteliketheguardianactually, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/471994.html ‘Officer A’], ''Indymedia UK'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM3.002">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

===Timeline===
For a better overview, a timeline is in the making. The current version collates previously published (though sometimes as yet uncorroborated) claims and privately confirmed details of what ‘Jacobs’ did, and where and when he did it. We still need to talk to people who knew Jacobs, if you have any details to add about his activites and behaviour, do [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.net get in touch].

:''See main article: [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Personal details==

‘Jacobs’ was a heavy-set, hirsute man with a Midlands accent with a wry (or sometimes dark) sense of humour, and a propensity for drinking large volumes of alcohol. It appears he presented somewhat different versions of himself depending on the audience, with a noticeable change in his behaviour and appearance by the time he had moved from Brighton to Cardiff.

===Age===
At the outset of his deployment he was in his mid-to-late thirties. On exposure in January 2011, his age was said to be 44, suggesting a birth year of 1966 or 1967.<ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.001"></ref>

===Physical appearance===
Several accounts note him to be a physically large man (“carrying a little too much weight around the middle”<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>), typically describing him as approximately fifteen stone (210 pounds, or 95kg)<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref><ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ReallyFITw">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his weight at approximately “15/16 stone”.</ref>, and about six foot (183cm) in height.<ref name="BG4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002"></ref><ref name="ReallyFITh">Really Fit in the FITwatch article (see note #3) puts his height at “around 5'11"”.</ref>

His hair - brown and slightly curly - varied in length and style over the years, from a shaggy mullet to a neater ponytail. He tended to be unshaven, sometimes wearing a beard.<ref name="Hair Notes">See [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Gallery|gallery of photographs]] above.</ref> ''Guardian'' reporters Evans and Lewis suggest that between his deployment in Brighton and the move to Cardiff, ‘Jacobs’ “had the chance to learn from mistakes in Brighton. He became a vegan and changed his appearance, growing his hair to his shoulders and dying it purple.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref> He was also bestowed with large amounts of body hair.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

He had ear piercings and tattoos, including the name ‘Sam’ on his lower back (which he claimed was a tribute to his by then ex-wife), subsequently covered up with a black star, and a piece of Celtic knotwork on one shoulder, which he said he had got when he was in a bike gang as an 18 year old.<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

===Background===

On arriving in Brighton, he claimed to have come from Reading, a city in the Thames Valley area, close to London.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> To activists in Cardiff he presented himself as from Northampton, a supporter of the Northampton Town football club, and moving away from Northampton due to a “messy break-up with a woman” there.<ref name="ABK118ch17p277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref> Accounts generally suggest - based on his accent and on claims made by ‘Jacobs’ himself - that he originally hailed from the English Midlands, possibly Northampton<ref name="ABK118ch17p277"></ref><ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="IM4.008">Courtnee Brantley, [http://indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html?c=on#c263675 ‘Marco information’], ''Indymedia UK'', 24 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014)</ref> or Derby<ref name="BG4.002"></ref>.

===Occupation===

On appearing in Brighton early on in his undercover deployment, ‘Jacobs’ claimed to be “a landscape artist [who] also drove trucks”.<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> In Brighton, he presented an elaborated story on how he would do the front of corporate head quarters of companies that would want exactly the same design at their offices, for instance in Edinburgh and Bristol. He would use this as an explanation for the periods of time he was away. However, as he befriended an activist who was in landscaping too, he changed his said-occupation into truck driver and gave away his tools.<ref name = brighton>Interview with group of activists in Brighton, URG, 2 October 2014</ref>

Following his relocation to Cardiff, he had refined his legend and presented himself as a truck driver who spent his time “hauling boxes of shopping catalogues around the country”.<ref name="ABK085p228">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p228.</ref> This part of his cover seems to have been meticulously prepared:

:He would spend hours explaining how he had executed complicated reversing manoeuvres, parking HGV trucks in parking bays ‘designed for Tonka cars’. He had a permanently suntanned right forearm, which friends noticed was noticeably browner than the left, even during the winter. It was, he said, the result of having one arm constantly rested on the truck door by the window...Jacobs talked so much about truck driving he became annoying.<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Domicile===

Whilst in Brighton, he lived in “a house close to Elm Grove,”<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> a high density neighbourhood within the city with a large transient population due to large numbers of houses of multiple occupancy (HMOs) and popularity with students.<ref name="Elm Grove HMOs">Planning & Public Protection, Information & Mapping, [http://present.brighton-hove.gov.uk/Published/C00000120/M00003230/AI00026371/$20120306163530_001865_0006177_Appendix2HanoverandElmGroveHMOandStudentHousingDensity.pdfA.ps.pdf ‘HMO & Student Housing Density: Hanover & Elm Grove Ward’], Brighton & Hove City Council website, November 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

Activists in Brighton remember the flat as 'sparse' and 'clean', with just a Bob Marley poster on the wall. "Looks like the place of a copper" someone said, but by the time that was a running gag - activists say in hindsight.<ref name = brighton/>

In Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ rented a first floor apartment “near Roath Park, on the fringe of the student area.” According to CAN activist ‘Janine’ the flat was barely furnished and “entirely without personality,” with “no photographs or anything else that you would have by the time you were in your 40s.”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref>

===Personality===

Cardiff activist ‘Janine’ describes ‘Jacobs’ as “Big, burly, brash and blokey,”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>, an assessment echoed elsewhere, including the Cardiff Anarchist Network statement about him, which described the by-now exposed undercover policeman as “likeable, personally supportive, funny and very useful to have around”.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

Several people have noted his use of humour. ‘Verity Smith’ has suggested that “he hid behind this sort of amiable clown thing, he made a joke of everything, deflected everything”.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p280.</ref> Another unnamed source posed a rhetorical question to regional newspaper ''Wales On Sunday'': “If they can send a bloke cracking jokes into your life, who will they send next time?”<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref>

His legend included a messy breakup from a relationship with a woman who abused him. At the time this seemed a believable story, but some people had questions about Jacobs' claims - merely his size and weight made it not very likely that he would end up as the beaten one. In general, his attempt to position himself as a vulnerable person did not really work.<ref name = brighton/>

Publicly available accounts of his time in Brighton suggest that despite his best efforts he remained something of an outsider to the city's activist scene.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> Evans and Lewis claim that he had “few friends” there; their book contains recollections about ‘Jacobs’ from one of these, called ‘Terry’.<ref name="ABK085pp226-227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, pp226-227.</ref> Some people even felt sorry for him, he was trying so hard to fit in, but failed.<ref name = brighton/>
====Changing the mood at meetings====
Several accounts note that ‘Jacobs’ regularly used a number of idiosyncratic phrases.

The pen portrait of his time in Brighton by ‘Dick Tracy’ notes that ‘Jacobs’ was in the habit of “making sarcastic comments in social situations and meetings,” adding that this “may have been an attempt to disrupt activist organising”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref> The Cardiff Anarchist Network monograph appears to echo this last supposition, stating that he “changed the culture of the organisation, encouraging a lot of drinking, gossip and back-stabbing.”<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

An otherwise brief FITwatch blog post<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> lists a number of the catchphrases often used by ‘Jacobs’:
::little phrases that were used frequently to deflect question or discussion, or to lighten situations. "Dear diary..." he'd say when we'd be discussing the days/weeks happenings. "And relax..." at the end of meetings or stressful conversations. Everything was "dinky do". He'd do a "welfare check" to see how you were, and generally things were ridic/hillar/bloody marv. Other people's witticisms were greeted with "did you see what he did there?". And that's a "negadive" (negative) or "check".

Based on their interviews with activists who knew ‘Jacobs’, Evans and Lewis claim that he “liked to adopt the persona of a Northern [English] comedian.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>

In a similar vein, he would produce spoof minutes from meetings (mentioned in the context of Jacobs taking minutes of Dissent meetings before the G8 summit in Glenneagles).<ref name = brighton/>

====Attitudes towards and promotion of violence====
According to Evans and Lewis, during his time in Brighton ‘Jacobs’ “boasted about getting into pub brawls”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref>. One story is a bit more specific, Jacobs claimed to have gone back to Northampton to meet and old mate, and end up receiving a beaten in a pub fight. In hindsight this story did not add up with Jacobs' claims of coming to Brighton because he needed a clean break from his old life.<ref name = brighton/>

By the time he surfaced in Cardiff he claimed that he had been to prison on remand, but was vague about why or what for, preferring instead to allude to a past as “a bit of a fighter.”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

One commenter on CAN's statement on Indymedia, ‘stroppyoldgit’, claimed ‘Jacobs’ repeatedly attempted to stir up more militant or violent activity amongst activists at protests, regardless of the circumstances. In particular at a No Borders camp near Gatwick:<ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
::He made a couple of ridiculous interventions in the big meeting before the main march through Crawley to the detention centre, urging us to make the next day a big fight with the cops...He tried to start a gormless violence-obsessed conversation.

===Relationships===

Part of the back story given by ‘Jacobs’ is that “he was separated from his former partner, who used to physically abuse him”.<ref name="AEV040">The Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ''AKJ and others -v- Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others''], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref> The version put forward by Evans and Lewis is slightly different; they present it as a messy divorce from an abusive ex-wife called ‘Sam’ (“who beat him up”) before appearing on the activist scene. Given that he had this name (or at least the letters S A M) tattooed on his back - subsequently covered up with a black star - it seems likely that there was a real person by this name in the life of the police officer playing the part of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="ABK085p227"></ref>

Whilst he is not known to have developed many close bonds with activists in Brighton, an anonymous Indymedia posting claims that during his time there he “slept with at least one woman who was close to the activist scene”.<ref name="IM4.013">a source, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html?c=on#c264095 ‘Another under-the-covers-cop’], ''Indymedia UK'', 30 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref> Activists in Brighton said it was a friend of a friend, and not somebody close to the scene.<ref name = brighton/>

In Brighton, he confided to a friend that he had once kissed a man, but asked for this to remain confidential.<ref name = brighton/>

In contrast he was able to “befriend people from the [south Wales] area around the country at different protests”<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref> - first meeting CAN activists in 2004<ref name="AEV040"></ref><ref name="AEV067">Lord Justice Maurice Kay & Lady Justice Sharp, [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2013/1342.html ''In the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) on Appeal from the High Court, QBD - Mr Justice Tugendhat HQ12X00132 before LJ Maurice Kay & LJ Sharp - AJA, ARB & Thomas Fowler -v- Chief Constable South Wales Police & ACPO + AKJ, KAW & SUR -v- Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis & ACPO''], Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Royal Courts of Justice, 5 November 2013 (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> - and so decided to move to Cardiff. Here ‘Jacobs’ was able to ingratiate himself into several close friendships. These included:

:*'''Tom Fowler''': an activist involved in, amongst other groups, Cardiff Anarchist Network and South Wales Anarchists, and “then at the centre of Cardiff activism”<ref name="ABK085p228"></ref> He says Jacobs “became a very close friend of mine, became more than a close friend of some members of our group.”<ref name="AUD020"></ref> Fowler described ‘Jacobs’ as “privy to all of my decision-making around activism and personal relationships to a really deep level...He was like my best mate. He was the most reliable person in my life.”<ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

:*'''Fran Ryan''': A vegan baker introduced to ‘Jacobs’ by Tom Fowler, Fran Ryan was then 50 and “not herself politically active”, but she “quickly formed a rapport with the undercover police officer.” ‘Jacobs’ even tried (unsuccessfully) to get her to accompany him to a “meeting of European animal rights activists in Vienna”, before she agreed instead to go with him to an animal rights gathering in Essex.<ref name="ABK085p232-233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232-233.</ref>

‘Jacobs’ is also known to have had sexual relationships with at least two activists amongst the groups he spied upon.

:*'''‘Sarah’''': In the summer of 2007, ‘Jacobs’ began a sexual relationship with ‘Sarah’, then 26 years old, and well-connected in activist circles, after they returned from Germany where they had taken part in the anti-G8 Heiligendamm summit protests. The relationship, which only lasted “a few weeks”, was built on a close friendship the two had developed over the previous few years, and began at the prompting of ‘Jacobs’, who had initially suggested that they “take their relationship further” two months before the G8.<ref name="ABK085p231-232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231-232.</ref> (Note that previously ''The Guardian'' had reported that this relationship had taken place in 2008 and lasted three months.<ref name="GN4.001"></ref>)

:*'''‘Deborah’''': In 2009, when she was in a relationship with Tom Fowler, ‘Deborah’ father was terminally ill with cancer. In Fowler's words, ‘Jacobs’ “put himself in the middle of that [relationship]...[and] acted as a father figure to her.” Simultaneously he behaved as a confidant to Fowler, who told him about his and ‘Deborah’'s relationship troubles. When her father died, ‘Jacobs’ attended the funeral. According to Evans and Lewis he “offered her a shoulder to cry on...[then] tried to seduce her”. Initially ‘Deborah’ turned him down, but eventually they embarked on a brief sexual relationship after ‘Jacobs’ told her that he loved her. Then, “believing she was about to begin a serious relationship with the truck driver,” she broke up with Fowler, only for ‘Jacobs’ to suddenly lose interest. <ref name="ABK085p231">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p231.</ref>

The circumstances of the efforts by ‘Jacobs’ to interpose himself into the lives of activists in Cardiff, and to pursue intimate sexual relationships with targets, has subsequently been the focus of legal action taken by Fowler, ‘Sarah’ and ‘Deborah’ (see [[Marco Jacobs (alias)#Court_cases|court cases section]] below).

===Habits, tastes and interests===
This section is pieced together from details noted in the various accounts of ‘Jacobs’' activities, and as such cannot be considered to be either comprehensive or definitive.

====Music====
‘Jacobs’ professed a passion for rock music, and used going to out-of-town gigs - purportedly with friends not from the activist scene - as a pretext for absences from Cardiff.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> A “heavy metal CD collection” is said to have filled the floor of his otherwise spartan Cardiff flat.<ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref> Activist Tom Fowler recalled how the two of them would go to punk gigs in Newport.<ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>

His MySpace page<ref name="PRO092">Mark Jacobs, [https://myspace.com/cardiffmarco/ ‘Mark Jacobs MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2009(?) (accessed 28 August 2014).</ref> indicates that he was a fan of the following bands and artists, predominantly heavy metal or hard rock:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AC/DC
|Alice Cooper
|Annihilator
|Big Linda
|Chris Broderick
|Crawler
|Def Leppard
|Evile
|Fathom Down
|Gojira
|Hawkwind
|Hot Leg
|-
|The Hush
|Judas Priest
|Led Zeppelin
|Lovecraaft
|Megadeth
|Metallica
|Motörhead
|Mutant
|Nuclear Theatre
|Onslaught
|Pink Floyd
|Privateer
|-
|Reb Beach
|Sanctity
|Savage Messiah
|Saxon
|Slipknot
|Stone Gods
|Tony Iommi
|Trivium
|V-Twin
|Venom
|Warpath
|Whitesnake
|}

====Alcohol & Drugs====
Both in Brighton and Cardiff ‘Jacobs’ developed a reputation for being able to consume prodigious quantities of alcohol (“a notorious ability to drink huge quantities of alcohol without becoming drunk,” say Evans and Lewis).<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> Cardiff activist Tom Fowler notes that one catchphrase of ‘Jacobs’ was “Strong European lager is my drug of choice.”<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref>

In Brighton, he regularly attended the Cowley Club, an anarchist social centre. He is said to “treated the Cowley bar as his regular,” boasting how much he could drink and was “often generous in buying rounds,”.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL219">unknown author, [http://www.roughmusic.org/rm25.html ‘Undercover cop: Brighton's very own pig in a blanket’], ''Rough Music'' #25, February/March 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>

In Cardiff his reputation for heavy drinking continued, something noted in the CAN account of his time there, which points towards him “encouraging a lot of drinking”.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

Activist ‘Verity Smith’ commented on this aspect of him:<ref name="ABK118ch17p278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p278.</ref>
: He would be down the pub all the time, he would always have money for drinks, he would be very keen to encourage people to go out drinking with him and used that time to really probe people on what they thought and what their attitudes were and what their opinions were, what their vulnerabilities were. I also think he wanted to instil a drinking culture that automatically excluded those people who were not part of that party scene - because they were working or because they had children or because they were not of that age group or whatever.

His capacity for drink was even noticed overseas, such as at the 2007 anti-G8 Heiligendamm protests in Germany.<ref name="ASL194">Veit Medick, Sven Röbel & Marcel Rosenbach, [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-78602546.html ‘Maulwürfe im Milieu’], ''Der Spiegel'', 23 May 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014): the article notes that “At Heiligendamm [G8 summit in June 2007] about ten foreign police officers were deployed besides Kennedy, including a Welsh colleague with the alias ‘Marco Jacobs’, a supposed truck driver from Cardiff who attracted attention at the Baltic Sea activist camp with his drinking ability. In return, German authorities also sent their undercover officers around the world. The Berlin State Criminal Police Office alone sent five officers to the 2005 G8 protests in Gleneagles, each of whom was accompanied by a liaison officer, who served as a contact person to receive reports from the moles in the movement.” (Translation: BristleKRS)</ref>

The main accounts detailing his activities suggest that ‘Jacobs’ did not consume (illegal) drugs.<ref name="UNDERCOVER">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013.</ref><ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

====Food & diet====
It is perhaps of note that whilst trying to infiltrate the activist milieu in Brighton - where it is received wisdom that he was less successful in penetrating networks - ‘Jacobs’ remained a meat-eating outsider,<ref name="ABK085p226"/> but that by the time he more successfully worked his way into the Cardiff scene he had become vegan.<ref name="ABK085p227"/>


==Activist modus operandi, undercover tradecraft==

===Target groups===
Whilst undercover, ‘Marco Jacobs’ infiltrated (or attempted to infiltrate) a considerable number of political campaigns. He is known to have involved (or attempted to involve) himself in the following networks, groups, issues or tactics:

*Animal rights networks<ref name="ABK118ch17pp280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp280.</ref>, including Swansea Animal Rights<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Anti-Metrix/RAF St Athan Defence Academy<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Black Bloc<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Camp Bling<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*Camp for Climate Action<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref>
*Cardiff Anarchist Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Cowley Club<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ABK085p226">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p226.</ref><ref name="ABK085p243">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p243.</ref>
*Dissent! Network<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*Eat Out Vegan Wales<ref name="AWB063">Eat Out Vegan Wales, [http://www.eatoutveganwales.org/ ‘Home page’], ''Eat Out Vegan Wales'' website, accessed 30 August 2014.</ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref>
*Gwent Anarchists<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Heiligendamm G8 protests<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="AEV064"></ref><ref name="ABK085p232">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p232.</ref><ref name="IM4.005"> @rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppygit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p277.</ref>
*KTS Autonomous Centre<ref name="IM4.009">Nachtermittlungen, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Schweine in zivii’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref>
*Milford Haven anti-LNG pipeline<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>
*No Borders<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="IM4.012">Stroppyoldgit, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c264207 ‘@ @rchie’], ''Indymedia UK'', 3 February 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp278">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp278.</ref> and in particular No Borders South Wales<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*No To NATO<ref name="IM4.005">@rchie, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html?c=on#c263319 ‘Hey stroppyoldgit and folk from brighton.’], ''Indymedia UK'', 20 January 2011 (accessed 13 June 2014).</ref>
*Pembrokeshire Anarchists<ref name="WO4.001">unknown author, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-protest-groups-infiltrated-police-1859796 ‘Welsh protest groups infiltrated by police undercover officers talk of their feeling of bitterness and betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.002">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BETRAYED+BY+AN+UNDERCOVER+COP.-a0247258248 ‘Betrayed by an undercover cop’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 23 January 2011 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.003">James McCarthy, [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/spying-case-against-met-police-2497533 ‘‘Spying’ case against Met Police to be heard in secret’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 17 January 2013 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.004">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27An+outrage+that+case+will+be+held+in+secret%27.-a0315293456 ‘‘An outrage that case will be held in secret’’], ''South Wales Echo'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.005">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anarchist+slams+court+ruling+on+secret+trial%3B+CLAIMS+WOMEN+WERE...-a0315297029 ‘Anarchist slams court ruling on secret trial: Claims women were tricked into sex with police’], ''Western Mail'', 18 January 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref><ref name="WO4.006">James McCarthy, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNDERCOVER+COP%27S+%27SEX+BETRAYAL%27.-a0340709999 ‘Undercover cop's ‘sex betrayal’], ''Wales On Sunday'', 25 August 2013 (accessed via TheFreeLibrary 29 August 2014).</ref>
*Rising Tide Network<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.004">ABC Anarres, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472363.html ‘Three undercover political Police unmasked as infiltrators into UK Anarchist, Anti-Fascist and Climate Justice movements’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
*St. Petersburg G8 mobilisation and planning<ref name="ABK118ch17pp277">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277.</ref>
*Smash EDO<ref name="IM4.003"></ref>
*South Wales Anarchists<ref name="AUD020">Oliver Hides, [https://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mw8csfITIP1qcw2azo1_r1.mp3 ‘Interview with Tom Fowler about police infiltration of Cardiff Anarchist Network (package)’], ''Good Morning Wales'', BBC Radio Wales, 6 November 2013 (accessed via Tumblr 13 August 2014) ([http://issuu.com/bristlekrs/docs/avt024_ts-aud020_bbcrw_2013_tom_fow transcript AVT024 by BristleKRS]).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref>

