GlaxoSmithKline

Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc merged in 2001 to become GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK), the largest pharmaceutical company in the world. At present, private pharmaceutical companies control the development of new medicines. Profit margins, not global health needs, are what determine the next new drug. GlaxoSmithKline’s corporate motto is ‘committed to improving the quality of human life’^[1]. GSK has shown it’s commitment by suing the South African Government for trying to supply AIDS victims with medicine they can afford ^[2], knowingly producing toxic drugs ^[3], and by emitting more carcinogens than almost any other chemical producer in the UK.^[4]

Name: GlaxoSmithKline plc

Industry areas: Prescription Medicines, Vaccines, and Consumer Health Products ^{toothpaste, nutritional drinks and over the counter (OTC) medicine}

Market share and importance

GlaxoSmithKline is the world’s largest pharmaceutical company. In 2000 GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham had a seven per cent share of the global pharmaceutical market, combined. In addition, the two combined companies accounted for 26 per cent of all vaccine sales, and 1 per cent of all anti-invectives (antibiotics, etc.).{{ref|5

History

In January 2001 Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc officially merged to become GlaxoSmithKline plc. GSK’s history dates back to 1715, when Plough Court pharmacy, a predecessor to SmithKline Beecham, was opened in London.^[5]

Glaxo Laboratories Limited (the predecessor to Glaxo Wellcome) was set up in 1929, with director Alec Nathan. “Nathan formed the company when it was discovered that their dried baby food ‘Glaxo’ was the cause of rickets in children. The first product Glaxo Laboratories Ltd produced was therefore Ostelin, a vitamin D concentrate to replace vitamins that were destroyed in the food drying process.” (Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10).^[6]

From the 1930s onwards there was a flurry of mergers and acquisitions. The business of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd expanded greatly with the new market created by the founding of the National Health Service (NHS).^[7] And in 1972 Beecham Group Ltd made an unsuccessful bid to buy Glaxo Group Ltd. ^[8]

===Products=== ^[9] GlaxoSmithKline’s pharmaceuticals include the antidepressant Paxil/Seroxat the HIV/AIDS treatment Combivir, Zofran, a treatment for alcoholism, and Avendia a treatment for Type 2 diabetes.

Their Consumer Health Products ^{Corporate Crimes, Animal Welfare} include Aquafresh Toothpaste, Tums antacid, Nicorette and the ‘nutritonal drinks’ Horlick’s, Lucozade and Ribena.

2. Who, where, how much?

Head office

Headquarters in the UK, with Operations based in the U.S.

United Kingdom: GlaxoSmithKline, Glaxo Wellcome UK Ltd., Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB11 1BT General Enquiries: Tel: +44 (0)20 8990 9000 Fax: +44 (0)20 8990 4321

United States: GlaxoSmithKline 5 Moore Drive P.O. Box 13398 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Phone: +1 888 825 5249 Company Structure/Ownership GlaxoSmithKline plc is a publicly owned company.

===Board of Directors=== ^[10]

Sir <sup id="ref_^Hogg" class="plainlinksneverexpand">^{[https://powerbase.info/index.php/GlaxoSmithKline#endnote_Christopher Hogg}], Chairman Sir Hogg was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1993. He is Non-executive Chairman of Reuters Group PLC and Allied Domecq PLC, and a Non-executive Director of Air Liquide S.A.

<sup id="ref_^Garnier" class="plainlinksneverexpand">^{[https://powerbase.info/index.php/GlaxoSmithKline#endnote_J.P. Garnier}], Chief Executive Officer Mr. Garnier became CEO of GSK in 2000. In August 2001 he was listed in the Guardian among the top ten highest paid CEOs, earning £2.5 million per year (including options and bonuses). ^[11] He also contributes to the ‘quality of human life’ by sitting on the board of arms manufacturer United Technologies, the maker of the Blackhawk helicopter and other warplanes. ^[12]

<sup id="ref_^Coome" class="plainlinksneverexpand">^{[https://powerbase.info/index.php/GlaxoSmithKline#endnote_John Coome}], Chief Financial Officer Mr Coombe joined Glaxo Holdings as Group Financial Controller in 1986 and was appointed to the Board in July 1992. His other business appointments include membership of the Accounting Standards Board, Deputy Chairman of The Hundred Group of Finance Directors and a member of the Code Committee of the Takeover Panel.