===Notable activity===

During his deployment, ‘Marco Jacobs’ engaged in a number of activities which enabled him to get close or closer to other activists and their decision-making processes. These included:

*Attending protests<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Taking minutes at meetings<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="ABK085p229">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p229.</ref><ref name = brighton/>

*Writing, editing and distributing newsletters<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Participating in direct action<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Use of practical skills such as driving<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

*Being a point of contact for groups, particularly in international networks<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="IM4.010">someone from paris, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262826 ‘please forward evidence..’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 19 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), pp277-280.</ref>

*Participation in protest and direct action activities overseas (‘summit-hopping’)<ref name="ASL194"></ref><ref name="IM4.006">acrosthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263083 ‘Mark and Marcos were at a dissent meeting in Strasbourg in January 2009’], ''Indymedia UK'', 17 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="IM4.007">alsoacrossthechannel, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472162.html?c=on#c263109 ‘marco was at 2 meetings in strasbourg’], ''Indymedia UK'', 18 January 2011 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="AEV064">Andrej Hunko, [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/837/837we04.htm ‘Information on sexual relationships by British undercover investigators in Germany/information for the individuals affected’], written evidence to Home Affairs Committee, Parliament.uk, February 2013 (accessed 18 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK118ch17pp277-280"></ref>

* Taking pictures of protest (reportedly brought a camera to the G8 summit in Heiligendamm)<ref name = brighton/>

===Offences believed to have been committed===

'Jacobs' is known to have been arrested with others on two ocassions following doing actions; both times his house was apparently raided, as were the homes of those arrested with him. The first is circa 2004-2005, in Brighton, when he and two others were arrested for fly-positing in the run up to the G8.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> THe second was circa 2006-2007, when he was arrested during pipeline action at Milford Haven.<ref name="IM4.003"></ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

There is also an account of him driving with out-of-date insurance.<ref name="ABK085p233">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p233.</ref>

===Exfiltration===
In common with other undercover officers who have been unmasked, ‘Jacobs’ appears to have had an exit strategy which saw him preparing those around him for his impending departure, albeit one which apparently played out only over a matter of weeks rather than months, as seems to have been the case with others before him. In effect, he announced that he had been offered a job as a gardener in Corfu<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref><ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref><ref name="CYPRUS">It should be noted that one published source has ‘Jacobs’' job as being on Cyprus rather than Corfu - see Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref>, and shortly afterwards left from Cardiff. Contact with several activists in Cardiff was maintained for a few weeks, but then dried up.<ref name="BG4.004"/><ref name="IM4.002"/>

==Exposure and post-exposure issues==
Accounts of the undercover tour of ‘Marco Jacobs’ have repeatedly made mention of how at various times he was suspected of being, if not necessarily a policeman, then certainly something other than a committed political activist. However, despite such suspicions, he remained able to continue his undercover deployment until - it seems - his tour came to a natural conclusion and he was exfiltrated. He was not fully exposed as a police infiltrator until January 2011 - nearly a year and a half after he left Cardiff in August 2009.

===Early suspicions in Brighton===
‘Marco Jacobs’ had been suspected of being a police officer by a number of activists at different times. According to the Indymedia account of his time in Brighton, “From the beginning there were suspicions about Marco - In fact he used to joke that everyone thought he was a cop.”<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

The ''Guardian'' journalists' ''Undercover'' book supports this: “activists in Brighton say they became suspicious.” In their account, even ‘Terry’, one of the few to call themselves a friend of ‘Jacobs’ during his Brighton phase, recalls that “The word was, that man is a copper, everyone knows he is a copper...It was something about his deportment that just screamed ‘pig’ to some people.”<ref name="ABK085p226"></ref> According to ‘Terry’, less than a year into his deployment ‘Jacobs’ asked him “‘Everyone thinks I’m a copper, don’t they?”<ref name="ABK085p227">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p227.</ref>

Considering that he was subsequent outed, activists in Brighton told the Undercover Research Group:<ref name = brighton/>
: There were rumours about Jacobs, but on the other hand: there are rumours about a lot of people. There was someone very much involved in the scene who would stand up for Jacobs, trusting him. Just because someone is different, he is not necessarily a spy - maybe he was just a bit lost in life. This may have kept people from getting together to investigate Jacobs. One reason for serious doubt was the fact that he claimed to have been involved in hunt sabbing [sabotage] - while up north nobody in activist circles knew him. In hindsight this should have rung a bell... now activists ask themselves: how could he have been involved in radical animal activism before he came to Brighton, and arriving there as a meat-eater?

===Suspicions build in Cardiff===
By the time of his 2009 exfiltration from Cardiff, doubts about him had accrued in that city as well, as ‘Verity Smith’ notes: “By that time a number of us had quite deep suspicions about him but there were such divisions within the group that we hadn’t told each other about them. I didn’t know, for instance, that a number of others in the group shared my suspicions.”<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281">Tom Anderson, ‘Infiltrated, Intimidated and Undermined: How Police Infiltration Can Mute Political Dissent - An Interview with Verity Smith, from Cardiff Anarchist Network’ in Rebecca Fisher (ed.), [http://www.corporatewatch.org/sites/default/files/MDMD%20Master%20PDF.pdf ''Managing Democracy Managing Dissent''], Corporate Watch, 2013 (accessed 17 June 2014), p281.</ref> At a leaving party for ‘Jacobs’ in August, even his closest friend in the city, Tom Fowler, joked to him that “If you disappear in a few months, you do realise that means you’re a cop, don’t you?”<ref name="ABK085p234">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p234.</ref>

For a period of time following his putative departure to Corfu he continued to exchange text messages with some of his activist friends, and sent postcards. However, these “dried up” soon after, his UK mobile phone number became no longer recognised, and his Greek mobile phone was reset to not accept incoming calls or texts.<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref> He also failed to update his social media accounts, such as his MySpace page.<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2010 (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref>

No more was heard from him, and as a result “suspicions crystallised, but by now he had completely disappeared.”<ref name="BG4.004"></ref><ref name="IM4.002"></ref>

By February 2010, the suspicions had grown to the point that the person running the No Borders South Wales MySpace account left a message on that of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="PRO093">Mark Jacobs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508203653/http://www.myspace.com/cardiffmarco ‘Marco MySpace profile’], MySpace.com, 2011(?) (accessed via 8 May 2013 archive.org cache, 28 August 2014).</ref> (who had not updated his page in months) which directly referenced the uncertainty. It read: “Yassoo. Kalla? Dear Marco, hope all is well/you're not a cop. Al [sic] the best, Cardiff.”<ref name="IM4.014">Someone, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html?c=on#c262774 ‘Comment on his myspace page’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref>

With no word from him for some time, a number of Cardiff Anarchist Network activists began to come to the conclusion that he had been a police spy: “at that point people’s suspicions consolidated and people started to talk to each other and ask whether he was a cop. The group got together and talked about it, there was broad agreement that we thought he probably was but we didn’t know what to do about it. People outside the group were quite dismissive and often we weren’t believed,” says ‘Verity Smith’.<ref name="ABK118ch17pp281"></ref>

===Exposure===
On 14 January 2011 - five days after ''The Guardian'' exposed [[Mark Kennedy]]<ref name="GN2.002">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists ‘Undercover officer spied on green activists’], ''The Guardian'', 9 January 2011 (accessed 31 August 2014). This was however more than a fortnight after the ''Sunday Times'' had picked up on the story, Tim Rayment & Jonathan Leake, [http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Society/article484345.ece ‘7-year snitch: ‘Flash’ the activist is a secret cop’], ''Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010 (accessed 5 June 2014) after reading about [[Mark Kennedy|‘Flash’]] on Indymedia, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466477.html ‘Mark 'Stone/Kennedy' exposed as undercover police officer’], ''Indymedia UK'', 21 October 2010 (Accessed 31 August 2014).</ref>) - the paper published a piece on its website which whilst not naming or picturing the man known to those he spied upon as ‘Marco Jacobs’, clearly identified him as an undercover police officer.<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

It is thought likely that police sources asked ''The Guardian'' not to identify ‘Jacobs’ by work, name or photograph in the same way they did in regards of [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Lynn Watson’]], an [[NPOIU]] spy who was publicly exposed two days prior on 12 January.<ref name="GN3.002">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer-unmasked ‘Second police officer to infiltrate environmental activists unmasked’], ''The Guardian'', 12/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014). Some people thought ''The Guardian'' “bowed to pressure from the cops to keep his identity a secret”, see Emily Apple, [http://domesticextremist.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/death-grief-and-undercover-cops/ ‘Death, grief, and undercover cops’], ''Random Reflections of a Domestic Extremist'' blog, 13 February 2011 (accessed 30 August 2014).</ref> Instead the paper initially referred to him only as ‘Officer B’<ref name="GN4.001">Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor & Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff ‘Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges’], ''The Guardian'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> in the same way that [[Lynn Watson (alias)|‘Watson’]] was at first labelled only as [[Officer A (disambiguation)|‘Officer A’]]. She was confirmed as a serving police officer by “intelligence officials”<ref name="GN3.002"></ref> and “senior police officers”<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>, with further corroboration coming in April in the ''Times''.<ref name="TS3.001">Sean O'Neill, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2992340.ece ‘Police infiltrator in fear for her life after gang cover is blown’], ''The Times'', 20/04/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref>

However, campaign group FITwatch, immediately published on their website a précis of the ''Guardian'' story the night before the print edition was due to hit the streets, which included naming and publishing photographs of ‘Jacobs’<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>. The next day - 15 January - they reposted the same article to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.001">Fitwatch, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472122.html ‘Officer 'B' revealed as Cardiff based 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 15 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref> A further blog post followed on 18 January, with more photographs.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref>
''The Guardian'' followed a few days later, on 19 January, identifying ‘Jacobs’ by name and photograph. That same day activists from Cardiff Anarchist Network released a statement about ‘Jacobs’ which was published on both the South Wales Anarchists website<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref> and on Indymedia UK.<ref name="IM4.002">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472388.html ‘Statement from Cardiff Anarchist Network (CAN) on the infiltration by Mark 'Marco' Jacobs’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>; ‘Dick Tracy’ then also posted the account of ‘Jacobs’' Brighton deployment to Indymedia.<ref name="IM4.003">Dick Tracy, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472391.html ‘An account of Marco Jacobs' time in Brighton’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>

===Court cases===
Since his exposure three people from Cardiff Anarchist Network who were spied on for four years by Jacobs have initated a court action against the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan]] and [[South Wales Police|South Wales]] police forces over the effect of Jacobs' intrusion in their lives and the distress it has caused. Two had sexual relationships with Jacobs, the third is a man who was the partner of one of one of them and was very close friends with Jacobs. However, the police responded by saying they can [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] whether 'Jacobs' was a police officer, mirroring other similiar cases.

In early 2013 Judge Michael Tugendhat, summarised the case around the sexual relationships formed by ‘Jacobs’ in Cardiff as:<ref name="AEV040">The Hon. Mr Justice Tugendhat, [http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/akj-others-commissioner-police-metropolis-judgment-17012013/ ''AKJ and others -v- Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others''], High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 17 January 2013 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref>
::Between 2005 and 2009 MJ [Marco Jacobs] formed (apparently) close relationships with all three Tuckers Claimants, including intimate sexual relationships with AJA [‘Sarah’] and ARB [‘Deborah’]. MJ instigated a sexual relationship with ARB at a time when she was in a relationship with Mr Fowler. During the course of those relationships, MJ purported to be a confidante, empathiser and source of close support to each of the Tuckers Claimants, including in relation to deeply personal aspects of their lives: he attended, for example, the funeral of ARB’s father after his death from cancer. In doing so, he exploited the vulnerabilities of the Tuckers Claimants and sought to encourage them to rely on him emotionally. None of the Tuckers Claimants would have entered into these relationships with MJ had they been aware of his true identity as a police officer.

In March 2015, the three came to the High Court in London to challenge the use of NCND in relation to their claim for damages. In a partial victory, the police said that they would not contest the assertion that Jacobs was an officer, and if damages are awarded then the police will be liable to pay.

Whilst the Metropolitan Police did not say they were dropping the use of NCND, they effectively admitted that Jacobs had been an undercover. However, no further evidence has yet been released to shine a light as to who sent Jacobs to spy, what they asked him to do, and how much they knew of his abuse of those he targeted.<ref name = COPS/>

The next hearing in the High Court in London is set for 7 June 2016.

* For more on the NCND defense of the police, see the [https://policespiesoutoflives.potager.org/the-case-overview/legal-battles/neither-confirm-nor-deny/ 'Neither Confirm Nor Deny'] page at the Police Spies Out of Lives website, by the Support group for women's legal action against undercover policing.

==Gallery==
This section brings together all the publicly available photographs of ‘Marco Jacobs’. Where known, any date, location, subject and rights information will be given with a picture.

===FITwatch, 14 January 2011===
In the wake of the first mainstream reference to ‘Lynn Watson’ on 13 January 2011,<ref name="GN3.003">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer ‘Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist’], ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11 (accessed 10 May 2014).</ref> the following day (14 January 2011) FITwatch published the first exposé (including picture) of the man known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ - a statement put out in the name of Cardiff Anarchist Network.<ref name="BG4.001">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109091239/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/14/marco-confirmed-as-undercover-cop-in-cardiff/ ‘'Marco' confirmed as undercover cop in Cardiff’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 14 January 2011 (accessed via 9 November 2011 archive.org cache, 11 May 2014).</ref>

<gallery>
File:Marco Jacobs.png|Undated Marco Jacobs photo
</gallery>

===FITwatch, 18 January 2011===
Four days later, FITwatch posted up additional photos of ‘Jacobs’.<ref name="BG4.002">Really Fit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504052846/http://www.fitwatch.org.uk/2011/01/18/more-pictures-of-undercover-cop-marco/ ‘More pictures of undercover cop 'Marco'’], ''FITwatch'' blog, 18 January 2011 (accessed via 4 May 2011 archive.org cache, 27 August 2014).</ref> Several of these photographs were subsequently used by mainstream media outlets, such as ''The Guardian'', to illustrate their articles about ‘Jacobs’.

<gallery>
File:Marco1.jpg|1. Undated photo - a cropped version of this photo was subsequently used by ''The Guardian'' from 19 January 2011 onwards<ref name="GN4.002">Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/19/undercover-police-officer-mark-jacobs ‘Undercover police: Officer B identified as Mark Jacobs’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 11 May 2014).</ref>
File:marco2.jpg|2. Undated photo
File:1Marco3.jpg|3. Undated photo - used by ''The Guardian'' from 3 May 2011 onwards<ref name="ASL221">Paul Lewis, Rob Evans, Paddy Allen & Simon Jeffrey, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/interactive/2011/may/03/undercover-police-environmental-activists-interactive ‘Police spies and corporate infiltrators - an interactive guide to what we know so far’], ''The Guardian'', 3 May 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL220">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/gallery/2013/jun/24/undercover-police-spies-unmasked-in-pictures/ ‘Undercover police spies unmasked - in pictures’], ''The Guardian'', 24 June 2013 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
File:marco4.jpg|4. Undated photo
File:marco5.jpg|5. Undated photo
</gallery>

===South Wales Anarchists, 19 January 2014===
The next day, the CAN statement previously posted to the FITwatch blog was also published on the website of South Wales Anarchists.<ref name="BG4.004">Cardiff Anarchist Network, [http://southwalesanarchists.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/statement-from-cardiff-anarchist-network-can-on-the-infiltration-by-mark-%E2%80%98marco%E2%80%99-jacobs/ ‘Statement on the infiltration by Mark ‘Marco ’ Jacobs’], South Wales Anarchists website, 19 January 2011 (accessed 27 August 2014).</ref>
<gallery>
File:180px-Marco_Jacobs_-_full.png|Less cropped version of original undated photograph (See above)
</gallery>

==Other Undercover Researc sources==
For ease of reference the full list of all known material specifically relating to the undercover police officer known as ‘Marco Jacobs’ has been put onto a separate page in addition to the end notes below.
::*[[Marco Jacobs Bibliography]]

::*Also see [[Marco Jacobs Undercover Timeline]]

==Notes==
<references/>

Mark Kennedy

2016-06-13T15:33:01Z

Bristol Chris: /* Career in the MET */

{{URG_article}}

''--- Written in September 2011 ---''

[[Mark Kennedy]] was an undercover police officer who used the name [[Mark Stone]] in his infiltrations of the climate protest movement and was known as [['Flash']] to campaigners.<ref>Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash,[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence?INTCMP=SRCH Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences] ''The Guardian'' 05/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref> He was exposed as a police officer in October 2010<ref> Indymedia UK,[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466705.html Mark Kennedy/Stone exposed as undercover cop], 24 October 2010.</ref> and in January 2011 after wide media coverage he went public with his story in a ''Mail on Sunday'' interview. <ref> Mail on Sunday, [http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid72484359001?bckey=AQ~~,AAAAAFSL1bg~,CmS1EFtcMWGovGFz9QK5QoNdeeLc1Zro&bclid=0&bctid=751486431001 Video interview with Caroline Graham], 16 January 2010. </ref> <ref> Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011. </ref>

==Mark Kennedy: a chronology of his activities==

A detailed chronology of Mark Kennedy's movements and contact with various groups has been compiled: [[Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities]].

==Mark Kennedy's interview with The Daily Mail==
Amid all the media coverage Mark Kennedy, purportedly in hiding in the USA, chose to give an exclusive interview to the Daily Mail.<ref name="Graham"> Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
His account contains interesting information about his intelligence-gathering activities over the 8 years undercover, though it has not been verified by other sources.

===Career in the Metropolitan Police===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', Mark Kennedy was recruited in 2002 by the Met’s [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]]. He left school at 16, worked as a court usher and joined the City of London Police in 1990, aged 21. In the early Nineties he was a uniformed member of the ‘Ring of Steel’ around the City of London. He transferred to the [[Metropolitan Police]] and in 1996 was recruited to his first undercover course on street-level drug dealing.
‘I was a natural at undercover work and I loved it,’ says Mark Kennedy in his interview. ‘Drug work was black and white. You identify the bad guys, record and film the evidence, present it in court and take them down. I did that for four years and loved it.’ in 2000, he was approached by the Animal Rights National Index, a unit which became the [[National Public Order Intelligence Unit]] (NPOIU), a shadowy body that runs a nationwide intelligence database of political activists.<ref name="Graham"/>
In early 2003 – that he was selected as a candidate for a classified operation, ''The Guardian'' tells us. In the summer of 2003 he was issued with a driving licence and passport bearing his new identity – Mark Stone – and a plausible backstory that explained his long absences.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

In September 2009, he was apparently informed via text message that his activities were over and that he had 3 weeks to return his [[Mark Stone]] papers.
‘I had an interview with the Met’s personnel department in December 2009 and was told I wasn’t qualified. I was in there less than 20 minutes. I came out hugely depressed. I’d done 20 years’ service and they were basically telling me I was only qualified to drive a panda car. So long undercover had left me totally inequipped to go back into mainstream policing. I couldn’t even use the radios or computers'.<ref name="Graham"/>. It was in January 2010 that he was approached by [[Global Open]] the private security company whose clients included [[BAE]] and [[E.ON]].<ref name="Graham"/>
Kennedy handed in his resignation from the police in January 2010, ending work in March. He then went back to Nottingham and contacted his old friends: ‘People were worried about me. I wanted to withdraw myself in a more believable way. I didn’t tell police I was going back.’<ref name="Graham"/>He claims he then resumed his relationship with his girlfriend while he worked for [[Global Open]] as a consultant.

===Reporting to a cover officer===
The media generated a lot of speculation as to whether Mark Kennedy "went rogue" or acted without the authorisation of his superiors. His interview with the ''Daily Mail'' reveals patterns of frequent communication with his cover officer.
‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day,’ said Kennedy. ‘He was the first person I spoke to in the morning and the last person I spoke to at night. I didn’t sneeze without a superior officer knowing about it. My BlackBerry had a tracking device. My cover officer joked that he knew when I went to the loo.’ Kennedy says his cover officer would report back up a line of command who ‘were aware of everything I was doing. Every action I took had to receive something called an “authority” which covered me to infiltrate activist groups and be involved in minor crime such as trespass and criminal damage. In all the time I worked undercover I never broke the law.’<ref name="Graham"/>
'I texted and informed on a daily basis' he claims in his interview. ‘I reported everything. There were many instances of shoplifting. I was offered counterfeit money. I was offered drugs many, many times. Yes, I had a serious relationship but there was another undercover female operative there who definitely knew about it.<ref name="Graham"/>
Kennedy says he would travel abroad with fellow activists, and feed information back to his British superiors to share with other nations. ‘Activism has no borders,’ he says. ‘I would never go abroad without authority from my superiors and the local police.’<ref name="Graham"/>

=== The costs of intelligence gathering===
====The salary of an undercover officer====
The ''Daily Mail'' claims his £50,000 annual police salary was paid into a private account in his real name. All other payments, which he says came to £200,000 a year, went into his ‘Mark Stone’ account. <ref name="Graham"/>
"I often worked as an industrial climber, which meant I had a means of showing I was “making” money, rather than the truth – which was that the [[NPOIU]] would wire it to me" explained Kennedy in his interview.
‘I was given a fake passport as Mark Stone, a driver’s licence, bank accounts, a credit card and a phone with a tracking device.’

The ''Daily Mail'' article, in Mark's words, reveals that:
:Each undercover officer cost £250,000 a year in wages, overtime, cost of transport and housing. Every day I was on the job, even if I was at 'home' in bed watching telly and doing the laundry, I got five hours’ overtime. My handler got the same overtime. When I was actively involved in operations I would get the maximum, which was 14 hours of overtime on top of my eight-hour working day. They paid me for 22 hours of work which was the maximum I could claim in a 24-hour period. This could go on for weeks. My handler, or cover officer, would get the same.<ref name="Graham1">Caroline Graham [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1349647/How-undercover-officers-squandered-millions-pounds-flash-cars-luxury-flats-14-hours-overtime-day.html#ixzz1CbTSPUOe How undercover officers squandered millions of pounds] Daily Mail, 23/01/11, accessed 20/01/11</ref>

The same article itemised controversially expensive cars and accommodation purchased by the [[NPOIU]].<ref name="Graham1"/>

====The costs of policing operations====
In the pre-emptive arrest of the 114 activists, among them Kennedy, at Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a coal-fired plant owned by [[E.ON]], the police operation cost £300,000, according to ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

Though not involving Kennedy, in 2009 revelations on amounts paid for intelligence were also disclosed after [[Strathclyde Police]] attempted to recruit spies within [[Plane Stupid]].<ref>Rob Edwards [http://www.heraldscotland.com/revealed-a-web-of-police-bids-to-infiltrate-protest-groups-1.826304 Revealed: a web of police bids to infiltrate protest groups] ''The Sunday Herald'' 25 April 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref> Through a Freedom of Information request, it was revealed that £762,459 was paid between 2004 and 2008 by [[Strathclyde Police]] force, almost doubled the annual amount it paid to informants since 2004.<ref>Paul Lewis [http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/may/08/strathclyde-police-informant-payments Police force paid informants £750,000 in four years]''The Guardian'' 8 May 2009, accessed 06/12/10</ref>

===Intelligence gathering tactics===
====Recording device built into a Casio watch====
The Daily Mail interview also presents insights as to how intelligence was gathered and in what form.
: Kennedy used a specially modified Casio G Shock watch worth £7,000 and equipped with a microchip to record a meeting of activists prior to the planned raid on the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station in 2009. Kennedy said the meeting was recorded on a chip in the watch then the information was downloaded to a police computer. The tape was transcribed and Kennedy went through each line to note which activist was talking.<ref name="Graham1"/>

it appears this device was used to record the two meetings, with 114 other protesters, at Iona School in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant on April 12 and 13 2010. Mr Kennedy said that before these meetings he was instructed to wear a recording device, the first time he had been ordered to do so by his handlers. "The meetings were over two days and I recorded both days. The first recording didn’t record because the office had failed to charge the battery on the device".<ref name="Graham1"/>

====Printed matter handed to his superiors====
From his interview it also appears he was handing hard copies of activist booklets to be "studied and copied". He states that in Berlin in 2007 "I had a meeting with one person who gave me a booklet. It was a highly prized asset. This booklet was a “how to” manual on building incendiary devices and derailing trains."<ref name="Graham1"/>. In Mark's words, "I took it home to the UK and immediately gave it to my cover officer so it could be studied and copied".<ref name="Graham1"/>

====Communicating with cover officer====
As seen in the above section ''Reporting to cover officer'', Mark Kennedy claims he "texted and informed on a daily basis". ‘I had a cover officer whom I spoke to numerous times a day’, he states.

==Prosecution==
Controversy surrounds the trial of those charged with conspiracy to shut down the Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station, a plan for an action in which Mark Kennedy was actively involved.
===Collapse of prosecution case===
According to the ''Daily Mail'', the Crown Prosecution Service said it was abandoning the £1 million prosecution against the environmental activists after fresh information had been made available.<ref name="Graham"/> When defence barristers submitted a disclosure request asking for information about Mark Kennedy's involvement, the prosecution apparently opted to abandon the case rather than have ‘murky’ evidence about the police’s involvement heard in public, suggests the ''Daily Mail''.

===Recordings by Mark Kennedy withheld===
Mr Kennedy told the ''Daily Mail'' that the case was doomed to fail anyway because covert recordings he supplied police proved undeniably that the six men facing trial for conspiracy to commit aggravated trespass were innocent.
Kennedy, who subsequently mentioned assisting the activists’ defence team, said there was no agreement to commit the offence and his recordings prove it. According to his interview, these recordings were made on April 12 and 13th 2010, Mr Kennedy says he attended two meetings, with 114 other protesters, in Nottingham, to discuss shutting down the power plant.<ref name="Graham"/>

Mike Schwarz, the lawyer representing the activists involved, said Mr Kennedy’s evidence cast doubt on the legality of the whole police operation.<ref name="Graham"/>
Mike Schwarz explains that the prosecution told the defence on Friday 7th January 2011, just before the trial was due to begin, and almost 20 months after the investigation began, that 'Previously unavailable material that significantly undermines the prosecution's case came to light on Wednesday 5 January'. The discovery of this material came at the time when the prosecution were informed that we planned to pursue disclosure of the evidence relating to PC Kennedy with the judge. Unsurprisingly, they have declined to confirm whether the new material relates to PC Kennedy. In my opinion the two are obviously connected. The timing speaks for itself.<ref name="Schwarz">Mike Schwarz [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activism-climate-change?intcmp=239 Lawyer Mike Schwarz's statement on Mark Kennedy and the Ratcliffe trial] ''The Guardian'', 10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref> Serious questions must be asked relating to the policing of protest, from the use of undercover officers, to the use of expensive and legally questionable mass pre-emptive arrest of protesters, to extremely restrictive pre-charge bail condition, to the seemingly arbitrary nature by which the 114 initially arrested were reduced to the final 26 who were eventually charged.<ref name="Schwarz"/>

''The Daily Mail'' explains that under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act of 1996, the police have a duty to make the CPS and the defence team aware of evidence they have collected. Mr Kennedy’s identity could have been protected by the judge granting a Public Interest Immunity order should the tapes have been heard in court.<ref name="Graham"/>

===Investigation into convictions===
Jezz Davis, one of the jurors, in February 2011, spoke out after hearing revelations that Nottinghamshire police allegedly suppressed surveillance tapes of activists. He told ''The Guardian'' that "when called for jury service, you assume with good faith that all relevant evidence will be presented. The absence of potentially verdict-changing evidence is utterly outrageous." <ref name="Evans2"> Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/feb/14/juror-police-activists-trial Juror in activists' trial hits out at absence of police tapes] ''The Guardian'', 14/02/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
[[Keir Starmer]], the director of public prosecutions, has ordered an investigation into the safety of the convictions, while the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] is scrutinising the police's alleged failure to disclose the tapes to court.<ref name="Evans2"/>

==Undercover agent abroad==
The Irish, Icelandic and German governments have made statements regarding Mark Kennedy's presence abroad. Questions regarding the legality of his actions as an under-cover agent abroad have been raised, and about the level of collusion between police forces internationally in the monitoring of protest.

According to the Irish media, he was
:allowed to take part in environmental protests in Dublin under an agreement between the Irish and British authorities. Garda officers confirmed last night that they had been alerted in advance by British police that he wanted to take part in the demonstrations here to bolster his 'eco warrior' status.<ref>Tom Brady [http://www.independent.ie/national-news/gardai-let-undercover-uk-officer-protest-here-2509066.html Gardai let undercover UK officer protest here] ''Independent.ie'', 25/01/11, accessed 08/03/11</ref>
The Icelandic position remains unclear. The National Commissioner of the Police of Iceland and the Icelandic Ministry of the Interior's statements have been denounced as contradictory by the campaign Saving Iceland.<ref>Saving Iceland [http://www.savingiceland.org/2011/02/6320/ National Commissioner Did Not Deny Involvement with UK Police Spies] 17/02/11, accessed 08/03/11</ref>
Germany's federal police chief [[Jörg Ziercke]] admitted Kennedy had been hired by police in three German states, of them where the G8 meeting was taking place. ''The Guardian'' reports the agent was working on a contract brokered directly by the German parliament, Der Spiegel claims. He was, the newspaper adds, considered to be a "trusted agent" and safe pair of hands by the authorities.
His relationship with a woman in Berlin has lead to allegations of "tactical love relationships".<ref>Amelia Hill and Luke Harding [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/26/mark-kennedy-german-bundestag Mark Kennedy infiltrated German anti-fascists, Bundestag told] ''The Guardian'', 26/01/11, accessed 08/03/11 </ref>

==Infiltrating activist networks==
One means of accessing covert information was to move between groups of campaigners as a trusted activist. His skills as a climber, his van for transportation and his access to money were all useful attributes in accessing activist circles.

Kennedy took part in many major environmental protests from 2003, also infiltrating groups of anti-racists, anarchists and animal rights protesters. Using a fake passport, Kennedy visited more than 22 countries whilst being involved in campaigns, including Iceland, Spain, Denmark and Germany, reports ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Lewis">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist] ''The Guardian'',10/01/11, accessed 12/01/11</ref>

===Embedded in the protest community===
The Earth First! environmental gatherings featured often in his seven years undercover. He first appeared within the protest movement in 2003 at a UK Earth First! gathering.<ref name="Lewis"/>
So embedded in the protest community did he become that about 200 people turned up for a joint celebration of his 40th birthday, described as a "three-day bender" on a farm.<ref name=Lewis/> More controversially, he had intimate relationships with a number of women, including a serious and involved relationship.<ref name=Graham/> Questions have been raised as to whether this is a calculated infiltration tactic used by the police forces.

===Access to transport and money===
His ready supply of cash led to him being nicknamed ‘Flash’ by activists. Often he provided money to pay for campaign literature, rented vans and fines imposed on activists in magistrates courts.<ref name="Lewis"/>
'I was one of the few people that had a van', said Kennedy.<ref name="Malone"> Andrew Malone [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347601/My-life-run-The-police-spy-lifts-lid-years-eco-warrior.html My life on the run: The police 'spy' lifts lid on eight years as eco-warrior] ''The Daily Mail'', 17/01/11, accessed 25/02/11</ref>
Conscious of police surveillance, activists keep those who know about the logistics of a protest "action" to a small circle. For practical reasons, these typically include people responsible for transport.<ref name="Lewis"/> At Climate Camp, Kennedy was trusted enough to be given the important role of organising transport needed to set up a camp near Heathrow.<ref name="Lewis"/>

===Climbing skills===
Claiming to be a professional climber, Kennedy told people he encountered in Nottingham – many of them connected to Earth First! – that he often had well-paid work abroad.<ref name="Lewis"/> In Italy he offered workshops in climbing at the Animal Rights conference.<ref>PowerBase [http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Mark_Kennedy:_A_chronology_of_his_activities Mark Kennedy: A chronology of his activities], article created 11/02/11, accessed 28/02/11</ref>

==Exposed==
In his interview Kennedy suggests it was the legal implications of the raided action in Nottingham which blew his cover. ‘When it all kicked off, 114 people were arrested, including me. No further action was taken against most of them, but 27 people, including me, were to be charged with conspiracy offences. I kept being told by my cover officer, “Don’t worry, they are going to drop it,” but they never did.’
‘You can’t lie to a lawyer. So I couldn’t have a lawyer. I was a few days from being charged, then the case was dropped. That pretty much blew my cover.’ in July – when he his girlfriend discovered his passport in the name of Mark Kennedy. ‘She told the other activists about it and they started investigating me'.<ref name="Graham"/>
Six of Kennedy's close friends confronted him in a house in Nottingham in the early hours of 21 October 2010. He confessed. Those claims – along with his apparent remorse – were not believed by everyone present. "He is duplicitous. He was undercover for seven years. I didn't trust a word of what he was saying," said one activist.<ref name="Lewis"/>
Since being exposed, the line between Infiltrator and agent provocateur has been questioned. Legal documents suggest Kennedy's activities, working for the [[NPOIU]], went beyond those of a passive spy. Did his role in organising and helping to fund protests meant he turned into an agent provocateur, ask a BBC NewsNight interview.<ref name="Wark">Kirsty Wark, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00xggg1/Newsnight_10_01_2011/ NewsNight] "BBC2" 10/01/11, accessed 11/01/11</ref> Mark Kennedy's role was in one instance pivotal as to whether the action in Nottingham should be abandoned or carried-out. He was sent on a reconnaissance mission, his information was reported as crucial in deciding to continue with the action.<ref>BBC website [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12158198 Undercover Pc Mark Kennedy 'really sorry for betrayal']11/01/11, accessed 04/03/11</ref> By multiple accounts, it seems his role was more than peripheral in certain protests. As told by The Guardian, Kennedy allowed his house to be used for planning meetings and, days before the protest was due to take place he used his fake ID to pay £778 to hire a 7.5-tonne truck to transport equipment.<ref name="Lewis"/>

==Private security sector==
===Global Open and Tokra===
Though he had ended his work with the [[NPOIU]] Kennedy, controversially, continued his life undercover and kept his false name, working in the private security sector. Kennedy says in in January 2010 "I was approached by a private company which advises corporations about activist trends. It’s run by [[Rod Leeming]], a former Special Branch officer." Kennedy claims to have worked as an consultant for [[Global Open]]. In February 2010 Kennedy set up his own private security firm, naming it after the sci-fi reference [[Tokra]].Intriguingly, the address he used is the work address of [[Heather Millgate]], then a director of [[Global Open]].<ref name="Evans3">Rob Evans, Amelia Hill, Paul Lewis and Patrick Kingsley [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/mark-kennedy-policeman-corporate-spy Mark Kennedy: secret policeman's sideline as corporate spy] ''The Guardian'', 13/01/11, accessed 17/ 01/11</ref>

===Transferable skills and alliances: police and private security industry===
Questions have been raised regarding the ethics of "former police officers cashing in on their surveillance skills for a host of companies that target protesters".<ref name="Evans2">Paul Lewis and Rob Evans [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/feb/14/environmental-activists-protest-energy-companies Green groups targeted polluters as corporate agents hid in their ranks] ''The Guardian'', 14/02/11, accessed 14/02/11</ref> See the Powerbase overview of [[Private security industry and the police: revolving door|the revolving door between the private security industry and the police]].

==Media analysis of the Mark Kennedy case==

The media's handling of the Mark Kennedy case is of interest in itself. The story was seemingly broken by ''The Guardian'' on 9th January 2011. It caused significant public outrage and generated subsequent waves of top stories and front pages from a range of media outlets. Answers were demanded of [[ACPO]], questions were asked of MPs (in the UK and in Europe<ref name="Meirion Jones"> Meirion Jones[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12152484 Trial collapses after undercover officer changes sides] ''BBC News'', 10/01/11, accessed 03/0311</ref>) and public enquiries were launched.

===First published on Indymedia in October 2010===
It was back in October 2010 that the uncovering of Mark Kennedy as a police-spy was first made public and accessible, on ''Indymedia'''s website.<ref name="Indymedia UK"> Indymedia UK website [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/10/466705.html Mark Kennedy/Stone exposed as undercover cop ], 24/10/10, accessed 28/02/11</ref>

Following the first public account on ''Indymedia'' on 24th October, ''The Sunday Times'' covered the story on 19th December 2010.<ref name="Rayment">Tim Rayment & Jonathan Leake [http://nottingham.indymedia.org.uk/articles/822 7 Year snitch: Flash the activist is a secret cop] 20/12/11, accessed 28/02/11</ref>. The material was not dissimilar to that published on ''Indymedia'', the article was of an average size and ''The Sunday Times'' erroneously suggested Kennedy was part of the [[Special Demonstration Squad]] - which had by then been disbanded.<ref name="Rayment"/> An article of modest size was printed in ''The Daily Telegraph'' and the issue appeared to attract little further attention.<ref>NewsCore [http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/climate-protester-unmasked-as-cop/story-fn6e1m7z-1225973641064 Climate protester unmasked as cop] ''The Daily Telegraph'', 20/12/10, accessed 03/03/11</ref>

===January 2011: story hits the headlines one day before scheduled trial===
Only 10 weeks after its first appearance did the story erupt in the public arena. The headline on 9th January 2011 claimed "Guardian investigation reveals details of PC Mark Kennedy's infiltration".<ref name="Rob Evans4"> Rob Evans and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists Undercover officer spied on green activists] ''The Guardian'', 9/01/ 2011, accessed 03/03/11</ref>. The following day, 10th January 2011, was to be the trial of the activists which Mark Kennedy had been infiltrating. The six were charged with conspiracy in a high profile direct-action case, for which 114 people were originally arrested.<ref> Nick Collins [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8249734/Trial-against-environmental-activists-dropped-after-undercover-Met-police-officer-switches-sides.html Trial against environmental activists dropped after undercover Met police officer switches sides] ''The Telegraph'', 10/01/11, accessed 04/03/11</ref>
Mark Kennedy was one of the arrestees and was, controversially, involved in the planning of this action.<ref name="Lewis4"> Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activists-undercover-officer-mark-kennedy Activists walk free as undercover officer prompts collapse of case], ''The Guardian'', 10/01/ 2011, 03/03/11</ref> That same day the prosecution case collapsed and the trial was cancelled. The activists walked free amid public outcry about the "previously unavailable information" which prompted the collapse of the trial. <ref name="Lewis4"/> There was widespread media speculation that this new information was connected to Mark Kennedy.<ref>Mike Schwarz [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activism-climate-change?intcmp=239Lawyer Mike Schwarz's statement on Mark Kennedy and the Ratcliffe trial]''The Guardian'', 10.01/11, accessed 04/03/11</ref>

==See also==
*Eveline Lubbers, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/evel-spinoff-mainmenu-34/5511-expose-secret-manoeuvres Mark Kennedy in corporate intelligence], ''Spinwatch'', 16 July 2012
*Tilly Gifford, [http://www.spinwatch.org/-articles-by-category-mainmenu-8/54-corporate-intelligence/5418-unmasking-the-environmental-infiltrators Unmasking the environmental infiltrators], ''Spinwatch'', Tilly Gifford, 19 January 2011
*Andy Rowell and Eveline Lubbers, [http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/evel-spinoff-mainmenu-34/5416-only-a-public-inquiry-will-do-into-green-spy Only A Public Inquiry Will Do Into Green Spy], ''Spinwatch'', 17 January 2011
*Eveline Lubbers,[http://www.spinwatch.org/blogs-mainmenu-29/evel-spinoff-mainmenu-34/5441-acpo Sir Hugh Orde and ACPO's 'lack of transparency'], ''Spinwatch'', 26 July 2011