<sup id="ref_^Allaire" class="plainlinksneverexpand">^{[https://powerbase.info/index.php/GlaxoSmithKline#endnote_Paul Allaire}], Chairman of Remuneration and Nominations Committee Born on 21st July 1938, Paul Allaire was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-Executive Director in 1993. He is also Chairman of Xerox Corporation and a Non-executive Director of JP Morgan & Co. Inc, Lucent Technologies Inc, Sara Lee Corporation and Priceline.com Inc. Food giant Sara Lee is regularly criticised for selling unhealthy food. While Glaxo’s ‘mission statement’ includes ‘enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer’ Sara Lee pleaded guilty in June 2001 to selling bad meat that killed 15 people and caused six miscarriages. He is also on the Board of Trustee of Carnegie Mellon University.^[13]

Dr. <sup id="ref_^Barzach" class="plainlinksneverexpand">^{[https://powerbase.info/index.php/GlaxoSmithKline#endnote_Michele Barzach}], Non-Executive Director Appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997. Dr. Barzach also works for the World Bank as Chairman of the External Advisory Panel for Health, Nutrition and Population. She was formerly French Minister of Health and the Family.^[14]

Sir Roger Hurm, Non-Executive Deputy Chairman Born 9th June 1938, Sir Roger was appointed non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome plc in 1996 and Deputy Chairman in 1997. He was also Chairman of Marconi (formerly GEC) until he was forced to resign in September 2001 due to the companies collapsing share prices. He is a Non-executive Director of ICI plc. ICI was number one in the Environment Agency’s 1999 ‘hall of shame’ league table of polluters.^[15]

Sir Peter Job, Non-Executive Director Sir Peter Job is a Non-executive Director of GlaxoSmithKline. He was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997 and is a Non-executive Director of Schroders plc. Sir Peter was awarded a Knight of the British Empire (KBE) by the queen. The honour was received for services to the information and media industry.^[16]

John McArthur, Non-Executive Director He was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1996. He is a former Dean of the Harvard Business School, and is a Director of BCE Inc., Cabot Corporation, Rohm and Haas Company, Springs Industries Inc. and The AES Corporation.^[17]

Donald McHenry, Non-Executive Director Born on 13th October 1936, Donald McHenry was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1989. He is a Non-executive director of the Coca-Cola Company, which has been criticised for its labour and environmental practices and the aggressive marketing of its high-sugar drinks. Other Non-executive Directorships include FleetBoston Financial Corporation and AT&T Corporation . He previously served as Ambassador and US Permanent Representative to the United Nations. ^[18]

Sir Ian Prosser, Non-Executive Director Born 5th July 1943, Ian Prosser was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1999. He is Executive Chairman of the pub owner Bass PLC. In addition he non-executive Deputy Chairman of BP Amoco plc, a company criticised for its pollution record He is also a member of the CBI President's Committee, an industry lobby group.^[19]

Dr. Ronaldo Schmitz, Chairman of Audit Committee Mr. Schmitz was appointed as a Non-executive Director of Glaxo Wellcome in 1997. He is also a former member of the Board of Managing Directors of Deutsche Bank AG and a member of the Supervisory Board of Bertelsmann AG and the Board of Directors of Rohm and Haas Company.^[20]

Dr. Lucy Shapiro, Non-Executive Director Dr. Shapiro was appointed to the Board of SmithKline Beecham as a Non-executive Director in 1996. She is Professor in the Department of Developmental Biology and Director of the Beckman Center at the Stanford University School of Medicine.^[21]

Turnover In 2001, GlaxoSmithKline had sales totalling £20.5 billion, and before tax profits of £6.2 billion.^[22]

Number of Employees GSK employs 100,000 people, 40,000 of which work in Sales and Marketing.^[23]

3. Influence

Education and research

The discovery of new medicines and compounds is primarily done by, publicly funded, universities and institutes. These public institutions then license their patented discovery, for a fee, to a company that then develops the new discovery into a marketable drug. Financially strained universities often view their new discoveries as a fundraising opportunity, and “Scientists are requested to…promote and actively pursue commercialisation of their research findings.”^[24] So, instead of doing research to further scientific knowledge, public institutions are pressured to research what can be sold to a company.

In addition, ‘Thirteen of the world's leading medical journals have recently (September 2001) mounted an outspoken attack on the rich and powerful drug companies, accusing them of distorting the results of scientific research for the sake of profits. The Lancet, the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and other major journals accused the drug giants of using their money - or the threat of its removal - to tie up academic researchers with legal contracts so that they are unable to report freely and fairly on the results of drug trials’. (Corporate Watch, Profile of the Pharmaceutical Industry-Footnote)

Public Relations

PR companies that GSK have retained include:

Burson Marsteller: In February 20001 GlaxoSmithKline selected Burson Marsteller (BM) to handle its launch in two regions.^[25] BM is a large and powerful public relations company which is adept at creating a positive image for corporations involved in unethical business practices including human rights violations, environmental destruction and animal-testing. Many of these companies have faced public scrutiny and even convictions for their various activities. Further information regarding the company’s activities can be found at: http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/magazine/issue2/cw2f2.html