==External resources==
* Amelia Hill, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/25/spy-mark-kennedy-sues-police Former spy Mark Kennedy sues police for 'failing to stop him falling in love'], ''The Guardian'', Sunday 25 November 2012 16.54 GMT
*Rob Evans and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/nov/21/met-police-spies-women-undercover Political activists sue Met over relationships with police spies], ''The Guardian'', 21 November 2012 13.05 GMT
*Paul Lewis and Nidhi Prakash, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/05/ratcliffe-coal-protesters-sentence Ratcliffe coal protesters spared jail sentences], guardian.co.uk, 5 January 2011.
*Rob Evans and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/09/undercover-office-green-activists Undercover officer spied on green activists], guardian.co.uk, 9 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-activist Mark Kennedy: A journey from undercover cop to 'bona fide' activist], The Guardian, 10 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/10/mp-germany-mark-kennedy-activists MP in Germany says Mark Kennedy 'trespassed' in Berlin activists' lives], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/activists-undercover-officer-mark-kennedy Activists walk free as undercover officer prompts collapse of case], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Martin Wainwright, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/mark-kennedy-second-undercover-ecoactivist Mark Kennedy knew of second undercover eco-activist], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/10/environmental-activists-inquiry-undercover-officer Environmental activists demand inquiry into undercover officer's role], guardian.co.uk, 10 January 2011.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jan/11/policing-protest-editorial Policing protest: When the line is crossed], The Gardian, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/undercover-officer-sexual-tactics Tricked, betrayed, violated: did police spy use sex to win activists' trust?], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/11/activist-undercover-officer-violated-relationship Calls for inquiry into conduct of undercover police officer], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/jan/11/undercover-activists-sexual-encounters Undercover officers: Limited rules on sexual encounters], guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2011.
*Ben Child, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/jan/12/undercover-eco-pc-film-activists Tale of undercover eco-warrior PC could hit the big screen], guardian.co.uk, 12 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Rob Evans and Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/12/second-undercover-police-officer Revealed: Second undercover police officer who posed as activist], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Afua Hirsch and Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/activists-kennedy-stone-police-undercover Activists challenge convictions in wake of police spy revelations], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Amelia Hill, Paul Lewis and Patrick Kingsley, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/mark-kennedy-policeman-corporate-spy Mark Kennedy: secret policeman's sideline as corporate spy], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Matthew Taylor and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/12/activism-protest Undercover police officer Mark Kennedy at centre of international row], The Guardian, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/afua-hirsch-law-blog/2011/jan/13/protest-activism Mark Kennedy and the strange case of undercover sex], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Afua Hirsch, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-civil-actions Mark Kennedy case: News of sexual liaisons may result in civil actions], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Rob Evans, Matthew Taylor, Afua Hirsch and Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/mark-kennedy-undercover-police-acpo Rein in undercover police units, says former DPP], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Vikram Dodd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/13/ipcc-inquiry-collapsed-case-environmental-protesters IPCC to launch inquiry into collapsed case against environmental protesters], guardian.co.uk, 13 January 2011.
*Henry McDonald, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-eu-summit-protest Mark Kennedy 'took part in attack on Irish police officers at EU summit'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor and Rajeev Syal, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/jan/14/third-undercover-police-spy-cardiff Third undercover police spy unmasked as scale of network emerges], Guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Amelia Hill, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/mark-kennedy-iceland-green-movement Mark Kennedy 'played key role in forming green movement in Iceland'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Helen Pidd, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/14/undercover-police-officer-germany-row Undercover police officer 'could be prosecuted in Germany'], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Kate Anderson, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2011/jan/14/police-climate-spies-climate-movement Police climate spies can't break us], guardian.co.uk, 14 January 2011.
*Caroline Graham, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347478/Undercover-policeman-tells-amazing-story-years-eco-warriors-I-fear-life.html#ixzz1BDQaJXn0 'I'm the victim of smears': Undercover policeman denies bedding a string of women during his eight years with eco-warriors], ''Mail on Sunday'', 16 January 2011.
*Simon Hattenstone, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/mar/26/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-environmental-activist#start-of-comments Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop], The Guardian Weekend magazine, 26 March 2011.

==Notes==
<references/>
[[Category:spooks]][[Category:UK Police Intelligence]][[Category:Climate Change]][[Category:Corporate Espionage]][[Category:Security Industry]]

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-06-13T15:16:08Z

Bristol Chris: /* Bob Lambert post-police career timeline */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-06-13T15:15:37Z

Bristol Chris: /* Autumn 2011 onwards: presentation of book, exposure and aftermath */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-06-13T15:14:36Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-06-13T14:34:45Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-06-12T21:48:34Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-25T13:07:44Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert

2016-05-25T12:54:40Z

Bristol Chris:

{{Undercover_Police_Officer_sidebar|Name=Robert Lambert|Alias=Bob Robinson|Series=undercover police officers|Image=PX_A_07.016.jpg|Unit=Special Demonstration Squad|DatesDeployed=1983 or 1984<ref name="DATE DISCREPENCY">The [[Evans/Lewis book]] states that Lambert first met ‘Charlotte’, AKA Jacqui, in 1983, “the first year of his deployment”. This is slightly contradicted by the account in ''The New Yorker'' piece, which is based upon interviews with Jacqui, in which it is said the two met “in early 1984”. In his 2013 interview with Andy Davies for ''Channel 4 News'', Lambert himself implies that it could not have been 1983, with the words “I must say, in 1984 when I adopted that identity [Bob Robinson]…” In a 2014 article for an academic journal, Lambert himself strongly implies that his undercover tour began in June 1984 and ended in December 1988 (see Robert Lambert, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17539153.2013.847262 ‘Researching counterterrorism: a personal perspective from a former undercover police officer’]. [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rter20/7/1 ''Critical Studies on Terrorism''] Volume 7 Number 1, pp165-181 (2014)).</ref> until 1988|Targets=Animal liberation and anti-authoritarian movements}}

'''Robert Lambert''', commonly known as '''Bob Lambert''' and sometimes styled '''Dr Robert Lambert MBE''', born February or March 1952,<ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref><ref name="AMD318">[https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/qG6pw3DCdlL13FE5zIoypWs-7vM/appointments ‘ROBERT LAMBERT’], Companies House website, 2016 (accessed 25 May 2016).</ref><ref name="LAMBERT BIRTH DATE">It should be noted that in all his Companies House registrations, Lambert's birth month is given as March 1952, whereas in her ''New Yorker'' article Lauren Collins states very specifically that “Bob’s real birthday is sixteen days earlier” than that of the original Mark Robert Charles Robinson, whose identity Lambert stole, which would put it at 12 February 1952. It is possibly that Collins meant sixteen days ''later'', in which case it would be 16 March 1952.</ref> , is a former [[Metropolitan Police]] officer turned academic.

A long-serving officer with the [[Special Branch|Metropolitan Police Special Branch]], Lambert was a key member of its secretive [[Special Demonstration Squad]]. He served both as an undercover officer - using the false identity ‘[[Bob Robinson]]’ to infiltrate the environmental and animal rights protest movement in the 1980s - and then later as an influential manager of the unit in the 1990s.

He subsequently set up the [[Muslim Contact Unit]] within Special Branch, which worked with British Islamists purportedly to temper radicalisation, before retiring from the police in 2007. He then began a successful second career as an academic, building on his work at [[Muslim Contact Unit|MCU]].

In October 2011 he was publicly exposed as having been a police spy by some of the [[London Greenpeace]] activists upon whom he had spied.<ref name="IM7.001">London Greenpeace, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/10/486877.html ‘Undercover police agent publicly outed at conference’], ''IndyMedia UK'', 40831 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref>

The profile of Bob Lambert presented here is the first of a collection, it will supplemented by additional pages covering specific areas of interest over the next few weeks:

* [[Bob Lambert as Bob Robinson]]
* [[Bob Lambert Exposure and Post-Exposure]]
* [[Bob Lambert and the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry]]
* [[Bob Lambert Career Timeline]]
* [[Bob Lambert Writing and Speaking]]
* [[Bob Lambert Consultancy]]
* [[Bob Lambert Gallery]]

Corrections or additions? Please contact the [mailto:contact@undercoverresearch.net UndercoverResearch Group] (and ask for our PGP key if you need it).

==Biography of Bob Lambert==

===Personal background of Bob Lambert===
Bob Lambert was born in early 1952; documents lodged at Companies House indicate that he was born in March,<ref name="Duedil">Companies House, [https://www.duedil.com/director/913079172/robert-lambert ‘Mr Robert Lambert’ (company director profile)], ''DueDil.com'' (accessed 15 March 2014),</ref> whilst a ''New Yorker'' article claims that his birthday is 12 February.<ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref>

Lambert's grandfather Ernest served in the Metropolitan Police for a quarter-century from 1899 until his retirement as an Inspector in 1924.<ref name="AMD008">Robert Lambert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608110723/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/staff.php Staff], Exeter University website (via archive.org), 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref><ref name="CAQ3">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p3.</ref> Ernest Lambert died in 1963.<ref name="CAQ5">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p5.</ref> Little is currently known about his parents or other antecedents, except that his father was “a London printer and a British soldier” who “entered the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to help rescue Jewish survivors at the end of the Second World War,” and was subsequently “a staunch supporter of a post war reforming Labour government that set great store by social justice and support for the underprivileged.”<ref name="AMD008">Robert Lambert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608110723/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/staff.php Staff], Exeter University website (via archive.org), 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref>

During the 1980s, at the same time as pretending to be animal rights activist [[Bob Lambert as Bob Robinson|‘Bob Robinson’]], Lambert maintained a home in suburban Hertfordshire with his then-wife and their two children.<ref name="UC29FAMILY">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p29. Note that a typo renders this as “suburban Herefordshire” - a county in the English West Midlands which lies 130 miles away from London - rather than Hertfordshire, which is immediately north of Greater London. Rob Evans has confirmed to the author that this was a simple proofreading mistake, and that Lambert's home during his SDS deployment (and subsequently) was in Hertfordshire not Herefordshire (correspondence, March-April 2015.)</ref><ref name="ASL563">Frances Hardy, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2859767/Caught-monstrous-web-lies-met-Fell-love-baby-Jacqui-thought-d-perfect-man-fact-undercover-police-officer.html ‘Caught in a monstrous web of lies: They met. Fell in love. Had a baby. Jacqui thought she'd found the perfect man, in fact he was an undercover police officer’], ''Daily Mail'', 3 December 2014 (accessed 4 December 2014).</ref> Their daughter died suddenly aged seventeen in 1992, their son Adam in February 2011.<ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref><ref name="CAQvii">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p vii. Note that this dedication indicates that Lambert had inducted his acknowledged son into his [[Metropolitan Police Special Branch|Special Branch]]-related work at [[STREET UK]].</ref><ref name="CAQ13">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p13.</ref> Both are believed to have suffered from the same congenital heart disorder.<ref name=ASL435>Mark Duell, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2805985/Metropolitan-Police-agrees-pay-425-000-compensation-woman-child-undercover-officer-psychiatric-care-learning-real-identity.html ‘Metropolitan Police agrees to pay £425,000 compensation to woman who had child by undercover officer: She had 'psychiatric care after learning of his real identity'’], ''Mail Online'', 24 October 2014 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref><ref name=ASL436>Glenda Cooper, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11185926/Bob-Lambert-undercover-cops-and-the-awful-cost-of-sleeping-with-the-enemy.html ‘Bob Lambert, undercover cops, and the awful cost of sleeping with the enemy’], ''Daily Telegraph'', 25 October 2014 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref>

After divorcing his first wife, Lambert was later remarried to Julia<ref name="CAQxi">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p.xi.</ref> (referred to in the ''New Yorker'' as ‘Katharine’<ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref>).

As well as the aforementioned Lambert family home in Hertfordshire in the 1980s, by the late 1990s Lambert is described as living in a house in north London.<ref name="ART007p235">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287031/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_1.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 1''], HMSO, 2014 p235 (accessed 16 April 2014). The Ellison Review quotes Richard Walton as saying that he attended a meeting with Lambert and SDS undercover officer ‘N81’ at “Bob Lambert's personal address...in North London.” No further detail about this property is currently known.</ref> It is not yet clear whether the ‘North London personal address’ is distinct from the ‘Hertfordshire family home’.<ref name="HERTS NORTH LONDON">It should be noted that some towns in the south of Hertfordshire - such as Elstree, Borehamwood and Potters Bar - could conceivably be described as ‘north London’. Further clarification on this issue is required.</ref>

Further to his October 2011 exposure as a police infiltrator, in January 2012 he was publicly identified as having fathered a child<ref name="FRANCIS">The son of Jacqui and Lambert has subsequently been identified by ''The New Yorker'' and others as ‘Francis’.</ref> by Jacqui (previously pseudonymised as ‘Charlotte’<ref name="PSEUDO">See page on [[pseudonyms]] for more on the various names used as different times to refer to individuals targeted by police infiltrators.</ref>), an animal rights activist on whom he had spied.<ref name="GN7.022">Rob Evans, Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jan/20/undercover-police-children-activists ‘Undercover police had children with activists’], ''Guardian'', 40928 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref> Jacqui only discovered that the man she had known as ‘Bob Robinson’, who got her pregnant in 1984<ref name="UC47">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p47, (accessed 8 November 2014)</ref> but disappeared in 1988, had in fact been an undercover policeman when she saw a newspaper story with his photograph in it in June 2012.<ref name="GN7.033">Rob Evans, Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/feb/21/anatomy-of-betrayal-undercover-police ‘Anatomy of a betrayal: the undercover officer accused of deceiving two women, fathering a child, then vanishing’], ''Guardian'', 41326 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref><ref name="MO7.005">Suzannah Hills, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2274563/Mother-claims-missing-father-child-undercover-policeman-accused-MP-leaving-bomb-department-store.html?ito=feeds-newsxml ‘Mother claims missing father of her child was undercover policeman accused by MP of leaving bomb in department store’], ''Mail Online'', 6 February 2013 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref>

Legal action begun by Jacqui led to the Metropolitan Police formally acknowledging Lambert as a police infiltrator under the ‘Bob Robinson’ identity, and to it making a significant out-of-court settlement in relation to the behaviour of the service and its officer.<ref name="ASL263">unknown author, [http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/Met-pays-400-000-mother-undercover-policeman/story-23435350-detail/story.html ‘Met pays more than £400,000 to mother of undercover policeman and former Exeter University academic's child’], ''Exeter Express & Echo'', 24 October 2014 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL264">Rob Evans, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/23/police-compensation-payout-woman-undercover-officer ‘Met police to pay more than £400,00 to victim of undercover officer’], ''The Guardian'', 23 October 2014 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref>

He is a supporter of Chelsea Football Club, regularly attending matches with other police officers including his former [[Special Demonstration Squad|SDS]] and [[Muslim Contact Unit|MCU]] colleague [[Jim Boyling]].<ref name="UC160">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p160.</ref> Lambert also shares with Boyling a passion for running, and both attend running club events on the outskirts of London.<ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref><ref name="IM5.001">Sue, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/01/472403.html ‘Jim Sutton – undercover cop in Reclaim the Streets’], ''Indymedia UK'', 19 January 2011 (accessed 4 June 2014).</ref><ref name="MC5.001">Epsom Oddballs Running Club, [http://www.epsomoddballs.org/club.php ‘MABAC rep & Events Secretary’], Epsom Oddballs Running Club website (accessed 4 June 2014).</ref><ref name="AWB199">nonsuchoffice, [http://www.parkrun.org.uk/nonsuch/news/2012/12/09/event-67-08-12-12-run-volunteers/ ‘A big thank you to today's volunteers for putting on another great event’], Nonsuch Parkrun website, 6 December 2012 (accessed 18 February 2015).</ref><ref name="AMD107">Possible photograph of Bob Lambert (back row far left, 177) and Jim Boyling (back row fifth from left, 176) in: Lauren Nelson, [https://www.facebook.com/EpsomOddballsRC/photos/pb.156648064405975.-2207520000.1424116205./167588679978580/?type=3&permPage=1 ''Epsom Oddballs team photo''], Epsom Oddballs Facebook page, 11 July 2011 (accessed 18 February 2015).</ref>

===Summary of police career===
:''For a more detailed chronology of his work in the Met and in later years, see: [[Bob Lambert Career Timeline]]''
Lambert is described as having joined the Metropolitan Police in 1977, aged 25, enjoying a thirty-one year long career before retiring in 2007<ref name="ABK085p27">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p27.</ref><ref name="CSTPV">Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence staff page, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/rl40.html ‘Dr Robert Lambert - Lecturer in Terrorism Studies’], University of St. Andrews website (accessed 15 March 2014).</ref><ref name=ASL392>Tom Foot, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2014/oct/holloway-road-uni-defends-crime-lecturer-former-cop-who-had-undercover-affair ‘Holloway Road uni defends crime lecturer former cop who had undercover affair’], ''Islington Tribune'', 31 October 2014 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref> - though some discrepancies in his claimed biography have been noted.

Little is known about his earliest years in the Met, except for a passing reference by him to working a beat in the North London district of Camden.<ref name="ASL181">Richard Jackson, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539150802184678 ‘Counter-terrorism and communities: an interview with Robert Lambert’], ''Critical Studies on Terrorism'' volume 1 number 2, August 2008 (accessed 16 June 2014), p295.</ref> He is reputed to have joined [[Metropolitan Police Special Branch]] (MPSB) in 1980, before being recruited to its secretive [[Special Demonstration Squad]] sometime between then and 1983. He was deployed undercover as ‘Bob Robinson’ from at least early 1984 until late 1988.<ref name="BOB ROBINSON">See later sections on [[Bob Lambert#Overview of undercover tour as ‘Bob Robinson’|‘Bob Robinson’]] for more details.</ref>

Subsequently he worked in [[E Squad]], a section devoted to non-Irish international terrorism,<ref name="AMD178">Metropolitan Police Special Branch, ''Special Branch Introduction and summary of responsibilities'', MPSB, August 2004 (released via Freedom of Information Act), p5.</ref> until 1993. He returned to SDS as its Operational Controller, with the rank of Detective Inspector. He left SDS in 1998, and it is not clear what his role was until January 2002, when he set up the [[Muslim Contact Unit]]. He led the MCU from this time, through the 2006 merger of [[MPSB]] (also known as SO12) with the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch (ATB or SO13) which created Counter Terrorism Command (also known as SO15), until his retirement in December 2007.<ref name="LATER CAREER">See section on [[Bob Lambert#Subsequent career in policing|Lambert's subsequent career]] for more details.</ref> Lambert has at times indicated that he was unhappy with the merger,<ref name="ABK077p60">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p60.</ref> noting his divergence from the investigatory-minded direction in which the first CTC head, [[Peter Clarke]], took it.<ref name="ABK077pp11&138">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, pp11 & 138.</ref>

In June 2008, Lambert was awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) “for Services to the Police”.<ref name="MBE">The London Gazette, [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/58729/supplements/19 ‘Supplement No. 1’], ''The London Gazette'', 14 June 2008 (accessed 16 March 2014).</ref>

After leaving the Met, Lambert built upon his MCU work and began a successful [[Bob Lambert#Summary of academic career|second career as an academic]] specialising in engagement with British Islamists, purportedly to temper radicalisation.<ref name="ABK077p230">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p230.</ref><ref name="ASL528">Robert Lambert, [http://www.thecordobafoundation.com/attach/Arches_issue_02x_Web.pdf ‘Salafi and Islamist Londoners: Stigmatised Minority Faith Communities Countering al-Qaida’], ''Arches Quarterly'', Summer 2008 (accessed 22 November 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL530">Nasar Meer, [http://www.thecordobafoundation.com/attach/Arches_issue_02x_Web.pdf ‘Complicating ‘Radicalism’ - Counter-Terrorism and Muslim identity in Britain’], ''Arches Quarterly'', Spring 2012 (accessed 22 November 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL509">Robert Lambert, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1631068&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S1049096508080049 ‘Empowering Salafis and Islamists Against Al-Qaeda: A London Counter-terrorism Case Study’]. ''[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?decade=2000&jid=PSC&volumeId=41&issueId=01&iid=1631028 Political Science and Politics]'', Volume 41 Issue 1, pp. 31-35 (2008).</ref><ref name="AAC027">Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace, [http://www.foundation4peace.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/Rethinking_Radicalisation_Conference_Report.pdf''Rethinking Radicalisation''],Conference report, 12 October 2011 (accessed 18 November 2014).</ref>

[[File:Lambert timeline(2).png]]

==Overview of undercover tour as ‘Bob Robinson’==
:''For a more detailed chronology of Lambert's undercover tour, see separate article: [[Bob Lambert as Bob Robinson]]''
‘Bob Robinson’ first appeared in the animal rights and environmental milieu in north London late 1983 or early 1984.<ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK085p27">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p27.</ref><ref name="VID017">Andy Davies, [http://www.channel4.com/news/bob-lambert-undercover-police-met-exclusive-video ‘I'm sorry, says ex-undercover police boss’], ''Channel 4 News'', Channel 4, 5 July 2013 (accessed 15 April 2014).</ref><ref name="DATE DISCREPENCY"></ref> His deployment followed that of the first known [[SDS]] officer sent to live amongst animal rights activists, [[Mike Chitty]], who appeared in South London in early 1983.<ref name="ABK085pp76-77">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, pp 76-77.</ref>

His infiltration into animal rights circles began with regular attendance at demonstrations, where he made the acquaintance of genuine activists, including Jacqui.<ref name="ABK085p27">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p27.</ref><ref name="ASL193">Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref> He soon became a familiar face at protests, and offered to drive people to and from events. He took part in hunt sabotage, protests against businesses associated with animal products, and joined [[London Greenpeace]], an anarchist-leaning group involved in environmental and social issues.

Having established himself on the scene, he took on more responsibilities and a more active role in various campaigns and groups, and “set about befriending campaigners suspected of being in the ALF” [Animal Liberation Front].<ref name="ABK085p34">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p34.</ref> He wrote or co-wrote a number of activist documents, including [[London Greenpeace]]'s ''What's Wrong With McDonald's?'' factsheet - which was later subject to a notorious libel suit issued by McDonald's. Throughout his undercover tour as ‘Robinson’, Lambert implied to activists that he was interested in or already involved in more clandestine forms of political activity, such as that associated with the cells of the [[Animal Liberation Front]] (ALF).<ref name="ABK085p28">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p28.</ref>

As an activist in an ALF cell,<ref name="ABK085p36">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p36.</ref> he was implicated in the burning down of the Harrow branch of the Debenhams department store as part of a coordinated incendiary device operation which also saw branches in Luton and Romford targeted at the same time on the same night.<ref name="AWB191">BBC News, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18423441 ‘Undercover policeman 'fire-bombed shop,' MPs told’], ''BBC News'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL832">Rob Evans, Paul Lewis, Richard Sprenger, Guy Grandjean & Mustafa Khalili, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/video/2012/jun/13/animal-rights-firebombing-police-spy-video ‘Claims that police spy 'crossed the line' during animal rights firebombing campaign’], ''The Guardian'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL833">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jun/13/police ‘Call for police links to animals rights firebombing to be investigated’], ''The Guardian'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL834">Paul Lewis & Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jun/13/police-spies-animal-rights ‘Questions remain over animal rights activists' case’], ''The Guardian'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL832">Rob Evans, Paul Lewis, Richard Sprenger, Guy Grandjean & Mustafa Khalili, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/video/2012/jun/13/animal-rights-firebombing-police-spy-video ‘Claims that police spy 'crossed the line' during animal rights firebombing campaign’], ''The Guardian'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref> The 1987 attacks, which caused an estimated £340,000 worth of damage on the Harrow branch alone, with £4 million in fire damage and £4.5 million in trading losses across all three,<ref name="ASL856">unknown author, [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19880614&id=6DNAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1kMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5707,3659560 ‘Animal Front trial told of raid finding firebombs being made’], ''Glasgow Herald'', 14 June 1988 (accessed via Google News archive, 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB192">BBC News, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18426368 ‘Green MP Caroline Lucas names undercover officer as shop fire bomber’], ''BBC News'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref> was credited with precipitating the ending of Debenhams' involvement in the fur trade.<ref name="ASL224">Kevin Toolis, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1998/dec/05/animalwelfare.world1 ‘In for the kill: Is human life of greater importance and worth than animal life?’], ''The Guardian'', 5 December 1998 (accessed 29 August 2014).</ref>

The other two members of ‘Robinson’'s cell, Geoff Sheppard and Andrew Clarke, were both arrested and subsequently imprisoned.<ref name="ASL833">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jun/13/police ‘Call for police links to animals rights firebombing to be investigated’], ''The Guardian'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL834">Paul Lewis & Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jun/13/police-spies-animal-rights ‘Questions remain over animal rights activists' case’], ''The Guardian'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL836">Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/2012/jun/29/silence-over-undercover-spy-claim ‘Home Office silence over Bob Lambert claim’], ''The Guardian'', 29 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL854">Kirsty Walker & Chris Greenwood, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2158725/Undercover-police-officer-planted-firebomb-department-store-animal-rights-protest.html ‘Undercover policeman planted bomb in 1987 Debenhams blast that caused millions of pounds worth of damage to 'prove worth' to animal rights group he was infiltrating, claims Green Party MP’], ''Daily Mail'', 13 June 2012 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL855">Suzannah Hills, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2274563/Mother-claims-missing-father-child-undercover-policeman-accused-MP-leaving-bomb-department-store.html ‘Mother claims missing father of her child was undercover policeman accused by MP of leaving bomb in department store’], ''Mail Online'', 6 February 2013 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref> The 2015 “forensic external examination” of SDS-related documents undertaken by Stephen Taylor for the Home Office obliquely references Lambert's involvement in securing the arrests of Sheppard and Clarke, and indicates that the then-Home Secretary Douglas Hurd complimented the unit on its operation.<ref name="ART117">Home Office, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/411785/2015-01-06_FINAL_Report_on_HO_links_to_SDS_v2.4_REDACTED_FINAL.pdf ''Investigation into links between Special Demonstration Squad and Home Office''], Home Office, 12 March 2015(accessed 22 March 2015), pp3 & 19.</ref>

Lambert remained deployed in the field as ‘Robinson’ until late 1988.<ref name="UC54">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p54.</ref><ref name="NY DATE PROBLEM">The ''New Yorker'' article appears to suggest that Lambert was preparing to exfiltrate himself from as early as Autumn 1987: “[One morning] in the fall of 1987... [Bob] said that he had to leave because of the investigation into the Debenhams bombing. He was going abroad, and, for a while, it might be difficult to communicate. As soon as it was safe, he said, he would write. Jacqui could bring their son to visit him in Spain.” Lauren Collins, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/the-spy-who-loved-me-2 ‘The Spy Who Loved Me: An undercover surveillance operation that went too far’], ''The New Yorker'', August 25 2014 issue (accessed 30 September 2014).</ref> Using the pretext of being under investigation by police for his involvement in the 1987 Harrow Debenhams' arson - which included a Special Branch raid on the home of non-activist Belinda Harvey “to add credibility to Lambert's cover story”<ref name="ABK085p53">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p53.</ref> - ‘Robinson’ told Harvey and other friends, including his son's mother Jacqui, that he needed to go ‘on the run’ to avoid capture; to some he said that he planned to move to Spain until things quietened down.<ref name="ASL367">Paul Peachey, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/deceived-lovers-speak-of-mental-torture-from-undercover-detectives-8515915.html ‘Deceived lovers speak of mental 'torture' from undercover detectives’], ''The Independent'', 1 March 2013 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref> He then “abandoned his flat and stayed for a couple of weeks in what he called a ‘safe house’”,<ref name="ABK085p53">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p53.</ref> before spending a farewell week with Belinda at a friend's house in Dorset in December 1988.<ref name="ABK085p54">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p54.</ref> With this, he disappeared out of their lives, with a few postcards postmarked Spain and sent in January 1989 the only indication that he still existed.<ref name="ABK085p54">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p54.</ref>

==Subsequent career in policing==
Whilst the precise details of Lambert's entire police career are not currently known, we do have an idea of what he did and when for much of his service in the Met; anyone who could help us, please do [mailto:info@undercoverresearch.net get in touch] (and ask for our PGP key if you need it).

===E Squad (1989-1993)===
After being pulled out of his SDS undercover tour, Lambert was redeployed elsewhere in MPSB, first finding a new home in E Squad,<ref name="ABK085p55">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p55.</ref> which dealt with worldwide terrorist threats<ref name="AMD178">Metropolitan Police Special Branch, ''Special Branch Introduction and summary of responsibilities'', MPSB, August 2004 (released via Freedom of Information Act), p5.</ref> (excluding those related to Northern Ireland, which were handled by B Squad).<ref name="AMD178">Metropolitan Police Special Branch, ''Special Branch Introduction and summary of responsibilities'', MPSB, August 2004 (released via Freedom of Information Act), p4.</ref><ref name="ASL304">unknown author, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1511542/Commander-John-Wilson.html ‘Commander John Wilson’], ''Daily Telegraph'', 27 February 2006 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref><ref name="PRO105">Paula Gilford, [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/paula-gilford/38/125/122 ''LinkedIn profile of Paula Gilford''], LinkedIn.com website, 2014 (accessed 25 November 2014).</ref><ref name="ABK127p586">Nigel West, ''Historical Dictionary of British Intelligence'', Scarecrow Press, 2005, p586.</ref>

In his 2011 book (and elsewhere<ref name="ASL181">Richard Jackson, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539150802184678 ‘Counter-terrorism and communities: an interview with Robert Lambert’], ''Critical Studies on Terrorism'' volume 1 number 2, August 2008 (accessed 16 June 2014), p298.</ref>), Lambert refers to how “in the 1980s Special Branch officers would meet Sikh community representatives in London to discuss the terrorist threat posed by Sikh extremists,”<ref name="SIKHSpp241-242">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, pp241-242; he references this from ‘participant observation’ of a number of Special Branch officers and an interview with a further officer.</ref> a theme he returned to in a Chatham House lecture where he explicitly noted the involvement of E Squad (“a wonderful department”).<ref name="AMD004">Dr Bob Lambert & Professor Rosemary Hollis, [http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Meetings/Meeting%20Transcripts/210911lambert_Q&A.pdf ''Partnering with the Muslim Community as an Effective Counter-Terrorist Strategy''], Chatham House, 20 September 2011 (accessed 17 April 2014).</ref> However, in neither version is it clear whether he himself was involved in this community engagement work with Sikhs.

It was whilst working in E Squad that Lambert appears to have first engaged with Muslim communities. In 1991 he was the officer who arrested Omar Bakri Mohammed<ref name="BAKRI BIOG">Bakri is a Syrian-born Islamist who was long involved in activity in the UK from 1986 until his departure - consolidated by a government banning order preventing his return - in 2005. He led the British branch of [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] and later founded [[al-Muhajiroun]] with [[Anjem Choudary]]. </ref><ref name="BAKRI NAME">We have used the same spelling of Bakri's name used by Lambert (and others, e.g. Jon Ronson, ''THEM: Adventures with Extremists'', Picador, 2001 and Mark Curtis, ''Secret Affairs: Britain's Secret Collusion with Radical Islam'', Serpent's Tail, 2010), though it should be noted that Wikipedia and some other sources render it ‘Omar Bakri Muhammad’.</ref> for making threats against Prime Minister John Major in relation to the Salman Rushdie affair. Bakri had issued a ‘fatwa’ against the PM and suggested him a target for assassination; for this Bakri was detained and questioned for two days by [[Metropolitan Police Special Branch|MPSB]] before being released without charge.<ref name="ABK073p273">Mark Curtis, ''Secret Affairs: Britain's Secret Collusion with Radical Islam'', Serpent's Tail, 2012 (updated edition), p273.</ref>

Lambert's early engagement with Muslims centred around the London Central Mosque, where “prominent figures” such as Zaki Badawi and security manager Fasli Ali had success in “combating violent extremism and maintaining order in the face of serious challenges”. He notes that this made London Central Mosque “a role model and source of partnership support” on which he would later draw in his [[Muslim Contact Unit]] work, particularly at the Finsbury Park Mosque in the early 2000s.<ref name="ABK085p81">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p81.</ref>

Lambert has claimed that he “helped colleagues from the FBI on the first World Trade Center attack” in 1993<ref name="AMD101">Anonymous author, ''Notes on Bob Lambert at ‘9/11 Ten Years On’ conference, University of Strathclyde, 8-11 September 2011'', September 2011, private document, September 2011.</ref><ref name="AMD102">Anonymous author, ''Notes on Bob Lambert at Chatham House 20 September 2011'', private document, September 2011.</ref> and that he “was involved in the investigation”,<ref name="AMD004">Dr Bob Lambert & Professor Rosemary Hollis, [http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Meetings/Meeting%20Transcripts/210911lambert_Q&A.pdf ''Partnering with the Muslim Community as an Effective Counter-Terrorist Strategy''], Chatham House, 20 September 2011 (accessed 17 April 2014).</ref><ref name="JTTF">It is possibly of note that “By 2000, the FBI reassigned one of the Joint Terrorism Task Forces to investigate ELF arsons in Long Island, New York. The task force had previously investigated the...first bombing of the World Trade Center.” Will Potter, ''Green Is The New Red: An Insider's Account of a Social Movement Under Siege'', City Lights, 2011, p58 (based on Christine Haughney, ‘Teenagers' Activism Takes a Violent Turn - New York Youths Linked to Ecoterrorist Group’, ''Washington Post'', 27 March 2001.). The New York JTTF, comprising Federal and local law enforcement agencies, was the lead for the 1993 WTC attack, and the point of liaison for foreign detectives, such as Bob Lambert, assisting the inquiry. Given Lambert's career-defining two areas of expertise - animal rights/environmental anarchists and Islamic radicals - it seems possible that he would retain contact with NYJTTF over the years as a professional courtesy, given its own interest in those same two topics.</ref> stating that he “was able to ask a Muslim community leader in London for help in clarifying the details of the time spent in the UK of one of the suspects.”<ref name="ASL181">Richard Jackson, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539150802184678 ‘Counter-terrorism and communities: an interview with Robert Lambert’], ''Critical Studies on Terrorism'' volume 1 number 2, August 2008 (accessed 16 June 2014).</ref> (Presumably this suspect was Ramzi Yousef (nephew of 9/11 architect<ref name="ART118">The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, [http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf ''The 9/11 Commission Report''], W. W. Norton & Company, 22 July 2004 (accessed 22 March 2015), p162.</ref> Khalid Sheikh Mohammed), who had lived and studied in the UK for four years before going first to Kuwait then on to train in Pakistan, before next heading to the US.<ref name="ASL526">Robert Lambert, [http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/03/osama-bin-laden-trial-al-qaida ‘What if Bin Laden had stood trial?’], ''The Guardian'', 3 May 2011 (accessed 22 November 2014).</ref><ref name="AAC003">Robert Lambert & Jonathan Githens-Mazer, [https://www.counterextremism.org/download_file/97/134/109/ ''Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: UK Case Studies 2010 - An introduction to a ten year Europe-wide research project (first edition)''] (research project) European Muslim Research Centre/University of Exeter, November 2010 (accessed via counterextremism.org 11 June 2014).</ref><ref name="AAC004">Robert Lambert & Jonathan Githens-Mazer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808152051/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/publications/IAMHC_revised_11Feb11.pdf ''Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: UK Case Studies 2010 - An introduction to a ten year Europe-wide research project (second edition)''] (research project), European Muslim Research Centre/University of Exeter, January 2011 (accessed via archive.org 11 June 2014).</ref>)

===Return to SDS (1993-1998)===
In November 1993 Lambert returned to [[SDS]], taking on the role of Controller of Operations.<ref name="UC55">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p55.</ref> This put him in the position of running the whole unit on a day-to-day basis,<ref name="ART005p22">Chief Constable Mick Creedon, [http://www.derbyshire.police.uk/Documents/About-Us/Herne/Operation-Herne---Report-2---Allegations-of-Peter-Francis.pdf ''Operation Herne - Report 2: Allegations of Peter Francis (second edition)''], Derbyshire Constabulary, 2014, p22 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref> working under its titular head, Detective Chief Inspector [[Keith Edmondson]].<ref name="BLNOV93">Andy Davies, [http://www.channel4.com/news/stephen-lawrence-bob-lambert-smear-metropolitan-police ‘"We did not target Stephen's family", says undercover boss’], ''Channel 4 News'', 1 July 2013 (accessed 16 March 2014).</ref><ref name="UC55">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p55.</ref><ref name="UC81">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p81.</ref><ref name=ELLISON1.213">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287031/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_1.pdf ''The Stephen Lawrence Independent Review: Volume One''], Home Office, March 2013 (accessed 1 April 2014), p213.</ref> According to the Ellison Review, by August 1998 he had overall lead of the unit, having been made up to Acting Detective Chief Inspector.<ref name="ART007p235">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287031/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_1.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 1''], HMSO, 2014, p235 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref> Lambert states he left SDS sometime in 1998.<ref name="BLNOV93">Andy Davies, [http://www.channel4.com/news/stephen-lawrence-bob-lambert-smear-metropolitan-police ‘"We did not target Stephen's family", says undercover boss’], ''Channel 4 News'', 1 July 2013 (accessed 16 March 2014).</ref>

====Management decisions====
In 1997 it seems that Lambert unilaterally broadened the mission of the unit, extended its reach beyond the Greater London area to the whole of the UK, and changed its name from ‘Special Demonstration Squad’ to ‘Special Duties Section’ in order to “reflect the increasing remit, and to meet customer requirements”. In his third Operation Herne report Chief Constable Mick Creedon registers surprise that this appears to have been executed without being directly sanctioned by Lambert's seniors, noting that it “demonstrates the considerable autonomy and influence that the Detective Inspector had within the management structure of the unit, and the apparent lack of Senior Management and Executive oversight.”<ref name="ART079pp8-9">Derbyshire Constabulary, [http://www.derbyshire.police.uk/Documents/About-Us/Herne/Operation-Herne---Report-1---Covert-Identities.pdf ''Operation Herne - Report 3: Special Demonstration Squad Reporting - Mentions of Sensitive Campaigns''], Derbyshire Constabulary, July 2014, pp8-9 (accessed 21 November 2014).</ref>

====Authorship of SDS documents====
Lambert is believed to have contributed significantly<ref name="ALR077">Private source, August 2014.</ref><ref name="ABK085p57-58">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, pp57-58.</ref> to the SDS ''Tradecraft Manual'', which the first Herne Report describes as “an organic document of initiatives, operational learning, guidelines and suggestions from established UCOs to assist other UCOs [undercover officers] in their deployments”.<ref name="ART003p8">Chief Constable Mick Creedon, [http://www.derbyshire.police.uk/Documents/About-Us/Herne/Operation-Herne---Report-1---Covert-Identities.pdf ''Operation Herne - Report 1: Use of covert identities''], Derbyshire Constabulary, 2013, p8 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref> In addition, it is claimed that in 1997 Lambert penned a confidential Special Branch document called ''Withdrawal Strategy'', which discussed [[Peter Francis]]' exfiltration from his undercover deployment.<ref name="UC158">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p158.</ref>

According to Evans and Lewis, at some point around June 1992 (when still in [[E Squad]]) Lambert was tasked by Special Branch superiors “to discreetly study the rogue officer” [[Mike Chitty]],<ref name="ABK085p81">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p81.</ref> who had been Lambert's contemporary as an SDS undercover officer infiltrating animal rights activists in the mid-1980s. The culmination of Lambert's eighteen month covert inquiry into Chitty was a “highly confidential” forty-five page report written in May 1994 (by which time he had returned to SDS as its Operational Controller), which was then “stored under lock and key in a Scotland Yard archive”.<ref name="ABK085p82">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p82.</ref> (For more detail, see the profile on [[Mike Chitty]])

The [[Ellison Review]] mentions additional pieces of SDS paperwork written by Lambert. These include a “briefing note” outlining the work of undercover officer [[N81]] and how it touched upon the Stephen Lawrence family campaign;<ref name="ART007p226">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287031/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_1.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 1''], HMSO, 2014 (accessed 16 April 2014), p226.</ref> and a [[N81: File Note by Bob Lambert| “file note”]] dated 18 August 1998 which summarises the 14 August meeting hosted by him between [[Richard Walton]] and [[N81]].<ref name="ART007p227">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287031/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_1.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 1''], HMSO, 2014 (accessed 16 April 2014), p227.</ref>

====The Stephen Lawrence murder investigation, Macpherson Inquiry and Ellison Review====
:''See main articles: [[N81]], [[Bob Lambert and the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry]], and [[N81: meeting with the Lawrence Review Team]]''
In April 1993, black teenager [[Stephen Lawrence]] was murdered in a racially motivated attack by a gang of white youths whilst he waited for a bus in the south-east London neighbourhood of Eltham. The failure of the [[Metropolitan Police]] to promptly secure evidence, follow up on information received, protect witnesses or interview suspects led to a public outcry, and subsequently to the [[Macpherson Inquiry]], which found the MPS investigation to have been stymied by incompetence, corruption and “institutional racism”.<ref name="AWB202">BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/stephen_lawrence/timeline.htm ‘Stephen Lawrence: Chronology of events’], ''BBC News'', 25 March 1999 (accessed 18 February 2015).</ref>

In August 1998, when the leadership of the Met under Commissioner Paul Condon was formulating its response to Macpherson Inquiry, Bob Lambert hosted a meeting at his own home in north London between undercover officer [[N81|‘N81’]] and (Acting) [[Richard Walton|Detective Inspector Richard Walton]]. At the time N81 was infiltrating a left-wing political group close to the Stephen Lawrence family justice campaign, whilst Walton was a member of the Met's ‘Lawrence Review Team’, and soon to join [[John Grieve]]'s newly established [[Racial and Violent Crime Task Force]], or CO24.<ref name="ART007pp251">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287031/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_1.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 1''], HMSO, 2014, p251 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref>.