Rick Amme & Associates (Media & Crisis Management). Other clients have included Sara Lee Corp., R.J. Reynold Tobacco Co. and Time-Warner Cable^[26]. A full list of their clients and the various holes they have helped clients out of can be found at: www.amme.com

Patient Groups

During 2006, we provided financial support to the following UK patient groups:

• Action Cancer
• Action on Addiction
• African HIV Policy Network
• Asthma UK
• Auditory Verbal UK
• Beating Bowel Cancer
• Brainwave
• British Liver Trust
• British Lung Foundation
• British Red Cross
• British Retinitis Pigmentosa Society
• Cancerbacup
• The Cancer Campaigning Group
• Cancer Counselling Trust
• Cancer Research UK
• Centre of African Families Positive Health
• The Crescent Support Group
• Cruse Bereavement Care
• C-R-Y
• Cystic Fibrosis Trust
• Deafness Research UK
• Diabetes UK
• Doctors Support Line
• Down's Syndrome Association
• Epilepsy Action
• Great Lakes African Integration Network
• HIV Scotland
• Intercontinental Charity Organisation
• The ITP Support Association
• Jo’s Trust
• Macmillan Cancer Support
• Meningitis Research Foundation
• Migraine Action Association
• Mouth Cancer Foundation
• Multiple Sclerosis Society
• Muscular Dystrophy Campaign
• Myasthenia Gravis Association
• National AIDS Trust
• National Autistic Society
• NAM
• National Endometriosis Society
• National Society for Epilepsy
• The Parkinson's Disease Society
• The Patients Association
• Plus VE
• Positively Women
• Princess Royal Trust for Carers
• QUIT
• REACT
• Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability
• Royal National Institute for the Blind
• Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation
• SANE
• Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
• Shaw Trust
• Speakability
• Terrence Higgins Trust
• The Tim Reeve Charitable Trust
• Treloar Trust
• UK Coalition of People Living with HIV and AIDS
• UK Forum of Europa Donna
• UK Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Support Association
• The Venus Appeal^[27]

Corporate crimes

Animal Welfare

GlaxoSmithKline uses animal testing and vivisection in its drug research. In it’s company policy on animal testing GSK “…acknowledges that it has a moral responsibility to ensure best practice in the humane treatment of laboratory animals.”^[28] In spite of this, GSK’s testing practices are often cruel, and the tests themselves completely unnecessary.

GSK’s animal testing policy claims “Non-medical Consumer Healthcare products…are never tested on animals unless there is a specific demand for this from national governments.”^[29] Yet, the Animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in August 2000 listed SmithKline Beecham as a company that manufactured animal tested products. These were personal health care and household products that were not required by US law to be tested on animals. SmithKline Beeecham’s animal testing policy at the time also stated that testing would only be carried out if required by law.^[30]

Failing Global Health Needs

14 Million people die each year from infectious diseases, most of them in developing countries. ^[31] The medical treatments available are often archaic and ineffective, especially for so-called ‘neglected diseases’ (Malaria, Tuberculosis, Sleeping Sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis), whose victims are almost exclusively from developing countries and poor. These diseases are linked with poverty and unsanitary living conditions; new drugs are desperately needed.

At present, private pharmaceutical companies control the development of new medicines. People in Developing countries, who make up 80 per cent of the world’s population, only represent about 20 per cent of worldwide medicine sales.^[32] Since these people are relatively poor, GlaxoSmithKline, along with other major pharmaceutical companies, do not see it as profitable to develop medicines for their needs, and do negligible research into medicines which would help them. “Of all annual health related research, only 0.2 per cent is spent on pneumonia, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis-three poverty related ailments which account for 18 per cent of the global disease burden.”(Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline, 2001).^[33] This failure, in effect, kills untold numbers of people every year. It is the fault of the pharmaceutical industry putting their company profits above the lives of people, but it is also the fault of governments and other bodies like the United Nations for depending on market forces to provide people with basic necessities.

Environmental Issues

GlaxoSmithKline owns dozens of chemical plants all over the world. The chemical plant they own in Ulverston is marked by it’s carcinogenic emissions and repeated violations of environmental regulations.