The existence of this clandestine meeting were not publicly known until March 2014, when Mark Ellison QC revealed details about it in [[The Stephen Lawrence Independent Review]], with a less in-depth account in the simultaneously released third [[Operation Herne|Herne report]].<ref name="ART006">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287030/stephen_lawrence_review_summary.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence independent review: summary of findings''], HMSO, 2014 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref><ref name="ART007">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287031/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_1.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 1''], HMSO, 2014 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref><ref name="ART008">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287046/stephen_lawrence_review_volume_2-Pt1-1.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 2, part 1''], HMSO, 2014 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref><ref name="ART009">Mark Ellison QC, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287047/stephen_lawrence_independent_review_volume_2-Pt1-2.pdf ''Stephen Lawrence review: volume 2, part 1''], HMSO, 2014 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref><ref name="ART079">Derbyshire Constabulary, [http://www.derbyshire.police.uk/Documents/About-Us/Herne/Operation-Herne---Report-1---Covert-Identities.pdf ''Operation Herne - Report 3: Special Demonstration Squad Reporting - Mentions of Sensitive Campaigns''], Derbyshire Constabulary, July 2014(accessed 21 November 2014).</ref>

===1998-2001 - the ‘missing years’===

It is not clear what Lambert did between leaving SDS sometime after August 1998 and the establishment of the [[Muslim Contact Unit]] in January 2002.

Biographies - in writings he authored - indicate that he remained with [[Metropolitan Police Special Branch]] throughout that time.<ref name="ASL516+note">See, for example, Bob Lambert, [http://www.thecordobafoundation.com/attach/arches_5.pdf ‘Reflections on Counter-Terrorism Partnerships in Britain’], ''Arches'', issue number 5, January-February 2007 (accessed 22 November 2014) - this biography notes that “Bob worked continuously as a Special Branch specialist counter-terrorist / counter-extremist intelligence officer from 1980” until the setting up of MCU at the beginning of 2002.</ref> No evidence has so far come up to suggest he was involved in, for example, Territorial Policing, that he was transferred to other Branch-level units such as the [[Anti-Terrorist Branch]], or that he transferred to a police force other than the [[Metropolitan Police Service]].

By implication, Lambert seems likely to have been working in a different unit or units within MPSB during this time period. One biography notes that from beginning in MPSB in 1980 until 2006 or 2007, Lambert had dealt “with all forms of violent political threats to the UK, from Irish republican to the many strands of International terrorism.”<ref name="ASL516">Bob Lambert, [http://www.thecordobafoundation.com/attach/arches_5.pdf ‘Reflections on Counter-Terrorism Partnerships in Britain’], ''Arches'', issue number 5, January-February 2007 (accessed 22 November 2014).</ref> Whilst his work on international terrorism at E Squad has already been noted, an involvement in Irish republican matters would suggest time served in [[B Squad]] (though it is by no means clear whether that would have occurred at this point of his career or in Lambert's pre-SDS years).

===Muslim Contact Unit===
:''See forthcoming article [[Muslim Contact Unit]] for more detail.''
In January 2002 Lambert set up the [[Muslim Contact Unit]] (MCU) within [[Special Branch]], “with the purpose of establishing partnerships with Muslim community leaders both equipped and located to help tackle the spread of al-Qaida propaganda in London.”<ref name="ABK077p35">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p35.</ref><ref name="CSTPV"></ref><ref name="ABK085p57">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, p57</ref><ref name="MCU CREATION">Lambert's account in both his book and CSTPV profile is that MCU was founded by himself and one other colleague; the Evans/Lewis book claims Lambert “and two other former SDS spies were given the resources to set up the Muslim Contact Unit.” Subsequent clarification from Evans to the author is that his understanding is that MCU was conceived and set up by Lambert and one other former SDS officer. The accounts all agree that MCU was established in the aftermath of 9/11 in January 2002. Source CAVALVANTI (who has some familiarity with Lambert's academic reinvention) has added to the author that the actual foundation of MCU came, to paraphrase Lambert's own words, “following discussions in October-November 2001”. It has been speculated that Lambert's cohort in creating MCU was [[Jim Boyling]] (e.g. merrick, [http://bristlingbadger.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/bob-lambert-still-spying.html ‘bob lambert: still spying?’], ''Bristling Badger'', 23 February 2012), who elsewhere has been acknowledged as involved in the unit (e.g. Paul Lewis & Rob Evans, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/oct/23/police-spy-tricked-lover-activist ‘Police spy tricked lover with activist 'cover story'’], ''The Guardian'', 23 October 2011; Paul Lewis, Rob Evans & Rowenna Davis, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jan/19/wife-fourth-police-spy-children ‘Ex-wife of police spy tells how she fell in love and had children with him’], ''The Guardian'', 19 January 2011; and Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber, 2013, p194). However, it is the author's understanding that whilst Boyling was and remains a close friend of Lambert's, he was not co-creator with Lambert of MCU, though he was an early recruit to the unit.</ref>

The avowed strategy of the MCU under Lambert was to “set about identifying the Muslims they believed were best equipped to take on the so-called “hate preachers”, chief among them the infamous Egyptian [[Abu Hamza]], who were believed to be serving as propagandists for al-Qaeda in London”, most notably at [[Brixton Mosque|Brixton]] and [[Finsbury Park Mosque|Finsbury Park]].<ref name="ASL828">Paul Sims, [https://newhumanist.org.uk/2681/crossing-the-line ‘Crossing the line?’], ''New Humanist'', 4 November 2011 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref> Typically this approach meant working with Muslims characterised as ‘Islamists’ or ‘salafis’ - a path which Lambert himself notes was directly in conflict with prevailing counter-terrorism policing opinion on dealing with political Islam which cautioned “against accommodating ‘traditionalists’” and “lump[ed] salafis and Islamists together as ‘radical fundamentalists’”.<ref name="ABK077p55">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p55.</ref><ref name="ART001">Cheryl Benard, [http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/civil%20democratic.pdf ''Civil Democratic Islam: Partners, Resources and Strategies''], RAND Corporation, 2003 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref>

Reflecting on his time at MCU, Lambert has latterly claimed that the unit “was a graveyard in career terms,” and that he realised he would never rise above Detective Inspector.<ref name="AMD101">Anonymous author, ''Notes on Bob Lambert at ‘9/11 Ten Years On’ conference, University of Strathclyde, 8-11 September 2011'', September 2011, private document supplied to author, September 2011.</ref>

==Summary of academic career==
:''See forthcoming page [[Bob Lambert - academic career]] for a more detailed account
According to Lambert his involvement in academic issues began in 1995, when he received a First from the Open University for an interdisciplinary undergraduate degree on European cultural history.<ref name="AMD007">Robert Lambert, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/rl40.html Staff profile page], Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St. Andrews website, 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref> In 2003 - whilst running [[Muslim Contact Unit|MCU]] - he received a First from Birkbeck College at the University of London for his Masters.<ref name="METBIOG">Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/people/surnames-k-to-m/robert-lambert/ Robert Lambert], London Metropolitan University (accessed 3 April 2014).</ref>

Following his retirement from the Met, in 2008 he took up a place as a PhD student at the [[University of Exeter]], an institution with which he maintained links until at least 2011 (in October of which he was exposed as a spy).<ref name="AMD008">Robert Lambert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608110723/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/staff.php Staff], Exeter University website (via archive.org), 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref> From 2008 he also began teaching on a course managed by [[St. Andrews University]].<ref name="AMD007">Robert Lambert, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/rl40.html Staff profile page], [[Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence]], University of St. Andrews website, 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref><ref name="EXETER ST DAVIDS">It should be noted that Lambert implies an association with the University of Exeter from September 2005 - see the reference in his book to “commenc[ing] regular train journeys from Paddington [in central London] to Exeter St. David's” in that month. Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p.xvi.</ref> In 2012 he took up a senior lecturing position at London Metropolitan University.<ref name="AMD006">Robert Lambert, [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/people/surnames-k-to-m/robert-lambert/ Staff profile page], John Grieve Policing Centre, London Metropolitan University website, 2013 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref><ref name="AMD180">London Metropolitan University, [https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/psd/AR/Services/CourseInfo/2012/CRILAW.pdf ''Course Handbook: BSc (Hons) Criminology and Law (2012-2013)''], London Metropolitan University, 2012 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AMD181">London Metropolitan University, [https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/psd/AR/Services/CourseInfo/2013/ug/CRILAW.pdf ''Course Handbook: BA (Hons) Criminology and Law (2013-2014)''], London Metropolitan University, 2013 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="UNI EXETER ON RESIGNATION">The University of Exeter has never satisfactorily explained the ending of its relationship with Bob Lambert. It was only in January 2015 that ''The Guardian'' was able to report that the university “confirmed that Lambert resigned from the university in October 2011 - the same month his undercover past was exposed.” As journalist Rob Evans notes, “We asked Exeter University why he resigned but, after some delay, they refused to explain.” See: Rob Evans, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/2015/jan/06/university-under-pressure-to-sack-controversial-former-undercover-spy-bob-lambert ‘University under pressure to sack controversial former undercover spy Bob Lambert’], ''The Guardian'', 6 January 2015 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref>

In 2010 he was awarded his doctorate by University of Exeter for his PhD dissertation ''The London Partnerships: an Insider’s Analysis of Legitimacy and Effectiveness''.<ref name="CAQ390">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p390.</ref><ref name="EMRCBIOG''>European Muslim Research Centre, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608110723/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/staff.php ‘Staff’], University of Exeter (via archive.org), 8 June 2012 (accessed 3 April 2014).</ref><ref name="METBIOG"></ref> This dissertation (and the research underpinning it) later became the basis of his book, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'',<ref name="ABK077">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011.</ref> as well as numerous other pieces of work.<ref name="AAC002">Dr Jonathan Githens-Mazer & Dr Robert Lambert MBE, [https://www.counterextremism.org/resources/details/id/107/islamophobia-and-anti-muslim-hate-crime-a-london-case-study ''Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: A London Case Study']' (research project), European Muslim Research Centre/University of Exeter, January 2010 (accessed via counterextremism.org 16 April 2014).</ref><ref name="AAC003">Robert Lambert & Jonathan Githens-Mazer, [https://www.counterextremism.org/download_file/97/134/109/ ''Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: UK Case Studies 2010 - An introduction to a ten year Europe-wide research project (first edition)''] (research project) European Muslim Research Centre/University of Exeter, November 2010 (accessed via counterextremism.org 11 June 2014).</ref><ref name="AAC004">Robert Lambert & Jonathan Githens-Mazer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808152051/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/publications/IAMHC_revised_11Feb11.pdf ''Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: UK Case Studies 2010 - An introduction to a ten year Europe-wide research project (second edition)''] (research project), European Muslim Research Centre/University of Exeter, January 2011 (accessed via archive.org 11 June 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL029">Robert Lambert, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17539153.2013.847262 ‘Researching counterterrorism: a personal perspective from a former undercover police officer’]. [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rter20/7/1 ''Critical Studies on Terrorism''] Volume 7 Number 1, pp165-181 (2014).</ref>

Despite his retirement from the police in 2007, Lambert continued to engage with the Muslim Contact Unit through his academic work.<ref name="CORDOBA MCU CONTACTS">For example, see the inclusion of “Muslim Contact Unit SO15” in the note of “organisations represented in the audience” in this invitation list for a March 2010 Cordoba-hosted debate at which Lambert was a key participant: Cordoba Foundation, [http://www.thecordobafoundation.com/print_article.php?id=1&art=32&page=events.php&page=events.php ''Tackling Islamophobia - Reducing Street Violence Against British Muslims''], notice of debate organised by Cordoba Foundation, 3 March 2010 (accessed 21 November 2014).</ref>

Just before Christmas 2015, Lambert quit his jobs at both his academic posts, after campaigners had written to St Andrews' principal Louise Richardson.<ref name = Sunday/>

===University of Exeter & EMRC===
After retiring from the Met in late 2007, he became a Research Fellow at the Institute for Arab and Islamic Studies in the University of Exeter's politics department, a post he held from 2008 until 2011.<ref name="EXETERPROFILEPOLITICS1">Department of Politics, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100924163459/http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/politics/staff/lambert/ ‘Mr Robert Lambert’], University of Exeter (via archive.org), 24 September 2010 (accessed 3 April 2014).</ref><ref name="EXETERPROFILEPOLITICS2">Department of Politics, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110423080713/http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/politics/staff/lambert ‘Dr Robert Lambert’], University of Exeter (via archive.org), 24 April 2011 (accessed 3 April 2014).</ref>

Whilst at Exeter there he became closely associated with Professor Jonathan Githens-Mazer, and in September 2009 the two together set up the [[European Muslim Research Centre]] (EMRC),<ref name="CAQ390">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p390.</ref> which was officially launched the following January.<ref name="EMRCLAUNCH">European Muslim Research Centre, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815071808/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/news.php ‘News’], University of Exeter website (via archive.org), 15 August 2010 (accessed 16 March 2014).</ref><ref name="EMRC">European Muslim Research Centre, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216105758/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/ ‘EMRC homepage’], University of Exeter website (via archive.org), 16 February 2012 (accessed 16 March 2014).</ref>

Following the public exposure of Lambert as a former undercover police officer in October 2011, Exeter's university management has remained tight-lipped, making no statement about its errant academic, despite having previously heralded much of his work - right up to September, when the press office plugged the launch of Lambert's book at the Houses of Parliament.<ref name="AWB204">University of Exeter Press Office, [http://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/research/title_152517_en.html ‘Counter terrorism research published’], ''University of Exeter'', 7 September 2011 (accessed 18 February 2015).</ref>

Since then, though, the EMRC appears to have been quietly dismantled, with Lambert and erstwhile collaborator Jonathan Githens-Mazer parting ways, and the Centre's website allowed to rot away, his name as co-director of the Centre being removed from the website sometime between June and August 2012.<ref name="EMRC0806">European Muslim Research Centre, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608110723/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/staff.php ‘Staff’], EMRC website (via archive.org), 8 June 2012 (accessed 16 March 2014).</ref><ref name="EMRC2908">European Muslim Research Centre, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608110723/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/staff.php ‘Staff’], EMRC website (via archive.org), 29 August 2012 (accessed 16 March 2014).</ref> According to journalist Rob Evans in 2015, Exeter's management eventually confirmed to ''The Guardian'' that Lambert resigned from the university in October 2011 - the same month his undercover past was exposed - but beyond that “refused to explain”.<ref name="ASL879">Rob Evans, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/2015/jan/06/university-under-pressure-to-sack-controversial-former-undercover-spy-bob-lambert ‘University under pressure to sack controversial former undercover spy Bob Lambert’], ''The Guardian'', 6 January 2015 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref>

===St. Andrews University & CSTPV===
In parallel to his post at Exeter, in September 2008 Lambert began teaching, lecturing and supervising dissertations on the e-learning MLitt terrorism studies course provided by St. Andrews University's [[Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence]] (CSTPV), a key academic location on the the international terrorism studies circuit.<ref name="CSTPV"></ref><ref name="EXETERPROFILEPOLITICS1"></ref><ref name="LEUCHARS">That Lambert began work at St. Andrews University in September 2008 is obliquely corroborated by the reference in his book to “commenc[ing] regular train journeys from...Kings Cross [in central London] to Leuchars” - the nearest rail station to St. Andrews - in that month. See Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p.xvi.</ref>

Since at least 2006 former senior Metropolitan Police officer [[David Veness]] - who as Assistant Commissioner (Specialist Operations) had direct oversight of [[SDS]] between 1994 and 2005, as well as a personal working relationship with Lambert through the offices of the [[Muslim Safety Forum]], which Veness chaired - has held the position of Honorary Professor of Terrorism Studies at CSTPV.<ref name="VENESSCSTPV">Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence staff page, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/dcv2.html ‘Sir David Veness’], University of St. Andrews website (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref>

===London Metropolitan University & John Grieve Centre===
In September 2012 - that is, nearly one year after his exposure as a police spy - Lambert was hired by the [[John Grieve Centre for Policing and Community Safety]] (also known as JGC), an under- and post-graduate criminology unit based at the London Metropolitan University.<ref name="AWB218">London Metropolitan University, [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/research/john-grieve-centre-for-policing--community-safety/ ‘About us (2015 version)’], ''London Metropolitan University website'', 2015? (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB219">London Metropolitan University, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130821155531/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/research/john-grieve-centre-for-policing--community-safety/ ‘About us (2013 version)’], ''London Metropolitan University website'', 2013 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref>

Lambert's role at London Met was not merely as a teacher, but as a course leader on the undergraduate Criminology and Law course,<ref name="AMD180">London Metropolitan University, [https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/psd/AR/Services/CourseInfo/2012/CRILAW.pdf ''Course Handbook: BSc (Hons) Criminology and Law (2012-2013)''], London Metropolitan University, 2012 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AMD181">London Metropolitan University, [https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/psd/AR/Services/CourseInfo/2013/ug/CRILAW.pdf ''Course Handbook: BA (Hons) Criminology and Law (2013-2014)''], London Metropolitan University, 2013 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref> and as part of the team running the university's Professional Doctorate in Policing and Security (“the only doctorate course specifically in policing in the country”). For his work on the latter Lambert was fulsomely praised by vice-chancellor Malcolm Gillies in July 2013 “for giving excellent supervision while ensuring the course goes from strength to strength.”<ref name="AWB220">Malcolm Gillies, [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/why-london-met/about-the-university/the-vice-chancellors-office/news-from-the-vice-chancellor/v-cs-newsletters-/july-2013-staff-newsletter-from-the-vice-chancellor/ ‘July 2013 Staff Newsletter from the Vice-Chancellor’], ''London Metropolitan University website'', 26 July 2013 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> It is not known whether Lambert has continued his involvement on the undergraduate course.<ref name="LMU UNDERGRADUATE">Whilst Lambert is named as course leader in the 2012-13 and 2013-14 prospectuses, in the 2014-25 one he has been supplanted by Devinder Curry. London Metropolitan University, [https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/psd/AR/Services/CourseInfo/2014/ug/CRILAW.pdf ''Course Handbook: BA (Hons) Criminology and Law (2014-2015)''], London Metropolitan University, 2014 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref>

The John Grieve Centre was originally established and led by former MPS senior officer (and recurring figure in the story of undercover policing) [[John Grieve]] at Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College in 2003, before it was transferred to London Metropolitan in April 2006.<ref name="AWB218">London Metropolitan University, [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/research/john-grieve-centre-for-policing--community-safety/ ‘About us (2015 version)’], ''London Metropolitan University website'', 2015? (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB219">London Metropolitan University, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130821155531/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/research/john-grieve-centre-for-policing--community-safety/ ‘About us (2013 version)’], ''London Metropolitan University website'', 2013 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref>

Of the seven ‘John Grieve Centre Team’ members noted by London Met's website other than Lambert himself, three have Metropolitan Police backgrounds, two worked for either MPS Anti-Terrorist Branch (SO12) or Special Branch (SO13) (now combined together as Counter Terrorism Command or SO15), two are alumni of St. Andrews University's Terrorism Studies course, and one has close connections to the University of Exeter's EMRC.<ref name="LMU CONNECTIONS">MPS backgrounds: Tim Fairley, John Grieve and Nick Ridley. Anti-Terrorist Branch: John Grieve and Nick Ridley. MPSB: Nick Ridley. St. Andrews University Terrorism Studies: Tim Fairley and Douglas Weeks. EMRC: Tim Parsons. Source: London Metropolitan University, [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/research/john-grieve-centre-for-policing--community-safety/ ‘About us (2015 version)’], ''London Metropolitan University website'', 2015? (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref>

===Resignation===
In December 2015, after a long-running picketing campaign in London and a series of articles about undercover officers operating in Scotland, Bob Lambert announced his resignation from both his academic posts. According to a University of St. Andrews spokesman, Lambert tendered his resignation with effect from the end of the current term.<ref name="ASL1042">Joseph Cassidy, [http://www.thesaint-online.com/2015/12/bob-lambert-resigns-as-university-lecturer-over-spying-controversy/ ‘Bob Lambert resigns as University lecturer over spying controversy’], ''The Saint'', 22 December 2015 (accessed 31 January 2016).</ref><ref name="ASL1144">Paul Hutcheon, [http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14162323.Former_undercover_police_officer_quits_St_Andrews_University_teaching_post/ ‘Former undercover police officer Bob Lambert quits St Andrews University teaching post over outcry’], ''The Herald'', 23 December 2015 (accessed 26 March 2016).</ref><ref name="ASL1147">Rob Evans, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/23/bob-lambert-ex-undercover-officer-quits-st-andrews-london-metropolitan ‘Ex-undercover officer who infiltrated political groups resigns from academic posts’], ''The Guardian'', 23 December 2015 (accessed 26 March 2016).</ref><ref name="ASL1146">Chris Havergal, [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/former-undercover-police-officer-resigns-academic-posts ‘Former undercover police officer resigns academic posts’], ''Times Higher Education'', 23 December 2015 (accessed 26 March 2016).</ref><ref name="ASL1151">William McLennan, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/PoliceLecturer ‘Lecturer who faced protests over ‘police spy’ past, hands in his notice at Holloway Road university’], ''Islington Tribune'', 30 December 2015 (accessed 26 March 2016).</ref>

The announcement came a week after a letter to university principal Louise Richardson at St. Andrews, signed by spied-on activists Helen Steel, Lois Austen and Dave Smith, as well as journalist-activist George Monbiot (who had been awarded an honorary doctorate from St. Andrews):

::We believe that his [Lambert] past conduct as a central figure in the Metropolitan Police’s Special Demonstration Squad means that he is supremely unsuitable for teaching and shaping the thoughts of others in his current position.

::The SDS’ abuse of citizens and undermining of legitimate campaigns are one of the darkest corners of Metropolitan Police history. Lambert is no role model and should not be trading on his abuses.

The letter gave a detailed account of Lambert’s history as an SDS officer and further noted:
::One has to wonder, if all this is not enough to make him unfit to teach others, what does it take? With fresh revelations coming to light almost weekly and the public inquiry about to begin, we can be confident there will be more.<ref name="ASL1148">Paul Hutcheon, [http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14142169.University_called_on_to_fire_former_police_sex_spy/ ‘St Andrews University called on to sack former police sex spy Bob Lambert’], ''Sunday Herald'', 13 December 2015 (accessed 26 March 2016).</ref>

==Lambert's own writings, speaking engagements and media appearances==
:''See forthcoming page [[Bob Lambert Writing and Speaking]] for the fullest compendium yet of such material''
From his retirement at the end of 2007 until his exposure in late 2011, Lambert built up a reputation as an expert on islamophobia and police-Muslim community engagement. This enabled him to speak at many academic and political events, to have articles accepted by peer-reviewed journals, to be interviewed by both specialist and mainstream media, and even gave him regular opinion pieces in the ‘Comment is Free’ section of ''The Guardian'' website.<ref name="AWB266">Comment is Free, [http://www.theguardian.com/profile/robert-lambert ‘Robert Lambert (profile page)’], ''The Guardian'', 2011 (accessed 29 April 2015).</ref>

Subsequent to his unmasking as an SDS spy in October 2011, his appearances on conference platforms, in learned journals and as an invited author in the pages of liberal newspapers have been noticeably reduced.<ref name="BL NUMBERS">As an approximate guide, in the years 2007-2011 Lambert had nine articles published by academic journals; since his outing only one more - and that dealt, if obliquely, with his public unmasking (see: Robert Lambert, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17539153.2013.847262 ‘Researching counterterrorism: a personal perspective from a former undercover police officer’]. [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rter20/7/1 ''Critical Studies on Terrorism''] Volume 7 Number 1, pp165-181 (2014).) Similarly, compared to thirty-six articles attributed to Lambert's authorship which were published by newspapers, magazines or websites prior to his exposure, only six more have come out since October 2011. (Count accurate to March 2016.)</ref>

==Post-Met consultancy and other business interests==
:''See also the forthcoming in-depth page [[Bob Lambert consultancy]]''
Following his retirement from the police, Lambert became a director of a number of companies, each of which was directly connected to his academic work and contacts, but which were also linked to his past work in Special Branch.<ref name="LAMBERT BUSINESS">The author previously delved into this aspect of Lambert's life in a series of blog posts. See: BristleKRS, [https://bristle.wordpress.com/2012/09/06/on-cop-spies-and-paid-betrayers-1-2-doctor-bob-lambert-his-academic-friends-and-the-tightening-purse-strings/ ‘On cop-spies and paid betrayers (1.2): Doctor Bob Lambert, his academic friends and the tightening purse-strings’], ''Bristle's Blog From The BunKRS'', 6 September 2012 (accessed 18 April 2015); and BristleKRS, [https://bristle.wordpress.com/2012/09/08/on-cop-spies-and-paid-betrayers-1-3-lambert-of-the-yard-and-the-mystery-of-his-suburban-terror-bunker-trading-address/ ‘On cop-spies and paid betrayers (1.3): Lambert of the Yard and the mystery of his ‘suburban terror bunker’ trading address’], ''Bristle's Blog From The BunKRS'', 8 September 2012 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref>

===STREET UK===
In the words of founder Dr Abdul Haqq Baker, the Lambeth-based islamic youth outreach project ‘Strategy To Reach Empower and Educate Teenagers’ (also known as ‘STREET UK’) was set up “to provide alternative and safe environments for young Muslims to interact and comfortably express themselves among peers sharing ideas, aspirations and concerns.”<ref name="AAC026p330">Anthony [Abdul Haqq] Baker, [http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.510929''Countering Terrorism in the UK: A Convert Community Perspective''], University of Exeter, University of Exeter, November 2009 (accessed 18 November 2014), p330.</ref> It should be noted that STREET, whilst not officially incorporated until 2008, had been mooted as a project at least as early as 2006,<ref name="AAC026p326">Baker notes at n1121 in his doctoral thesis that the first draft of the proposal outlining what would become STREET was dated 16 June 2006. See: Anthony [Abdul Haqq] Baker, [http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.510929''Countering Terrorism in the UK: A Convert Community Perspective''], University of Exeter, University of Exeter, November 2009 (accessed 18 November 2014), p326.</ref><ref name="ART047pp75-76">Rachel Briggs, Catherine Fieschi & Hannah Lownsbrough, [http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Bringing%20it%20Home%20-%20web.pdf?1240939425 ''Bringing it Home: Community-based approaches to counter-terrorism''], DEMOS, December 2006 (accessed 16 April 2014), pp75-76.</ref> and by Baker's account was active from March 2007<ref name="AMD185">Abdul Haqq Baker, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120921232918/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/baker/ahbaker.html ''Dr Abdul Haqq Baker staff profile page''], -, 2012 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref><ref name="AAC026p160">Anthony [Abdul Haqq] Baker, [http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.510929''Countering Terrorism in the UK: A Convert Community Perspective''], University of Exeter, University of Exeter, November 2009 (accessed 18 November 2014), p160.</ref> (though some other sources put STREET's foundation as taking place in 2006).<ref name="ART093">Jack Barclay, [http://globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/barclay_policybrief_1114.pdf ''Strategy to Reach, Empower, and Educate Teenagers (STREET): A Case Study in Government-Community Partnership and Direct Intervention to Counter Violent Extremism''], Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation, December 2011(accessed 21 November 2014).</ref>

STREET was set up as a company by two Hertfordshire-based business registration services, Qa Nominees Ltd and Qa Registrars Ltd.<ref name="AMD186">Companies House, [http://companycheck.co.uk/company/06584548/STRATEGY-TO-REACH-EMPOWER-AND-EDUCATE-TEENAGERS-STREET-UK-LIMITED/directors-secretaries ''STRATEGY TO REACH EMPOWER AND EDUCATE TEENAGERS (STREET UK) LIMITED''], Companies House (via CompanyCheck.co.uk), 2012 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref>. Its business address - both in terms of a registered and a trading address - was given as 54 Anson Road in Cricklewood, north-west London.

Bob Lambert was appointed director<ref name="AMD189">Companies House, [http://companycheck.co.uk/director/913079172 ''ROBERT LAMBERT''], Companies House (via CompanyCheck.co.uk), 2012 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref> with Dr Abdul Haqq Baker, the initiator of STREET.<ref name="AMD190">Companies House, [http://companycheck.co.uk/director/905719180 ''ABDUL HAQQ BAKER''], Companies House (via CompanyCheck.co.uk), 2012 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref><ref>STREET was set up as a company on 6 May 2008, it was nearly two weeks - before any directors were appointed: Lambert on 18 May and Dr Abdul Haqq Baker on 19 May.</ref>

Lambert started this company after his retirement from the Met, but before he took up his posts at either St. Andrews University or the University of Exeter.<ref name="TIMELINE">See [[Bob Lambert Career Timeline|Lambert's career timeline]] for contextualisation.</ref>) A salafi convert from Brixton, Baker worked with Lambert at least as far back as 2002, when MCU made contact with leading members of Brixton Mosque in the wake of the arrest of attempted ‘shoe-bomber’ Richard Reid<ref name="ABK077pp155-156">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, pp155-156.</ref>, and they subsequently became academic colleagues. This academic partnership began at St. Andrews University, where - like Lambert - Baker lectured on the CSTPV Terrorism Studies course; and continued at the University of Exeter, where Baker was a research fellow in the EMRC run by Lambert.<ref name="AWB239">Palgrave Macmillan, [http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/extremists-in-our-midst-abdul-haqq-baker/?K=9780230296541 ‘About the Author: Abdul Haqq Baker’], ''Palgrave Macmillan'', 2011 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref><ref name="BAKER LAWRENCE">Curiously, Baker himself points towards the failure of the police investigation into the 1993 murder of Stephen Lawrence (“and ensuing ineptitude”) as highly pre-eminent amongst the “negative pre-conversion experiences” of many black (and some white) British muslim converts, who then “continue to view statutory authorities and governmental agencies with mistrust.” Quite how he now sees Lambert's own involvement in subverting the Macpherson Inquiry and various family and justice campaigns through his work as SDS manager and facilitator of the meeting between Richard Walton and Brixton-based undercover officer ‘N81’ remains to be seen. See: Anthony [Abdul Haqq] Baker, [http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.510929''Countering Terrorism in the UK: A Convert Community Perspective''], University of Exeter, University of Exeter, November 2009 (accessed 18 November 2014), p331.</ref>

Lambert's own son by his first wife, Adam, was seemingly also involved in STREET. According to Lambert he “played a pivotal role in establishing [STREET] as an effective and legitimate youth outreach project in Brixton”, working as its operations manager from July 2008 until his death in February 2011.<ref name="CAQvii">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p vii.</ref>

===Lambert Consultancy and Training Ltd===
In August 2008 Lambert set up a company called ‘Lambert Consultancy and Training Limited’, with his second wife Julia as its secretary, and - as with STREET - its registered address was given as 54 Anson Road in Cricklewood, north-west London. In March 2009 Lambert brought in his academic collaborator from the University of Exeter, Dr Jonathan Githens-Mazer, and Githens-Mazer's wife Gayle, as directors of the company. The company was dissolved one year later on 30 March 2010, having filed no accounts.<ref name="AMD184">Companies House, [http://companycheck.co.uk/company/06678759 ''LAMBERT CONSULTANCY AND TRAINING LIMITED''], Companies House (via CompanyCheck.co.uk), 2012 (accessed 6 September 2012).</ref><ref name="COMPANIES HOUSE">Details about Lambert's company can be corroborated by searching the official Companies House website at companieshouse.gov.uk. The company number is 06678759.</ref>

===Siraat Ltd===
In January 2009 Lambert, along with Raymond Boakye and Carey Anderson, set up Siraat Ltd, a “prison-based mentoring project across southern England”<ref name="ASL884">Duncan Gardham, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/8319780/Counter-terrorism-projects-worth-1.2m-face-axe-as-part-of-end-to-multiculturalism.html ‘Counter-terrorism projects worth £1.2m face axe as part of end to multiculturalism’], ''Daily Telegraph'', 11 February 2011 (accessed 17 April 2015).</ref> with an address at a business centre on Coldharbour Lane in south London's Brixton.<ref name="AMD192">Companies House, [http://companycheck.co.uk/company/06784126/SIRAAT-LTD ''SIRAAT LTD''], Companies House (via CompanyCheck.co.uk), 2012 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref>

Siraat filed its last accounts in January 2010, its last tax return in January 2011, and was officially dissolved in July 2014. Neither Lambert - who as designated company secretary had legal responsibilities for ensuring timely business filings to Companies House - nor the others formally resigned as directors before Siraat's dissolution.<ref name="AMD193">Companies House, [https://www.duedil.com/company/06784126/siraat-ltd ''SIRAAT LTD''], Companies House (via DueDil.com), 2015 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref>

In addition to his directorship of Siraat Ltd, Carey Anderson - under the name Abdur Rahman Anderson - was also a director of Street Consultancy Ltd, which he set up with Abdul Haqq Baker (who used the name Anthony Baker) in March 2007, with a third director and trustee, Sameer Koomson, joining in June 2007. Like STREET and Lambert's own consultancy, this too was registered to the 54 Anson Road address in Cricklewood.<ref name="AMD194">Companies House, [http://companycheck.co.uk/company/06135333 ''STREET CONSULTANCY LIMITED''], Companies House (via CompanyCheck.co.uk), 2015 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref>

===West London IMPACT===
Whilst Lambert was never directly involved as a company director, he was tangentially connected to the Initiative for Muslim Progression And Community Tolerance (West London IMPACT) project. IMPACT was set up in December 2009 by Abdul Haqq Baker, Valerie Chung and Najeeb Ahmed, using company formation agent Graham Cowan and with a trading address in the West London neighbourhood of Southall. Baker and Chung both resigned as directors in March 2012, leaving Ahmed in charge. The organisation remained extant and up to date with its business filings as up until its dissolution in February 2013.<ref name="AMD195">Companies House, [http://companycheck.co.uk/company/07094071/INITIATIVE-FOR-MUSLIM-PROGRESSION--ADVANCEMENT-OF-COMMUNITY-TOLERANCE-IMPACT-LIMITED ''INITIATIVE FOR MUSLIM PROGRESSION & ADVANCEMENT OF COMMUNITY TOLERANCE (IMPACT) LIMITED''], Companies House (via CompanyCheck.co.uk), 2015 (accessed 18 April 2015).</ref>

===Withdrawal of government funding===
STREET, Siraat and IMPACT initially all received significant income (estimated by the ''Daily Telegraph'' to be nearly £1.3 million) through the counter-terrorism funding stream administered by the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism (OSCT).<ref name="ASL884">Duncan Gardham, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/8319780/Counter-terrorism-projects-worth-1.2m-face-axe-as-part-of-end-to-multiculturalism.html ‘Counter-terrorism projects worth £1.2m face axe as part of end to multiculturalism’], ''Daily Telegraph'', 11 February 2011 (accessed 17 April 2015).</ref>

By February 2011 all three had their government grants cut by OSCT as part of a shake-up of the government's ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’ - or PREVENT - strategy.<ref name="ART119">Communities and Local Government Committee, [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcomloc/65/65.pdf ''Preventing Violent Extremism: Sixth Report of Session 2009-20''], HMSO, 16 March 2010 (accessed 22 April 2015).</ref>

==Exposure and post-exposure issues==
:''For a more detailed account, look out for the forthcoming page [[Bob Lambert Exposure and Post-exposure]]''

Having worked undercover as ‘Bob Robinson’ from early 1984 until late 1988 without being exposed, Lambert came out of the shadows somewhat in the mid-2000s in his new role as head of the Muslim Contact Unit. Whilst as a Special Branch officer he was not a wholly public figure, his community engagement work did see him make some public statements at least as far back as 2006.<ref name="POLEXTREAT">Martin Bright, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704182706/http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/libimages/176.pdf ''When Progressives Treat with Reactionaries''], Policy Exchange (via archive.org), July 2006 (accessed 18 March 2014).</ref><ref name="CAQ31">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda In London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', C Hurst & Co, 2011, p31 plus notes 2-5, p308.</ref><ref name="AWB246">Catriona Mackie, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010011127/http://www.cityoflondon.police.uk/CityPolice/Media/News/NewsArchive/2006/guidetoislam.htm ‘City Police launch 'Guide to Islam'’], ''City of London Police'', July 2006 (accessed via Archive.org 18 April 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL882">unknown author, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-394172/Police-officers-issued-guide-Islam.html ‘Police officers issued with guide to Islam’], ''Daily Mail'', 5 July 2006 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB235">Press Association, [http://www.24dash.com/news/communities/2006-07-05-Police-given-Guide-to-Islam-to-improve-relations-with-London-Muslims ‘Police given 'Guide to Islam' to improve relations with London Muslims’], ''24dash.com'', 5 July 2006 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> At the same time as his police career was winding down, his academic work began to take off. By November 2007, he had been publicly lauded in person by both the Muslim Council of Britain<ref name="ASL181">Richard Jackson, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539150802184678 ‘Counter-terrorism and communities: an interview with Robert Lambert’], ''Critical Studies on Terrorism'' volume 1 number 2, August 2008 (accessed 16 June 2014).</ref><ref name="AMD007">Robert Lambert, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/rl40.html Staff profile page], Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St. Andrews website, 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref><ref name="AWB223">Hadi Yahmid, [http://www.onislam.net/english/news/3341/443575.html ‘True Islam Image in London Conf.’], ''On Islam'', 24 November 2007 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB222">unknown author, [http://www.islamictourism.com/news_E.php?country=84&width=&id=3367 ‘Islam Expo 2008: Building Bridges of Understanding’], ''Islamic Tourism'', July 2008 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> and the Islamic Human Rights Commission.<ref name="AWB182">Innovative Minds, [http://www.inminds.co.uk/ihrc10years.php ‘Islamic Human Rights Commission 2007: A Decade of Fighting Injustice’], ''Innovative Minds'', November 2007 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref>

Having retired from the Met, he seemed to fully embrace the public acknowledgement of his work (both positive and negative), and accepted invitations to speak at academic and political events as an expert on subjects such as community engagement policing or islamophobia. Whilst Lambert's past as an officer with the Metropolitan Police, and specifically with the [[Metropolitan Police Special Branch|MPSB]], was to some degree known as he built up his academic reputation, Lambert did not publicise his own close involvement in its undercover operations. Indeed, in his book, discussing the work of fellow Special Branch officer-turned-academic and private sector consultant Lindsay Clutterbuck in analysing MPSB files from the 1880s, he noted disapprovingly that from its inception the Branch had favoured covert spying tactics over transparent interaction with particular communities: “Infiltration rather than community partnerships were the popular hallmarks of an elite police department first established in 1883 to combat the threat to the capital posed by Irish republican bombers.”<ref name="ABK077p241">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p241.</ref>

It was after seeing videos of Dr Robert Lambert speak at anti-racism events that several former London Greenpeace campaigners determined that the ex-Special Branch officer-turned-academic was the same person as the animal rights activist they had known as ‘Bob Robinson’ in the 1980s. A group of them then decided to attend a Unite Against Fascism/One Society Many Cultures anti-racism conference at Congress House in Central London where Lambert was scheduled to speak on 15 October 2011, and publicly exposed him as a police spy.<ref name="Indymedia">London Greenpeace, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2011/10/486877.html ‘Undercover police agent publicly outed at conference’], ''Indymedia UK'', 15 October 2011 (accessed 15 March 2014).</ref><ref name="AMD039">Stopinfiltration@mail.com, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/media/2011/10//486878.odt ''The truth about Bob Lambert and his Special Branch role''], Indymedia UK, 15 October 2011 (accessed 23 April 2014).</ref><ref name="UCexposed">Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, ''Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police'', Faber & Faber/Guardian Books, 2013, pp59-61; 331-332.</ref>

===‘Apologies’ by Bob Lambert===
Since his exposure in October 2011 as a former undercover police spy, Bob Lambert has made only a handful of public statements in relation to his time in SDS. Each of these can be seen to include only the barest admissions necessary at that time, with his words chosen extremely carefully.