According to the Factory Watch website, GSK’s chemical plant in Ulverston is one of the most carcinogenic polluters in the UK. Factory Watch’s information, compiled from Environment agency data, looked at over 1,500 factories nation-wide. The Ulverston site was ranked number three on Factory Watch’s list, emitting 773 tonnes of carcinogens in 2001, 10 per cent of the national total.^[34]

In September 1992 the Ulverston site (then owned by Glaxo Wellcome) dumped several toxic chemicals in the river Leven, without authorisation. The chemicals included trichloroethylene, chloroform, and chlorobenzene.^[35]

Also, in May 1994, the Ulverston site discharged, again without authorisation, 1,350m3 of “ineffectively treated effluent” into M. The company was required by law to notify the authorities within 24 hours, but they didn’t until six days later.^[36]

5. Further Information and Resources

Medecins Sans Frontieres Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is an international humanitarian aid organisation that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 80 countries.

Oxfam Oxfam's campaign is calling for world trade rules to be changed, see more or email: or call 01865 312610.

Open Secrets Campaigning to make generic drugs more widely available at: http://www.opensecrets.org/payback/issue.asp?issueid=GD1

The Ecologist Magazine

Ethical Consumer Which? style guide to ethical shopping plus critical information about brands and corporations.

Environmental Working Group Not-for-profit environmental research organization dedicated to improving public health and protecting the environment by reducing pollution in air, water and food.

South African Treatment Action Treatment Action Campaign: Fighting for affordable treatment for people with HIV.

Notes

1. ^ www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28/10/2002)
2. ^ <www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4241613,00.html> (source: The Guardian, date viewed: 25.10.2002)
3. ^ Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000
4. ^ www.foe.co.uk/pubsinfo/infoteam/pressrel/2002/20021023000159.html <www.foe.co.uk/pubsinfo/infoteam/pressrel/2002/20021023000159.html> (source: Friends of the Earth, date viewed: 25.10.2002)
5. ^ Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline: Dare to lead, Public Health and Company Wealth, 2001
6. ^ <www.gsk.com/about/background.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 02.11.2002)
7. ^ Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000
8. ^ Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 10, Spring 2000
9. ^ <www.gsk.com/about/background.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 02.11.2002)
10. ^ www.gsk.com <www.gsk.com/> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 23.10.2002)
11. ^ <www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 02.11.02)
12. ^ <www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,543692,00.html> Top 10: The chief executives, Wednesday August 29, 2001
13. ^ <www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 02.11.02)
14. ^ GSK Profile, www.marketguide.com <www.marketguide.com/>; Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8): 53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p. 25.
15. ^ GSK Profile, www.marketguide.com <www.marketguide.com/>
16. ^ GSK Profile, www.marketguide.com <www.marketguide.com/>; City welcomes Marconi departures but reserves judgement on new regime, Julia Finch, City editor, Wednesday September 5, 2001, <www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,546999,00.html>; City welcomes Marconi departures but reserves judgement on new regime, Julia Finch, City editor, Wednesday September 5, 2001, <www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,546999,00.html>; Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8):53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p. 1044.
17. ^ <www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 02.11.02)
18. ^ GSK Profile, www.marketguide.com <www.marketguide.com/>; Ethical Consumer 65, June/July 2000 - Research Supplement, pp. 12-13; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black.
19. ^ GSK Profile, www.marketguide.com <www.marketguide.com/>; Hugues S, (2001) In Health and Sickness, The Ecologist, 31(8): 53-54; Who’s Who 2001, A & C Black, p.1687.
20. ^ <www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 02.11.02)
21. ^ <www.gsk.com/about/boardofdirectors.htm> (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 02.11.02)
22. ^ GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2001
23. ^ www.gsk.com/about/about.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed: 28/10/2002)
24. ^ Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for Neglected Diseases, Sep. 2001
25. ^ www.bm.com/whatsnew/2001e.html
26. ^ <www.amme.com/clients.htm>
27. ^ GSK organisations, Working with UK and European patient groups: UK Groups Accessed March 2007.
28. ^ www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28/10/2002)
29. ^ www.gsk.com/about/animal_research.htm (source: GlaxoSmithKline, date viewed 28/10/2002)
30. ^ Consumer Products Companies That Test on Animals (PETA website www.peta-online.org <www.peta-online.org/>, 8/23/00), as sited in Ethical Consumer Research Supplement, February/march 2001
31. ^ World Health Organisation, The World Health Report 2000 (Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Neglected Diseases, September 2001)
32. ^ Medecins Sans Frontieres, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Neglected Diseases, September 2001
33. ^ Oxfam, Briefing paper on GlaxoSmithKline: Dare to Lead, Public Health and Company Wealth, 2001
34. ^ www.foe.co.uk/pubsinfo/infoteam/pressrel/2002/20021023000159.html <www.foe.co.uk/pubsinfo/infoteam/pressrel/2002/20021023000159.html> (source: Friends of the Earth, date viewed: 25.10.2002)
35. ^ Friends of the Earth, Factory Watch press release, 8 February, 1999
36. ^ ENDS Report 292, May 1999, pp. 33-34