We list and summarise each of them below:

*'''Lambert's reply to Spinwatch open letter (23 October 2011)'''
Following his public exposure, Spinwatch - which noted that it had “shared platforms with Bob Lambert...at public meetings and at academic conferences”<ref name="AWB268">David Miller, [http://www.spinwatch.org/index.php/blog/item/271-statement-spinwatch-stands-in-solidarity-with-the-infiltrated ‘Statement: Spinwatch stands in solidarity with the infiltrated’], ''Spinwatch'', 2 November 2011 (accessed 29 April 2015).</ref> - published an open letter to Lambert calling on him to confirm or deny “the specific allegations so far made public...give an account of what you now think of your previous activities...disavow any previous activities [and] publically apologise to the activists who you allegedly betrayed.<ref name="AWB267">David Miller, [http://www.spinwatch.org/index.php/blog/item/269-an-open-letter-to-bob-lambert ‘An open letter to Bob Lambert’], ''Spinwatch'', 20 October 2011 (accessed 29 April 2015).</ref>

Lambert's response was to “apologise unreservedly for the deception I therefore practiced on law abiding members of London Greenpeace [and] for forming false friendships with law abiding citizens and in particular forming a long term relationship with [Name of person removed] who had every reason to think I was a committed animal rights activist and a genuine London Greenpeace campaigner.” However, he justified his actions by saying that he had been “deployed as an undercover Met special branch officer to identify and prosecute members of Animal Liberation Front who were then engaged in incendiary device and explosive device campaigns against targets in the vivisection, meat and fur trades,” and needed “the necessary credibility to become involved in serious crime”. He makes no specific mention of the Debenhams case, nor of the extended infiltration targeting London Greenpeace members by subsequent SDS officers such as [[John Dines]] or [[Jim Boyling]], which he was at least in part responsible for supervising.<ref name="AMD001">Robert Lambert, [http://www.spinwatch.org/index.php/issues/more/item/270-bob-lambert-replies-to-spinwatch Bob Lambert replies to Spinwatch], Spinwatch, 23 October 2011 (accessed 16 April 2014). He does, however, remember to plug his book, and to claim that “the vast majority of Met special branch undercover officers never made the mistakes I made [and] have no need to apologise for anything”. He acknowledges the relationship he had with Belinda Harvey.</ref>

*'''Response to ''The Guardian'' (23 October 2011)'''
The same day as Lambert's reply to Spinwatch was published, ''The Guardian'' also published a story based on “a statement” from Lambert “after the Guardian contacted him”. All direct quotations attributed to Lambert appear to be identical to sections of the Spinwatch reply, which is also referenced, which may imply that Lambert did not respond separately or differently to ''The Guardian''.<ref name="ASL505">Paul Lewis & Rob Evans, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/23/police-spy-tricked-lover-activist ‘Police spy tricked lover with activist 'cover story'’], ''The Guardian'', 23 October 2011 (accessed 16 November 2014).</ref>

*'''‘Rebuilding Trust and Credibility’ (1 February 2012)'''
Styled by Lambert as his own “preliminary commentary” on his role as a full-time police mole within London Greenpeace and other groups, ‘Rebuilding Trust and Credibility’ was a brief text which he placed on his profile page on the St. Andrews University website. In it he again plugged his book, points to his earlier public apology, and adds that he hopes to continue in his work with Muslim communities. He makes reference to “The recent trial of two members of a gang that murdered Stephen Lawrence in 1993” which “serves to remind us of the self inflicted damage the Metropolitan Police has had to overcome when seeking to rebuild trust with minority ethnic Londoners” - but of course says nothing about his own key role in facilitating the flow of secret intelligence from spies in the Lawrence family camp to the team leading the Met's whitewashed response to the Macpherson Report. He alludes to his relationship with Belinda Harvey, but due to the civil litigation by then begun, he rows back to “alleged”.<ref name="AMD002">Robert Lambert, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/81363913/Robert-Lambert-MBE-Rebuilding-Trust ‘Rebuilding Trust and Credibility: A preliminary commentary reflecting my personal perspective’], Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence profile page (via Scribd), February 2012 (accessed 16 April 2014).</ref>

*'''Interview with ''Channel 4 News'' (2-5 July 2013)'''
By the time of his first onscreen television interview since his exposure, the mother of the child whom Lambert fathered whilst undercover - Jacqui - had come forward, so now he admitted to having had four relationships with women whilst deployed in the field. Besides Jacqui and Belinda Harvey, nothing is publicly known about the other two. Lambert apologises to Jacqui and Belinda, but insists that he fell in love with them both. He refuses to say whether senior officers knew that he had fathered a child whilst undercover, but indicates that he will offer a full account to “the investigation team”, by which he presumably means Operation Herne. He denies that he was involved “in the planting or the ignition” of the Debenhams incendiary device. He admits that “on occasions” he was arrested as ‘Bob Robinson’ and implies that he used that identity more than once in court. He admits to co-authoring the McLibel leaflet, but denies knowing if McDonald's were aware of police involvement in the document. He again claims that his behaviour should not reflect negatively on his SDS colleagues, “the overwhelming majority” of whom “behaved impeccably at all times”.<ref name="VID016">Andy Davies, [http://www.channel4.com/news/stephen-lawrence-bob-lambert-smear-metropolitan-police ‘Interview: Ex-Met's Bob Lambert on Stephen Lawrence smear’], ''Channel 4 News'', Channel 4, 2 July 2013 (accessed 15 April 2014).</ref><ref name="VID017">Andy Davies, [http://www.channel4.com/news/bob-lambert-undercover-police-met-exclusive-video ‘I'm sorry, says ex-undercover police boss’], ''Channel 4 News'', Channel 4, 5 July 2013 (accessed 15 April 2014).</ref><ref name="AWB183">Andy Davies, [http://www.channel4.com/news/stephen-lawrence-bob-lambert-smear-metropolitan-police ‘'We did not target Stephen's family', says undercover boss’], ''Channel 4 News'', 1 July 2013 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB184">Andy Davies, [http://www.channel4.com/news/undercover-police-bob-lambert-exclusive ‘I was weak and cruel, admits ex-undercover police boss’], ''Channel 4 News'', 5 July 2013 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref>

*'''Article in ''Critical Studies on Terrorism'' (7 April 2014)'''
Whilst rather illuminating in the way that he discusses - if somewhat opaquely - his work in SDS, early on in the article Lambert explains that he “will not write my own full account in response to [the Evans/Lewis book] ''Undercover'' and [Paul Lewis' television documentary] ''Dispatches'' until I have first discharged my legal obligations to the investigations and court proceedings”. Accordingly, there are no further specific apologies to allegations, only that he “accept[s] blame for mistakes I made as an undercover police officer in the 1980s” and that he has “made public apologies for them”. He states that he does “not accept the pejorative account of my role in undercover policing” by Evans and Lewis.<ref name="ASL029">Robert Lambert, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17539153.2013.847262 ‘Researching counterterrorism: a personal perspective from a former undercover police officer’]. [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rter20/7/1 ''Critical Studies on Terrorism''] Volume 7 Number 1, pp165-181 (2014).</ref>

==Supporters and critics of Lambert==
:''See forthcoming page [[Bob Lambert - support and criticism]] for detailed examination of topic''

Since his exit from the Metropolitan Police, Lambert has received both positive and negative acknowledgement of his work. Around the time of his retirement, he was presented with first a ‘Friends of Islam’ award by the Muslim Council of Britain,<ref name="ASL181">Richard Jackson, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539150802184678 ‘Counter-terrorism and communities: an interview with Robert Lambert’], ''Critical Studies on Terrorism'' volume 1 number 2, August 2008 (accessed 16 June 2014).</ref><ref name="AMD007">Robert Lambert, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/rl40.html Staff profile page], Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St. Andrews website, 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref><ref name="AWB223">Hadi Yahmid, [http://www.onislam.net/english/news/3341/443575.html ‘True Islam Image in London Conf.’], ''On Islam'', 24 November 2007 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB222">unknown author, [http://www.islamictourism.com/news_E.php?country=84&width=&id=3367 ‘Islam Expo 2008: Building Bridges of Understanding’], ''Islamic Tourism'', July 2008 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> and then a trophy from the Islamic Human Rights Commission “In appreciation for his integrity and commitment to promoting a fair, just and secure society for all, which, is a rarity and will be greatly missed”.<ref name="AWB182">Innovative Minds, [http://www.inminds.co.uk/ihrc10years.php ‘Islamic Human Rights Commission 2007: A Decade of Fighting Injustice’], ''Innovative Minds'', November 2007 (accessed 3 February 2015).</ref> He was also inducted as a Member of the Order of the British Empire “for Services to the Police” in June 2008, enabling him to style himself ‘Dr. Robert Lambert MBE’.<ref name="ASL873">HMSO, [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58729/supplement/19 ‘The London Gazette of Friday 13 June 2008: Supplement No. 1’], ''The London Gazette'', 14 June 2008 (accessed 9 March 2015), p19.</ref> A ‘Dialogue and Building Bridges’ award followed the next month courtesy of the Cordoba Foundation, at that year's Islam Expo.<ref name="ABK077">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p389.</ref><ref name="AMD007">Robert Lambert, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/staff/rl40.html Staff profile page], Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St. Andrews website, 2012 (accessed 19 April 2014).</ref>

However, following his exposure by London Greenpeace activists in October 2011, Lambert has been targeted by a number of protests. On 9 February 2012 animal rights activists disrupted a public seminar at St. Andrews University which Lambert was scheduled to speak at,<ref name="AWB233">Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~cstpv/calendar/eventslisting.html ‘Events listing (2011/12)’], ''St. Andrews University'', 2011 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> reportedly leaving him “startled” as he was heckled over his activities as an undercover police spy. Leaflets detailing his infiltration were also distributed.<ref name="AWB231">off the pig, [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2012/02/492284.html ‘Bob Lambert talk disrupted’], ''Indymedia UK'', 11 February 2012 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref>

Then in February 2013 two online petitions were started, one calling for Lambert to apologise and face disciplinary action from his then-employer St. Andrews University, the other demanding that he be stripped of his MBE.<ref name="AWB224">unknown author, [http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/petition-for-robert-lambert-to-face-a-disciplinary/ ‘Petition for Robert Lambert to face a disciplinary hearing and issue an apology’], ''iPetitions'', February 2013 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB225">Steve Manthorp, [https://www.change.org/p/uk-government-honours-committee-withdraw-the-mbe-awarded-to-bob-lambert-in-2008 ‘Withdraw the MBE awarded to Bob Lambert in 2008’], ''change.org'', February 2013 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> To date, neither has drawn significant support.

Next, in October 2013 a preview of a documentary film on the subject of police infiltration of political activist groups was shown at St. Andrews University, and students leafleted to inform them of Lambert's past.<ref name="ASL539">Laura Abernathy, [http://www.thesaint-online.com/2013/10/st-andrews-lecturer-should-not-be-teaching-%EF%BF%BCbecause-of-life-as-undercover-spy/ ‘St Andrews lecturer “should not be teaching” because of life as undercover spy’], ''The Saint'' number 176, 24 October 2013 (accessed 25 November 2014).</ref> This followed a number of articles published in student magazine ''The Saint'' which outlined Lambert's role as a police spy.<ref name="ASL536">Pete Stebbing, [http://www.thesaint-online.com/2011/10/lecturer-revealed-as-former-police-spy/ ‘Lecturer revealed as former police spy’], ''The Saint'' number 156, 27 October 2011 (accessed 25 November 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL537">Pete Stebbing, [http://www.thesaint-online.com/2012/02/the-spy-who-loved-me-undercover-lecturer-fathered-lovechild/ ‘The spy who loved me - undercover lecturer fathered lovechild’], ''The Saint'' number 159, 16 February 2012 (accessed 25 November 2014).</ref><ref name="ASL538">Kirsty Paton, [http://www.thesaint-online.com/2012/06/st-andrews-lecturer-accused-of-planting-firebomb/ ‘St Andrew lecturer accused of planting firebomb’], ''The Saint'' (online only), 15 June 2012 (accessed 25 November 2014).</ref>

By March 2014 the London Metropolitan University branch of Unison had voted to support [[Campaign Opposing Police Surveillance]], which works to publicise and resist police infiltration of political movements.<ref name="AWB234">London Met Unison, [http://www.londonmetunison.org.uk/2014/04/claire-locke-elected-agm/ ‘AGM elects Claire Locke as Chair and pays tribute to Bob Crow’], ''London Met Unison'', 4 April 2014 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> This was then followed by a “packed public meeting” on the subject hosted by Unison at London Met in November.<ref name="AWB229">London Met Unison, [http://www.londonmetunison.org.uk/2014/11/cops/ ‘Packed public meeting debates ‘The Truth About Britain’s Political Secret Police’’], ''London Met Unison'', 17 November 2014 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB230">COPS, [http://campaignopposingpolicesurveillance.com/2014/10/25/cops-public-meeting/ ‘COPS Public Meeting’], ''Campaign Opposing Police Surveillance'', 25 October 2014 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> Later that year saw the creation of a group called [[https://islingtonagainstpolicespies.wordpress.com/ Islington Against Police Spies]].<ref name="ASL392">Tom Foot, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2014/oct/holloway-road-uni-defends-crime-lecturer-former-cop-who-had-undercover-affair ‘Holloway Road uni defends crime lecturer former cop who had undercover affair’], ''Islington Tribune'', 31 October 2014 (accessed 8 November 2014).</ref> Comprising residents from the area around the university as well as those who studying or working in it, IAPS called for a series of pickets at London Met, describing Lambert as “a known liar, spy and exploiter of women - not in any way a fit person to be trusted teaching students at this University”, and with the aim of keeping up “pressure on London Met until they fire him”.<ref name="AWB140">Islington Against Police Spies, [http://theoccupiedtimes.org/?p=13640 ‘Sack Bob Lambert’], ''The Occupied Times'', 24 November 2014 (accessed 21 November 2014).</ref><ref name="AWB226">Douglas Bolton, [http://islingtonnow.co.uk/2014/12/04/protest-at-london-met-at-undercover-cop-job/ ‘Protest at London Met at undercover cop job ’], ''Islington Now'', 4 December 2014 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL874">Jon Dean, [http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/politics/protesters_demand_holloway_university_sack_former_policy_spy_1_3874622 ‘Protesters demand Holloway university sack former policy spy’], ''Islington Gazette'', 4 December 2014 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL875">Geoffrey Sawyer, [http://islingtonnow.co.uk/2014/12/04/protest-at-london-met-at-undercover-cop-job/ ‘Fresh protests over ‘police spy’ lecturer working at Holloway Road university ’], ''Islington Tribune'', 5 December 2014 (accessed 9 March 2015),</ref><ref name="ASL876">Jon Dean, [http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/crime-court/campaign_to_sack_holloway_university_s_former_police_spy_hits_tv_1_3926787 ‘Campaign to sack Holloway university’s former police spy hits TV’], ''Islington Gazette'', 22 January 2015 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB228">COPS, [http://campaignopposingpolicesurveillance.com/2015/01/19/sack-bob-lambert-picket-friday-30-january/ ‘Sack Bob Lambert - Picket Friday 30 January’], ''Campaign Opposing Police Surveillance'', 19 January 2015 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref> This then led to wider coverage of the issue in the national media.<ref name="ASL881">Nick Cohen, [http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/21/why-tolerate-police-spies-in-our-midst ‘Why must we tolerate police spies in our midst?’], ''The Guardian'', 21 December 2014 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL879">Rob Evans, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/2015/jan/06/university-under-pressure-to-sack-controversial-former-undercover-spy-bob-lambert ‘University under pressure to sack controversial former undercover spy Bob Lambert’], ''The Guardian'', 6 January 2015 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="AWB227">unknown author, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-30908597 ‘Ex-Met Police spy Bob Lambert 'should be sacked' as lecture’], ''BBC News'', 20 January 2015 (accessed 22 March 2015).</ref><ref name="VID140">Alex Bushell, [http://youtu.be/v-0aznWWHSk ‘Critics call for London Metropolitan University to sack Bob Lambert’], BBC London News, 20 January 2015 (accessed 21 January 2015).</ref> London Met's management was then forced to defend Lambert publicly,<ref name="ASL880">Koos Couvée, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2015/feb/holloway-road-university-pledges-stand-undercover-cop-turned-lecturer ‘Holloway Road university pledges to stand by undercover cop turned lecturer’], ''Islington Tribune'', 6 February 2015 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref> whilst a handful of individuals - notably the aforementioned fellow John Grieve Centre senior lecturer [[Tim Parsons]], academic colleague Stefano Bonino<ref name="ASL877">Stefano Bonino, [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opinion/why-a-controversial-undercover-cop-should-keep-his-academic-post/2018046.article ‘Why a controversial undercover cop should keep his academic post’], ''Times Higher Education'', 22 January 2015 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="BONINO">Whilst Bonino acknowledges, in the biography following his opinion piece in ''THE'', that “As a scholar whose research includes the study of terrorism, he knows Robert Lambert in a professional capacity,” he does not mention that in October 2011 he co-organised a public lecture at the University of Edinburgh which not only featured Lambert on the panel, but was followed by a reception and signing event to publicise Lambert's book. See resumé on [http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/other_areas_of_interest/events/view_event?id=2139145579 Bonino's page] on the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research website.</ref> and Finsbury Park Mosque's Mohammed Kosbar<ref name="ASL878">Koos Couvée, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2015/mar/university%E2%80%99s-former-spy-cop-had-role-forcing-extremists-finsbury-park-mosque ‘University’s former spy cop had role forcing extremists from Finsbury Park Mosque’], ''Islington Tribune'', 6 March 2015 (accessed 9 March 2015).</ref><ref name="ABK077">Robert Lambert, ''Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership'', Hurst & Company, 2011, p285.</ref> - have offered Lambert their public support.

==Court cases==
In December 2011 Lambert was named in legal proceedings brought by eight women - one of whom was Belinda Harvey - who had had long-term relationships with undercover officers.<ref name="AWB265">Police Spies Out Of Lives, [http://policespiesoutoflives.org.uk/the-case-overview/ ‘The Case - Overview’], ''Police Spies Out Of Lives'', 2012 (accessed 29 April 2015).</ref><ref name="ASL883">Rob Evans, [http://www.theguardian.com/uk/undercover-with-paul-lewis-and-rob-evans/2011/dec/16/legal-action-over-police-spies ‘Women start legal action against police chiefs over emotional trauma - their statement’], ''The Guardian'', 16 December 2011 (accessed 27 November 2013).</ref> The Metropolitan Police faced separate litigation from Jacqui, the unwitting mother of Lambert's ‘undercover son’. The Met settled this second suit out-of-court in October 2014 for £425,000.<ref name="AMD003">Bindmans, [http://bindmans.com/news-and-events/news-article/under-cover-police-sexual-relationship-legal-claim-settles-jacqui ‘Under cover police sexual relationship legal claim settles - “Jacqui”’], solicitor's statement/press release, 23 October 2014 (accessed 22 November 2014).</ref>

== Additional Undercover Research resources ==

* [[N81]]
* [[N81: Profile from the Ellison Report]],
* [[N81: Meeting with the Lawrence Review Team]]
* [[N81: File Notes SDS]]
* [[N81: IPCC investigation]]
* [[Lawrence Review Team]]

* [[Richard Walton]]

==Notes==
<references/>

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-25T12:51:25Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-25T10:17:11Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-25T08:56:00Z

Bristol Chris: /* Autumn 2011 onwards: presentation of book, exposure and aftermath */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T23:18:41Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1977-1980 - early years in the MetThe accuracy of these years are in dispute. See the section entitled Robert Lambert, ‘Bob Robinson’, ‘Geoff’ and ‘Steve’ on the main Bob Lambert page for further discussion. */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T23:15:52Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T23:11:58Z

Bristol Chris: /* 2008-2011 - academic career (up until exposure) */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T23:11:35Z

Bristol Chris: /* Bob Lambert post-police career timeline */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T23:09:46Z

Bristol Chris: /* 2002-2007 - Muslim Contact Unit */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T23:05:28Z

Bristol Chris: /* 2002-2007 - Muslim Contact Unit */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T22:58:20Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T22:56:01Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Career Timeline

2016-05-24T22:53:16Z

Bristol Chris: /* 1983/1984-1988 - undercover with SDS */

Bob Lambert Gallery

2016-05-24T21:37:09Z

Bristol Chris: /* Nonsuch Parkrun, 8 December 2012 */

Bob Lambert Gallery

2016-05-24T21:36:48Z

Bristol Chris: /* With Jim Boyling, 11 July 2011 */

Bob Lambert Gallery

2016-05-24T21:36:22Z

Bristol Chris: /* New Yorker, 25 August 2014 */

Bob Lambert Gallery

2016-05-24T21:36:05Z

Bristol Chris: /* Post-exposure television exposure, 30 June/1 July 2013 */